TS.

Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Chng 9
H THNG ANTEN PHI BTS
9.1. GII THIU CHUNG
9.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng

Cc kin thc c s v h thng anten v phi

Cc khi nim c s v cc thng s ca anten
Cc kha cnh anten phn tp
B khuch i trn thp anten, TMA
Lp t GSM v UMTS cng v tr
Cc gii php cho h thng anten ti cc site hai bng tn
Cc gii php cho h thng anten ti cc site ba bng tn
Anten thng minh
H thng anten cho trm gc phn b

9.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng
Tham kho thm [17],[18], [25]. [26].
9.1.3. Mc ich chng
Nm c cc thng s chung ca h thng anten-phi
Nm c cc vn quy hoch v thit k h thng anten-phi cho mt
site
9.2. M U
H thng anten l mt phn quan trng ca cc trm gc trong mi h
thng thng tin di ng. Nhim v ca anten l phi m bo vng ph sng theo
thit k. vy anten phi c biu pht x v nghing xung mt t thch
hp. Cc h thng anten trong thng tin di ng thng x dng cc anten pannel
c lp t trn cc thp anten cao ngoi tri. u ni cc anten ny n BTS
t trong nh phi s dng cp phi v cp nhy. Cc cp ny thng gy suy
hao kh ln dn n gim cp tn hiu. V th cn thit k cc h thng anten sao
479

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

cho suy hao tn hiu trn ng truyn dn t BTS n anten l thp nht. Ngoi
ra cc mng thng tin di ng hin ny bao gm nhiu h thng thng tin di ng
theo cc chun khc nhau v lm vic ti nhiu bng tn khc nhau. Nn khi thit
k h thng anten ngoi vc m bo suy hao thp nht cn cn m s ng hot
ng ca cc h thng ny m khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Ngoi ra khi thit k h
thng anten bo m quan, ngha l cn s dung chung anten v cp phi cho
nhiu h thng thng tin di ng vi cc bng tn khc nhau.
9.3. CC KIN THC C S V H THNG ANTEN V PHI
H thng anten v phi l mt b phn quan trng ca mi trm gc
trong h thng thng tin di ng. Phi c nhim v truyn dn sng in t phn
v tuyn ca trm gc n anten v ngc li. Anten c nhim v bin i sng
in t lin kt vi phi thnh sng khng gian v tp trung truyn nng lng
ca sng ny n i tng thng tin (my di ng) v ngc li. Phn ny s xt
cc khi nim v cc thng s c bn ca mt h thng anten phi trong mt
trm BTS ca h thng thng tin di ng th h ba. Mc d ch xt cho 3G nhng
cc nguyn l xt trong chng ny cng c th p dng cho cc h thng anten
4G.
9.3.1. Cu trc tng qut ca h thng anten phi
Cu trc tng qut ca mt h thng anten phi c trnh trn hnh 9.1.

Anten 50 W

Cp nhy 50W

Cp phi 50 W

B lc 50 W
Khi v tuyn

Cp nhy 50W

Trm gc 50 W

Hnh 9.1. Cu trc tng qut ca mt h thng anten phi

480

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Tn hiu v tuyn t u ra ca b lc tr khng sng 50 W c truyn

dn n anten bng mt ng truyn dn bao gm: hai cp nhy v cp phi.
Cp nhy mm d un v c kch thc ph hp d rng u ni vi cc
connect ca b lc v anten cn cp phi thng c kch thc to hn vi suy
hao ng truyn nh m bo truyn dn sng in t tt nht.
9.3.2. Phn x sng in t trong h thng phi v cc thng s nh gi
nh hng ca phn x
m bo truyn dn sng in t tt nht t phn v tuyn ca trm gc
n anten cn m bo phi khng gia cc phn t truyn dn vi cc u v
tuyn v anten, ngha l tr khng sng ng truyn v ti lun lun phi bng
50 W. S khc nhau gia tr khng ti v ng truyn dn s dn n mt phi
khng dn n hin tng phn x sng trong mt phn sng s phn x ngc
t ti v ngun cp sng. Trong trng hp xy ra phn x, sng phn x s giao
thoa vi sng i thng v ti ni n ng pha vi sng i thng bin in p
tng ta c im bng sng cn ti ni n ngc pha vi sng i thng bin
in p s gim ta c nt sng. Khi ny ta c bc tranh sng trong cp c
dng sng ng nh m t trn hnh 9.2.
Umax
Sng i thng (Pf hay U f )

Cp ng trc

My pht

Anten

Sng ng

Sng phn x (Pr hay Ur )

U min

Hnh 9.2. Phn x v sng ng trong cp phi

Phn x trong h thng truyn dn phi s dn n nh hng sau:
Tn hao cng sut
Thay i ch lm vic ca cc linh kin in t trong phn v tuyn ca
BTS, thm ch nu in p im bng qu cao c th dn n nh xuyn
cc linh kin in t ny.
nh gi nh hng ca phn x, cc thng s sau c nh ngha:

481

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

H s phn x
T s sng ng in p
Tn hao phn hi
Tn hao mt phi khng
Di y ta s xt cc thng s ni trn.

H s phn x
H s phn x cng sut 2r c nh ngha nh sau:
2r

Pr
,
Pf

0 2r 1

(9.1)

Trong Pf v Pr l cng sut ca sng i thng v cng sut ca sng phn x

tng ng.
Tng t, h s phn in p r c xc nh nh sau:
r

Ur
,
Uf

0 r 1

(9.2)

Trong Uf v Ur l in p ca sng i thng v sng phn x tng ng.

Tn hao phn hi
Tn hao phn hi r c nh ngha nh sau:
r 10lg 2r 00 lg Pf lg Pr 20 lg U f lg U r , dB

(9.3)

Trong Pf, Pr l cng sut sng i thng v sng phn x tng ng; Uf v Ur l
in p sng i thng v sng phn x tng ng.
T s sng ng in p
T s sng ng in p thng c k hiu l VSWR (Voltage Standing
Wave Ratio) v c nh nghi nh sau:
VSwR=

U max Uf U r

U min Uf U r

(9.4)

482

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Tn hao mt phi khng

Do phn x, cng sut ta ra trn ti ch cn Pf(1- 2r ) v t s gia cng
sut i thng v cng sut ta ra trn ti s cho thy tn hao do mt phi khng.
Theo dB, tn hao mt phi khng c nh ngha nh sau:

1
10lg 1 r2
2
1 r

Lr= 10lg Lr 10lg

(9.5)

Quan h gia h s phn x v VSWR c xc nh nh sau:

VSwR

1 r
1 r

(9.6)

Tng t, quan h gia VSWR vi h s phn x c xc nh theo cng

thc sau:
r

VSwR -1
VSwR +1

(9.7)

Hnh 9.3 cho thy quan h gia VSWR vi: (1) tn hao phn hi, t l cng
sut i tng v cng sut phn x, (3) h s phn x cng sut.
Tn hao phn hi ( r ), dB
40

30

27 26

0,1

0,2

22

20

0,4 0,5 0,6

0,8 1,0

24

18

16

12

14

10

10

15

3,0

VSWR

2,5

2,0
1,8
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3

1,2
1,1
1,0
0,3

0 0,02 0,030,045 0,05

0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09 0,1

0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

0,3

Pr [%]
20 P
f

0,35 0,4

H s phn x 2r

Hnh 9.3. Quan h gia VSWR v cc thng s phn x khc

483

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Bng 9.1 cho thy quan h gia VSWR v tn hao mt phi khng.
Bng 9.1. Quan h gia VSWR, h s phn x cng sut v tn hao mt phi
khng
1,5
1,3
1,2
VSWR
2
0,04
0,017
0,0083
r
0,18

Lr

0,075

0,04

Quy nh cho cc mng di ng

VSWR < 1,5
Tn hao phn hi <14dB
9.4. CC KHI NIM C S V CC THNG S CA ANTEN
9.4.1. Dng sng in t ti vng gn anten
Anten l thit b bin i sng in t lin kt trong cp phi thnh sng
khng gian v tp trung nng lng sng ny n i tc thng tin. Trong vng
gn anten sng c dng sng lin kt nh c m t trn hnh 9.4 cho dng anten
chn t.
a) in p (U)

b) Trng in (E)

c) Dng in (I)

d) Trng t (H)

Hnh 9.4. Dng sng lin kt ti vng gn anten

T hnh 9.4a ta thy in p trn chn t c phn b vi gi tr cc i ti
hai u chn t v cc tiu ti tm chn t. in p ny l nguyn nhn gy ra
in trng vi cc ng xc khi u t mt u chn t v kt thc ti u kia
ca n (hnh 9.4b). Dng in trn chn t c phn b vi gi tr cc i ti tm
ca chn t v cc tiu ti cc u cui ca chn t (hnh 9.4c). Dng in ca
chn t l nguyn nhn gy ra t trng c cu trc c trnh by trn hnh 9.4d.
T hnh 9.4d ta thy ng xc ca t trng c dng ng trn bao quanh chn
t.

484

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

9.4.2. Dng sng in t ti vng xa anten

Sng in t tai vng xa anten l sng khng gian c dng sng phng dng
TEM (Tranverse Electromagnetic). Sng TEM l sng trong vect cng
in trng E v cng t trng H vung gc vi nhau v nm trong cng
mt mt phng. Mt phng ny c gi l mt sng. i vi sng TEM mt
phng cha vect E v H vung gc vi phng truyn sng v phng ny
c th hin bng vect phng truyn sng hay vect pointing K (hnh 9.5).
Cc vect E , H v K to nn tp bn tay phi tun theo quy tc vn nt chai theo
nu nhn theo phng truyn sng ( K ) v quay vect E theo chiu kim ng
h th s ti vect H
x

E Vect cng in trng E

H Vect cng t trng H
K Vect phng truyn sng K

E
Mt sng

Quy tc vn nt chai:
nu nhn theo phng vect K,
quay vect E s n vect H

Hnh 9.5. Dng sng TEM

9.4.3. Phn cc
Phn cc sng c nh ngha l phng dao ng ca vect cng
in trng E . Hay ni mt cch d hnh dung hn, phn cc c xc nh bi
ng do u mt vect E v ln. Mt phng phn cc c nh ngha l mt
phng cha vect E v vect truyn sng K (hnh 9.6).

485

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

E Vect cng in trng E

H Vect cng t trng H
K Vect phng truyn sng K

Mt phng
phn cc

H
y

Hnh 9.6. Mt phng phn cc

i vi chn t, phn cc hay mt phng phn cc ph thuc vo v tr ca
n so vi mt t (hnh 9.7):
Nu chn t c t song song vi mt t, th anten c phn cc ngang
(hnh 9.7a)
Nu chn t c t vung gc vi mt t th anten c phn cc ng
(hnh 9.7b)
Nu chn t c c nghing 450 vi mt t th anten c phn cc cho
(hnh 9.7c)

-45

Phn cc ngang
Phn cc ng

Phn cc cho (-45 0)

Hnh 9.7. Cc dng phn cc khc nhau ca anten

Trong thng tin v tuyn, cc anten pht v thu phi c cng phn cc th
mi c th thng tin c vi nhau.
9.4.4. Biu pht x hay biu phng hng
Theo nh l o ln, mt anten c th va l anten pht va l anten thu
truyn dn v tuyn hiu qu gia u pht v u thu, anten pht/thu c
nhim v pht/thu nng lng sng in t n/t i tc tp trung trong mt bp
sng hp. Mu pht x th hin kh nng tp trung nng lng sng in t ny.
Theo nh ngha mu pht x (hay cn gi l biu phng hng) th hin s
ph thuc mt thng lng cng sut (lu lng cng sut pht x trn mt
486

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

n v din tch) vo phng truyn sng. Tng qut mu pht x l mt hnh khi
ba chiu c th hin trong h to cc hoc c cc. Tuy nhin d biu
din, mu pht x thng c th hin dng mt ct ca hnh khng gian ny:
(1) mu pht x trong mt phng ngang c ct ra bng mt phng song song vi
mt t v (2) mu pht x trong mt phng ng c ct ra t mt phng vung
gc vi mt t. Mu pht x thng c th hin dng h s khuch i (hay
cn gi tng ch) chun ha g(,) c nh ngha l t s gia mt thng
lng cng sut phng c xt trn mt thng lng cng sut phng
pht x cc i. Hnh 9.8 th hin h s khuch i chun ha ph thuc vo gc
v (gc phng v).
z

g(, )

Hnh 9.8. Mu pht x

Hnh 9.9 cho ta thy mu pht x ca chn t na sng hay chn t /2.

487

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

b) mu pht x khng gian ba chiu
z

/2

a) Chn t /2

d) Mu pht x trong mt phng

ngang (mt phng vect H), g(

c) Mu pht x trong mt phng

ng (mt phng vect E), g(

0
330

330
60o

60o

300

90

90

270

10

10
o

240o

30

78 o

300

270

30

120

dB

240o
3

3
o

210o

120

dB

150

0
o

210o

180
HPBW=78 o

150

180

Hnh 9.9. Mu pht x chn t /2

9.4.5. Cc thng s nh gi tnh hng ca anten
Tnh hng hay kh nng tp trung nng lng theo mt phng nht nh
ca anten thng c c trng bi hai thng s:
rng bp sng 1/2 cng sut k hiu l HPBW (Half Power Beam
Width)
H s khuch i anten hay tng ch
9.4.5.1. rng bp sng 1/2 cng sut, HPBW
HPBW c nh ngha l gc hp bi hai phng m ti mt thng
lng cng sut pht x ca anten bng 1/2 mt thng lng cng sut pht x
cc i ca n. Chng hn hnh 9.9 cho thy HPBW trong mt ngang ca chn t
/2 bng 780. rng bp sng cng sut cng nh th tnh nh hng ca
anten cng cao.

488

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

9.4.5.2. H s khuch i anten

H s khuch i hay tng ch ca anten c nh ngha l hiu s gia
cng sut pht x (hay mt thng lng cng sut) theo hng cc i ca
anten c xt ti im thu cho trc vi cng sut pht x (hay mt thng
lng cng sut) ca mt anten gi tng c mu pht x ng hng ti im ny
tnh theo dB. Hnh 9.10 gii thch nh ngha ny. H s khuch i anten c o
bng dBi, trong i l vit tt ting Anh Isotropic c ngha ting Vit l ng
hng. H s khuch i c k hiu l G[dBi]. V ngha vt l, G[dBi] cho
thy anten thc t c xt c th to ra cng sut theo hng cc i ti mt
im thu cho trc ln hn anten gi tng ng hng bao nhiu ln hay ni mt
cch khc dng nh vic s dng anten ny cho php khuch icng sut ti
im thu ln G[dBi] so vi trng hp pht x v hng (ng hng).

