TS.

Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Chng 1
TNG QUAN H THNG THU PHT V TUYN
1.1. GII THIU CHUNG
1.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng

Kin trc tng qut ca mt h thng thu pht v tuyn

Cc vn v s ha my thu
V tuyn nh ngha bng phn mm (SDR)
Cc m hnh kinh doanh BTS mi da trn SDR
M hnh kinh doanh my cm tay da trn SDR
Kin trc mng truy nhp v trm gc mi: tch ring phn v tuyn,
lp t phn v tuyn trn thp anten v khch sn ha BTS.
Cc u cui a chun MST
1.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny
Tham kho thm [1], [2],[3]
Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
1.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c kin trc tng my thu pht v tuyn
Hiu c cc vn s ho h thng my thu pht v tuyn v h
thng my thu pht v tuyn da trn nh ngha bng phn mm (SDR)
Hiu cc cch thc kinh doang mi ca cc nh sn xut thit b gc
(OEM) i vi cc BTS v cc my cm tay trong cc h thng thng
tin di ng
Hiu c thit k tch ring gia phn v tuyn v phn bng gc
trong cc BTS v cch trin khai BTS kiu khch sn ha
Hiu c ngha ca my cm tay a ch

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

1.2. KIN TRC TNG QUT CA MT H THNG THU PHT V

TUYN
Cc h thng thng tin v tuyn pht trin nhanh chng trong cc thp nin
gn y dn n thay i nhiu mt trong hot ng ca x hi hin i. Gi thnh
thp cu nhiu my thu bao v tuyn cho php nhiu ngi c th tip cn c
cc my cm tay v tuyn to iu kin cho s pht trin mnh m ca vin thng
v lm bng n cc dch v truyn thng. S pht trin ny phn ln l nh cc
tin b khng ngng ca cc thit b thu pht v tuyn c pht trin trong
cc u thu pht v tuyn ng vai tr quan trng.
Hnh 1.1. cho thy kin trc tng qut ca mt h thng thu pht v tuyn.
u v tuyn (RF Front-End) bao gm u v tuyn pht v u v tuyn thu.
u v tuyn pht tng qut bao gm: 1) B iu iu ch tn hiu u vo
bng gc tng t vo tn hiu trung tn iu ch (IF: Intermediate Frequency) , 2)
b bin i nng tn chuyn i tn hiu pht c iu ch t trung tn vo tn
s v tuyn (RF: Radio Frequency) v 3) b khuch i cng sut (PA: Power
Amplifier) khuch i cng sut pht ln trc khi a vo anten. u v
tuyn thu bao gm: 1) b khuch i tp m nh (LNA: Low Noise Amplifier)
khuch i tn hiu thu yu nhng gy t tp m, 2) b bin i h tn chuyn
i tn hiu tn s thu v tuyn vo tn hiu trung tn IF v b gii iu ch
khi phc li tn hiu bng gc pha thu. Tng qut qu trnh x l tn hiu pht
trn hnh 1.1 nh sau: tn hiu u vo bng gc c x l s ti b x l tn hiu
s (DSP: Digital Signal Processing), sau c chuyn i t s vo tng t
bng b bin i s thnh tng t (DAC: Digital to Analog Converter) ri a
ln u vo v tuyn pht, cui cng c anten pht vo khng gian. Ti phi thu
qu trnh xy ra ngc li. Tn hiu thu n t anten i vo b khuch i tp m
thp, sau khuch i tn hiu ny c a qua b bin i h tn chuyn i t
RF v IF, c gii iu ch, c chuyn i t tng t vo s, c x l s
v cui cng u ra l tn hiu bng gc s.
RF FRONT-END
u vo
bng gc

DSP

DAC

B iu
ch

Bin i
nng tn

PA

Duplexer
u ra
bng gc

DSP

ADC

B gii
iu ch

Bin i
ha tn

LNA

Hnh 1.1. Kin trc tng qut ca mt h thng thu pht v tuyn

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Thit k cc u cui thu pht v tuyn hin i phi i mt vi nhiu

thch thc. Mt trong s cc thch thc ny l phi h tr a bng a chun (a
ch ). Ngoi ra cc yu cu v tp m v tuyn tnh cho cc u cui ny
cng rt cht ch. Cui cng cc yu cu ny phi c thc hin vi tiu th
ngun thp, gi thnh r v mc tch hp in t cao. Cng ngh SDR
(Software Defned Radio: v tuyn c nh ngha bng phn mm) c nghin
cu pht trin to iu kin cho vic xy dng cc u thu pht v tuyn a
bng a ch . C th ni trong nhng nm ti y hu ht cc u v tuyn
trong cc h thng thng tin di ng s c xy dng trn c s cng ngh SDR.
Xu th hin nay l cc mch in t tng t trong u v tuyn s c
thay th bng cc mch s to iu kin cho vic pht trin cng ngh SDR.
Mc d cc u v tuyn hin nay cho hiu nng rt n tng, nhng hin nay x
l tn hiu s cho cc tn hiu v tuyn cng mi ch hn ch ti cc tn s thp
khang vi trm MHz. Trong khi cc bng tn s dng cho cc ng dng di
ng tri rng t 800 MHz n 6GHz v v th vn buc phi s dng cc mch
tng t chuyn i tn hiu v tuyn xung cc tn s thp hn ph hp cho
x l tn hiu s. Phn di y s xt nguyn l x l tn hiu v tuyn s trong
cc u v tuyn.
.
1.3. S HA U THU PHT V TUYN
x l tn hiu s trc ht tn hiu tng t phi c chuyn i thnh
tn hiu s, v th vai tr ca ADC (b bin i tng t vo s) l ht sc quan
trng, nn trc ht ta i xt cc b ADC. C th ni ADC l mt phn t then
cht trong v tuyn thc hin s ha trc tip tn hiu u vo RF hoc s ha tn
hiu u RF v sau khi c chuyn i vo IF. Trong cc my thu pht v
tuyn ADC c t ngay sau b x l tn hiu s (Digital Signal Processor) pha
pht.
1.3.1. Cc phng php ly mu v lc tng t
i vi cc my thu v tuyn s dng s ha cho RF hay IF, qu trnh ly
mu l ht sc quan trng. Ni dung ca dng sng tn hiu nhn c sau ly
mu ph thuc rt ln vo quan h gia tn s ly mu v cc thnh phn tn s
cc i ca tn hiu u vo tng t. Tn ti mt s k thut ly mu s dng
khong cc ng u gia cc mu nh: 1) ly mu vi tn s ly mu bng hai
ln tn s cc i cu tn hiu cn ly mu, 2) ly mu trn tn (oversampling), 3)
ly mu vung gc v 4) ly mu bng thng (hay bin i h tn trc tip). Mc
d cng c cc k thut ly mu vi khong cch khng u gia cc mu nhng
v chng khng c s dng rng ri nn ta s khng xt.

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

1.3.1.1. Ly mu ti tn s bng hai ln tn s cc i ca tn hiu tng t

Ly mu c thc hin da trn hai nh l quan trng sau y:
nh l ly mu Shannon:
Mt tn hiu tng t c rng bng B phi c ly mu ti tc
ly mu fs2B khng b mt thng tin
rng bng tn hiu c th tri rng t mt chiu (DC) n fmax=B (ly
mu bng gc, ly mu trn tn) hay t fL n fH vi B= fH-fL (ly mu
di tn, ly mu bng thng, ly mu hi, siu Nyquist)
nh l Nyquist:
Nu fs<2B, th s xy ra hin tng c gi l xuyn bng (TA:
Aliasing)
Xuyn bng c s dng t c li ch trong cc ng dng ly
mu di tn
Nu k hiu F(f) l ph ca tn hiu tng t cn ly mu, th t phn tch
Fourier ph ca tn hiu sau ly mu s l:
Fs (f ) fs

F f kf

(1.1)

Trong k l mt s nguyn v fs l tc ly mu.

nh l ly mu i vi tn hiu bng gc
nh l ly mu tng qut cho mt tn hiu bng gc c bng tn hn ch
(tn hiu c bng thng t DC n tn s fmax no ) i hi tn s ly mu phi
bng hoc cao hn hai ln tn s cc i ca tn hiu tng t (2f max). iu ny
m bo khi phc chnh xc tn hiu gc t cc mu.
T phng trnh (1.1) ta thy, khi mt tn hiu tng t lin tc theo thi
gian c l mu u, ph tn hiu gc F(t) c lp li ti cc tn s l bi s
nguyn ca tn s ly mu (F(f) tr nn tun hon). y l hiu ng c hu khng
th trnh khi cu ly mu. Hin tng ny c th hin trn hnh 1.2. Hnh 1.2a
cho thy ph ca tn hiu tng t gc F(f). Hnh 1.2b cho thy ph ca tn hiu
sau ly mu Fs(f) vi s dng tn s ly my fs=2fmax. Lu rng khi ny cc bn
sao ca Fs(f) khng chng ln ln nhau. Khi tn s ly mu cao hn 2fmax cc bn
sao ca F(f) xut hin ti Fs(f) cn cch xa nhau hn na (hnh 1.2c). Ly mu tn
8

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

hiu bng tn hn ch ti tn s ly mu bng hoc ln hn 2fmax m bo rng

khng xy ra chng ln ph v c th khi phc chnh xc tn hiu tng t gc.
Hnh 1.2d cho thy chng ln ph xy ra khi tn s ly mu thp hn 2fmax.
a)
F(f)

-fmax

fmax

b) fs=2fmax
Fs(f)

-fs

-2fs

fmax

-fmax

fs

2fs

c) fs>2fmax
Fs(f)

-2fs

-fs

-fmax

fs

fmax

2fs

d) fs<2fmax
Fs(f)

-2fs

-fs

-fmax

fmax
fs

2fs

Hnh 1.2. Ph ca: a) tn hiu tng t lin tc theo thi gian bng thng hn
ch, b) tn hiu c ly mu ti fs=2fmax, c) tn hiu c ly mu ti
fs>2fmax, d) tn hiu c ly mu ti fs<2fmax.

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

nh l ly mu i vi tn hiu bng thng

Trong trng hp ny tn hiu c rng bng B gii hn gia mt tn s
thp nht (fL) v mt tn s cao nht (fH). Hnh 1.3 cho thy th d v cc tn s
ly mu cn chn khng xy ra chng ln ph.
B=1 MHz

3fs

2fs

fs

(1) fs>2B

1,5

f [MHz]

f [MHz]

2fs

fs

(2) fs>3B

4
2fs

fs

3fs

(3) fs>2B
1

2fs

fs

f [MHz]
3fs

(4) fs>2,5B
1

2,5

f [MHz]

Hnh 1.3. La chn tc ly mu cho cc tn hiu bng thng c ph khc

nhau
Trong trng hp th nht, bng nm t DC n 1MHz, v th phi chn
tn s ly mu ln hn 2Msps (2 Mga k hiu trn giy). Trong trng hp th
hai bng nm t fL=0,5MHz n fH=1,5MHz, tc ly mu ti thiu phi bng
3Mbps trnh chng ln. Trong trng hp th ba, tn hiu chim bng t
fL=1MHz n fH=2MHz, tc ly mu ti thiu khng chng ln gim xung
bng 2Msps. Trng hp th t tn hiu chim bng t 1,5MHz n 2,5 MHz, tc
ly mu ti thiu phi bng 2,5 MHz trnh chng ln.
T cc th d trn ta c th kt lun l tc ly mu ti thiu (fs) l mt
hm ph thuc vo t s gia tn s cao nht (fH) v tng bng tn hiu (B) nh
thy trn hnh 1.4.

