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Logic: Language and Information 1

1-1-1 Propositions

Greg Restall

What is Logic all about?

What is Logic all about?

One answer
Propositions, and
relationships between them.

What is Logic all about?

One answer
Propositions, and
relationships between them.
I

consistency

What is Logic all about?

One answer
Propositions, and
relationships between them.
I
I

consistency
consequence

What is Logic all about?

One answer
Propositions, and
relationships between them.
I
I
I

consistency
consequence
equivalence

Example Propositions

Example Propositions

A sentence expresses a proposition if it makes some statement

about how things are.

Example Propositions

A sentence expresses a proposition if it makes some statement

about how things are.
I

We have students from all over the world.

Example Propositions

A sentence expresses a proposition if it makes some statement

about how things are.
I

We have students from all over the world.

There is no difference between the mind and the brain.

Example Propositions

A sentence expresses a proposition if it makes some statement

about how things are.
I

We have students from all over the world.

There is no difference between the mind and the brain.

3 + 5 < 4 + 3.

Example Non-Propositions

Not all sentences express propositions.

Example Non-Propositions

Not all sentences express propositions.

I

Please dont watch these lectures while driving a car.

Example Non-Propositions

Not all sentences express propositions.

I

Please dont watch these lectures while driving a car.

What is the capital of Ethiopia?

Example Non-Propositions

Not all sentences express propositions.

I

Please dont watch these lectures while driving a car.

What is the capital of Ethiopia?

Thank goodness; the poor cat!

Example Non-Propositions

Not all sentences express propositions.

I

Please dont watch these lectures while driving a car.

What is the capital of Ethiopia?

Thank goodness; the poor cat!

Hi, Jen!

How do we tell which sentences express propositions?

Here are guidelines for distinguishing sentences that express
propositions from those that dont:

How do we tell which sentences express propositions?

Here are guidelines for distinguishing sentences that express
propositions from those that dont:
A proposition is the kind of thing you could:

How do we tell which sentences express propositions?

Here are guidelines for distinguishing sentences that express
propositions from those that dont:
A proposition is the kind of thing you could:
I

believe or disbelieve;

How do we tell which sentences express propositions?

Here are guidelines for distinguishing sentences that express
propositions from those that dont:
A proposition is the kind of thing you could:
I

believe or disbelieve;

agree or disagree with;

How do we tell which sentences express propositions?

Here are guidelines for distinguishing sentences that express
propositions from those that dont:
A proposition is the kind of thing you could:
I

believe or disbelieve;

agree or disagree with;

assert or deny;

How do we tell which sentences express propositions?

Here are guidelines for distinguishing sentences that express
propositions from those that dont:
A proposition is the kind of thing you could:
I

believe or disbelieve;

agree or disagree with;

assert or deny;

give a reason for or against;

How do we tell which sentences express propositions?

Here are guidelines for distinguishing sentences that express
propositions from those that dont:
A proposition is the kind of thing you could:
I

believe or disbelieve;

agree or disagree with;

assert or deny;

give a reason for or against;

use as a reason for or against something else; and

How do we tell which sentences express propositions?

Here are guidelines for distinguishing sentences that express
propositions from those that dont:
A proposition is the kind of thing you could:
I

believe or disbelieve;

agree or disagree with;

assert or deny;

give a reason for or against;

use as a reason for or against something else; and

express with a declarative sentence.

Exercise

Exercise

Which of these sentences express propositions?

I Greg lives in Melbourne.
I

What do you think of logic so far?

I wish I had learned logic before!

Its immoral to consume meat.

This last sentence on the list is not true.

Next Up: Connectives and Combining Propositions