Bp chnh

Pisotrop

Preal, max

G [dBi] = Preal, max- P isotrop

Cc bp bn th nht pha trn
v pha di bp chnh

Pisotrop

: Cng sut pht x ti im thu ca anten ng hng

Preal, max : Cng sut pht x theo hng cc i ti im thu ca anten c xt

G[dBi] : H s khuch i anten
: Mu pht x anten gi nh ng hng
: Mu pht x anten thc t

Hnh 9.10. Gii thch nh ngha h s khuch i anten

Cn lu rng cc mu pht x phc tp c to ra t nhiu bp sng
bao gm cc bp sng: chnh, bp bn th nht cnh bp chnh, bp bn th hai
tip theo (hnh 9.10).
Mt anten c HPBW cng nh th G[dBi] cng ln. Bng 9.2 cho thy
quan h gia HPBWH (H k hiu cho mt ngang) v h s khuch i ca mt s
anten s dng trong h thng thng tin di ng.

489

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Bng 9.2. Quan h gia HPBWH v G[dBi] ca mt s anten trong h thng

thng tin di ng
650
900
1050
1200
HPBWH
15,5dBi
14,0dBi
13,5dBi
13,0dBi
G[dBi]
t c tnh hng cao (tp trung nng lng sng in t trong bp
sng hp) cn thit k anten vi nhiu chn t. Anten vi nhiu chn t c gi
l anten mng hay Anten Panel. Hnh 9.11 cho thy mt Anten Pannel bao gm 8
chn t c tip sng ng pha v b phn x pha sau ch tp trung pht x
v pha trc. Anten Pannel trn hnh 9.11 c HPBW hp trong c mt phng
ngang ln ng: 650 trong mt ngang (hnh 9.11b) v 130 trong mt phng ng
(hnh 9.11c), v th khuch i anten tng.
B phn x

a) Pannel anten gm 8 chn t vi cc thng s sau:

- rng bp sng cng sut trong mt ngang
HPBW H= 65 o
- rng bp sng cng sut trong mt ng
o
HPBW V= 13
- G[dBi] = 15,5 dBi

b) Mu pht x mt phng ngang (mt phng vect H)

120 o

c) Mu pht x mt phng ng ngang (mt phng vect E)

65 o
13 o

10

10
dB

dB

Hnh 9.11. Anten Pannel 8 chn t

9.4.6. La chn anten vi HPBWH ph hp ph sng cho phn on
Cu trc ph sng cho mt mng thng tin di ng c dng t ong gm
nhiu . Cc anten trm gc c thit k t c vng ph cn thit trong
mt . tin cho vic biu din cc c m hnh bng hnh lc gic u thay

490

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

cho hnh trn. Hnh 9.12 cho thy hai kiu c s dng ph bin trong thng
tin di ng:
v hng trong mt phng ngang hay omni (Omnidirectional), (hnh
9.12a) v
c phn on (Sectorized) vi ban on (3 sector), (hnh 9.12b)
a) Mu v hng ngang
(Omnidirectional Cell)

b) Mu phn on 120 o
(Sectorized Cell)

Hnh 9.12. Cc mu
V l thuyt vng ph sng ca mt phn on 1200 c to nn t ba
anten c HPBWH trong mt ngang bng 1200 v pht x lch nhau 1200. Tuy nhin
thc t cho thy m bo ph sng cho vng chng ln gia cc on nn s
dng cc anten c HPBWH nm trong di t 650 n 900. Thng trong vng
ngoi anten vi HPBWH=900 c s dung, tt nhin ph thuc vo a hnh
trong trng hp ny i khi HPBWH=650 cng c s dng. Trong vng thnh
ph anten vi HPBWH=650 c s dng.
9.4.7. iu chnh nghing anten
m bo ph sng tt nht, khng ch cn c anten c bp sng hp vi
khuch i cao m cn iu khin anten sao cho bp sng ch hng xung mt
t ni c cc my di ng. vy cn iu chnh nghing anten v pha mt t.
iu chnh nghing anten cho php:
Tp trung phn ln cng sut bc x trong on
Gim cng sut pht x theo phng ngang nn trnh gy nhiu cho cc
on bn cnh; kt qu iu khin nghing tt c th gim pht x
phng ngang n 6dB.
Hnh 9.13 cho thy hiu qu ca iu khin nghing ln gim pht x
phng ngang i vi anten phn cc ng.
491

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

70o

70o

90 o

dB

70o

80 o

80 o

10

c) Anten ng nghing gim pht x

ngang 6dB

b) Aten ng nghing gim pht x

ngang 2,7dB

a) Anten ng khng nghing

10

100 o

90 o

dB

110 o

80 o

10

90 o

100 o
110 o

100 o
dB

110 o

Hnh 9.13. Gim pht x phng ngang ca anten phn cc ng nh iu

chnh nghing
iu chnh nghing anten c th c thc hin bng hai phng php: (1)
c kh, (2) in.
9.4.7.1. iu chnh nghing anten bng c kh
iu chnh nghing anten bng c kh c thc hin bng cch tng
khong cch gia mp trn ca anten vi ct anten n chc xung mt t
(hnh 9.14).
Tng khong cch gia mp
trn anten vi ct anten

Hnh 9.14. iu chnh nghing anten bng c kh

iu chnh nghing anten c kh dn n thay i mu pht x trong mt
ngang. Hnh 9.15 cho thy s thay i mu pht x trong mt ngang i vi anten
c rng bp sng cng sut trong mt ngang bng 1050 i vi cc
nghing: 00, 60, 80, 100.

492

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

0o

: Mu pht x vi nghing 0

: Mu pht x vi nghing 6

: Mu pht x vi nghing 8 o
o

: Mu pht x vi nghing 10

-90o

+90
10

dB
3

Hnh 9.15. Mu pht x ca anten ng vi rng bp sng cng sut

1050 i vi iu chnh nghing c kh: 00, 60, 80 v 100.
Nhc im ca iu chnh nghing anten bng c kh:
Ch gim pht x trong hng chnh m khng thay i pht x ti phng
900 dn n mo dng mu pht x ngang
nh hng ni trn dn n thay i rng bp sng 1/2 cng sut v
iu ny li dn n thay i ph sng
S thay i ni trn rt kh xem xt trong qu trnh quy hoch mng dn
n gim chnh xc d bo.
iu khin nghing anten bng in cho php khc phc c cc nhc
im ni trn.
9.4.7.2. iu khin nghing anten bng in
iu khin nghing anten bng in, thay v c cp sng ng pha
cc chn t trong anten mng c cp sng lch pha theo mt phn b pha la
chn t c nghing bp sng cn thit. Thay i phn b pha c thc
hin bng cch thay i di cp ni n cc chn t. Hnh 9.16 cho thy th d
iu khin nghing bng in v phn b pha cn thit (hnh 9.16a) t c
nghing bp sng 120 (hnh 9.16b) i vi mng anten 6 chn t.

493

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

a) Phn b pha cho 6 chn t

b) Bp sng nghing xung mt t 12 o

0o

70o

140o

12

10

210o

dB

280

Hnh 9.16. iu khin pha bng in. (a) Phn b pha dng in cp cho cc
chn t; (b) Bp chnh mu pht x chc xung mt t 120.
Hnh 9.17 cho thy mu pht trong mt ngang ca anten ng c
HPBWH=1050 i vi iu chnh nghing bng in cho cc gc nghing: 00,
60, 80 v 100.
0o

: Mu pht x vi nghing 0

: Mu pht x vi nghing 6

: Mu pht x vi nghing 8 o
o

: Mu pht x vi nghing 10

-90o

+90
10

dB
3

Hnh 9.17. Mu pht x ca anten ng vi rng bp sng cng sut

1050 i vi iu chnh nghing in: 00, 60, 80 v 100.

494

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Phn tch hnh 9.17 ta thy:

Dng mu pht x ngang khng i
m bo quy hoch mng chnh xc
linh hot, thng iu chnh nghing c kh c kt hp vi iu
chnh nghing in. Trong trng hp ny iu chnh c khi ng vai tr iu
chnh th cn iu chnh in ng vai tr iu chnh tinh.
iu chnh nghing c th dn n pht x cc bp ph tng. iu chnh
cc pht x bp ph, c th cp sng cho cc chn t vi cc cng sut khc nhau.
Gc nghing cc i ch t c vo khong 140 do cc bp ph pha trn mu
pht x tng.
Thng thng th iu khin nghing c kh c thc hin trc t
c gc nghing cao sau tinh chnh.
t c pht x nh nhau trong mt ngang, anten c rng bp sng
cng sut trong mt ng ln hn cn c iu chnh gc nghing ln hn.
Hnh 9.18 cho thy mu pht x trong mt phng ng ca hai anten c rng
bp sng cng sut trong mt ngang nh nhau (880) nhng rng bp sng
cng sut trong mt ng khc nhau (anten vi h s khuch i 14dBi c rng
bp sng cng sut trong mt ng rng hn so vi anten c h s khuch i
18dBi). So snh gc nghing cn thit t c suy hao trong mt ngang 6dB
trn hnh 9.18 ta thy rng anten c rng bp sng mt ng rng hn (hnh
17a) cn c gc nghing ln hn (90 T; T: Tilt- nghing) so vi anten c
rng bp sng cng sut trong mt ng nh hn (hnh 17b: 30T). V th vic
chn gc nghing ph thuc vo rng bp sng cng sut ca tng anten.
a) Anten vi HPBW trong mt ngang 88o , h s khuych
i 14dBi v nghing kh iu chinh 0o 10 oT

b) Anten vi HPBW trong mt ngang 88o , h s khuych

i 18dBi v nghing kh iu chinh 0 6 T o

0o

0o

im
6dB

+90o

-90

im
6dB

+90o
o
3

-90

9
10

10

6
3
0

6
dB

dB

T : Tilt = nghing

Hnh 9.18. Mu pht x trong mt ng minh ha vic t c gim pht

x trong mt ngang nh nhau, th anten c rng cng sut bp sng ln
hn phi c iu chnh nghing ln hn

495

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Khi iu chnh nghing anten cn lu :

t c gim pht x cc i trong mt ngang, anten cn c iu
chnh nghing sao cho mt ngang trng vi gi tr khng th nht ca mu
pht x.
Gc nghing cao hn s tng khuch i cng sut do bp bn th nht
gim
V th gc nghing cc i c xc nh bi gc gia bp chnh v bp
bn th nht.
9.4.8. Anten phn cc cho, Xpol
Anten phn cc cho (Xpol: Cross Polarization) c to ra t cc chn t
c t nghing 450 so vi trc ng nh trn hnh 9.19a. Hnh 9.19b cho thy
phn cc nghing 450 c th c phn tch vo cc thnh phn phn cc ngang
(H) v phn cc ng (V) c bin bng nhau. Hai chn t phn cc cho 450
to nn trng phn cc trc giao (900) v tn hiu pht x (hay thu) ca chng s
khng tng quan (c lp) vi nhau. Do tnh cht c lp ca h thng chn t
Xpol, anten phn cc cho c s dng cho phn tp thu hoc phn tp pht vi
hai ng thu pht tn hiu c lp trong mt ng t cc chn t nghing
+450 v mt ng t cc chn t nghing -450.
a) Anten Xpol

b) Phn cc trc giao

B phn x
o

90

H thng
chn t

+45

-45o

-H

ng tip
sng

-45 o

+45o

Hnh 9.19. Anten phn cc cho (Xpol) vi cc h thng chn t phn cc

trc giao
T s phn cc cho c (CPR: Cross Polarization Ratio) s dng nh
gi nh gi tnh c lp cu hai ng ni trn. CPR c nh ngha l t s
gia li tng i ng phn cc (gco-pol) vi li tng i phn cc
cho (gcross-pol) v c xc inh theo dB nh sau:
CPR [dB] = 10lggco-pol-10lggcross-pol

(9.8)

496

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Hnh 9.20 cho thy cch xc nh CPR cho anten vi HPBWH= 650 v G=
17dBi v hnh 9.21 cho thy kt qu o CPR ca anten ny.
ng phn cc (co-pol)
Phn cc cho (cross-pol)

on 120 o

li tng i, dB

0
-5
-10

CPR

-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-180

-120

-60

60

120

180

Gc phng v,

Hnh 9.20. Mu pht x mt ngang ca anten vi HPBWH=650, G=17dBi

v cch xc nh CPR
on 120 o
30

CPR, dB

25
20
15
10
5
0
-90

-60

-30

30

60

90

Gc phng v,

Hnh 9.21. Kt qu o CPR ca anten vi HPBWH=650 v G=17dBi

Cc kt qu nghin cu anten Xpol cho thy nh phn cc trc giao anten
ny m bo t s phn cc cho cao v th cho php t c hiu nng phn tp
rt cao.
9.4.9. Anten bng rng
Anten bng rng cho php dng chung anten cho nhiu BTS lm vic trn
cc bng tn khc nhau. Trong phn ny n gin ta s ch xt cc anten lng
bng, nguyn l ca cc anten ny cng c th p dng cho cc anten nhiu bng

497

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

hn. ghp cc bng tn v tuyn khc nhau vo anten a bng ta cn c b lc

song cng a bng. Di y ta xt b lc song cng lng bng v c tnh bin
tn ca n.
9.4.9.1. B lc song cng (b kt hp) lng bng
V cu trc b lc song cng ny bao gm hai b lc bng thng vi tn
hao chn vo khong 0,2 dB v cch ly gia cc ca ln hn 50dB. Hnh 9.22 cho
thy s ca b lc song cng lng bng (hnh 9.22a) v c tnh k thut ca
n (hnh 9.22b).
a) S b lc song cng (b kt hp)

b) c tuyn suy hao ph thuc tn s ca b lc song cng

(800-1000/1700-2000MHz)
Ca 3

Cng 2 Cng 3

Cng 1 Cng 3

Suy hao, dB

B lc

10
20
30

40
50
60
70
80

A: 800 1000 MHz

B: 1700 2000 MHz

90
Ca 1
(800-1000MHz)

Ca 2
(1700-2000MHz)

100
500

700

900

1100 1300

1500 1700

1900 2100 2300 2500

Tn s, MHz

Hnh 9.22. S b lc song cng lng bng (a) v c tuyn suy hao ph
thuc tn s ca n (b)
9.4.9.2. Anten lng bng da trn hai anten Xpol (XXpol)
Anten lng bng da trn hai anten Xpol (XXpol) l mt h thng anten
bao gm mt anten Xpol vi cc kch thc chn t ln hn cho bng tn thp v
mt h thng anten Xpol c kch nh hn cho bng tn cao. C th phn loi
anten XXpol theo s u vo:
1. 4 u vo: cn 4 cp phi v 4 cp nhy u ni (hnh 9.23a)
2. 2 u vo: ch cn 2 cp phi v hai cp nhy cho u ni nhng phi c
thm hai b lc song cng (b kt hp) gn trm gc phn tch hai bng
tn (hnh 9.23b)

498

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

a) 4 u vo

b) 2 u vo

(4x)

(4x)

+45o +45o -45o -45o

1800 900 900 1800

Cp nhy
ty chn

Phi

(2x)

(2x)

B kt hp
lng bng
900/1800

B kt hp
lng bng
900/1800

+45o

-45o
900

900

+45o
1800

-45o
1800

Hnh 9.23. Anten lng bng XXpol. a) bn ca, b) hai ca

Cc anten lng bng c u im sau:

Ch cn mt anten cho nhiu bng tn
Kch thc ging nh cc anten 900MHz
m bo hiu nng do bn h thng hot ng c lp
Cc b lc tch hp cho php n gin ha nng cp 900/1800MHz
Ti s dng cc ng cp phi hin c
Cc anten Xpol c th c lp t xung quanh ct anten vi khong
cch ti thiu (hnh 9.24); cch ly gia cc ca tt hn 30dB.