10

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

4,0

fs
B

3,5

3,0

2,5

2,0
1

fH
B

Hnh 1.4. Tc ly mu ti thiu l hm ca t s thnh phn tn s cao

nht trn tng rng bng tn hiu
Ta xt trng hp tn hiu chim bng t fL= 6MHz n fH= 7MHz nh
trn hnh 1.5. Theo nh l Shannon, tn hiu ny vi bng thng 1MHz phi c
ly mu ti tc thp nht l 2Msps c th phc hi li thng tin. Gi thit l
tc ly mu ca ADC (fs) l 2Msps, cc tn s ly mu b sung c to ra ti
cc bi s nguyn ca fs: 4MHz, 6MHz, 8MHz, Tn hiu thc s gia 6 MHz
v 7 MHz b xuyn bng xung quang cc hi ca tn s ly mu: f s, 2fs, 3fs, 4fs
v th thut ng ly mu hi c s dng. Lu rng mt trong s cc thnh
phn xuyn bng th hin chnh xc tn hiu gc (c th loi b o tn xy ra i
vi mt na thnh phn xuyn bng bng phn mm). Chng hn c th tnh ton
vng bng gc nm gia DC v 1MHz bng cch s dng bin i Fourier nhanh
(vng ny th hin chnh xc tn hiu gc).

Xuyn bng bng gc,

DC n 1MHz

3fs

2fs

fs

fs = 2Msps

f [MHz]

Tn hiu
6-7 MHz

Hnh 1.5. Th d v tn hiu trung tn (IF) gia 6MHz v 7MHz b xuyn

bng bi ly mu ti tc 2Msps

11

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

1.3.1.2. Nng lng ngoi bng

Khi ly mu ti 2fmax, ny sinh hai vn : 1) nh ngha tn hiu bng
thng hn ch l tn hiu g i vi cc h thng thc t v 2) lc tng t trc
tng ADC. V l thuyt tn hiu bng thng hn ch c coi l mt tn hiu
khng c cc thnh phn tn s cao hn mt tn s no . Truy nhin khi xt cc
tn hiu thc t nh tn hiu RF ti u vo ca mt my thu v tuyn, lun lun
c mt cc tn hiu vi tt c cc tn s. Khi lun lun c mt tt c cc tn s, th
bin ca cc tn s ny s ng vai tr quan trng. Nht l, bin tng i
ca tn hiu khng mong mun so vi tn hiu mong mun l nhn t quan trng.
Khi s ha tn hiu RF hoc IF ti 2fmax trong mt my thu v tuyn, cc tin hiu
khng mong mun (cao hn tn s ly mu) vi bin ln c th to ra
chng ln ph v lm mo tn hiu mong mun. Hin tng ny c m t trn
hnh 1.6. Hnh 1.6a cho thy ph ca tn hiu u vo tng t gm cc thnh
phn mong mun v khng mong nun. Nu tn hiu ny c ly mu ti tn s
gp hai ln tn s cao nht trong tn hiu mong mun fd, th ph nhn c ca tn
hiu sau ly mu Fs(f) c th hin trn hnh 1.3b. Lu rng y xy ra chng
ln ph (ph ca tn hiu khng mong mun xy ra bn trong ph ca tn hiu
mong mun).
a)
F(f)
Tn hiu
mong mun
Tn hiu khng
mong mun

-fd

fd

b)

fs=2fd
Fs(f)

-2fs

-fs

-fd

fd

fs

2fs

Hnh 1.6. Ph ca: a) tn hiu tng t gm cc thnh phn mong mun v

khng mong mun, b) tn hiu sau ly mu ti fs=2fd

12

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

iu ny gy ra mo trong tn mong mun sau khi c cu trc li. Hiu

ng ny dn n mt cu hi quan trng: Tn hiu xy ra ti tn s cao hn fs/2
phi ln bao nhiu gy ra mo tn hiu mong mun do chng ln ph vt tri
mo phi tuyn ADC?. Mo phi tuyn trong ADC gy ra cc p ng gi ti ph
u ra ADC. C th ni mo do chng ln ph tri hn hn mo do phi tuyn
ca ADC khi cc tn hiu khng mong mun xut hin ti bng tn t 0 n
fs/2 do chng ln ph vt p ng gi ln nht do phi tuyn. V th tn hiu
khng mong mun xut hin trong di tn t 0 n fs/2 do chng ln ph phi c
cng sut thp hn p ng gi ln nht ca ADC. Ni mt cch khc, mo tn
hiu mong mun do phi tuyn ADC s vt tri mo do chng ln ph, nu cc
tn hiu c tn s cao hn fs/2 c cng sut thp hn p ng gi ln nht ca
ADC. y c th l mt yu cu kh kht khe. Ph thuc vo cc h thng v
tuyn c th c th gim nh yu cu ny.
xc nh cch gim nh, cn t ra cc cu hi sau: C th cho php
mo tn hiu mong mun n mc no, Bng thng v ni dung tn s ca c
hai tn hiu mong mun trong di tn t 0 n f s/2 v cc tn hiu khng mong
mun nm trn bng tn t 0 n fs/2 c nh hng ln mo tn hiu mong mun
hay khng. tr li cc cu hi ny cn xem xt chi tit cc h thng b tuyn
c th nh: kiu ngun tin (thoi, video, ), bng thng tn hiu mong mun,
cc k thut iu ch v gii iu ch, cc c tnh ca n hiu khng mong mun
(bng thng, cng sut v kiu tn hiu) v tiu chun hiu nng c s dng
nh gi cht lng thu tn hiu khng mong mun. M phng h thng l cng
c tt tr li cc cu hi nu trn cho cc h thng v tuyn c th v cc mi
trn cng tc.
1.3.1.3. Cc b lc chng xuyn bng kh thi
Lc tng t trc tng ADC lin quan cht ch n nh ngha gii hn
bng thng. Trong khi nh ngha gii hn bng thng lin quan n ni dung ca
cc tn hiu c th xut hin, th lc tng t trc ADC th hin qu trnh x l
tn hiu trong c th lm suy gim cc tn s no . Cn bit c cc tn hiu c
th xut hin trc lc v i lng suy gim tn hiu m b lc gy ra i vi cc
tn s khc nhau. Bit c c hai iu ny, ta c th xc nh ph thc s ca tn
hiu cn s ha. Ly mu ti tn s gp i tn s tn hiu mong mun cc i t
ra mt yu cu ln v thng khng thc t i vi b lc c s dng trc s
ha (b lc chng xuyn bng). L tng, b lc chng xuyn bng trc ADC
cn cho php tt c cc tn s mong mun n mt tn s ct no v cung cp
suy hao v tn i vi tt c cc tn s cao hn tn s ct. Khi ny ly mu ti
fs=2fmax s hai ln cao hn tn s ct v khng xy ra chng ln ph. Tic rng
trong thc t cc b lc kh thi khng th c p ng dng vin gch. Suy hao
ca cc b lc thc t tng dn t tn s ct n bng chn (stopband). Chuyn i
t bng thng n bng chn cng dc v suy hao trong bng chn cng ln th tn
hiu c ly mu cng t b mo do chng ln bng. Mt cch tng qut, t
13

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

c cc chuyn i dc hn v suy hao trong bng chn ln hn cn c cc b

lc phc tp hn. V th i hi cc b lc phc tp hn gim mo trong tn
hiu c ly mu i vi mt tc ly mu cho trc. Cc hn ch i vi vic
thc hin cc b lc tng t lm cho vic thc hin cc b lc dc cao bc cao
kh khn. Ngoi ra khi dc tng, p ng pha tr nn khng tuyn tnh hn.
iu ny to ra mo tn hiu thu mong mun v cc tn s khc nhau trong tn hiu
s b tr thi gian khc nhau.
1.3.1.4. Ly mu trn tn
Tc ly mu cao hn 2fmax c gi l ly mu trn tn (Oversampling).
Mt trong cc li ch ca ly mu trn tn l cc bn sao ca F(t) xut hin trong
Fs(f) tr nn cch xa nhau hn khi tn s ly mu tng cao hn 2f max. i vi tn
hiu tng t c mt ni dung tn s cho trc v mt b lc chng xuyn bng
cho trc c tn s ct fc, ly mu ti hai ln tn s ct gy ra mt lng mo no
do chng ln ph. Khi ly mu ti tn s cao hn, c th s dng b lc chng
xuyn bng n gin hn vi chuyn i t t hn t bng thng n bng chn
v suy hao bng chn thp hn m khng tng mo do chng ln ph. V th ly
mu trn tn c th gim thiu cc yu cu i vi b lc chng xuyn bng. Tt
nhin cn cn nhc rng khi ny cn cc b lc nhanh hn s ha cc tn hiu
tn s kh thp.
1.3.1.5. Ly mu vung gc
Trong ly mu vung gc tn hiu c chia thanh hai tn hiu. Mt trong
s cc tn hiu ny c nhn vi cos bin i h tn xung tn s trung tm
khng v to nn thnh phn ng pha ca tn jhiu gc. Tn hiu cn li nhn vi
cos dch pha 900 bin i h tn xung tn s trung tm khng v to nn thnh
phn pha vung gc ca tn hiu gc. Mi thnh phn ny ch chim mt na bng
thng ca tn gc v c th c ly mu tai mt na tn s ly mu yu cu i
vi tn hiu gc. V th ly mu vung gc gim tn s ly mu yu cu mt tha
s bng hai vi tr gi phi s dng hai b ADC thay v mt.
1.3.1.6. Ly mu bng thng cho bin i h tn trc tip
Ly mu ti cc tc thp hn 2fmax vn c th cho php khi phc li ni
dung thng tin ca tn hiu mong mun, nu tn hiu l tn hiu bng thng. Tn
hiu bng thng l tng l tn hiu khng c thnh phn tn s thp hn mt tn
s no fL v cao hn mt tn s no fH. i vi tn hiu bng thng, yu cu
tn s ly mu ti thiu cho php khi phc chnh xc l tn s phi t nht bng
hai ln bng thng fh-fl ca tn hiu my.

14

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Ly mu bng thng gim yu cu tc i vi cc ADC. Hnh 1.7 cho thy k

thut ly mu bng thng hay cn gi l ly mu trung tn, ly mu hi, ly mu
cn Nyquistv ly my di tn. Ta k hiu tc ly mu l f s v bng tn c
ly mu c bng thng B c gii hn trong (fL-fH). Qu trnh ly mu dn n
sao chp tun hon cc tn hiu trong ph c ly mu vi chu k f s. Sao chp
c s dng chuyn i tn s vo vng (-fs, fs).
B
B/2 B/2

n=1
-fH

-fL -fs

n=2
fs fL

n=1
-fs

n=3

n=2
n=2

fc

fH

Tn s

n=3
fs

Tn s

N k hiu cho vng Nyquist: n=1 l vng Nyquist th nht nm gia DC v fs/2, n=2 l
vng Nyquist th hai nm gia fs/2 v fs. fs/2 c gi l bng thng Nyquist.
Hnh 1.7. Ly mu bng thng

Ly mu bng thng phi tha mn cc tiu ch sau:

Tiu chun Nyquist, trong fs>2 fmax (vi fmax l tn s bng gc cc ai)
c thay bng bng thng fs> 2B (vi B=fH-fL)
Dch cc bng t fH n fL v t -fH n -fL mt s nguyn ln fs khng
c chng ln ln nhau
Ly mu ti tc bng hai ln bng thng ca mt tn hiu c gi l tc
ly my Nyquist. Khi tn hiu l mt tn hiu bng gc (mt tn hiu c ni
dung tn s t DC n fmax) tc ly mu Nyquist l 2fmax. Tuy nhin i vi cc
tn hiu bng thng, tn s ly mu Nyquist l 2(fH-fL). tha mn cc yu cu ni
trn fs phi c chn nh sau:

2f H
2f L
fs
n
(n 1)

(.1.2)

fH
v (fH-fL)
(f H f L )

Trong n l mt gi tr nguyn tha mn iu kin 2 n

fL. trong k hiu cho s nguyn gn nht c gi tr thp hn. Cc phng

15

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

trnh trn cho thy ch c th s dng mt di tn s ly mu nht nh trnh

chng ln ph.
C th s dng ly mu bng thng cho bin i h tn tn hiu bng thng
ti RF hay IF vo mt tn hiu bng thng ti IF thp hn. V tn hiu bng thng
c lp li ti cc bi s ca tn s ly mu, nn vic chn thch hp bn sao ph
ca tn hiu bng thng m bo chc nng bin i h tn.
Nu tn hiu bng thng nh trn hnh 1.5 c tn s trung tn fIF=6,5 MHz v
fL=6MHz. fH=7MHz (B=fH-fL=1MHz) v fH-fL=1 MHz<fL ta c:
f H 7MHz
2n

7
(f H f L ) 1
Nu chon n=7, t phng trnh (1.2) ta c:
2f H
2f H
2x7
2x6
fs

fs
fs 2MHz
n
(n 1)
7
2

Nu tn hiu bng thng c tn s trung tn fIF=100 MHz v fL=97,5MHz.

fH=102,5MHz (B=fH-fL=5MHz) ta c:
f H 2 102,5MHz
2n

41
5

(f H f L )

Nu chon n=14, t phng trnh (1.2) ta c:

2f H
2f H
2 102,5
2 97,5
fs

fs
14,64 fs 15
n
(n 1)
14
13

Vy fs=15 Msps
i vi cc my thu v tuyn, ly mu bng thng ha hn s ha trc tip
RF hay IF v cc tn hiu mong mun u vo cc my thu v tuyn thng l cc
tn hiu bng thng. V l thyt, ly mu bng thng cho php cc tc ly mu
thp hn nhiu so vi cc tc ly mu yu cu bng cch ly mu ti hai hay
nhiu ln hn ni dung tn s cao nht ca tn hiu bng thng. Ngha l cc ADC
vi cc tc ly mu chm hn (v th hiu nng cao hn, tiu thu cng sut thp
hn hay gi thnh thp hn) c th c s dng. Hn ch quan trng trong thc
t khi s dng ly mu bng thng l ADC vn phi c th hot ng ti thnh
phn tn s cao nht trong tn hiu. c t ny thng c a ra nh l bng
thng u vo i vi b ADC.
Cc ADC thng thng c thit k ti cc tn hiu c cc tn s cc i
cao nht c th t n mt na tn s ly mu. Ni mt cch khc, cc ADC
thng thng thng khng ph hp cho cc ng dng ly mu bng thng trong
cc tn s u vo cc i ln hn tc ly mu. Ngoi ra i vi cc ADC

16

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

thng thng, nhiu nh sn xut m bo c t ch ti cc tn s kh thp: mt

na tc ly mu. Ni chung hiu nng ca cc ADC thng gim cp khi tng
tn s u vo. V th khi s dng ADC cho cc tn s nm gn tc ly mu
hay cho cc ng dng ly mu bng thng, cc c t ca b bin i phi c
xc nh v phi c xem xt cn thn ti cc tn s u vo mong mun. Ngoi
ra, khi ly mu bng thng , cn c cc yu cu cht ch i vi cc b lc bng
thng ( dc cao hn) trnh mo tn hiu mong mun do cc tn hiu knh lan
cn mnh.
1.3.2. Cc hiu ng tp m lng t, mo v tp m my thu
Phn ny s xt quan h gia tp m lng t, mo hi v tp m my thu.
Cc b ADC ph hp nht cho x l RF v IF s dng lng t ng u. Trong
lng t ng u, hiu s in p gia cc mc u nh nhau. Trong lng t
ng u, khng th trnh by tn hiu tng t mt cch chnh xc ch bng mt
s lng hu hn cc mc bin . V th, mt lng li nht nh s xy ra trong
tn hiu sau lng t. Tn hiu i li l hiu s gia tn hiu tng t v tn hiu
c lng t. V mt thng k, tn hiu li c gi thit l phn b ng u
trong mt mc lng t. Vi gi thit ny, cng sut lng t trung bnh bnh
phng Pqn c xc nh nh sau:
Pqn

q2
12R

(1.3)

Trong q l kch thc bc lng t v R l tr khng vo ca ADC. Trong

mt b ADC l tng, trnh by tp m lng t nh trn chnh xc trong mt dB
i vi cc tn hiu u vo khng tng quan vi ng h ly mu.
Nu u vo tng t ca ADC l tun hon th tn hiu li cng tun hon.
Tn hiu li tun hon ny cha cc hi ca tn hiu u vo tng t v dn n
mo hi. Ngoi ra, cc hi ri vo di tn cao hn fs/2 s xut hin trong bng tn
t 0 n fs/2 do xuyn bng.
Mo hi xy ra trong qu trnh ly mu ny l hon ton khng mong mun
trong cc ng dng my thu v tuyn. N tr nn kh khn nu ta khng th phn
bit cc hi do lng t gy ra v cc thnh phn nhiu gi v cc hi ca chnh
tn hiu u vo.
Dithering l phng php ngu nhin ha tp m lng t bng cch cng
mt tn hiu tp m b sung vo tn hiu u vo b ADC. Mt s kiu k thut
c s dng cho dithering. K thut c s nht l cng mt tp m nhit bng
rng vo u vo ADC. iu ny c thc hin bng cch cng u ra ca i t
tp m vi tn hiu u vo ADC trc khi s ha. Cng c th t c iu ny
ch n gin bng cch t trc ADC mt b khuch ai v cung cp khuch i
kch hot tp m my thu n mt mc m gim thiu cc p ng
nhiu gi ca ADC. Cc k thut ny gim cc p ng nhiu gi bng cch ngu
17

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

nhin ha tp m lng t. Ni mt cch khc, i vi cc tn hiu u vo tun

hon thng gy ra hi trong u ra ADC, vic cng thm mt tn hiu dithering
s tri rng nng lng cc thnh phn hi vo tp m ngu nhin, v nh vy
gim bin cc thnh phn nhiu gi.
Nhc im ca cng tp m bng rng vo u vo ADC l t s tn hiu
trn tp m (SNR) b gim. Lng gim ny ph thuc vo lng tp m c
cng vo u vo ADC. Cng cng sut tp m vo cng sut tp m lng t
gim t s SNR khong 3dB.
C hai k thut thng c s dng trnh gim SNR khi dithering. K
thut th nht lc b tp m t ngun tp m bng rng trc khi cng tp m vo
u vo ADC. Qu trnh lc gii hn cng sut tp m ch nm di tnf s nm
ngoi bng thng my thu. V th trong bng thng my thu, SNR khng b gim.
K thut th hai c s dng trnh gim cp SNR c gi l dithering
tr (hnh 1.8). B to m tp m gi ngu nhin (PN Pseudorandom Noise) to
ra tn hiu dithering. u ra s ca b to m PN c chuyn i vo tn hiu tp
m tng t bng cch s dng b bin i s vo tng t (DAC). Tn hiu tp
m ny c cng vi tn hiu vo ADC. Sau tn hiu s u ra b to m PN
s tr i tn hiu ra b ADC, v SNR ca ADC c bo ton.
u vo
tng t

u ra s
ADC

DAC

B to m
PN

Hnh 1.8. S khi ca dithering tr

Cc phn t trong cc my thu v tuyn thng c tr khng vo v ra l
50 m. Tr khng vo ADC thng cao hn 50 m v khng c c t r. V
th khi kt ni phn t RF vi ADC cn xt n s mt phi khng ny. Cch phi
khng n gin nht l t mt ti in tr 50 M ti u vo ADC. V th tr
khng vo ACD gn bng 50 m. Khi ny c th tnh cng sut tp m lng t.
Gi thit tr khng vo ADC R=50 M, nc lng t q=9,77mv, cng sut tp m
lng t s bng -38dBm. i vi my thu b gii hn bi tp m, cng sut tp
m my thu Prn tnh theo dBm c th c tnh bng tng tp m nhit trong bng
thng cho trc (B) cng vi h s s tp m (NF) nh sau:
Prn= -174dBm +10lgB [dBHz] +NF[dB]

(1.4)

18

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

i vi my thu c bng thng B=10MHz. v h s tp m NF=6dB, cng

sut tp m my thu l -98dBm. V th cn khuch i 60 dB kch hot tp m
my thu n mc tp m lng t. i vi ADC c phn gii cao hn (nc
lng t nh hn), ch cn khuch i thp hn. Ngoi ra bng thng my thu
cng cao v h s tp m cng ln th ch cn khuch i thp hn. Tuy nhin i
vi hu ht cc kt hp my thu v ADC thc t, cn c b khuch i vi t
ng iu chnh khuch i trc ADC. iu khin khuch i t ng c thit
k sao cho tp m my thu gn bng cng sut tp m lng t i vi cc tn hiu
mc thp v cng sut tn hiu vo khng vt qu FSR (Full Scale Range: di
ton thang: l hiu s gia in p vo cc i v in p vo cc tiu ca ADC).
1.3.3. Mt s thng s quan trng
1.3.3.1. T s tn hiu trn tp m l thuyt
i vi cc ng dng my thu trong bin ca tn hiu mong mun ri
vo FSR (di ton thang) v bng thng ca tn hiu mong mun bng fs/2, SNR
ca ADC l mt thng s hu ch. Ni chung SNR cc i l thuyt c coi l
bng 6B (dB) trong N l s bt ca phn gii ADC. Biu thc chnh xc hn
cho SNR l thuyt c th c rt ra t mt s gi thit v tp m v tn hiu u
vo. Trc tin, ta gi thit l ch c tp m do li lng t. Gi thit l bin
ca tp m lng t ny l mt bin ngu nhin phn b u trn mt bc lng
t. Ta cng gi thit l u vo dng sin c bin bng FSR ca ADC. Khi ny
SNR cc i c xc nh nh sau:
f
SNR 6,02N 1,76 10 lg s [dB]
2f max

(1.5)

Trong fs l tn s ly mu, fmax l tn s cc i ca tn hiu tng t u vo.