499

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

108mm
3

Hnh 9.24. Cc anten Xpol c th lp t vi khong cch ti thiu.

Bng 9.3. cho thy cch ly gia cc ca ca anten XXpol bn ca.

Bng 9.3. Cch ly gia cc ca ca anten XXpol bn ca
Anten 1
Anten 2
Cch ly [dB]
872 900 MHz
0
+45 /900MHz
47
0
0
+45 /900MHz
-45 /900MHz
50
0
+45 /1800MHz
>50
-450/1800MHz
>50
0
+45 /900MHz
50
0
0
-45 /900MHz
-45 /900MHz
47
0
+45 /1800MHz
>50
0
-45 /1800MHz
>50
0
+45 /900MHz
>50
0
+450/1800MHz
-45 /900MHz
>50
+450/1800MHz
NA
0
-45 /1800MHz
NA
0
+45 /900MHz
>50
0
0
-45 /1800MHz
-45 /900MHz
>50
0
+45 /1800MHz
NA
0
-45 /1800MHz
NA
NA: khng p dng

Cch ly [dB]
1710 1880 MHz
NA
NA
>50
>50
NA
NA
>50
>50
>50
>50
44
43
>50
>50
44
43

500

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

9.4.9. Cc cu hnh anten BTS

Hnh 9.25 v bng 9.4. v cho thy cc cu hnh anten khc nhau dng cho
s cp v tuyn ln n 12 trn mt BTS. 12 cp v tuyn c th h tr bn anten
trn mt on cho mt trm ba on v hai anten trn mt on cho trm c
su on .

Ma trn butler kp
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Hnh 9.25. Cu hnh anten cho ti a 12 cp v tuyn

Bng 9.4. Cu hnh anten
Cu hnh anten
1V
ULA2V
ULA4V
DIV-1X
CLA-2X
CLA-3X

Hnh
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

M t
Mt ct vi phn cc ng (V-pol)
Hai ct V-pol t cnh nhau
4 ct V-pol
Mt ct vi phn cc cho (X-pol)
Hai ct phn cc cho t gn nhau
Mt ct phn cc cho nm gia hai ci phn cc
cho gn nhau
BM-4X
(g)
Bn ct phn cc cho vi ma trn butler kp
DIV-2X
(h)
Hai ct phn cc cho t cch xa nhau
* V: Vertical: phn cc ng, ULA: Uniform Linear Array: mng tuyn tnh ng
nht, X: Cross Polarization: phn cc cho, DIV: Diversity: phn cc, CLA:
Circular Linear Array: Mng tuyn tnh trn, BM: Butler Matrix: ma trn Butler,
Lu rng BM-4X cng cn c gi l cu hnh anten CLA-4X.

501

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

9.5. CC KHA CNH PHN TP

9.5.1. Truyn sng a ng v m hnh knh v tuyn trong thng tin di
ng
Trong thng tin v tuyn, sng v tuyn c truyn qua mi trng vt l
c nhiu cu trc v vt th nh ta nh, i ni, cy ci, xe c chuyn ng. Ni
chung qu trnh truyn sng trong thng tin v tuyn rt phc tp. Qu trnh ny
c th ch c mt ng truyn thng (LOS: line of sight), hay nhiu ng m
khng c LOS hoc c hai. Truyn sng nhiu ng xy ra khi c phn x, nhiu
x v tn x (hnh 9.26a).
Phn x xy ra khi sng v tuyn p vo cc vt cn c kch thc ln hn
nhiu so vi bc sng. Ni chung phn x gy ra do b mt ca qu t, ni v
tng ca ta nh.
Nhiu x xy ra do sng in t gp phi cc b mt sc cnh v cc thnh
g ca cc cu trc.
Tn x xy ra khi kch thc ca cc vt th trong mi trng truyn sng
nh hn bc sng. Tn x thng xy ra khi sng v tuyn gp phi cc k hiu
giao thng, ct n.
Ngoi phn x, nhiu x v tn x, sng v tuyn cn b suy hao ng
truyn. Cng tn hiu cng b thay i theo thi gian do s chuyn ng ca
my thu hoc my pht. phn tch ta c th c trng nh hng truyn sng
v tuyn thnh hai loi: suy hao tn hiu phm vi rng v mo tn hiu phm vi
hp. Suy hao tn hiu phm vi rng gy ra do suy hao ng truyn v s che ti
my pht v my thu cn mo tn hiu phm vi hp xy ra do truyn sng nhiu
ng.
Truyn sng nhiu ng c m phng da trn l lch tr cng sut
(hnh 9.26b), trong nu tn hiu c pht c dng xung hp th ti my thu s
xut hin nhiu xung vi cng sut v tr khc nhau. Cng sut trn hnh 9.26b
c th hin dng cng sut tng i so vi cng sut cc i. Tr trn hnh
9.26b cng c th hin dng tr tng i so vi tr nh nht v tr ny c
gi l tr tri.
ITU nghin cu m hnh truyn sng a ng cho thng tin di ng 3G
v th hin m hnh ny dng bng 9.5, trong k hiu cho tr tri cn a 2
k hiu cho cng xut tng i ca xung thu.

502

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

a) Truyn sng a ng

b) L lch tr cng sut

2
u cui di
ng

Trm gc

Cng sut tng i, dB

2, 2m s
1,1m s
max 6,6m s

-10

-20

-30

-40

Tr tri, ms

10

12

14

Hnh 9.26. (a) Truyn sng a ng; (b) l lch tr cng sut

Bng 9.5. L lch tr cng sut a ng ca ITU cho thng tin di ng 3G

0
1
2
3
4
5

i b A
(L=4)

(ns)

110

190

410

a 2 (dB)

-9,7

-19,2

-22,8

i b B
(L=6)

(ns)

200

800

a 2 (dB)

-0,9

i xe A
(L=6)

(ns)

a 2 (dB)

i xe B
(L=6)

NA

NA

1200

2300

3700

-4,9

-8,0

-7,8

-23,9

310

710

1090

1730

2510

-1,0

-9,0

-10,0

-15,0

-20,0

(ns)

300

8900

12900

17100

20000

a 2 (dB)

-2,5

-12,8

-10,0

-25,2

-16,0

Tn hiu thu l tng hp tin hiu nhiu ng c bin v pha thay i

ngu nhin s v th bin v pha ca n cng thay i ngu nhin. Hin tng
ny c gi l phainh a ng. Phainh a ng c th lm gim bin tn
hiu thu n hng chc dB dn n gim cp tn hiu thu. trnh hin tng ny
ngi ta c th s dng k thut phn tp thu hoc pht khng gian, trong anten
thu hoc pht c t cch xa nhau khng cn tng quan vi nhau (c
lp vi nhau), khi ny xc sut xy ra phainh ng thi cc anten ny l rt nh,
v vy tn hiu tng hp thu c t cc anten ny s c ci thin ng k. S
ci thin ny c gi l li phn tp. Phn tp phn cc cng c s dung
bng cch s dng cc anten c phn cc trc giao, chng hn phn cc cho nh
xt phn 9.4.

503

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

9.5.2. Phn tp thu

li phn tp thu t c khi s dng hai nhnh thu khng tng quan.
Trong h thng UMTS, li ny c th hin bng vic gim Eb/N0
ng ln. iu ny c th hin trong bng 9.6 da trn cc kt qu m phng
cho mt knh thoi 8kbps. M phng ny gi thit rng hai tn hiu RX hon ton
khng tng quan. Bng 9.6 cho thy s ci thin t s tn hiu trn tp m (Eb/N0,
trong Eb l nng lng bit cn N0 l mt ph cng sut tp m) trong trng
hp khng phn tp thu (1 anten) v c phn tp thu (2 anten).
Bng 9.6. Eb/N0 cn thit cho knh thoi 8 kbps vi BER bng 10-3 v li
phn tp tng ng tnh theo dB
Mi trng
Tc
ng ln
(km/gi)
1 anten
2 anten
li phn
tp
3
7,7
5,1
2,6
6
7,9
5,2
2,7
10
8,0
5,3
2,7
Xe c A
25
8,1
5,4
2,7
50
8,3
5,5
2,8
120
8,9
6,3
2,6
200
9,5
7,0
2,5
350
11,1
9,5
2,6
3
7,2
4,2
3,0
6
7,7
4,8
2,9
i b A
10
7,8
4,7
3,1
25
8,2
4,8
3,4
50
8,6
5,0
3,6
120
9,1
5,8
3,3
i vi knh AWGN, ngha l knh c cng sut khng i v tp m
Gauss trng cng, li phn tp l 3dB. Tt nhin tp m ca hai anten thu
khng tng quan, kt hp t l cc i hai tn hiu ca hai anten cho php gim
tng phng sai tp m 3dB.
i vi cc knh a ng nh knh ngi i b A v knh xe c A, li
phn tp anten c th ln hn. Tt nhin, v phainh Raleigh ca hai anten khng
tng quan, nn khi tn hiu thu yu i vi mt anten, th xc sut m anten khi
nhn tn hiu cao s ln. V th phn tp anten cho php gim cc thay i cng
sut thu v tc ng tt ln hiu nng.

504

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Nh vy, cc thay i cng sut thu cng ln (hay tng qut hn l cc thay
i SNR khi tp m khng thay i) khi khng s dng phn tp anten, th li
phn tp anten cng ln.
i vi tc thp, iu khin cng sut hot ng hiu qu. V th cc
thay i cng sut knh s nh v cc knh gn vi knh AWGN. V th li
phn tp anten gn bng 3dB. N c th hi thp hn 3dB do tp m b sung t
nhiu gia cc chip ch khng phi AWGN. nh hng ny c th nhn thy r
rng trong knh ngi xe c A khi nhiu gia cc chip ln. Mt kha cnh na lm
gim li trong thc t l s khng tng quan gia cc anten khng l tng
trong hu ht cc trng hp.
i vi cc tc trung bnh v cao, iu khin cng sut khng cn lm
vic tt na. V th cc thay i knh ln hn v li phn tp anten s (hi) ln
hn. C th nhn thy nh hng ny r rt hn trong knh ngi i b A khi cc
thay i knh ln hn.
Cui cng, li phn tp anten ln hn trong knh ngi i b A so vi
knh xe c A v trong knh ngi i b A cc thay i cng sut knh ln hn v
nhiu gia cc chi nh hn.
V vy phn tp anten RX ph thuc vo dch v, l lch a ng v tc
.
nhn c cc li ch trong h thng thc t c cng li nh trong
cc m phng, cn m bo s khng tng quan gia hai nhnh thu bng phn
tp khng gian hoc phn tp phn cc. i vi phn tp khng gian, khng tng
quan c th t c bng cch p dng cc quy tc phn tch anten theo cc c ly
sau:
i vi cch ngang: dH=20, ngha l dH=3m i vi UMTS/FDD
i vi cch ng: dv=15, ngha l dv=2,25m i vi UMTS/FDD
Cng nh GSM, cn s dng cc anten phn cc cho trong cc vng th
v ngoi , cn trong cc vng nng thn nn s dng hai anten phn cc ng t
cch ly cho phn tp khng gian.
Trong tng lai c th s dng nhiu anten tng thm li 3dB. li
tim nng ca phn tp anten thu vi 2, 3 hay 4 anten hon ton khng tng
quan c th hin trn hnh 9.27 cho th d mi trng knh ngi i b A v
tc 3km/gi. BER c o ti u ra ca b gii m knh.

505

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Thoi 8 kbps, knh b A, 3km/gi, ng ln
1
1 RX anten
2 RX anten
3 RX anten
4 RX anten

10 -1

BER

10 -2
10 -3
10-4
10 -5
10 -6

-2

4
Eb /N 0 , dB

10

Hnh 9.27. li phn tp anten cho dch v thoi 8kbps trong knh ngi i
b A, 3km/gi
9.5.3. li phn tp TX STTD.
li phn tp ca TX STTD (Space Time Transmit Diversity: Phn tp
pht khng gian thi gian) th hin vic gim Eb/N0 yu cu. Bng 9.7 di y
cho thy th d li cho trng hp knh thoi 8kbps v cc mi trng truyn
sng l cc knh xe c A v ngi i b A.
Bng 9.7. Eb/N0 cn thit cho knh thoi 8 kbps vi BER bng 10-3 v li
phn tp tng ng tnh theo dB
Mi trng
Tc
ng xung
(km/gi)
Khng
c STTD
li phn
phn tp Tx
tp
3
6,8
6,6
0,2
6
7,1
6,9
0,2
10
7,2
7,0
0,2
Xe c A
25
7,2
6,9
0,3
50
7,4
7,1
0,3
120
7,6
7,5
0,1
200
8,4
8,2
0,2
350
10,4
10,0
0,4
3
6,5
6,3
0,2

506

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

i b A

6
10
25
50
120

7,1
7,6
8,0
8,3
8,5

6,6
6,9
7,0
7,3
7,7

0,5
0,7
1,0
1,0
0,8

Cng cn lu mt u im na khi s dng phn tp TX l thay v s

dng mt nhnh TX vi cng sut cc i 25W (43dBm), ta c th s dng hai
nhnh TX vi 25W (43dBm) mi nhnh, iu ny c ngha l c li 3dB trong
qu cng sut. Tuy nhin y khng phi l li phn tp m ch n thun l ta
tng cng sut pht gp i.
nhn c li phn tp anten pht, ta cn s dng hai anten pht cho
mt sng mang v hai anten ny phi khng tng quan. iu ny c nghi l phi
t hai anten pht phn cc ng cch nhau mt khang cch nht nh (phn tp
khng gian) theo quy tc phn cch xt trong phn 9.5.1. Ngoi ra ta cng c
th s dng hai anten phn cc cho (phn tp phn cc). V th s dng b lc
song cng (Duplexer) ta c th s dng tng anten ca phn tp thu lm anten
pht cho phn tp pht.