SNR l thuyt bng 6dB thng c ni chnh l xp x ha ca phng trnh
trn khi fs=2fmax v b qua 1,76dB. T phng trnh trn ta thy rng khi tn s
ly mu tng cao hn 2fmax, SNR tng. iu ny xy ra v cng sut tp m lng
t l i lng c nh v c lp vi bng thng (Pqn=q2/(12R)) v cng sut ny
s b tri rng trn bng thng rng hn khi tn s ly mu tng. iu ny gim
lng tp m lng t ri vo bng t 0 n fs/2 ( xem hnh 1.9), v th ly mu
trn tn s tng SNR cc i. V th i khi ly mu trn tn c s dng t
c SNR cc i cao hn. Chng hn mt ADC 8 bit vi tc ly mu 20
samples/s (20 mu trn giy) c th cho SNR cc i bng 68 dB thay v 48 dB
i vi cc tn hiu c bng thng 100kHz, nu s dng lc s ph hp khi
phc tn hiu 100 kHz.

19

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

fs = 2fmax
Pqn =

Cng sut

q2
12R

Cng sut

fS
2

= fmax

A
Pqn =

q2
12R

fmax

fS
2

Hnh 1.9. Tri ph cng sut tp m lng t do ly mu trn tn

1.3.3.2. Thng s thc t
Trong cc ADC thc t, SNR c th c xc nh bng cch o li d. Li
d l kt hp ca tp m lng t, tp m ngu nhin v mo phi tuyn (ngha l
tt c cc thnh phn khng mong mun ca tn hiu u ra ADC). Li d ca
ADC c xc nh bng cch s dng mt u vo dng sin cho ADC, sau ly
u ra ADC tr i c tnh tn hiu u vo, tn hiu cn li l li d. Sau tnh
cng sut bnh phng trung bnh ca li d. SNR tm c bng cch chia cng
sut bnh phng trung bnh ca tn hiu u vo cho cng sut trung bnh bnh
phng ca li d.
i vi cc ADC thc t, c t k thut thng s dng thng s ENOD
(Effective Number of Bits: s bit hiu dng) thay cho SNR. Theo nh nghi
ENOD l s bit cn thit trong mt ADC l tng cng sut tp m trung bnh
bnh phng trong ADC l tng ny bng cng sut trung bnh bnh phng li
d trong ADC thc t.
SFDR (Spurious Free Dymamic Range: di ng khng c nhiu gi) l
mt thng s hu ch c t cc ADC. nh ngha SFDR ta gi thit u
vo ADC l mt tone hm sin. SFDR c thc hin bng cch ly FFT (Fast
Fourier Transforrm: bin i Fourier nhanh) u ra ca ADC. Sau bin i ph
20

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

u ra ADC c th hin dng cng sut u ra dB ph thuc tn s. Khi ny

SFDR s l hiu s gia tn hiu u vo hm sin v cng sut nh ca tn hiu
nhiu gi ln nht trong ph u ra ca ADC. Hnh 1.10 cho thy th d xc nh
SFDR t ph u ra ADC. Trong ph u ra ca ADC c l tng ha ny, tn
hiu u vo l mt hm sin 10 MHz. Cc p ng nhiu gi c th hin trn
hnh v v SFDR bng 50dB.
10
0
-10
-20

SFDR= 50dB

Cng sut [dBm]

-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
0

12
10
Tn s [MHz]

14

16

18

20

Hnh 1.10. Th d tnh SFDR theo ph u ra ca ADC.

Thng s SFDR hu ch cho cc ng dng khi bng thng ca tn hiu
mong mun nh hn fs/2. Trong trng hp ny, mt bng rng cc tn s c s
ha dn n mt t s SNR cho trc. Tn hiu mong mun c b lc bng
thng s bng hp lc ra t ton b bng tn ni trn. SNR c ci thin bng
qu trnh lc s v cng sut ca li d gim do lc. Tuy nhin thnh phn nhiu
gi vn c th ri vo bng thng ca b lc s v v th cn c c t SFDR cho
ADC.
1.3.4. Cc phng php bin i ADC
Di y ta s xt mt s k thut bin i ADC ph bin nht. ADC m
s dng mt b DAC v tng u ra b DAC ny mi ln mt mc lng t bng
21

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

cch s dng b m cho n khi u ra t c bin tn hiu tng t ti mt

thi im cho trc. Sau u ra b m cung cp th hin s ca in p u
vo. Nhc im ch yu cu phng php ny l tc bin i kh thp. ci
thin ADC m, ADC bm c s dung. Kiu bin i ny ging nh ADC m
ngoi tr l b m tng gim c s dng thay cho b m thng thng. Trong
ADC ny, u ra ca DAC bn trong c so snh vi tn hiu vo tng t. Nu
bin ca tn hiu vo tng t ln hn u ra ca DAC, b m m tng, nu
thp hn b m m gim. ADC bm nhanh hn nhiu so vi ADC m khi ch
c cc thay i nh cu bin tn hiu vo. i vi cc thay i bin vo ln,
kiu ADC ny kh chm.
ADC m v AAC bm thuc loi ADC phn hi. ADC xp x ha lin tip
cng thuc loi ny. ADC ny cng s dng DAC trong vng phn hi. bin
i trong ADC ny, mt thanh ghi c s dng thit lp bit c ngha nht
(MSB: Most Significant Bit) trong DAC bng 1. u ra cu ADC c so snh
vi bin tng t vo. Nu u DAC ln hn u vo tng t, MSB ca DAC
b xo, ngc li n gi nguyn bng 1. Bit c ngha tip theo ca DAC c t
bng 1 v u ra ca DAC li c so snh vi bin u vo tng t. Nu u
ra DAC ln hn u vo tng t bit ny li b xa. Qu trnh ny tip din cho
n khi t c tt c B bit ca DAC. u vo DAC cung cp u ra cho ADC.
Bin i c thc trong B bc v th k thut ny kh hiu qu v tc hp
l. Xp x ln lt l mt trong cc k thut ADC ph bin nht.
ADC nhanh hay ADC chp (Flash ADC) c s cho cc ng dng i hi
s ha nhanh nht. Trong tnh trng cng ngh hin nay, tc ly mu vo
khong 500-1000 Msamples/s (Mega mu trn giy) i vi ADC 8 bit, v tt c
ADC ny u l flash ADC. Kiu b bin i ny s dng ng thi mt tp 2B-1
cc b so snh in p, trong o B l s bit ca ADC. Tn hiu tng t c a
vo mt u vo ca tt c cc b so snh in p, cn u vo th hai ca mi b
so snh l in p tham chun tng ng vi tng mc ca 2B-1 mc lng t.
Cc in p tham chun ny thng c to ra bi mt mng chia p. Tt c cc
b so snh c mc im p tham chun thp hn tn hiu u vo tng t to ra
u ra mc logic 1. Cc b so snh cn li (c cc in p tham chun bng hoc
cao hn tn hiu tng t u vo) to ra u ra mc logic khng. Cc u ra ca
b so snh sau c kt hp trong mt mch gii m nhanh to ra t u ra
s ca ADC. V th bin i ch mt hai bc (so snh in p v gii m), dn
n y l k thut ADC nhanh nht trong s cc k tht ph bin hin c. Hn
ch chnh ca k thut ny l s lng cc b so snh cn thit thc hin ln. i
vi flash ADC B bit, cn 2B-1 b so snh, nh vy: ADC 8 bit cn 255 b so snh,
9 bit cn 511 b so snh. Tuyn tnh cng l mt vn trong Flash ADC.
Mt trong s cc k thut c s dung c ADC tc cao l kt hp
hai ADC B bit (thng l flash ADC) to ra mt ADC c phn gii 2B bit.
Chng hn hai b bin i 4 bit c th c kt hp to ra mt b bin i 8
bit. Trong k thut ny, ADC 4 bit th nht s ha u vo tng t. Sau u
ra ca ADC ny c bin i ngc vo tn hiu tng t bng b DAC. Sau
22

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

tn hiu ny c tr vi tn hiu u vo tng t to ra tn hiu hiu s. Tin

hiu hiu s c khuch i, c s ha bng cch s dng b ADC 4 bit th
hai. H s khuch i ca b khuch i c thit lp m bo ton thang tn
hiu u vo b ADC th hai. Sau u ra cu c hai b ADC bn bit c kt
hp bng cch s dng mch logic hiu chnh li s to ra u ra 8 bit th hin
tn hiu vo tng t. Kiu ADC ny c gi l ADC phn di con (Subranging)
hai tng. DAC phn di con c phi tuyn lp do bn cht ca s ha cc tn hiu
hiu s. Khi xt tn hiu dng bc thang u vo b ADC l tng (ng vai tr
tng mt cu ADC phn di con) th y l ADC tt nht. Hm truyn t ca
ADC l tng c cho trn hnh 1.11a cn tn hiu u vo tng u c cho
trn hnh 1.11b. u ra ca ADC th nht l mt phin bn c lng t ca
tng u trn hnh 1.11c. Tr phin bn c cu trc li ca tng u u vo vi
phin bn c lng t to ra mt dng sng hiu s tng u lp vi lp 2B ln,
trong B l s bit ca ADC th nht. Dng sng hiu s ny (hnh 1.5d) sau
c khuch i to ra ton thang u vo cho ADC th hai. V th phi tuyn
vi sai trong ADC th hai tng 2B ln. (phi tuyn vi sai c nh ngha l vi sai q
ca mi bc lng t trong ADC, q l kch thc bc lng t l tng ca
ADC).

23

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

b) Tn hiu u vo tng u

a) Hm truyn t l tng
+FSR
2

u ra
3q
2q
q

-3q

2q 3q

u vo

-FSR
2

c) Tn hiu tng u u ra (sau lng t)

+FSR
2

d) Tn hiu hiu s tng u lp

+q
2

t
-q
2

-FSR
2

Hnh 1.11. a) Hm truyn t ADC l tng, b) tn hiu vo tng u, c) tn

hiu tng u u ra (sau lng t), d) tn hiu hiu s tng u lp
ADC phn di con rt ph bin v chng c th t c tc cao cng
vi phn gii cao. Chng i hi so snh t hn so vi flash ADC c cng
phn gii. Cu trc bn trong ADC phn di cn c th l flash ADC hoc kiu
ADC khc.
ADC khuch i ln (MA: Magnitude Amplifier) ni tng l dng pht
trin cu ADC phn di con, n cho tc cao v gim ng k so snh. Biu
m t hot ng ca MA ADC ni tng c cho trn hnh 1.12. T hnh v ta
thy, MA th nht so snh tn hiu u vo vi mc in p Vs/2 trong Vs l
in p ton thang ca ADC. Nu tn hiu u vo cao hn Vs/2, bit th hin MA
ny bng 1. Nu u vo thp hn Vs/2, bit th hin MA ny bng 0. V th MA
th nht chia in p ton thang thnh hai vng v bit th hin MA ny c thit
lp theo vng m in p u vo ri vo.
MA tip theo (th hai) s dng u ra ca MA th nht lm u vo ca
minh. Nh thy trn hnh v, MA th hai chia tng vng trong hai vng theo quy
nh ca MA th nht thnh hai vng b sung. Nu in p vo MA th nht nm
24

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

trong khong Vs n Vs/2, th MA th hai s xc nh tn hiu vo nm gia Vs v

3Vs/4 hay gia 3Vs/3 v Vs/2. Bit th hin MA ny khi ny c t vo 0 hay 1
ty thuc v tn hiu u vo ri vo vng trn hay vng di. i vi in p ca
MA th nht nm trong khong t 0 n Vs/2, MA th hai li chia thnh hai
vng: vng th nht nm trong khong t Vs/4 n Vs/2 v vng th hai nm trong
khong t 0 n Vs/4. Bit th hin MA th hai s c t bng 1 nu in p u
vo ri vo vng th nht, tri li nu in p u vo ri vo vng th hai th bit
ny s bng 0. Kt qu u ra ta c m GREY th hin mc in p u vo
(trong m GREY thay i mt mc lng t ch dn n thay i mt bit). Do
thi gian hng ng ca tng MA rt nh nn MA ADC ni tng c tc rt
cao.