9.5.4. Cc cu trc anten phn tp

9.5.4.1. Cc s kt hp tn hiu thu
Trong my thu phn tp khng gian, cc tn hiu thu t hai anten c lp
c kt hp vi nhau c mt tn hiu tt hn. Tn ti hai s kt hp tn
hiu thu :
Kt hp chn la (hnh 9.28a)
Kt hp cc i (hnh 9.28b)
Trong s kt hp chn la trn hnh 9.28a, chuyn mch c thc hin
gia hai tn hiu thu n t hai anten chn tn hiu thu tt nht da trn t s tn
hiu trn tp m ca cc nhnh thu ny. S ny cho li phn tp t 3 n
4dB.
Trong s phn tp thu kt hp t l cc ai trn hnh 9.28b, c hai tn
hiu thu n t hai anten c nh trng s (khuch i) theo t s tn hiu trn
tp m tng ng ca tng nhnh sau c kt hp ng pha nh nhau
c t s tn hiu trn tp m ln nht. S ny cho li phn tp t 6 n 7
dB.

507

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

B) Kt hp t l cc i
(MRC)

a) Kt hp chn la

ng pha
tn hiu

r2

Gii iu
ch

r1
r1

r2

R: tn hiu thu
N: cng sut tp m
SNR: t s tn hiu trn tp m
V: in p

SNR V =
ng pha
tn hiu

r
r
SNRV max 1 , 2
N
N

r1

r12 + r22
N

Gii iu
ch

r2
N

Hnh 9.28. Cc s kt hp
9.5.4.2. Cc cu trc anten phn tp thu
Phn tp cho ng hng mt ngang ( omni)
Phn tp thu i hi hai anten thu phn cc ng (Rxa v Rxb) t cch
nhau 12-15. i vi omni cn ba anten omni trong anten pht (Tx) c t
cao hn t c mu omni l tng v m bo cch ly >30dB gia cc
anten Rx v Tx (hnh 9.29).
Tx

Rx

Rx
5m
1m
3m
3m

Hnh 9.29. Cu trc h thng anten phn tp thu cho omni cho tn s 900
MHz
508

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Phn tp cho phn on ( sector)

V mt l thuyt phn tp thu cho phn on ( sector) i hi ba anten
trn mt on v cc anten thu pht c th t trn cng mt bnh do cch ly
gia chung tt hn so vi trng hp omni. Hnh 9.30a cho thy cu trc h thng
anten phn tp thu sector cho mt phn on bao gm ba on c k hiu l
1,2 v 3 vi s dng anten phn cc ng. Hnh 9.30b cho thy b tr cc anten
pht v thu cho tng on .
a) Cu trc anten phn tp thu cho ba on

b) B tr anten cho tng on

12 15

Tx1

RxA1

12 15

RxB1

RxA2

RxB3

RxAi

Txi

RxBi

i=1,2,3
Tx3

Tx2

RxA3

RxB2

Hnh 9.30. Cu trc h thng anten phn tp thu cho phn on vi ba

on .
gim bt s lng anten cho phn tp thu cc bin php sau y c
s dng:
S dng b lc song cng phn chia tn hiu pht thu t mt anten (hnh
9.31a)
Dng b chia tn hiu thu phn phi tn hiu thu t mt anten n nhiu
my thu (hnh 9.31b)
S dng anten lng cc cho mt pannel anten cha ng thi hai
anten (hnh 9.31c)
Cc s trn hnh 9.31a v 9.31b cho php gim s anten t 9 xung 6,
nhng khng cho php gim khong cch gia hai anten phn tp. S hnh
9.31c cng cho php gim s anten xung 6 nhng ng thi cho php gim
khong cch gia hai anten phn tp. S hnh 9.31d cho php gim s lng
anten t 9 xung cn ba anten, v th cng ngh Xpol l cng ngh ca tng lai.
Cc anten Xpol c th c lp t xung quanh ct anten vi khong cch ti
thiu (hnh 9.24); cch ly gia cc ca tt hn 30dB.
509

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

a) Phn tp khng gian bng anten

phn cc ng vi hai duplexer

b) Phn tp khng gian bng anten phn cc ng

vi hai duplexer v hai b chia ng thu
12 15 l

12 15 l

Duplexer

Duplexer

Tx1 RxA

Tx2 RxB

Duplexer

Tx1

B chia 3
ng A

RXA1 RxA2 RxA3

c) Phn tp phn cc bng mt

pannel anten lng cc cho 45
~4l

Tx

RxA

RxB

d) Phn tp phn cc bng anten

lng cc cho vi b duplexer

Duplexer

Tx

Duplexer

Tx2

B chia 3
ng B
RxB1 RxB2 RxB3

f) Phn tp pht v thu bng anten

lng cc cho vi hai b duplexer

Duplexer

Duplexer

Tx1a RxA

Tx1b RxB

RxB

RxA

Duplexer: B lc song cng

Hnh 9.31. Cc cu trc h thng anten phn tp khng gian v phn cc cho
php gim s lng anten
9.6. B KHUCH I LP TRN THP (TMA)
i khi trong cc h thng t ong cc b tin khuch i tp m thp c
lp t gn anten. Cc b khuch i ny c gi l cc b khuch i lp trn
thp (TMA: Tower Mounted Amplifier, hay MHA: Mast Head Amplifier).TMA
c th c nt B s dng ci thin h s tp m khi phi s dng di ca
cp phi ln. Vic gim h s tp m h thng my thu dn n ci thin qu
cng sut ng ln. C th din gii iu ny nh l s b tr cc tn hao phi
gia anten v u vo trm gc. S cu hnh s dng TMA c cho trn hnh
9.32.

510

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Anten

Duplexer
TMA
TX
RX
Duplexer

Duplexer: b
lc song cng

Phi
TX/RX

Nt B

Hnh 9.32. S ng dng TMA

i vi hot ng phn tp anten RX/TX, cn nhn i cu hnh trn (hai
TMA, mi TMA cho mt anten).
Trong mi TMA c hai b lc song cng phn chia v ti hp cc tuyn
RX v TX. Cc b lc ny cng m bo lc nhiu ngoi bng v cch ly hai
tuyn. Ch cc tn hiu RX l c khuch i nh vy nng cao cht lng nhnh
ng ln. Tri li TMA gy ra suy hao 1dB cho tuyn TX.
Trong trng hp s dng TMA trong h thng, ta cn xem xt thit k h
thng anten. i vi ng xung cn lu b sung suy hao 1dB. i vi ng
ln khng th ch xt khuch i TMA b sung cho qu ng truyn, v TMA
gim tng h s tp m ca chui thu. Chui thu khi ny bao gm TMA, cp ni
v connect, cc b lc song cng v BS. Tnh ton h s tp m tng quy i vo
u vo TMA (ca vo anten) c th thc hin theo cng thc Friess sau y:
NFtol NFTMA

NFcable 1 Lcable (NFDX 1) Lcable LDX (NFBS 1)

GTMA
GTMA
GTMA

(9.9)

Trong NFtol, NFcable, NFDX v NFBS l h s tp m tng, cp ni, b lc song

cng v BS. GMHZ, Lcable, LDX l h s khuch i TMA, tn hao cp v tn hao b
lc song cng.
Nu khng s dng TMA cng thc Friess tr thnh:

511

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

NFtol NFcable Lcable (NFDX 1) Lcable LDX (NFBS 1)

(9.10)

Nu khng c b lc song cng NFDX v LDX t bng 1.

Th d (khng xt b lc song cng)
Phn t
TMA
Cp 25m
Nt B (gm c ANXU)

H s tp m (NF), dB
2dB
2dB
4dB

Khuch i, dB
12dB
-2dB (tn hao 2dB)

p dng cng thc Friess ta c:

H s tp m TMA +cp+ntB
H s tp m cp + nt B
2,5dB
6dB
9.7. LP T GSM BTS V UMTS/FDD BTS CNG SITE
Cc nh khai thc hin ang vn hnh h thng GSM c th ti s dng cc
site hin c cho UMTS/FDD. Thm ch cc nh khai thc mi cng c th phi i
mt vi cc site c trang b BS ca cc nh khai thc. Tuy nhin vic s
dng cng mt site cho c hai h thng khng phi khng c vn xt t gc
v tuyn. Kha cnh thch thc ln nht i vi thit k anten UMTS l tm ra mt
gii php c th lp t cc nt B UMTS cng trm vi cc BS ca GSM900 v
GSM1800 hin c.
9.7.1. Yu cu v tuyn
9.7.1.1. Cc dng nhiu
t cng trm cc h thng c th gy nhiu dn n gim hiu nng.
gim thiu s gim hiu nng n mc cho php c quy nh, cn p ng cc
yu cu cch ly gia cc h thng.
Cc dng nhiu quan trng nht l:
Tp m my pht hay pht x nhiu gi
Tp m nn my pht hay pht x nhiu my pht ca h thng A trong
bng tn thu ca h thng B gy nhiu cho my thu h thng B v
ngc li. C th trnh iu ny bng cch tng suy hao bng chn ca
mng anten h thng A trong tuyn pht i vi bng thu ca my thu h
thng B hay bng cch cch ly hai h thng theo khng gian hoc bng
b lc song cng.
Nhiu chn my thu

512

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Cc tn hiu pht ca h thng A gy nhiu chn my thu h thng B

v ngc li. Mc d cc tn hiu pht cu h thng A c my thu h
thng B thu ngoi bng (khng trong bng tn h thng B), nhng
chng c th lm t lit my thu B nu qu mnh. C th trnh c vn
ny bng cch tng suy hao bng chn (ngoi bng) ca mng anten h
thng B trong tuyn thu cc tn s pht ca h thng A hay bng cch
tng cch ly gia hai h thng (khng gian hoc b lc song cng).
Cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa
Cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa gy nhiu cho cc my thu ca mt hoc
c hai h thng. Cc sn phm ny c to ra ng k trong cc thit b
phi tuyn (c bit l cc b trn v cc b khuch i), nu hai hay nhiu
tn hiu mnh c a vo. Trong trng hp ca chng ta cc tn hiu
mnh c th l cc sng mang khc nhau c pht hoc t h thng A
hoc t h thng B hoc t c hai h thng. xt, trong ti liu ny ta
coi rng hiu nng trnh nhiu iu ch giao thoa ca thit b thu pht
(TRE: Transceiver Equipment) c quy nh. Ta cng khng xt cc c
ch nhiu bn trong mt h thng, bi v chng xy ra ngay c khi khng
t cng trm.
9.7.1.2. Cc yu cu cch ly
i vi cc h thng t cng trm, cch ly anten tng ng vi cch ly b
lc song cng t nht l 30dB i vi tt c cc kiu cch ly c m bo bi cc
anten bng n, cc anten lng bng hay cc b lc song cng. Theo cc kt qa
o, thm chi cc anten t cnh nhau cng m bo gi tr ny. V th ta ch nh
gi cc cch ly ln hn 30 dB trong cc gii php di y. Trong cc bng cch
ly di y v th gi tr 30dB c ch ra ngay c khi gi tr cch ly thp hn
cng . Tt c cc gi tr cch ly u tham chun n cch ly gia hai
connect anten (hnh 9.33). tnh ton cch ly yu cu, cc trng hp khc
nhau c kho st theo hiu nng thit b ca Alcatel v hiu nng GSM theo
khuyn ngh GSM 05.05 v 3G TS 25.104.

513

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

H thng anten

Cc connect
anten

ANC

ANC

TRE

GSM BTS

TRE

UMTS node B

ANC: Antenna Network Combiner: b kt hp mng anten

TRE: Transceiver Equipment: thit b thu pht

Hnh 9.33. im tham kho cch ly

9.7.2. Cc yu cu cch ly do cc pht x nhiu gi

9.7.2.1. Lt t cc trm GSM 1800 v UMTS cng v tr
Pht x nhiu gi hay tp m nn my pht l nguy him nht khi t cc h
thng GSM1800 v UMTS cng site. Yu t gii hn i vi cc yu cu cch
ly xut pht t tp m nn ca my pht GSM 1800 hay cc pht x nhiu gi ca
GSM 1800 BTS trong bng tn thu ca UMTS.
Cc l do ny xut pht t lch s: ti thi im a ra tiu chun GSM,
cha ai ngh n hot ng ca h thng UMTS trong bng tn ln cn. V th cc
yu cu lc ca GSM 1800 BTS l khng thch hp. Theo khuyn ngh GSM
05.05 ca ETSI th cc pht x nhiu gi trong bng thng 3MHz trong bng tn
UMTS phi thp hn -30dBm ti connect anten. Sau khi chuyn i yu cu ny
vo bng 3,84 MHz l rng bng tn hiu dng ca sng mang UMTS, nhiu
cc i c th t n: -30dBm +10lg(3,84/3)= -29dBm. Gi tr ny cao hn nhiu
so vi mc m nt B ca UMTS c th chp thun.