25

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Cc bit
ra

VS

Bit = 0

100

7VS
8
VS

Bit =0

Bit = 1

101

Bit = 1

111

3VS
4
3VS

3VS
4

Bit = 1

VS

5VS
VS

Bit = 1
VS

Bit = 0

110

Bit = 0

010

VS

Bit = 0

VS

VS
2

Bit =1

MA1

3VS
VS
4

Bit = 0
Bit = 1

011

VS
4
0
MA2

VS
4

Bit = 1
MA1: First Magnitude Amplifier: b khuch i ln 1
MA2: Secondt Magnitude Amplifier: b khuch i ln 2
MA3: Third Magnitude Amplifier: b khuch i ln 3

001

VS
8

Bit = 0

000

0
MA3

Hnh 1.12. Hot ng ca MA ADC ni tng

Cc b ADC tch phn l mt loi b bin i khc. Chng chuyn i bin
tn hiu u vo tng t vo mt khong thi gian, sau nh gi. Phng
php ph bin nht trong loi ADC ny l phng php ng dc kp v cn

26

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

bng np. Mc d cac kiu ADC ny tuyn tnh cao v loi b tp m u vo tt,
nhng kh chm.
Mt kiu ADC kh mi l b bin i . B bin i bc mt l b
bin i c bn (hnh 1.13a). ADC ny gm mt b iu ch , mt b lc
s v mt decimator (gim tc). hiu c hot ng ca b bin i ny, ta
cn hiu c qu trnh ly mu trn tn (Oversampling), to dng tp m, lc s
v decimation (gim tc)
a) S b Sigma delta ADC
B iu ch

(1)

B so snh

Tch phn

Tr
u vo

1 bit ADC vi tc
ly mu k.fs

(4)

(3)

B lc s
LPF

Flip-flop
(5)
D

fs

Lc s
Tp m

Decimator

_
ng h

k.fs

fs/2

(6)
1 bit DAC

(2)

Vref=-1V
b) Dng tn hiu ti cc im tham kho
(1)
1,0V

0,4V

0,0V
(2)

0,0V
Vref=-1,0V

(3)

1,0V

0,4V

0,0V
-0,6V
Vref=-1,0V

(4)
Mc ngng 0,0V

(5)

(6)

ng
h

Hnh 1.13. ADC bc mt

27

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Hot ng ca b bin i da trn hiu ng ly mu trn tn. Cc b

bin i s dng mt b lng t phn gii thp (thng l b lng t 1 bit)
v ly mu ti tc kfs ln hn nhiu so vi 2fmax.
Hnh 1.13b cho thy dng cc tn hiu ti cc im tham kho trn s b
iu ch sigma-delta vi tn hiu u vo (1) c gi thit l c ba mc in p:
0,4v; 1,0V v 0,0V. Tn hiu u ra vng phn hi (2) c tr vi tn hiu u
vo c tn hiu u ra b tr (3). Tn hiu nhn c sau tch phn (4) c
so snh vi mc ngng 0,0V. Mi ln qu ngng u ra b so snh cho ra cc
xung dng (5). Cc xung dng ti u vo Q ca mch cht D c sn
dng ca xung ng h a ra u Q cho ta chui bit (6). Ton b qu trnh iu
ch sigma delta c thc hin vi tc ly mu bng k.f s. u ra b iu ch
sigma delta c a ln b lc s thng thp (LPF) c tn s ct bng f s/2. Sau
c ln b gim tc (Decimator) lm vic ti tc f s gim tc bit
k ln.
Nh xt trn, ly mu ti tc nhanh hn 2fmax m bo ci thin
SNR ca ADC. L do v tp m lng t c gi tr c inh s c tri rng trn
mt bng thng ln hn do fs tng cao hn 2fmax. Ci thin SNR nh ly mu trn
tn dn lm cho b lng t phn gii thp t ra c phn gii cao hn. phn
gii biu kin cao hn ny c th c nh lng bng ENOB:
ENOB

SNR 1, 67dB
6, 02dB

(1.6)

Phng trnh trn cho thy SNR phi tng vo khong 6dB tng ENOD mt
bit. Phng trnh (1.4) cho thy tng SNR thm 6dB, tc ly mu f s phi
tng ln bn ln cao hn 2fmax.. C mi ln tng tip theo 6dB cho SNR i hi
tng tc ly mu bn ln.
T (1.4) v (1.5) ta thy t c mt ENOD bng 12 bit vi s dng b
lng t 1bit, cn tc ly mu nhanh hn 4 triu ln so vi 2fmax. R rng rng
iu ny khng thc t v cc b phi s dng k thut khc b sung cho ly
mu trn tn.
Phn t then cht khc trong cc b bin i l b tch phn t ngay
trc b ng t 1 bit. B tch phn ny hot ng nh mt b lc thng thp i
vi cc tn hiu mong mun xy ra tai cc tn s ffmax v nh mt b lc thng
cao i vi tp m lng t trong ADC. iu ny s to dng tp m lng t
(thng c dng bng phng trn ton b bng t 0 n fs/2), sao cho ch mt phn
nh tp m ny xy ra trong bng tn hiu mong mun (t 0 n f max). Hu ht tp
m lng t b dch n cc tn s cao hn fmax. Qu trnh ny c gi l to
dng tp m v c th hin trn hnh 1.14. Kt qu ca to dng tp m l c

28

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

th t c phn di biu kin mong mun (ENOD) bng ly mu trn tn

thp hn so vi c tnh t cc phng trnh (1.5) v (1.6).

Cng sut

fs>>fmax
Tp m lng t khng b
to dng tp m

fmax

fs
2

Tp m lng t c to
dng tp m

Cng sut

fs>>fmax

fmax

fs
2

Hnh 1.14. To dng tp m trong cc ADC

tnh c hiu qu ca b tch phn ln tp m lng t trong b bin
i , ta xt m hnh c tuyn tnh ha ca phn iu ch . S ca
m hnh ny c th hin trn hnh 1.15. B lng t c m hnh nh l mt
b khuch i vi h s khuch i bng 1 c b sung thm tp m lng t. Xt
m hnh ny trong min tn s, ta c u ra b iu ch Y(s) nh sau:
1
Y (s) X (s) Y (s) Q
s

(1.7)

Trong X(s) l tn hiu u vo, H(s)=1/s l hm truyn t cu b tch phn v

Q l tp m lng t.. Ta c th vit li phng trnh (1.7) nh sau:
Y (s)

X (s) Q.s

s 1 s 1

(1.8)

29

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Q= Tp m lng t

X(s)

Y(s)
H(s)

Amp

Hnh 1.15. M hnh c tuyn tnh ha ca b iu ch

Phng trnh (1.8) cho thy rng ti cc tn s thp (s<<1), u ra trc ht
l mt hm cu tn hiu u vo X(s) ch khng phi tp m lng t. i vi cc
tn s cao (s>>1), Y(s) trc ht l mt hm ca tp m lng t.
Nhiu tch phn v tng cng c th c s dng trong b iu ch
cung cp to dng nhiu hn. Cc b bin i bc ba hoc thm ch cao hn
c thit k. (s b tch phn xc nh bc ca b iu ch). Cc b iu ch bc
cao hn s gim thm lng tp m lng t trong bng tn hiu mong mun bng
cch t nhiu hn tp m lng t vo bng tn cao hn fmax..V th cc b cc b
bin i bc cao c th cung cp cng phn gii biu kin vi ly mu trn
tn thp hn so vi cc b bin i bc thp. Cc b iu ch cao hn bc
hai gy ra mt s kh khn cho thit k. C th xy ra mt n nh v th cn xem
xt cn thn khi thit k.
Sau b iu ch l b lc s. B lc s ny c s dng : 1) lc tp
m lng t cao hn fmax v 2) trnh xuyn bng khi gim tc (decimation) tn
hiu. Gim tc (Decimation) l x l gim tc s liu bng cch ly mu li tn
hiu ri rc theo thi gian ti tc thp hn. Gim tc hu ch trong cc b bin
i v ly mu trn tn to ra mt tc s liu qu cao hn 2fmax. Sau lc tp
m lng t. thnh phn tn s cao nht ca tn hiu mong mun ch l fmax. V th
tc ly mu yu cu ch cn bng 2fmax phc hi hon ton tn hiu mong
mun u vo. Gim tc c thc hin bng cch ch gi li mt trong s M mu
gim tc s liu xung 2fmax (hay cao hn mt cht).
Gim tc c th c kt hp vi lc s x l hiu qu hn. C th s
dng b lc FIR cho c lc ln gim tc ng thi. Tuy nhin nu s dng cc b
lc IIR (Infinite Impulse Response: p ng xung kim v tn) th gim tc phi
thc hin sau lc.
Cc b bin i ni trn c thit k cho cc tn hiu bng gc. Mt
kiu b bin i mi (b bin i bng thng) cho thy tim nng p dng
cao cho my thu v tuyn s ha ti RF hay IF. Kin trc ca b bin i ny

30

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

ging nh b bin i truyn thng, ch khc l cc b tch phn c thay

bng cc b lc bng thng v sau b iu ch b lc bng thng s c s
dng. S dng cc b lc bng thng thay cho cc b tch phn cho php to dng
tp m lng t sao cho n chuyn n cc tn s di v trn bng tn tn hiu
mong mun. iu ny m bo tp m thp trong vng bng thng.
1.4. V TUYN NH NGHA BNG PHN MM (SDR)
1.4.1. M u
Thut ng v tuyn phn mm (Software Radio) gn lin vi nhiu cng
ngh khc nhau v khng c nh ngha chun. Thut ng ny thng c s
dng ni v mt my pht thu trong cc thng s then cht c nh ngha
trong phn mm v cc kha cnh c bn ca hot ng v tuyn c th c lp
cu hnh li bng cch cp nht phn mm ny.
Mt s thut ng lin quan cng c s dng trong cc h thng di ng
kh lp trnh v kh lp li cu hnh:
SDR (Software Defined Radio: v tuyn nh ngha bng phn mm): l
thut ng c tip nhn ti SDR Forum (mt t chc quc t tm chn cc
kha cnh ca v tuyn phn mm)
MST (Multi-standard Terminal: u cui a chun): ni v mt u
cui c kh nng hot ng trn mt s chun giao din v tuyn khc
nhau. Kiu thit b ny hoc cung cp chuyn mng rng hn so vi thit b
n chun hoc cho php nng cp xun s t mt h thng hin c ln mt
chun mi, chng hn t GSM ln WCDMA
V tuyn kh lp cu hnh (Reconfigurable Radio): Thut ng ny c s
dng bao hm c lp li cu hnh phn mm ln phn sn (Firmware),
chng hn thng qua cc thit b kh lp trnh nh FPGA (Field
Programable Gateway Array: mng cng kh lp trnh theo ng dng). C
hai dng lp li cu hnh ny u cn thit thc hin v tuyn mm hiu
qu v c cng sut ln gi thnh
FAR (Flexible Architecture Radio: v tuyn kin trc linh hot): l nh
ngha rng hn so vi cc nh ngha trn. Thut ng ch ra rng tt c
cc kha cnh ca h thng v tuyn u linh hot, ch khng ch phn
bng gc s. Mt FAR thc thu phi cho php dng phn mm thay i
c cc thng s nh: s lng v kiu bin i nng/h tn, bng thng
b lc trung tn (IF), thm ch bng tn cng tc RF.
1.4.2. Kin trc v tuyn inh ngha bng phn mm l tng
Kin trc v tuyn c nh ngha bng phn mm l tng c cho trn
hnh 1.1. Lu rng b bin i ADC c gi thit l c c b lc chng xuyn
31