514

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

hiu cch tnh ton cch ly yu cu, di y ta xt th d tnh ton cc

trng hp khc nhau da trn hiu nng thit b EVOLIUM GSM 1800 BTS ca
Alcatel v hiu nng theo khuyn ngh GSM 05.05.
xc nh cc yu cu cch ly, ta gi thit l mc gim cp chp thun
ca nhy nt B gy ra do cc pht x nhiu gi l 0,4dB. xc nh cng sut
tap m my pht gy ra gim cp ny ta c th vit li phng trnh (4.12) trong
chng 4 nh sau:
NTx noise[dB] = NBB intrinsic[dB]+ [dB]
(9.12)
DTxnoise/10
Vi [dB] =10lg(10
-1)
DTx noise =0,4 dB ; nn [dB] =10lg(100,04-1)=-10dB
V th
NTx noise[dB] = NBB intrinsic[dB]- 10 [dB]
Bng 9.8 cho thy tnh ton phn cch cc pht x tp m/nhiu gi
GSM1800 trong di tn thu UMTS.
Bng 9.8. Tnh ton cch ly i vi pht x tp m/nhiu ca GSM 1800
trong bng tn thu UMTS
Thng s v kt
Kiu thit b
qu tnh ton
c t ETSI (GSM
EVOLIUM GSM 1800 ca Alcatel
05.05)
TX: cc pht x nhiu gi -27dBm
Pht x nhiu -29 dBm
ANC: suy hao trong bng UMTS:
gi (ti connect
40dB
ca anten)
-27 dBm- 40 dB= -67 dBm
Mc nhiu gi Tp m ti my thu UMTS khi khng c nh hng
GSM1800:
gii hn
Tp m nhit (-108 dBm) cng tp m my thu (4 dB) bng 104 dBm
Cho php gim nhy l Dleak= 0,4 . T phng trnh 9.12
tnh c [dB] =-10dB (mc tp m do nhiu gi 10 dB
thp hn sn tp m)
R cng sut cho php: NTx noise[dB] = - 104 dBm 10 dB
= -114 dBm
cch ly yu -29dBm- cch ly= -67dBm- cch ly = -114dBm
-114 dBm
cu
cch ly = 47dB
cch ly = 85 dB
Hnh 9.34 cho thy cc iu kin i vi tp m/pht x nhiu GSM1800
vo bng tn thu ca UMTS.

515

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

H thng anten

Cc pht x nhiu gi
ETSI: <-29dBm
Alcatel: <-67dBm

Cc connect
anten

Mc nhiu gii hn
< -114 dBm

ANC

ANC

Suy hao bng UMTS: 40dB

Mc TRE

Mc pht thu

Pht x nhiu gi TX:

<-27dBm

EVOLIUM GSM BTS

UMTS node B

ANC: Antenna Network Combiner: b kt hp mng anten

TRE: Transceiver Equipment: thit b thu pht

Hnh 9.34. Cc iu kin i vi tp m/pht x nhiu gi GSM1800 vo bng

tn thu ca UMTS.
Tnh ton cho thy rng tiu chun 30dB khng t cc h thng
GSM 1800 v UMTS cng trm. V th cn c thm cc bin php khc nh c
trnh by di y.
Cc pht x nhiu gi ca nt B UMTS trong bng tn GSM 1800 khng
nguy him. V th cch ly 30 dB t anten connect UMTS n connect anten
GSM 1800 l .
Cc yu cu cch ly cui cng c cho trong bng 9.9.
Bng 9.9. Cc yu cu cch ly do pht x nhiu gi i vi
GSM1800-UMTS
Yu cu cch GSM
1800 GSM
1800 UMTS
(TS
ly t . n (05.05)
(Alcatel)
25.104)

GSM
1800
85 dB
(05.05)
GSM
1800
47 dB
(Alcatel)
UMTS
(TS 30 dB
30 dB

t cng trm
UMTS
(Alcatel)
85 dB
47 dB

516

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

25.104)
UMTS
(Alcatel)

30 dB

30 dB

Hai ct ngoi cng bn phi bng 9.9 th hin cc yu cu cch ly gii hn

i vi UMTS.
9.7.2.2. Lp t cc trm GSM 900 v UMTS cng v tr
i vi vic kt hp GSM900-UMTS, 30dB cch ly l cho cc yu cu
pht x tp m/ nhiu. Cc yu cu cch ly cui cng c cho trong bng 9.9.
Bng 9.10. Cc yu cu cch ly do pht x nhiu i vi t cng trm
GSM900-UMTS
Yu cu cch GSM
900 GSM
900 UMTS
(TS UMTS
ly t . n (05.05)
(Alcatel)
25.104)
(Alcatel)

GSM
900
30 dB(1)
30 dB(1)
(05.05)
GSM
900
30 dB
30 dB
(Alcatel)
UMTS
(TS 30 dB
30 dB
25.104)
UMTS
30 dB
30 dB
(Alcatel)
(1) ANC ca EVLIUM GSM900 BTS cung cp suy hao 65dB trong bng tn
2GHz cch ly cc trm UMTS t cng ch. C th coi rng thit b
ETSI tiu chun cng vi mng anten tch hp p ng yu cu cch ly,
tuy nhin cn kim tra.
9.7.3. Nhiu chn
9.7.3.1. Yu cu nhiu chn
i vi c ch nhiu ny, c trng nhiu chn ngoi bng ca my thu
c o ti connect ca BTS/nt B l rt quan trng (hnh 9.35).

517

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Anten

Anten
Cng sut TX

Cch ly

Chn RX

Cng sut
TX

BTS
hay
nt B

BTS
hay
nt B

Hnh 9.35. Nhiu chn my thu

Yu cu cch ly ti thiu i vi nhiu chn c cho trong bng 9.11.
Bng 9.11. Yu cu cch ly ti thiu i vi nhiu chn
GSM900 (RX)
GSM1800 (RX)
Quy
GSM
Alcatel GSM
Alcatel
nh
05.05
05.05
theo
GSM900 GSM
46 dB
30 dB
05.05
(TX)
Alcatel
46 dB
30 dB
GSM1800 GSM
39 dB
30 dB
05.05
(TX)
Alcatel 39 dB
30 dB
UMTS
3G TS 35 dB
30 dB
43 dB
30 dB
25.104
(TX)
Alcatel 35 dB
30 dB
43 dB
30 dB

UMTS (RX)
3G TS Alcatel
25.104
61 dB

30 dB

61 dB
62 dB

30 dB
30 dB

62 dB

30 dB

Lu : cc gi tr trong bng c xc nh vi gi thit l h thng anten/b lc song cng

cung cp suy hao ti thiu 30 dB. Trong thc t s dng thit b EVOLIUM ca Alcatel yu
cu mt s kt hp nn yu cu cch ly thm ch cn thp hn y.

Ci thin ng k ca thit b Alcatel EVOLIUM nhn c t cc b lc

c tch hp vo mng anten.
Cc th d qu ng truyn trong cc phn di y cho ta ci nhn tng
quan v quan h gia cch ly anten v mc nhiu chn.
518

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Cc bng 9.12, 9.13, 9.14 v 9.15 di y s trnh by qu ng truyn

cho cc trng hp nhiu chn khc nhau.

9.7.3.2. Nhiu chn my thu gia GSM1800 v UMTS

Bng 9.12. Qu ng truyn nh gi nhiu chn ca GMS1800 i vi my
thu ca UMTS
Qu ng truyn
Cng sut pht TX ca 46,7 dBm
GSM1800 (cng sut
cao)
Gi thit cch ly anten
30 dB
Gi thit suy hao phi 0 dB
v connect
Cng sut thu UMTS 16,7 dBm
(ti 1800 MHz)
Quy nh
ETSI
Alcatel
15 dBm
20 dBm
Gii hn chn UMTS
m bo gii hn chn Khng
C
9.7.3.3. Nhiu chn my thu gia GSM900 v UMTS
Bng 9.13. Qu ng truyn nh gi nhiu chn ca GSM900 i vi my
thu ca UMTS
Qu ng truyn
Cng sut pht TX ca 46,0 dBm
GSM900
Gi thit cch ly anten
30 dB
Gi thit suy hao phi 0 dB
v connect
Cng sut thu UMTS 16,0 dBm
(ti 900 MHz)
Quy nh
ETSI
Alcatel
15 dBm
25 dBm
Gii hn chn UMTS
m bo gii hn chn khng
C

519

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

9.7.3.4. Nhiu chn my thu gia UMTS v GSM1800

Bng 9.14. Qu ng truyn nh gi nhiu chn ca UMTS i vi my
thu ca GSM1800
Qu ng truyn
Cng sut pht TX ca 43,0 dBm
UMTS nt B
Gi thit cch ly anten
30 dB
Gi thit suy hao phi 0 dB
v connect
Cng
sut
thu 13,0 dBm
GSM1800 (ti 2000
MHz)
Quy nh
ETSI
Alcatel
25 dBm
Gii hn chn GSM 0 dBm
1800
m bo gii hn chn Khng
C
9.7.3.5. Nhiu chn my thu gia UMTS v GSM900
Bng 9.15. Qu ng truyn nh gi nhiu chn ca UMTS i vi my
thu ca GSM900
Qu ng truyn
Cng sut pht TX ca 43,0 dBm
UMTS
Gi thit cch ly anten
30 dB
Gi thit suy hao phi 0 dB
v connect
Cng sut thu GSM900 13,0 dBm
(ti 2000 MHz)
Quy nh
ETSI
Alcatel
35 dBm
Gii hn chn GSM900 8 dBm
m bo gii hn chn khng
C
9.7.3.6. Kt lun nhiu chn my thu
Nhiu chn my thu khng phi l tr ngi i vi cc thit b Alcatel ng
trm khi gi thit rng cch ly anten l 30 dB (hay thm ch thp hn). Vic t
cng trm vi thit b nh cung cp khc cn c kim tra c th.

520

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

9.7.4. iu ch giao thoa

9.7.4.1. Nguyn l
iu ch giao thoa cn c gi l mo phi tuyn, c to ra trong cc
thit b mo phi tuyn. c tnh truyn t ca cc thit b ny (c tnh V-I ca
it bn dn hay s ph thuc cng sut ra vo cng sut vo ca mt b khuch
i) l phi tuyn. Ti cc mc cng sut cao, ngay c cc connect cng th hin
tnh phi tuyn.
Hnh 9.36 cho thy th d ng cong truyn t ca b khuch i. Ti
mc u vo thp, tn hiu u ra hu nh ph thuc tuyn tnh vo tn hiu u
vo. Khi mc u vo tng, mc u ra s thp hn k vng v dn dn b hn ch
n cng sut u ra bo ha ca b khuch i do hn ch ca cng sut ngun.
50

Cng sut ra, dBm

45

40

35

30

25
-20

-15

-10

-5
0
Cng sut vo, dBm

10

15

Hnh 9.36. c tnh truyn t phi tuyn ca mt b khuch i.

Ta c th biu din gn ng ng cong trn bng chui hm m sau y:
Vout(t) = C1.Vin(t) + C2 .Vin(t)2 + C3 .Vin(t)3 + C4 .Vin(t)4 + . (9.13)
Tn hiu u ra s khng c cng dng nh tn hiu u vo. Ph tn s ca
n s c nhiu thnh phn hn tn hiu u vo. Cc thnh phn tn s mi ny
hoc l cc hi ca cc tn s u vo hoc l kt hp ca cc thnh phn ny
(trn). Cc tn s mi ny c gi l cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa. Nu tn
hiu u vo c to ra t hai tn hiu hm sin vi cc tn s f1 v f2, th tn hiu
u ra s c cc thnh phn tn s sau y :
521

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

fIM = m.f1+n.f2 vi m, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...

(9.14)

Tng ca n v m (khng du) c gi l bc ca sn phm iu ch giao

thoa, chng hn fIM = 2.f1 + 1.f2 c gi l sn phm iu ch giao thoa bc ba
(IM3). Cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa bc ba xut hin t cc thnh phn chui
c s m bc ba v cc s m l cao hn (hnh 9.37).

3f2

2f2+f1

2f1+f2

3f1

2f2

f1+f2

2f1

2f2-f1

f2

f1

2f1-f2

f2-f1

S(f)

Hnh 9.37. Ph u ra hai tn s cng vi cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa

n bc ba
Mc ca thnh phn iu ch giao thoa ph thuc vo cc h s ca chui
m to nn thnh phn ny v mc cng sut u vo thit b phi tuyn. Thng
thng cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa bc cao c mc thp hn cc sn phm
iu ch giao thoa bc thp.
Do cc thnh phn bc cao ca chui m m t to ra cc sn phm iu
ch giao thoa, cc mc ca cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa s tng nhanh hn so
vi tng tuyn tnh vi mc tn hiu u vo, chng hn cc thnh phn bc ba s
tng 3dB nu tn hiu vo tng 1dB. y l l do ti sao cc sn phm iu ch
giao thoa khng l tr ngi ti cc mc cng sut vo thp i vi mt thit b cho
trc, tuy nhin ti cc mc vo cao n s tr thnh vn . T s tn hiu mong
mun trn sn phm iu ch giao thoa gim cng vi vic tng mc tn hiu vo.
Cc kch bn in hnh khi t cc BS cng v tr c th hin trn hnh
9.38.

522

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Anten lng bng

Cc anten
Cch ly khng
gian

B lc song cng
Phi

Phi

B lc song cng
Lc song cng
TX/RX

TX/RX

ANC
TRE

ANC
TRE

GSM BTS

TRE

TX/RX

TX/RX

ANC

ANC
TRE

UMTS nt B

TRE

TRE

GSM BTS

TRE

TRE

UMTS nt B

Hnh 9.38. Phn cch khng gian (pha tri) v phn cch lc song cng (pha
phi) khi cc trm t cng v tr
C cch ly khng gian v cch ly lc song cng u c s dng thc
hin cc yu cu cch ly ti cc connect BTS v nt B. Trong mi trng hp cc
anten c s dng va cho pht v va cho thu, chc nng lc song cng TX/RX
c tch hp trong modul ANC (b kt hp mng anten).
Gi thit rng mi h thng t mnh thc hin hiu nng iu ch giao thoa
khng lm gim cp my thu ca mnh. V th ta s ch xt nh hng iu ch
giao thoa do tng tc gia hai h thng.
im tham chun cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa bn trong mt h thng
l connect anten. Chng no mc tn hiu gy nhiu cn kh thp hn nn tp m
h thng th hu nh khng xy ra gim cp my thu. p dng phng trnh (9.12)
vi thay gim cp do d tp m Tx (DTx noise) thnh gim cp do iu ch giao thoa ,
ta c cc nh hng ca gim cp do iu ch giao thoa cho cc trng hp
thng gp sau y:
Gim cp 0,1 dB ; nu mc iu ch giao thoa 16dB thp hn sn tp m
Gim cp 0,2 dB ; nu mc iu ch giao thoa 13dB thp hn sn tp m
Gim cp 0,4 dB ; nu mc iu ch giao thoa 10dB thp hn sn tp m
Gim cp 1,0 dB ; nu mc iu ch giao thoa 6dB thp hn sn tp m

523

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Sn tp m h thng c xc nh nh sau (xem 8.7.3):

NBB intrinsic [dBm] = -174 dBm + NF [dB] +
10lg (bng thng my thu [Hz])

(9.15)

Trong NF l h s tp m h thng, bng thng my thu bng: 2.105 Hz i vi

GSM v 3,84.106 Hz i vi UMTS.
My thu in hnh vi NF=4 dB c sn tp m nh sau:
-117dBm i vi h thng GSM
-104,2 dBm i vi h thng UMTS
Nh vy gim cp do nhiu giao thoa bng 0,4 dB gy ra do cng sut iu ch
giao thoa bng -104,2dBm - 10 dB = -114,2dBm
Cc vn iu ch giao thoa c th xy ra do t cng site nu cc sng
mang pht ca h thng A to ra cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa trong knh thu
ca h thng B hay ngc li. Ngoi ra vic kt hp cc tn s pht ca c hai h
thng c th ri vo knh thu ca h thng A hoc h thng B.
9.7.4.2. Cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa bc thp nht c th ri vo knh
thu c s dng.
Trong phn ny ta ch xt n trng hp cc h thng khc nhau c t
cng mt site. Bng 9.16 di y s lit k cc sn phm iu ch giao thao bc
thp nht c th ri vo mt knh thu c s dng. Cc vn sau c xt: iu
ch giao thoa gia cc tn s pht ca chnh h thng vi cc tn s pht ca h
thng c t cng site v iu ch giao thoa gia cc tn s pht h thng c
t cng site. V cc bng tn GSM1800, GSM800 v UMTS bng I xem hnh
8.10 phn 8.4 chng 8.
Bng 9.16. Cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa
t cng site
Cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa
GSM 1800 Bc 3: GSM 1800 TX trong bng UMTS RX
(ngha l: 2x1879,8MHz-1x1820MHz=1939,6MHz)
UMTS
Bc 10: GSM 1800 v UMTS TX trong bng GSM 1800 RX
(ngha l 5x2153 MHz-5x1810 MHz = 1715 MHz)
Bc 12: GSM 1800 v UMTS TX trong bng UMTS RX
(ngha l 6x2167,4 MHz- 5x1837,8 MHz = 1977.6 MHz)
GSM 900
UMTS

Bc 4: GSM 900 TX vo UMTS Rx

(Ngha l 3x959,8MHz-1x935,2MHz = 1944,2 MHz)
Bc 9: GSM 900 TX v UMTS TX vo bng GSM 900
524

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

(ngha l 3x2167,6MHz- 6x935,4MHz = 890,4 MHz)

Bc 12: GSM 900 v UMTS TX trong bng UMTS RX
(ngha l 9x930 MHz- 3x2140 MHz = 1950 MHz)
nh hng ca cc sn phm bc 6 v cao hn c th b qua.
9.7.4.3. Kt lun v iu ch giao thoa
Nhiu iu ch giao thoa c bit quan trng i vi cc h thng GSM v
UMTS t cng site. c bit cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa bc 3 (IM3) ca
cc my pht GSM 1800 c th gy nhiu trong bng tn thu UMTS. iu ny c
ngha l cc sn phm IM3 c th gy nhiu trong bng thu UMTS n tn s
1955 MHz. y l trng hp xu nht i vi vic t GSM 1800 v UMTS
cng site trong tn s thp nht (f1=1805 MHz) v cao nht (f2=1880 MHz)
ca GSM 1800 c s dng (fIM=-1xf1+2xf2= 1955 MHz ) ti cng mt site. V
th khuyn co cc nh khai thc GSM 1800 chn cc tn s UMTS cao hn fIM,
ni m trong mi trng hp u khng xut hin cc sn phm IM3 ca chnh
cc tn s GSM 1800.
Xc sut m sn phm iu ch bc ba ri vo bng thu UMTS (thp hn
1955 MHz) l rt thp. iu ny c th hin trong phng trnh di y:
fIM = -1xf1 +2f2 <1920 MHz

(9.16)

trong f1 v f2 l tn s GSM 1800 thp nht v cao nht c s dng trn cng
mt site.
t -1xf1+f2 = f, ta c:
fIM = f +f2 < 1920 MHz
V tn s f2max = 1880 MHz, nn
f< 40 MHz

(9.17)

(9.18)

Nu bng tn GSM 1800 c s dng trong cng mt site nh hn hn 40

MHz (tng ng vi cc sng mang cch nhau 200 KHz) th s khng c sn
phm IM3 no ri vo bng tn thu UMTS.
Nh vy trong hu ht cc trng hp nhiu iu ch giao thoa u khng
lin quan, v khong cch gia tn s cao nht v thp nht bng 40 MHz rt t khi
c s dng trn cng mt site.
Trong trng hp cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa ri vo mt bng thu
c s dng, cn m bo suy hao cch ly cn thit. Th d di y a ra gii
php cn thc hin.

525

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Th d
GSM 1800 TX
f2 = 1879,8 MHz v f1 = 1820 MHz, PTX=46 dBm ti connect anten
UMTS RX
f=1939,6 MHz
Sn phm iu ch giao thoa bc ba ca cc my pht GSM 1800 ri vo
bng thu UMTS s l: 2x1879,8 MHz 1x 1820 MHz = 1936,6 MHz. Gi s sn
tp m ca my thu UMTS l -104dBm, cho php gim cp my thu UMTS l
0,4dB th theo phng trnh (9.12) mc iu ch giao thoa chp nhn c ti
connect anten l -114 dBm trong bng thng 3,84 MHz nh xt trn.
Trng hp 1 iu ch giao thoa trong cc my pht GSM 1800
Theo khuyn ngh GSM 05.05 suy hao iu ch giao thoa trong bng phi
l 70dBc trong bng thng 300 KHz. i vi cng sut my pht 46 dBm iu ny
c ngha l cng sut iu ch giao thoa s l: 46dBm-70dBc=-24dBm. B lc TX
trong module ANC ca Alcatel EVOLIUM GSM 1800 BTS s nn t nht thm 40
dB trong bng tn thu UMTS. Nh vy ti connect anten mc iu ch giao thoa
s cn -64dBm. t c mc iu ch giao thoa yu cu -114dBm cn thm
suy hao 50 dB thng qua b lc song cng hoc cch ly khng gian. Cn d phng
thm 5 n 10 dB suy hao, v tng cng sut iu ch giao thoa c phn b trn
bng thng 600 MHz (b sung 3dB) v nhiu sn phm iu ch giao thoa hn s
ri vo bng thu UMTS. V th cch ly cn thit s l 55dB n 60dB.
Trng hp 2 iu ch giao thoa ti my thu UMTS
Theo c t k thut 3GPP TS 25.104, mc tn hiu gy nhiu trong bng
i vi my thu UMTS phi l -48dBm. Ti mc gy nhiu ny ta c th thu c
tn hiu mong mun vi cng sut -115dBm. Ta a thm mt d tr mc nhiu l
5dB khng gy gim cp tn hiu thu ti mc -124dBm (y l mc nhy
tham chun ca Alcatel). Mc nhiu cho php khi khng c b lc thu UMTS s
l: -48dBm-5dB=-53dBm B lc thu ca Alcatel c th nn cc tn hiu pht ca
GSM1800 n 90dB. Vi b lc ny mc tn hiu nhiu ti connect anten UMTS
s l 37dBm. V th cch ly 9dB l (cng sut pht = 46dBm). Trng hp ny
thp hn trng hp 1.
Trng hp 3 iu ch giao thoa ti b lc song cng
Trong trng hp s dng b lc song cng, cc my pht GSM c mc
cng sut khong 46dBm ti connet anten ca b lc song cng. Mc cng sut
526

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

iu ch giao thoa cho php l -114dBm. Suy hao phi l 160dB. Gi tr ny rt

kh khn i vi b lc song cng v v th cn trnh kch bn ny bng cch quy
hoch tn s cn thn.
9.7.4.4. Tng kt cc yu cu cch ly
trnh gim hiu nng cho cc h thng di ng dt cng site. C th a
ra cc yu cu cch ly sau y cho ba c ch nhiu (bng 9.17).
Bng 9.17. Cc yu cu cch ly

GSM
900
(TX)

GSM 900 (RX)

c t GSM
Alcatel
k
05.05
thut
theo
GSM
05.05

GSM 1800 (RX)

GSM
Alcatel
05.05

85 dB
Nhiu
gi
GSM
61 dB
nhiu
chn
85 dB
Nhiu
gi
GSM
62 dB
nhiu
chn

Alcatel

GSM
GSM
1800
05.05
(TX)
Alcatel

UMTS
3G TS 35 dB
Nhiu
(TX) 25.104
chn
Alcatel 35 dB
Nhiu
chn

30dB

30dB

UMTS (RX)
3G TS Alcatel
25.104

43 dB
Nhiu
chn
43 dB
Nhiu
chn

85 dB
Nhiu
gi
GSM
30 dB

85 dB
Nhiu
gi
GSM
47 dB
Nhiu
gi
GSM

30 dB

30 dB

* Vi gi thit l cch ly c m bo bi h thng anten/diplexer t nht l 30dB. Trong

thc t s dng Alcatel Evolium i hi cch ly t hn 30 dB i vi mt s kt hp.
* iu ch gioa thoa (nu c) cn xt theo tng trng hp

527

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

9.8. CC GII PHP CHO H THNG ANTEN TI CC SITE HAI

BNG TN
9.8.1. GSM1800 vi UMTS
9.8.1.1. Cch ly khng gian vi s dng cc anten n bng
Hnh 9.39 cho thy s cu hnh cch ly khng gian cho cc anten n
bng. Cp phi cho anten n bng GSM 1800 ni n GSM BTS. Tng t
mt cp phi b sung cho anten n bng UMTS ni n nt B ca UMTS. Cn
nhn mnh rng cu hnh ny phi c nhn i cho nhnh anten th hai (bt
buc phi c phn tp thu cho UMTS).
Anten GSM

Anten UMTS

Cch ly khng
gian

Phi

TX/RX

GSM 1800
BTS

Phi

TX/RX

UMTS nt B

Hnh 9.39. S cch ly khng gian

Cc anten c phn cch vi nhau hoc theo chiu cao dv hoc theo chiu
ngang dh (hnh 9.40).
Trong trng hp s dng thit b EVOLIUM GSM 1800 ca Alcatel, phn
cch gia ca pht GSM 1800 v ca thu UMTS l 47 dB. Nu xt n tn hao
cp phi bng 2dB th cch ly khng gian tun ty ch cn 43 dB.

528

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Trong trng hp ch thc hin cc yu cu ETSI, cch ly khng gian phi

t 81 dB v s kh hn nhiu t c yu cu ny.

GSM 1800

dh

dv
UMTS

GSM 1800

UMTS

Hnh 9.40. Khong cch theo chiu cao v theo chiu ngang ca cc anten
Th nghim trong s dng hai anten bng n phn cc cho c li
17dBi v rng bp hng mt ngang 650 (anten APX206515-2T cho UMTS v
APX186515-2T cho GSM1800, ngun sng: RFS/Celwave) cho thy t c
cch ly 43dB cn chn khong cch gia cc anten nh sau:
1. Theo chiu ngang : dh = 0,8m
2. Theo chiu ng : dv = 0,7m
Trng hp hai anten t xt nhau suy hao ti a ch t c l 40dB.
Cc th d trn cho thy cch ly khng gian >81dB i vi cc thit b ch
m bo cc yu cu ETSI s khng th t c cho hu ht cc site v cc anten
ny phi c t cch nhau qu xa. Tuy nhin nu ta mun s dng anten n
bng trong trng hp ny, ta c th b sung thm b lc ngoi cho GSM 1800
BTS gim cc yu cu cch ly.
9.8.1.2. Anten bng rng vi b lc song cng
Cng c th t c cch ly gia hai h thng bng cch s dng b
lc song cng. B lc song cng c th s dng cho anten bng rng GSM 1800/
UMTS v cc bng ny gn nhau.

529

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Hnh 9.41 cho thy gii php s dng b lc song cng pha BTS, mt cp
phi v mt anten bng rng GSM 1800/UMTS. T hp ny cn nhn i cho
nhnh anten th hai.
Anten bng rng

Phi

B lc song cng
Lc song cng

GSM 1800

UMTS nt
B

Hnh 9.41. S cu hnh vi b lc song cng v anten bng rng

9.8.1.2.1. Anten lng bng GSM1800/UMTS vi cc b lc b sung
Thc cht mt anten lng bng khng khc g hai anten n bng t
trong cng mt pannel. Theo c t k thut ca hu ht cc nh cung cp anten,
c th coi rng cch ly gia anten UMTS v anten GSM 1800 trong pannel ny l
30 dB. Tuy nhin t bng 9.17 ta thy rng cch ly ny l khng , v th ta cn
gim yu cu cch ly. iu ny c th thc hin bng cch s dng cc b lc b
sung.
Cu hnh trn hnh 9.42 bao gm mt b lc b sung t ngay sau GSM
1800 BTS, hai cp phi v mt anten lng bng GSM1800/UMTS. c
nhnh anten th hai ta cn nhn i cu hnh ny.

530

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Anten lng bng

Phi

Phi

B lc

GSM
1800 BTS

UMTS nt
B

Hnh 9.42. S cu hnh vi mt b lc ngoi hai cp phi v mt anten

lng bng GSM1800/UMTS
B lc phi gim pht x nhiu gi ca anten GSM 1800 BTS vo bng thu
UMTS t c yu cu cch ly ng thi gim gi tr cch ly anten xung cn
30dB. Cn xt c cc tn hao cp 2dB.
Gi s b lc (vi tn s trung tm fc=1900 MHz) cn cho qua ton b cc
tn s pht v thu ca GSM 1800, nhng phi m bo suy hao trong bng
UMTS.
Suy hao bng chn (di ngoi bng) yu cu s ph thuc vo hiu nng
ca b lc c tch hp trong GSM 1800 BTS v v th cng sut pht nhiu gi
s l Pspur. Cng sut thu t pht x nhiu gi GSM 1800 trong bng thu UMTS ti
ca my thu UMTS khng c vt qu -114dBm. Gi s tn hao cp Lcable = 2
dB trn mt cp.
Theo cc yu cu ETSI ca GSM 05.05, pht x nhiu gi Pspur trong bng
thng ca sng mang UMTS thp hn -29dBm. i vi thit b GSM1800
EVOLIUM ca Alcatel c th coi l bng -67dBm (xem bng 9.18: tnh ton cch
ly cho cc pht x nhiu gi/tp m ca my pht GSM).
i vi cng sut nhiu gi thu c, ta c phng trnh sau:
Prec= Pspur--2.(Lcable)-aair -114dBm

(9.18)

531

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

trong : Pspur l nhiu gi, l suy hao bng chn, Lcable l suy hao cp, aair l suy
hao khng gian.
T (9.18) ta c th rt ra suy hao chn yu cu req nh sau :
req = Pspur - Precmax -2.(Lcable) aair

(9.19)

Th d tnh ton suy hao yu cu req ca b lc c cho trong bng 9.17.