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

bng bn trong v DAC c gi thit l c c b lc khi phc tn hiu tng t

bn trong. V tuyn c nh ngha bng phn mm c cc tnh nng chnh sau:
S iu ch, nh knh, cc giao thc phat v thu tt c u c
quyt nh bng phn mm trong phn h x l s. Cc x l ny c
thc hin trong DSP (b x l tn hiu s) trn hnh 1.16.
B xiculator l tng c s dng phn tch cc tn hiu ng pht
v ng thu. Khi s dng cc gii php da trn b lc (b lc song cng
thng thng) s khng xy ra cc hn ch tn s i vi chc nng phn
tch pht thu. Phn t ny c coi rng c trn phi khng l tng gia
n vi anten v tr khng ca b khuch i cng sut.
Lc xuyn bng v lc khi phc tn hiu r rng l cn thit trong kin
trc ny (khng c th hin trn hnh v). Tuy nhin y gi thit l
ADC v DAC c tc ly mu nhiu GHz. Hin nay lc song cng, pht,
thu c th t c tc thay i dc trong c my cm tay v trm
gc. Thay i chnh s l chuyn i chng t bng thng vo thng thp.
Anten
Xiculator l
tng
DAC
DAC u RF PA hiu sut cao,
ra RF
tuyn tnh cao
DSP

ADC

Phn h x l s

ADC u
vo RF

Hnh 1.16. Kin trc SDR l tng

1.5. CC M HNH V TUYN NH NGHA BNG PHN MM
1.5.1. M hnh trm gc
1.5.1.1. M u
Kin trc ca hu ht cc trm gc v tuyn chuyn dch dn mt kin
trc c th iu ch n mt kin trc c nh nghi rng bng phn mm. S

32

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

thay i ny cng vi vic chuyn n tiu chun cc giao din s bn trong BTS
vo OBSAI (Open Base- Station Architecturre Initative: sng kin cu trc tram
gc m) v CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface: giao din v tuyn cng cng
chung) thay i tn gc cc m hnh BTS. Giao din gia cc chc nng to
dng sng v truyn dn dng sng hin nay phn ln l s v cc nh sn xut
thit b gc (OEM: Original Equipement Manufacturer) ngy ph bin thu ngoi
sn xut c phn cng bng gc s ln phn cng my pht thu RF. iu ny cho
php OEM rnh ri tp trung vo cc lnh vc phn mm lp ng dng v cung
cp dch v phc tp to nn cc khc bit trong nhiu ng dng.
M hnh BTS l tng t quan im ca OEM phi bao gm mt s lng
nh cc khi c s tiu chun c kh nng ni tng to nn mt gii pht phn
cng y . iu ny khng th thc hin c trong qu kh v bn cht c th
ng dng v c th nh sn xut cc phn t lin quan. Tuy nhin s xut hin
ca SDR khin cho m hnh ny ngy cng c nhiu ngi chp nhn.
Phc ha cc phn t to tn hiu iu ch v truyn dn ca BTS kiu ny
c cho trn hnh 1.17. By gi ta c th nh ngha tng phn t chnh (x l tn
hiu s, my pht c tuyn tnh ha v b lc song cng). Trong s cc phn t
ny, nhiu phn t c cc OEM thu ngoi sn xut nh phin DSP (Digital
Signal Processort: b x l tn hiu s), b lc song cng v c PA (Power
Amplifier: b khuch i cng sut) ca my pht. Bc cui cng ca vic kinh
doanh SDR l thu ngoi sn xut b bin i nng tn v b tng hp tn s nh
l mt phn ca gii php my pht c tuyn tnh ha hon chnh. Hin nay
nhiu BTS OEM (nh sn xut gc BTS) i theo hng ny n gin ha cc
kha cnh phn cng v chui cung ng cho cc gii php h tng trm gc ca
h.
Cc u vo
bng gc

DSP

Tuyn tnh
ha

B bin i
nng tn

Duplexer
RF PA

My pht c
tuyn tnh ha
Ti my thu

Hnh 1.17. My pht u vo s/ u ra RF s dng trong trm gc SDR

1.5.1.2. Cc m hnh kinh doanh BTS mi da trn SDR
Vic tip nhn kin trc SDR cho BTS chuyn dch giao din ni trn
(giao din da phn to dng sng v phn truyn dn dng sng) n min s v
dn n khi nim hp RF en cha tt cc kha cnh ca RF (my pht, my thu)
thm ch c b lc song cng mc d hin nay y v l phn t ring bit. H
thng ny c minh ha trn hnh 1.18 bao gm mt giao din Decart (cos v

33

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

sin), cng c th l mt trung tn s hay mt giao din c cc (bin v pha)

c s dng.
u vo
I/Q s

B tuyn tnh
ha s

DAC

B bin i
nng tn

PA
B lc
song
cng

u ra I/Q
s

B bin i
h tn s

ADC

B bin i
h tn

LNA

PA: Power Amplifier: b khuch i cng sut

LNA: Low Noise Amplifier: b khuch i tp m nh

Hnh 1.18. Cc phn t ca mt h thng SDR hp en RF

Hin nay cc OEM thng mua PA t mt h thng con ca nh sn
xut ngoi. Hnh 1.19a cho thy s kt hp gia PA v b bin i RF chung.
Thot nhn ta thy vic t mua PA khng chim ng k tng khi lng h
thng. Tuy nhin PA cn c tuyn tnh ha, y l yu cu chung ca cc h
thng CDMA, OFDMA v /4-DPSK (Differiential Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying), mc phc tp khi ny tr nn ng k v cng l phn t ln hn
nhiu k c ln ln gi thnh. Hnh 1.19b nhn mnh iu ny, trn hnh ny
kch thc tng i ca PA v cc phn t x l RF c nh c theo gi thnh
(cng ng vi c kch thc vt l).

34

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

(a)

RF PA

(b)

RF PA

Hnh 1.19. (a) s khi thng thng ca phn RF ca mt my pht c

tuyn tnh, (b) trnh by nh c cc phn t theo gi thnh.
T hnh v trn ta thy rng vic t mua cc phn t cn li ca phn RF
ca mt my pht SDR nh hng rt t ln gi thnh ca khi (thng thng
thm ch cn nh hng tt ln tng gi thnh BTS). V th nu t mua ton b
hp en RF, nhn lc k thut RF ca OEM s c gii phng cho nhim v
khc v hon ton khng nh hng ln kh nng khc bit ca OEM.
Vic la chn gia nng cp phn t hay thay th phn t cng l mt vn
cn xem xt. Nhn chung cc phn t RF t thay i theo thi gian v v th c
th d rng nng cp da trn SDR. Trong khi phn s ca h thng c th thay
i rt ln. chng hn theo cc nghin cu th cng sut x l ca DSP ch sau 18
thng km DSP mi khong hai ln. V th nn thit k DSP cho mt thi gian
nht nh ri thay th nng cp h thng.
1.5.2. nh hng ca OBSAI v CPRI
OBSAI (Open BTS Architecture Initiative: sng kin kin trc trm gc
m) v CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface: Giao din v tuyn cng cng
chung) l cc hot ng tiu chun ha di s ch o cu cng nghip vi mc
ch to cc giao din m trong mt BTS. Cc t chc ny d nh cung cp mt
th trng m trong cc nh bn my (i tc th ba) c th cung cp mt khi
lng ln cc h thng con BTS cho nhiu khch hng ca OEM, nh vy gim
gi thnh cho tng khch hng OEM. Hu ht cc OEM hin nay thuc mt trong

35

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

hai t chc ni trn. Cc t chc ny a ra cc chun lin quan n cc vn

sau:
Giao din tc cao gia bng gc v mdul RF ( pht s liu I-Q th
hin dng sng cn pht)
Tc s liu thp cho iu khin, khai thc, qun tr, bo dng v trang
b (OAM&P)
Phn phi ng h/nh thi
Giao din vi u v tuyn t xa
Ngoi ra OBSAI hin ang tip tc nghin ca v c t cc kha cnh ca
c ch iu ch, ngun nui, o kim ,
C hai hot ng tiu chun rny u c xy dng xung quanh giao din
vung gc I-Q ca bng gc thn thin SDR. V th vi vic s dng SDR, kin
trc phn cng SDR rt ph hp cho c hai chun ny v chng c tim nng em
li cc li ch kinh t ca SDR cho th trng BTS. iu ny xut pht t cc l
do sau:
Bng gc, gim t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh, DAC v cc
kin trc bin i nng tn c th ti s dung trn cc bng tn s v cc
tiu chun giao din v tuyn khc nhau vi cc thay i rt nh
Tng t, bin i h tn, ADC v cc kin trc thu bng gc cn c th ti
s dng trn cc bng tn v cc tiu chun giao din v tuyn khc nhau
vi cc thay i nh
Phn mm cho cc giao thc lin quan n cc giao din trn thng c th
ti s dng trn tt c cc nn tng
Chnh v cc l do trn m cc SDR c tip nhn trong cc thit k trm gc.
1.5.3. M hnh my cm tay
C ba loi khch hng cng ngh v tuyn c nh ngha bng phn
mm c th hng li t cng ngh ny:
Cc nh sn xut thit b. S dng SDR cho php cc nh sn xut thit b
ch cn sn xut mt sn phn my cm tay duy nht nh vy gim ng k
cc kha cnh sn xut khc nhau.
Nh mng. Cnh tranh gia cc nh mng khc nhau ch yu da trn gi
thnh v cht lng dch v. Cc u cui SDR cho php nh mng kh
nng nng cp ti ch chnh sa cc s c v b sung cc dch v v cc
tnh nng mi. Chnh sa cc s c l lnh vc hp dn nht v thu hi my
cm tay sa cha hay g ri phn mm l rt tn km. Kh nng b sung
cc dch v mi ngay lp tc ch khng phi i cho cc my c khng
cn dng c na cng rt hp dn. Th d ca trng hp ny l trng
hp nh mng cn b sung nhy tn cho mng GSM. V mt trong s cc
my cm tay ph bin ra i sm khng ci t tnh nng ny, nn phi
36