Bng 9.18. Cc c tnh yu cu ca b lc
Cc c t k thut ETSI
Thit b Alcatel EVOLIUM GSM
1800
Pspur= -29dBm
Pspur= -67dBm
Precmax = -114dBm
Lcable = 4dB
aair = 30dB
req = 51 dB
req = 13 dB
m bo an ton, cn d tr 5dB b sung dn n suy hao yu cu i
vi trng hp ETSI bng 56dB v i vi thit b Alcatel l 18dB.
Mt nh hng ph l b lc ny s gim yu cu nhiu chn gy ra bi
UMTS TX i vi GSM 1800 RX.
Cng cn lu rng c th s dng b lc ny gim cc yu cu cch ly
v v th gim khong cch cch ly cho gii php s dng anten n bng nh
trnh by trong phn trn.
9.8.1.2.2. Anten lng bng GSM1800/UMTS vi hai b lc song cng
Cu hnh ny gm mt b lc song cng pha BTS, mt cp phi, mt b
lc song cng pha anten (tt nht l tch hp trong pannel anten) v mt anten
lng bng GSM1800/UMTS ch hai anten trong mt pannel (hnh 9.43). i
vi nhnh anten th hai cu hnh ny cn nhn i.

532

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Anten lng bng

B lc song cng
Phi

B lc song cng

GSM 1800
BTS

UMTS nt B

Hnh 9.43. Cu hnh vi hai b lc song cng v mt anten lng bng

GSM1800/UMTS.
B lc song cng pha BTS phi m bo cch ly 47dB t ca pht
GSM1800 n ca thu UMTS (trong trng hp thit b Alcatel EVOLIUM
GSM1800). i vi b lc song cng pha anten, gi tr cch ly ch cn 30dB l .
u im ca cu hnh ny l c th chn nghing anten bng in khc
nhau i vi GSM1800 v UMTS. Nhc im l cn phi s dng hai b lc
song cng.
9.8.1.3. Tng kt cc gii php GSM1800/UMTS
Bng 9.19 di y tng kt cc u nc im ca cc gii php
GSM1800/UMTS.
Bng 9.19. Tng kt cc gii php GSM1800/UMTS
M t
u im
Nhc im
Cc anten Khng cn thay i nh hng phn cm
n
vi h
thng
anten th gic v b sung
cch
ly GSM1800 hin c
anten UMTS r rt
khng gian, C th iu chnh i hi khong cch
hai phi
nging in v c khi anten ln
khc nhau i vi i hi hai phi

Nhn xt
i vi thit b
GSM1800
ch
thc hin cc yu
cu ETSI, khng
th gii quyt vn
nhiu gi

533

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Anten bng
rng
vi
mt b lc
song cng
v
mt
phi
Anten lng
bng vi hai
phi
v
mt b lc
ngoi

Anten lng
bng
vi
mt phi
v hai b
lc
song
cng

anten GSM 1800 v

UMTS
Ch cn mt cp
phi
nh hng th gic
thp (C th thay th
anten GSM1800 hin
c bng mt anten
bng rng)
C th iu chnh
nghing bng in
khc nhau
Khng cn b lc
song cng
nh hng phn cm
th gic thp (c th
thay
th
anten
GSM1800 hin c
bng
mt anten
lng bng
Ch cn mt phi
C th iu chnh
nghing bng in
khc nhau
nh hng phn cm
th gic thp

iu chnh nging
bng c kh v in
phi ging nhau
Cn mt b lc song
cng

i hi hai b lc song
cng (mt trong s
chng phi c phn
cch cao, v th t
tin)
Khng th iu chnh
nghing c khi khc
nhau

9.8.2. GSM900 vi UMTS

9.8.2.1. Cch ly khng gian vi cc anten n bng
i vi kt hp GSM900 vi UMTS bng cch lp t cc anten n bng,
khng cn xt cc iu kin c bit v c th d rng nhn c cch ly 30dB.
i vi cc anten on c lp t trong cng mt hng bp chnh,
trong hu ht cc trng hp ta u c th lp t cc anten pannel st nhau. an
ton. Nn s dng cc gi tr sau:
Phn cch chiu cao: dv=0,3m
Phn cch chiu ngang: dh=0,5m (ch i vi cc anten on )
Nu s dng cc anten omni (v hng ngang), khng nn s dng phn
cch ngang v li anten km dn n tng qu ln phn cch yu cu.

534

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

9.8.2.2. Cc anten lng bng GSM900/UMTS

Anten lng bng GSM900/UMTS m bo ti thiu 30 dB cch ly (theo
cc c t k thut ca cc nh cung cp). V th ta c th chn gii php hai cp
phi m khng cn cc b lc song cng hoc mt ccp phi chung vi hai b
lc song cng.
Bng 9.20 di y tng kt cc gii php GSM900/UMTS
Bng 9.20. Tng kt cc gii php GSM900/UMTS.
M t
u im
Cc anten n bng vi Khng cn thay i h
cch ly khng gian, hai thng anten GSM900
phi
hin c
C th iu chnh
nghing c khi v in
khc nhau cho cc anten
GSM900 v UMTS
Anten lng bng vi hai C th iu chnh
phi
nghing in khc nhau
Khng cn b lc song
cng
Phn cm th gic thp
Anten lng bng vi Ch cn mt cp phi
mt phi v hai b lc C th iu chnh
song cng
nghing in khc nhau
t phn cm th gic

Nhc im
Gy phn cm th gic
cao do anten UMTS b
sung
Cn hai cp phi

i hi hai cp phi
Khng th iu chnh
nghing c kh khc nhau

Cn hai b lc song cng

Khng th iu chnh
nghing c kh khc nhau

9.8.3. Dng chung phi

Cc h thng lng bng c thc hin hoc bng cc anten n bng
hoc bng anten lng bng. kt hp GSM1800 v UMTS, gii php th ba
bao gm vic s dng mt anten bng rng. Tuy nhin nu h thng anten s dng
phn tp (lu rng phn tp RX l bt buc i vi UMTS) th phi cn t nht
hai nhnh anten trn mt an BTS. iu ny dn n bn nhnh anten cho mt
on BTS lng bng (ngoi tr gii php s dng cc anten bng rng khng
xt y). Nh vy nu khng s dng dng chung phi, phi cn bn cp phi.
Th d di y vi s dng mt anten lng bng phn cc cho m t vic dng
chung phi (hnh 9.44).

535

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Anten lng
bng

Anten lng
bng

+450-450

Khng dng
cc b lc
song cng

Lc song
cng

Phi

Vi cc b lc song
cng tch hp

Phi
Lc song
cng

Lng bng

Lc song
cng

Lc song
cng

Cc b lc song
cng ti pha BTS

Lng bng

Hnh 9.44. Anten lng bng vi p dng v khng p dng b lc song cng
Bng cch nng cp anten lng bng vi hai b lc song cng (thng
c tch hp trong anten pannel), s connect s gim i hai ln. H thng phi
s ging nh h thng cho mt anten n bng, Loi ng dng ny i hi cc b
lc song cng b sung ti pha BTS thc hin chc nng ti phn chia.
C th bin minh chi ph b sung cho cc b lc song cng, nu gim chi
ph i vi h thng phi cao hn. c bit i vi trng hp chuyn dch t
h thng n bng dn h thng lng bng, c th vn s dng h thng phi
hin c v th lp t nhanh hn. Tuy nhin cn kim tra xem cp phi ny c th
m bo yu cu v mt tn hao ca c hai h thng hay khng (suy hao phi
tng khi tn s tng).
Lu rng i vi gii php anten bng rng, dng chung phi l gii
php duy nht d chp nhn v ch cn mt b lc song cng t ti pha BTS.
9.9. CC GII PHP CHO H THNG ANTEN TI CC SITE BA BNG
TN
Xt v quan im thm m, nn thc hin cc h thng anten ba bng vi
mt anten n bng v mt anten lng bng hay anten ba bng. Tuy nhin cc
cu hnh anten n bng cng c th s dng. Cc iu khin lin quan n cc
yu cu cch ly c th tham kho t cc site dung chung cho hai bng.

536

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

9.9.1. Vi cc anten lng bng

Trong trng hp cc anten lng bng dc s dng, c th xy ra cc
trng hp sau:
Mt anten n bng GSM900, mt anten lng bng GSM1800/UMTS
Mt anten lng bng GSM900/GSM1800, mt anten n bng UMTS
Mt anten lng bng GSM900/UMTS, mt anten n bng GSM1800
9.9.2. Vi cc anten ba bng
Cc anten ba bng cn thit cho cc site hin c ang s dng ch mt anten
trn mt on v cc anten pannel b sung khng c php v l do thm m.
Cu hnh anten ba bng c th hin trn hnh 9.45.
Anten ba bng

Phi

GSM 900
BTS

Ma trn kt ni

GSM 1800
BTS

UMTS nt
B

Hnh 9.45. Cu hnh anten ba bng

Cch ly 30dB khng cch ly gia GSM1800 v UMTS. V th phi
s dng cc phn t b sung p ng yu cu cch ly (s dng b lc song
cng), hay gim cc yu cu cch ly (s dng b lc GSM 1800 TX).
Cc kh nng kt ni cng ging nh trnh by trn cho cc site hai
bng GSM v UMTS. Hnh 9.46 nhc li gii php b lc song cng v b lc b
sung.

537

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Ma trn kt ni

B lc song cng
Phi

Phi
B lc song cng

GSM1800

UMTS

p dng b lc
song cng

Phi

B lc
b sung

GSM1800

UMTS

p dng b lc
b sung

Hnh 9.46. Cc kh nng kt ni cho anten ba bng

9.9.3. Dng chung phi
Mt h thng anten ba bng phn tch vi h tr phn tp i hi t nht l
su phi trn mt on . Bng cch dng chung phi, ta c th gim s lng
phi .
m bo yu cu ch cn hai cp phi trn mt on cho tt c ba
bng ta cn s dng b lc ghp ba (triplexer). Hnh 9.47 di y m t p dng
b lc ghp ba bao gm hai b song cng kt hp vi mt anten ba bng.
Nu ch thc hin lc song cng gia hai h thng di ng th ch cn bn
cp phi trn mt on .

538

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

GSM 900

Anten ba
bng
GSM 1800

UMTS

H thng
anten

Diplexer

Diplexer

Triplexer

H thng
phi
Triplexer

Diplexer

Diplexer

GSM 900
BTS

GSM 1800
BTS

UMTS nt B

Cc h thng
BTS

Hnh 9.47. S p dng b ghp ba (Triplexer)

Ghp song cng h thng GSM1800 v UMTS l mt th hin ca ng
dung ny. Cu hnh ny dn n phn tch cc cp phi gia cc h thng
GSM900 v GSM1800/UMTS (hnh 9.48). Cc li ch khc l:
La chn linh hot kiu phi (suy hao phi tng theo tn s)
Cc b lc song cng ci thin cch ly h thng nh nhau, trong khi yu
cu cch ly gia GSM1800 v UMTS quan trng hn

539

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

GSM 900

Anten ba
bng
GSM 1800

UMTS

H thng
anten

Diplexer

H thng
phi

Diplexer

GSM 900
BTS

GSM 1800
BTS

UMTS nt B

Cc h thng
BTS

Hnh 9.48. Ghp song cng GSM1800 v UMTS cho site ba bng
9.9.4. Cc tn hao b sung khi dng chung phi
Li ch ca vic dng chung phi phi tr gi bng vic hi tng tn hao
trong h thng phi. Cc tn hao b sung c tng kt trong bng 9.21 di y.
Bng 9.21. Cc tn hao b sung khi dng chung phi
Thnh phn
Tn hao
B lc song cng GSM900-GSM1800
0,3dB
B lc song cng GSM900-GSM1800/UMTS
0,3dB
B lc song cng GSM900-UMTS
0,3dB
B lc song cng GSM1800-UMTS
0,5dB
B lc GSM1800
0,4dB
nh hng ca dng chung phi ln hiu nng h thng c gii thch
bng th d sau (xem hnh 9.49):
Nhim v: M rng h thng anten GSM900 hin c n h thng ba bng
GSM900/GSM1800/UMTS

540

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

iu kin: Do khng gian hn ch, cn chia s cc cp phi hin c cho

tt c cc bng tn
Gii php: S dng cc b lc song cng (cc b ghp ba) chia s phi.
GSM900

Cc h thng
Anten

GSM900

UMTS

GSM1800

Diplexer
Diplexer
Tripler

H thng phi

Tripler

Diplexer

Diplexer

GSM900

Cc h thng
BTS

GSM900

GSM1800

UMTS

Hnh 9.49. Nhim v s dng chung phi

Bng 9.22 cho thy nh hng ca dng chung phi ln hiu nng h
thng (cc tn hao).
Bng 9.22. nh hng ca dng chung phi ln hiu nng h thng (cc tn
hao).
Tn hao , dB
Cc thnh phn
GSM900
GSM1800
UMTS
Hai b DiplexerGSM900=GSM1800 0,6
0,6
0,6
Hai b Diplexer GSM1800-UMTS
Cc tn hao b sung
Tng tn hao

0,5
1,1

1.0`
0,5
2,1

1,0
0,5
2,1

T bng 9.22 ta thy do hot ng ti tn s cao hn nn GSM1800 v

UMTS c tn hao gp i so vi GSM900.