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

tr hon nhy tn trn nhiu mng cho n khi c v nh my cm tay ny

khng dng c c na.
Khch hng. Quyt nh mua my cu khch hng chu nh hng ca
nhiu yu t v cng ngh/cc tnh nng ch l mt trong s chng. Rt
nhiu nhn t c tm quan trong nh nhau, chng hn: kch thc, trng
lng, thi han pin, dng v my v thm chi tin cy cu hng. Tuy
nhin s xut hin SDR em n mt s li ch v cc li ch ny c th
cc thin cc kh nng bn hng i vi mt s khch hng. Cc tnh nng
nh chuyn mng ton cu thng minh v kh nng nng cp ton b
(ging nh nng cp phn mm my tnh). Tnh nng th hai s dn n
mt cng nghip phn mm mi ging nh th trng sn phm b sung
ca my tnh PC.
1.6. KIN TRC MNG TRUY NHP V TRM GC MI
Vic s dng tuyn tnh ha v c bit l cc my pht u vo s c
tuyn tnh cho php thc hin mt s cu hnh trm gc mi. Cc cu hnh ny c
cc u im quan trng i vi c nh sn xut trm gc ln nh khai thc mng,
nht l trong lnh vc tiu th ngun v gi thnh.
Trong trm gc thng thng, cc phn bng gc v RF ca my thu pht
thng c t gn nhau v nhiu khi trong cng mt hp my. B khuch i
cng sut cng thng c t gn v trong nhiu trng hp trn cng mt gi
my. V th tn hao cng sut ln khi truyn dn n t PA n anten. C ba cu
hnh cho php s dng cc b khuch i cng sut c tuyn tnh ha: tch
ring cc phn s v phn RF ca trm gc, lp rp trn thp anten v khch sn
ha BTS (BTS hoteling).
1.6.1. Tch ring phn s v phn v tuyn
S xut hin cc giao din chun OBSAI v CPRI cng vi cc my pht
thu RF u vo s dn n khng cn t cc phn s v v tuyn gn nhau. C
th t phn bng gc ng ring, v phn pht thu RF n gin chi l mt thit b
x l tuyn tnh c nhim v pht i v ti to li trung thnh tn hiu u vo
c trnh by trong dng s. V th v mt vt l c th t tch bit phn bng
gc v phn RF ti cc v tr cch xa nhau bt k nu s dng mi trng truyn
ti quang gia hai phn ny. V th my thu pht v tuyn c th c lp t ti
v tri thun tin gn anten, chng hn trn tng ta nh hay trn nh ct anten
gim yu cu v cng sut pht v gim c gi thnh vn hnh cng nh tm kim
v tr t my.
Mt th d v gii php ny l c th s dng mt v tr duy nht cha tt
c cc phn s v phn cng giao din mng cho nhiu site trm gc ph mt
ta nh ln (chng hn mt trung tm thng mi hay mt sn bay). Cac site trm
37

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

gc khi ny ch n thun bao gm mt s phn RF (hay cn gi l RRH: Remote

RF Head: u v tuyn t xa). Trong mi RRH gm mt hp en RF v anten.
Cc RRH cha u vo quang hay s, my pht RF v u vo RF, my thu c
u ra s (hay quang) cng vi b lc song cng v ngun nui ti ch (DC hay
in li).
1.6.2. Lp t trn thp anten
Mt cu hnh mi th hai l lp t my thu pht RF trc tip trn thp
cha cc anten pht v thu (hnh 1.20a). Hin nay cc lp t kiu ny kh ph
bin cho cc mng di ng 3G v 4G. Phng php ny mang li nhiu li ch so
vi phng php truyn thng vi lp t cc b khuch i ngay trong t my t
trong phng my hay trong cc cabin ti chn anten, v n cho php loi b c
tn hao ca cp v tuyn. Tn hao cp v tuyn c th bng 3dB (mt na cng
sut ca PA).
(b)

(a)

Hp
en
RF

Hp
en
RF

Hp
en
RF
Si
quang

Si
quang

Thp

Thp

Hp
en
RF
Si
quang

Thp

Si
quang

Thp

10 km
Trm
gc
Hp my
trm gc
Mng

Trm
gc

Trm
gc

Trm
gc

HUB trm
gc trung
tm

Mng

Hnh 1.20. S dng cc hp en v tuyn hay RRH lp t trn thp anten:

(a) hp my trm gc t ti chn thp, (b) kin trc HUB trm gc trung
tm.
Tuy nhin gii php ni trn cng gp phi mt s vn cn lu :
1. Bo dng. S c ca khi t trn nh thp s dn n vic khai thc tn
km khi sa cha hoc thay th. V th cc khi ngoi tri cn c tin cy
cao.
2. Trng lng. Lp rp nhiu my thu pht RF cng sut cao trn nh thp
anten s tng ng k trng ti v c th phi nng cp hay thay th thp
anten v iu ny lm tng gi thnh lp t. Tuy nhin cn nh rng trong
38

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

lng ca cp quang ni n cc RRH cng gm ng k. V th vn

trong lng cng cn xem xt k lng.
3. Tr. Nu s dng mng s liu cng cng hay mt s lng ng k cc
router hoc chuyn mch phn phi cc tn hiu s, th c th dn n
mt lng tr ng k a thm vo . iu ny s lm gim bn knh cc
i cu v v th ton b vng ph ca n. V th cn xem xt tr khi s
dng cc mng cng cng cho cc ng dng trm gc phn b. Nu khng
s dng mng cng cng (hay s lng ln cc router/chuyn mch),
thng c th nhn c mt bn knh chp nhn c cho tt c cc h
thng giao din v tuyn ngay c khi phi truyn dn hng chc km.
1.6.3. Khch sn ha BTS
1.6.3.1. M u
Khi nim khch sn ha BTS c minh ha trn hnh 1.20b (khch sn
ha hay ting Anh hotelling l khi nim ni ln rng mt phn thit b trm
gc s c t ti cc v bn ngoi site trm gc cho thun tin v gi thu r).
y l mt sng kin mi trong trin khai mng, trong phn ln cc phn t
ca mt BTS truyn thng c t ti mt v tr trung tm (hub). Hub c th
c t ti mt v tr thun tin, gi r chng hn trong tng hm ca mt to nh
trong thnh ph hay trong sn ca mt nh my ngoi thnh ph. Nh vy site ca
ch cn cha mt khi lng ti thiu cac phn t.
Tt c cc phn t mng, cc phn t giao tip,, cng nh to tn hiu
bng gc, iu ch, gii iu ch, m ha v cc chc nng to khung u c
t ti hub trm gc trung tm. Hub giao din trc tip n mng vin thng lin
quan v ly ra tt c cc cuc gi t mng ny. N cng to ra v thu li cc mu
s liu cn thit cho pht v thu n/ t RRH (u v tuyn t xa). V th hub
cha tt ton b tr tu ca trm gc v c th thc hin cc bin php cn thit
m bo lin tc hot ng ca n (chng hn: c i ng nhn vin c nh
bo dng, s dng d phng N+1 vi chuyn mch t ng ). Nu trang b
nh vy cho mt site trm gc n l l khng kinh t, th iu ny hon ton hp
l i vi mt hub khch sn ha BTS ln.
1.6.3.2. u v tuyn t xa (RRH)
Cc phn t ca mt u v tuyn t xa RRH (hay hp en trn hnh 1.21)
(RRH: Remote RF Head) ging nh cc phn t c th hin trn hnh 1.18 v
c trnh by trong phn 1.5.1.2. im khc c bn y l mt giao din s
c b sung h tr khong cch truyn dn xa hn so vi yu cu ca mt
ng dng trm gc thng thng. Giao din ny thng l quang truyn c
xa hn (xem hnh 1.20), tuy nhin cng c th s dng cp i dy xon (CAT2)

39

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

hay cp ng trc cho cc ng dng trong ta nh hai ngai tri c khong cch
ngn hn.
u vo/ra
quang

B tuyn tnh
ha s

DAC

Giao din
s/quang

B bin i
nng tn

PA
B lc
song cng

Phn hi b
tuyn tnh ha

n Anten
B bin i
h tn s

ADC

B bin i
h tn

LNA

Hnh 1.21. Cc phn t ca RRH (hp en v tuyn)

1.6.3.3. Cc u im ca khch sn ha BTS
Khch sn ha BTS c trin khai ph bin trong cc mng 3G v 4G.
Cng ngh ny em li cc li ch ang k sau y:
1. n gin ha bo dng v nng cp. V phn ln thit b trm gc cho
nhiu site s c t trong mt v tr, nn ch cn mt ln n bo dng
l cho tt c cc site ny.
2. Gim (hoc loi b hn) cc cabin hoc nh trm cho trm gc. Ngai chi
ph u t v bo dng cc h tng ny, chng cn tng thm kh khn
cho quy hoch do tp m m thanh ca cc h thng iu ha khng kh
(cha k n nh hng m quan v sc khe i vi cc c dn gn v
iu ny cng s nh hng ln cc quyt nh quy hoch trong nhiu th
trng). M rng i trm cha thit b mi (3G hoc 4G) b sung cho
cc gi my 2G hin c i hi m phn li vi ch cho thu t v c th
rt tn km.
3. Gim tiu th ngun. t cc RRH trn nh thp anten loi b c tn
hao cp ng trc. Tn hao ny thng thng l 2dB (nhng c th cao
hn) nh vy gim 30% cng sut tiu th.
4. Chi ph trin khai thp hn. Ngoi cc li ch v chi ph nh PA cng sut
thp hn, vic BTS by gi khng cn c phng my ti chn thp s gim
ng k gi xy dng (v c gi thu t site). iu ha khng kh cng ch
cn ti mt v tr duy nht (BTS hub)
5. Gia thnh khai thc thp. Hiu qu ny cao hn nhiu so vi cc hiu qu
ni phn trn. Khai thc ni chung cng vi vic loi b iu ha khng
kh ti nhiu site t xa dn n gim ng k chi ph khai thc.
6. tin cy cao hn. Loi b c c ch s c BTS (cp ng trc cng
sut cao) v t c nhiu phn cng trong mi trng iu ha khng kh
tt dn n ci thin tin cy ton h thng. Ngoi ra kh nng d phng

40

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

N+1 cho cc phn t BTS trong site hub c ngha l cc s c xy ra s nh

hng t nht ln vn hnh mng.
7. D rng bo dng. t phn ln phn cng BTS ti mt v tr cho php
thc hin bo dng trung tm v thm ch c ngi trc 24 ting. iu
ny s gim ng k thi gian gia xy ra s c v s c c sa. Nu xy
ra s c phn v tuyn, s mt t thi gian sa cha hn nh i vi s c
cp (trong mng xy ra s c ny thng xuyn hn s c PA).
8. D rng trin khai mng. Trong cch lm trc y, vic b sung mt site
mi thng i hi tm v tr t site c khng gian cho c anten c
cambinet mt t. Trong trung tm thnh ph iu ny khng d rng.
1.7. CC U CUI A CHUN (MST)
1.7.1. Cc li ch ca ca MST
Trong nhng nm gn y nhiu tiu chun v tuyn c trin khai ng
thi trong cc mng thng tin di ng. iu ny dn n cc MST (Multi Standard
Terminal: u cui a chun) ngy cng c quan tm trong cng nghip vin
thng v khi nim ny nhn c s quan tm c bit ca cc nh khai thc, cc
nh sn xut v cac nh cung cp cng ngh. C th nh nghi MST nh l mt
n v thu bao c kh nng hot ng theo nhiu chun v tuyn di ng. Kh
nng ny cng vi c ch lp li cu hnh ca u cui trn giao din v tuyn cho
thy y l mt phn t quan trng trong cc h thng thng tin di ng hin i.
C th m t mt s li ch then cht ca MST kh lp li cu hnh nh sau.
1. Gim chi ph sn xut. S bng pht ca cc tiu chun giao din v tuyn
mi trong cc h thng thng tin di ng dn n phi tip nhn cc kin trc
my u cui (v trm gc) khc nhau ti cc vng a l khc nhau. Kh
nng pht trin v sn xut mt my thu pht kh lp li cu hnh duy nht
bng phn mm hot ng theo mt tiu chn v tuyn bt k r rng mang
li nhiu li ch cho cc nh sn xut.
2. Chuyn mng trong sut. Mt u im quan trng ca cc MST l kh nng
chuyn mng trong sut trn cc bng tn khc nhau v cc tiu chun khc
nhau. Trn nhiu quc gia cc nh khc thc thm ch mt nh khai thc c
th ng thi s dng nhiu h thng thng tin di ng vi cc cng ngh
mng khc nhau (GSM/GPRS/ WCDMA/LTE/WiMAX), MTS kh lp li cu
hnh s l gii php hp dn gii quyt vn ny.
3. Nng cp dch v. Kh nng lp li cu hnh u cui trn giao din v tuyn
cho php nh khai thc mng c kh nng to lp v cung cp nhiu dch v
v tnh nng theo nhu cu ca tng khch hng.
4. Pht trin n mng mi. Trong qu trnh pht trin t 2G ln 3G hoc ln
4G, MST kh lp cu hnh c th hot ng c mng mi ln mng c v
y l mt gii php rt tt i vi vn tng thch ngc.

41

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

5. M ha v iu ch thch ng. Kh nng thch ng cc thng s truyn dn

trong cc iu kin knh v lu lng khc nhau l mt li ch quan trng cho
php MST kh lp cu hnh s dng hiu qu ti nguyn v tuyn
1.7.2. Cc yu cu i vi MST kh lp li cu hnh
Mt MST l tng phi c cc tnh nng sau:
1. Hot ng kh nh ngha bng phn mm. Mt MST l tng phi c
kh nng lm vic c cc giao din v tuyn tng lai cha c nh
ngha. Ch c th t c iu ny bng cch kt hp cc cng ngh kh
lp li cu hnh nh cc DSP (Digital Signal Processor: b x l tn hiu
s) v cc FPGA (Field Programable Gateway Array: mng cng kh lp
trnh theo ng dng) kh lp trnh. Ngoi ra cc cng ngh ny cng cho
php MST thch ng ng truyn v tuyn (iu ch v m ha knh)
2. Hot ng a bng. Kh nng x l cc tn hiu trn di rng cc bng tn
v cc bng thng knh l mt tnh nng quan trng cu MST. N nh
hng ln ln cc phn RF ca u cui v chnh vng ny l hn ch
cng ngh chnh i vi thc hin SDR ti thi im hin nay. Hnh 1.22a
cho thy phng php thc hin mt my thu MST truyn thng vi vic
s dng cc chui pht thu ring r cho tng chun v tuyn. Trong khi
phng php ny c th thc hin c cho my thu hai chun th s lng
phn t tng t ln s cn tr thc hin i vi my thu nhiu tiu chun
hn. Tri li khi nim v tuyn mm s cho php n gin ha phn tng
t ca my pht thu bng cch chuyn mt s x l tn hiu vo min s.
iu ny c th hin trn hnh 1.22b. Hnh ny minh ha qu trnh x l
s ha bng thng sau b chuyn i h tn. Nhng ly mu ti tn s
2GHz l qu lc quan i vi cng ngh hin nay. Tuy vy x l tn hiu s
ti IF s gim s lng phn t tng t v cung cp tnh linh hot cao nh
lc chn knh s trong my thu. Tuy nhin t c iu ny phi tr
gi bng cng sut ca DSP (do ly tc mu cao) v yu cu cao i vi
ADC.
a) MST truyn thng vi N my thu pht khc nhau

b) V tuyn mm s
Ti xung phn
mm (trn ng
v tuyn)

Anten

RF IF

DEMOD

ADC

DSP

No.1

RF IF

DEMOD

ADC

DSP

No.2

RF IF

DEMOD

ADC

DSP

No.N

Anten

RF

ADC

DSP linh
hot

Tiu chun No.n

(thch ng)

Hnh 1.22. Cc kin trc MST khc nhau

42

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

3. Hot ng a ch . Kh nng pht v thu tn hiu theo cc s iu

ch v m ha knh, cc cu trc cm, cc gii thut nn v cc giao thc
bo hiu khc nhau l mt tnh nng quan trng khc ca MST. Rt nhiu
cc hot ng bng gc c thc hin bng cc DSP hay FPGA kh
lp trnh v th c th coi tnh nng ny hon ton kh thi trong cc MST.
Hnh 1.23 cho thy s logic ca ton b MST vi nhn mnh ln cc khi
nim x l bng gc. MST c chia thnh nm phn chnh. Phn RF (u v
tuyn) cha anten a bng, PA (Power Amplifier: b khuch i cng sut) v
LNA (Low Noise Amplifier: b khuch i tp m nh), DAC (b bin i s vo
tng t) v ADC (b bin i tng t vo s). Qu trnh iu ch v gii iu
ch c chia thnh cc phn s v tng t. Phn x l tn hiu bng gc bao
gm cc hot ng ng b vi c tnh knh, cn bng knh, an xen v m ha
knh kim sot li. iu ch, an xen v m ha knh c th hin nh l cc
hp cng c nhn mnh tnh cht linh hot ca ch truyn dn MST. Tnh
ton s o thch ng nh gi tiu chun thch ng ng ca ch truyn dn
MST. Phn ng dng a phng tin bao gm m ha v gii m ngun, chng
hn MPEG4. Phn qun l v iu khin iu khin ton b hot ng cu MST
v chu trch nhim cho lp li cu hnh phn mm ca MST. Phn ny cng thc
hin tt c cc giao thc bo hiu cn thit cho hot ng ca MST.
Tnh ton s o thch ng thay i
ch truyn dn

c tnh knh

LNA

B gii iu
ch v ADC

B cn bng
knh

B gii an
xen

B gii m
knh

B gii m
nghun

Hp cng
c m ha

ng dng a
phng tin

ng b

PA

Hp cng c
iu ch

Hp cng c
an xen

B iu ch v
DAC

B an xen

B m ha
knh

B m ha
ngun

Qun l v iu khin
Phn RF tng
t

Phn x l tn hiu s

Phn ng dng

Hnh 1.23. Kin trc ca mt MST linh hot

43

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

1.8. TNG KT
Chng ny xt mt cch tng qut nhng vn cng ngh lin quan
n kin trc ca mt thit b pht v tuyn. Tng qut kin trc ny gm hai
phn: phn v tuyn (u v tuyn) v phn bng gc. Cc phn t tng t trong
thit b v tuyn ang c s ha t c mt thit b linh hot c th nh
ngha bng phn mm. Nguyn l s ha RF v IF, cc thng s s ha v cc
phng php s ha cng vi cc u nhc im ca chng cng c xt
trong chng. Mt cng ngh hp dn i vi cc nh sn xut v khai thc thit
b v tuyn l v tuyn nh ngha bng phn mm (SDR). SDR cho php mt
thit b v tuyn hot ng c trong cc cng ngh v tiu chun v tuyn khc
nhau vi vic nh ngha li cc thng s bng phn mm. M hinh SDR l tng
c xt trong chng. iu kin thc hin SDR tt nht l cc phn t
tng t phi c s ha. Do phn RF lm vic tn s cao nn hin nay s ha
mi ch c thc hin IF. mc nht nh SDR lm thay i kin trc
ca cc thit b v tuyn hin nay. Cc thit b thu pht trm gc c chia thnh
hai phn: phn x l tn hiu s v phn u v tuyn (RF Front-End). Hai phn
ny c ni vi nhau qua mt giao din tc cao c chun ha theo chun
OBSAI v CPRI. Vi cch t chc ny nhiu nh cung cp thit b c th ng
thi sn xut cc phn khc nhau ca mt thit b thu pht. Nh vy tht b thu
pht lun c ci tin v gi thnh r hn. Cc nh sn xut thit b gc (OEM)
c th s dng cc phn cng thit b do cc nh cung cp khc (t sn xut bn
ngai) v tp trung nhn lc thi gian pht trin phn mm v cc dch v
to nn cc im khc bit trong thit b cu h trong mi trng cnh tranh.
Ngoi ra vic phn tch ring r phn s v phn u cui RF cn cho php trin
khai mng theo kiu khch sn ha (hoteling), trong ch phn u v tuyn l
c t ti BTS site (thm ch c th c lp trn thp anten) cn cc phn x l
s ca mt hay nhiu trm gc c th t bn ngoi BTS site ti ni thun tin v
gi thu r. Cch lm ny khng nhng cho php trin khai mng v tuyn nhanh
m cn cho php gim gi thnh trin khai mng v gi thnh khai thc bo dng
mng.
Vic pht trin n r cc tiu chun v tuyn i hi phi a ra c mt
u cui lm vic c vi nhiu tiu chun. MST (u cui a chun) c
nghin cu v a ra thc hin mc ch ny. MST em li cc li ch v kinh
t nh: gim chi ph sn xut, tng li nhun khai thc cho nh mng v h c th
d rng sa cha, nng cp v ci t cc dch v mi bng cch ti xung phn
mm trn ng v tuyn. Tuy nhin t c mt MST kh lp li cu hnh
bng phn mm l tng ph s ha hon ton MST. Hin nay s ha ch mi
thc hin c n phn trung tn.
1.9. CU HI
1. Trnh by kin trc tng qut ca mt h thng thu pht v tuyn
44

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

2. Trnh by nh l ly mu Shannon v Nyquist

3. Trnh by nh l ly mu i vi tn hiu bng gc
4. Trnh by nh l ly mu i vi tn hiu bng thng
5. Trnh by nng lng ngoi bng v cc b lc chng nhiu xuyn bng
6. Trnh by ly mu xuyn tn v ly mu vung gc
7. Trnh by ly mu bng thng cho bin i h tn trc tip
8. Trnh by cc hiu ng tp m lng t, mo v tp m my thu
9. Trnh by t s tn hiu trn tp m cc i cu ADC
10. Trnh by khi nim di ng khng c nhiu gi (SFDR)
11. Trnh by cc phng php bin i tng t vo s
12. Trnh by khi nim SDR
13. Trnh by kin trc SDR l tng
14. Trnh by cc m hnh kinh doanh BTS mi da trn SDR
15. Trnh by vai tr ca cc giao din OBSAI v CPRI
16. Trnh by m hnh kinh doanh my cm tay
17. Trnh by ngha ca tch ring phn s v phn v tuyn
18. Trnh by m hnh lp t phn v tuyn trn thp an ten
19. Trnh by m hnh khch sn ha BTS
20. Trnh by khi nim v kin trc my cm tay a chun (MST)

45