541

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

9.9.5. Cc phi anten

Ngoi vic gy ra suy hao ln hn trong bng 2GHz so vi cc bng
GSM900 v GSM1800, cc mng UTRAN khng gy ra cc hn ch b sung no
trong vic la chn co phi anten so vi cc cp c p dng cho cc mng
GSM.
Khi nng cp mt h thng anten 1800 MHz hin c (lng bng 900/1800
MHz) lm vic ng thi vi bng 2GHz, tn tao b sung ph thuc tn s
cng khng ng k. Thng thng c th s dng phi 1800MHz sn c cho c
hai dch v vi iu kin suy hao b sung do cc b diplexer lng bng
(GSM1800/UMTS) chp thun c.
S dng phi bng 900 MHz cho cc dch v UMTS gy ra tn hao khng
chp thun c tr khi di phi kh ngn. Vic kt hp gia tn hao ca phi
di v cc tn hao trong cc b Diplexer lng bng (GSM900/UMTS) (mt
b ti mi u ca phi) c th tr nn khng chp thn c.
Cc nhn t cn xt khi xem xt vic s dng h thng phi anten chung
cho mng GSM/UMTS cng ging nh i vi mng lng bng
GSM900/1800MHz. Bng 9.23 di y so snh tn hao ca cc kiu phi
anten chung ti cc tn s 900MHz, 1800MHz v 2GHz.
Bng 9.23. So snh tn hao ca cc kiu phi anten chung ti cc tn s
900MHz, 1800MHz v 2GHz.
Cp in mi xp
ng knh chun Suy
hao
ti
894MHz
inch
0,72 dB i vi
di 10m
1,80 dB i vi
di 25m
3,61 dB i vi
di 50m
7,22 dB i vi
di 100 m
7/8 inch
0,4 dB i vi
di 10m
1,01 dB i vi
di 25m
2,01 dB i vi
di 50m
4,03dB i vi
di 100 m
1 inch
0,30 dB i vi

Suy
hao
ti
1,7MHz
1,03 dB i vi
di 10m
2,57 dB i vi
di 25m
5,15 dB i vi
di 50m
10,3 dB i vi
di 100 m
0,59 dB i vi
di 10m
1,47 dB i vi
di 25m
2,93 dB i vi
di 50m
5,87dB i vi
di 100 m
0,42 dB i vi

Suy hao ti 2GHz

1,13 dB i vi
di 10m
2,82 dB i vi
di 25m
5,65 dB i vi
di 50m
11,3 dB i vi
di 100 m
0,65 dB i vi
di 10m
1,61 dB i vi
di 25m
3,23dB i vi
di 50m
6,46 dB i vi
di 100 m
0,48 dB i vi
542

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

di 10m
0,74 dB i vi
di 25m
1,49 dB i vi
di 50m
2,98 dB i vi
di 100 m

di 10m
1,05 dB i vi
di 25m
2,10 dB i vi
di 50m
4,21 dB i vi
di 100 m

di 10m
1,19 dB i vi
di 25m
2,38 dB i vi
di 50m
4,77 dB i vi
di 100 m

9.9.6. Cc cu hnh TMA khi t cng site

TMA chuyn i u vo BTS vo connect anten ca TMA b tr
tn hao phi. Vic tnh ton cch ly cn thit cng ging nh qu trnh tnh ton
c trnh by trn. Mt s khc bit l:
i vi tnh ton p ng tp m/nhiu gi, tn hao phi khng cn c
xt n gim tn hiu nhiu
Tn hiu c TMA chuyn n my thu BTS c th cao hn dn n chn
B khuch i tp m nh trong TMA c gii hn chn ring v cn c
xt n.
Di y ta s xt n hai cu hnh GSM/UMTS t cng site s dng
TMA.
9.9.6.1. Mt cp phi vi UMTS TMA
V trong GSM, i vi nhiu trng hp ta khng b gii hn qu cng sut
ng ln do nhy ca GSM BTS cao, nn ch cu hnh trong phn UMTS
c trang b TMA ( gim tn hao RX) l c ngha.
Hnh 9.50 cho thy cu hnh vi mt cp phi v UMTS TMA.

543

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

TMA (b khuch i
trn thp)

Thit b mt t

Anten lng bng

Cp phi
Diplexer

GSM

RF

GSM

UMTS

UMTS

RF+DC

Diplexer

Cp DC
RF

LNA

ANXU
GSM BTS

Diplexer

UMTS
nt B

RF+DC
Diplexer

Cp phi

Hnh 9.50. Cu hnh mt cp phi vi UMTS TMA (hay MHA)

9.9.6.2. Hai cp phi vi TMA cho GSM v UMTS
Cu hnh hai cp phi vi cc TMA cho GSM v UMTS c trnh by
trn hnh 9.51. V ANCG khng ch ngun DC cho TMA nn phi lp thm Bias
T cp DC qua cp phi.
Cc TMA

Thit b mt t

Anten lng bng

GSM

GSM

UMTS
Cc cp
phi
RF+DC

RF+DC
Bias T

ANCG

UMTS

Diplexer
GSM
TMA

Diplexer
LNA

Diplexer

Cp DC

UMTS
TMA

Diplexer

ANXU
RF+DC

GSM BTS

LNA

UMTS nt
B

Cp phi GSM

RF+DC
Cp phi UMTS

Hnh 9.51. Cu hnh hai cp phi v hai TMA (MHA) cho GSM v UMTS
9.10. ANTEN THNG MINH
Khi nim to bp bao gm vic ph ton b on bng cc bp hp cho
li anten cao hn phn tp anten thng thng khi m mi anten ph ton b
544

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

mt on . K thut ny da trn dn anten tuyn tnh (cn c gi l anten

thng minh) trong cc anten c t cch nhau na bc sng (khong 7,5cm
i vi UMTS).
Nh minh ha trn hnh 9.52, tn ti hai kiu to bp:
To bp c nh bao gm cc bp c nh ph tng on v chn anten
thu c cng sut ln nht
To bp thch ng (cn c gi l cc dn anten thch ng) trong cc
tn hiu thu trn cc anten khc nhau c nh trng s v kt hp t
c t s tn hiu trn nhiu ln nht. iu ny cho php t c li
anten ln trong hng n ca tn hiu hu ch v li anten thp trong
hng n ca cc ngun nhiu. Cng c th ch s dng mt gii thut
c n gin ho ch t c t s tn hiu trn nhiu cc i nhm
gim phc tp nhng ng thi cng gim li hiu nng.
a) To bp thch ng

b) To bp c nh

4 bp
4 bp

Hnh 9.52. a) to bp thch ng; b) to bp c nh

u im ca to bp c nh l c phc tp thp hn: khng cn nh
gi trng s v c tnh s liu ch cn thc hin mt ln (vi s lng anten bt
k) so vi s ln nh gi bng s lng anten trong trng hp to b thch ng.
Tuy nhin li hiu nng ca to bp thch ng ln hn v n cho php b sung
thm li phn tp vo li anten ln hn t c bi c hai k thut.
To bp c th c s dng c ng ln ln ng xung. Tuy nhin
do trong ch FDD ca UMTS ng ln v ng xung s dng cc sng
mang khc nhau, nn phainh nhanh ca hai ng khc nhau. V th anten tt
nht (to bp c nh) hay cc trng s anten ti u (to bp thch ng) da trn
nh gi t tn hiu ng ln khng th s dng cho ng xung. Mt gii php
l s dng cc trng s ng ln c ly trung bnh trong mt khong thi gian
ln (thng l 100ms) trn ng xung trnh phainh nhanh v t c
s tng quan gia ng ln v ng xung. Tuy nhin trong trng hp ny
li hiu nng thp hn so vi trn ng ln.

545

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

9.11. H THNG ANTEN CHO TRM GC PHN B (DBS)

Trong DBS phn b, phn v tuyn ca nt B (RRU) thng c t gn
anten v c ni n phn bng gc ca nt B (BBU) bng si quang vi suy hao
khng ng k. Giao din gia RRU v BBU c chun ha theo hai loi: (1)
CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface: giao din v tuyn cng cng chung) v
(2) OBSAI (Open Base Station Standard Initiative: sng kin tiu chun trm gc
m).
Trong phn ny ta s xt cc cu hnh h thng anten khc nhau cho DBS.
9.11.1. Cu hnh h thng anten DBS cho mt RRU s dng anten phn cc
cho
Hnh 9.53 cho thy cu hnh h thng anten cho mt RRU s dng anten
phn cc cho.
Anten phn
cc cho

Anten

RCU
Cp nhy

RRU

Cp AISG

Cp quang CPRI

BBU
Ngun -48VDC

RXB
TX/RXA

Cp nhy

Cp nhy ni
tng

AISG: Antenna Interface Standard Group: nhm tiu chun giao din anten chun m cho giao
din iu khin ca anten 3G
RCU: Remote Control Unit: n v iu khin t xa iu khin nghing bng in cho
anten

Hnh 9.53. H thng anten DBS cho mt RRU s dng anten phn cc cho

546

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

9.11.2. Cu hnh h thng anten vi mt RRU kt hp TMA s dng anten

phn cc cho
Hnh 9.54 trnh by cu hnh h thng anten vi mt RRU kt hp TMA s
dng anten phn cc cho.
Anten phn
cc cho

Anten phn
cc cho

RCU
Cp nhy

Phi

Cp AISG

TMA

RRU

RCU

Cp nhy

Phi

Cp quang
CPRI

BBU

RXB
TX/RXA

Cp nhy

Cp ngun TMA

RXB
RXA

Cp nhy

Ngun -48VDC

Hnh 9.54. Cu hnh h thng anten vi mt RRU kt hp TMA s dng

anten phn cc cho.
9.11.3. Cu hnh h thng anten DBS vi nhiu RRU s dng anten phn cc
cho
Hnh 9.55 trnh by cu hnh h thng anten vi nhiu RRU s dng anten
phn cc cho.

547

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Anten phn
cc cho

Anten phn
cc cho

Anten phn
cc cho

RCU

RRU

Cp nhy

RCU
Cp nhy

RRU

Phi

Phi

Cp
AISG

RXB
TX/RXA
Cp nhy

RXB
TX/RXA

Cp nhy

Cp nhy

RRU

RCU

Phi

RXB
TX/RXA

Cp nhy

Cp ngun
Cp quang CPRI

Ngun -48VDC

BBU

Hnh 9.55. Cu hnh h thng anten vi nhiu RRU s dng anten phn cc
cho
9.11.4. Cu hnh h thng anten DBS vi nhiu RRU kt hp TMA s dng
anten phn cc cho

RXB
TX/RXA

RXB
RXA

RXB
TX/RXA

RXB
RXA

TMA

RRU

TMA

RRU

TMA

RRU

Hnh 9.56 trnh by cu hnh h thng anten BDS vi nhiu RRU kt hp

TMA s dng anten phn cc cho.

RXB
TX/RXA

RXB
RXA

Cp ngun
Cp quang

BBU

Ngun -48VDC

Hnh 9.56. Cu hnh h thng anten DBS vi nhiu RRU kt hp TMA s

dng anten phn cc cho.

548

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

9.12. KT LUN
H thng anten l mt phn t quan trng trong mi trm gc. Cc ni
dung c trnh by trong chng ny cho ngi c i t cc hiu bit v cc
khi nim c bn v anten, phi v h thng anten n vic thit k h thng
anten phi c th cho cc 3G BTS. Chng ny cung cp cc kin thc c bn
cho ngi c c th thit k cc h thng anten phi p ng cc tiu ch
sau: (1) m bo vng ph sng theo quy hoch, (2) m bo suy hao phi theo
yu cu, (3) m cc yu cu cch ly gia cc bng tn chng nhiu, (4) m
bo cc yu cu v m quan. (5) cho php lp t v trin khai nhanh.
9.13. CU HI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Trnh by kin trc c s ca h thng anten phi

Trnh by cc thng s nh gi nh hng ca phn x trong phi
Trnh by dng sng in t ti vng xa, nh ngha phn cc anten v ch
ra cc dng phn cc anten c s dng trong thng tin di ng
Trnh by biu pht x anten
nh ngha cc thng s ng gi tnh hng ca anten
La chn anten vi HPBWH v iu chnh nging ph hp ph sng
cho phn on
Trnh by nguyn l ca anten phn cc cho Xpol
Trnh by cu trc ca anten bng rng lng bng c xy dng trn c
s anten XXpol v cc yu cu cc ly gia cc ca
Trnh by cc s kt hp cho anten phn tp thu
Trnh by cc cu trc anten phn tp
Trnh by h thng anten s dng TMA
Trnh by cc dng nhiu pht sinh khi lp t cc tram GSM BTS v
UMTS BTS trn cng mt site
Trnh by cc yu cu cch ly do pht x nhiu gi khi lp t cc trm
GSM1800 BTS v UMTS BTS bng I trn cng mt site
Trnh by cc yu cu cch ly do pht x nhiu chn khi lp t cc trm
GSM1800 BTS v UMTS BTS bng I trn cng mt site
Trnh by nh hng ca sn phm iu ch giao thoa bc ba khi lp t
cc trm GSM 1800 BTS v UMTS BTS bng I trn cng mt site
Trnh by gii php h thng anten hai bng tn vi s dng hai anten n
bng khi lp dt GSM1800 BTS v UMTS BTS bng I trn cng mt site
Trnh by gii php h thng anten hai bng tn vi s dng anten lng
bng khi lp t GSM1800 BTS v UMTS BTS bng I trn cng mt site
Trnh by gii php h thng anten h thng hai bng tn vi s dng anten
lng bng khi lp t GSM900 BTS v UMTS BTS bng I trn cng mt
site

549

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

19. Hy xy dng gii php cho h thng anten ba bng vi s dng mt anten
n bng GSM900, mt anten lng bng GSM1800/UMTS bng I
20. Hy xy dng gii php cho h thng anten ba bng vi s dng mt anten
lng bng GSM900/GSM1800, mt anten n bng UMTS bng I
21. Hy xy dng gii php cho h thng anten ba bng vi s dng mt anten
lng bng GSM900/UMTS bng I, mt anten n bng GSM1800
22. Trnh by gii php h thng anten ba bng tn vi s dng anten ba bng
khi lp t GSM900 BTS GSM1800 BTS v UMTS BTS bng I trn cng
mt site
23. Trnh by cc cu hnh h thng anten vi TMA khi lp t GSM BTS v
UMTS BTS cng site
24. Trnh by khi nim v anten thng minh
25. Trnh by cu hnh h thng anten DBS cho mt RRU s dng anten phn
cc cho
26. Trnh by cu hnh h thng anten DBS vi mt RRU kt hp TMA s
dng anten phn cc cho
27. Trnh by cu hnh h thng anten DBS vi nhiu RRU s dng anten phn
cc cho

550