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SPE 26436
Enhanced Reservoir Description: Using Core and Log Data
to Identify Hydraulic (Flow) Units and Predict Permeability in
Uncored Intervals/Wells
Jude O. Amaefule and Mehmet Altunbay*, Core Laboratories; C)jebbarTiab*, U. of Oklahoma; David G Kersey
and Dare K. l(eelan, Core Laboratories
SPE Member
n
ik
Abstract
Understanding complex variations in pare geomet~ within
different Iithofacies is the key to improved reservoir description
and exploitation. Core data provide in~ornration on various
depositional and diagenetic controls on pore geometry.
Variations in pore geometrical attributes in rum, de$ne the
existenceof distinct zones(hydraulic units) with similar f?uid-jlow
characteristics. Classic discrimination of mck types has been
based on subjective geological observations and on empirical
relationships between the log of permeability versus porosity.
Howevec for any porosity within a given mck type,permeability
can vary by several orders of nragnitnde, which indicates the
existenceof severalflow units.
In this papec a new, practical and theoretically correct
methodology is proposedfor identi$cation and characterization
of hydraulic units widtin mappable geological units (facies). The
technique is based on a modified Kozeny-Carmen equation and
the conceptof mean hydraulic raditis. The equation indicatesIhat
for any hydraulic unit, a log-log p!ot of a Reservoir Quality
versus a
index, (RQI), which is equal to 0.0314 ~.
Normalized PorosityIndex (+=) which is equal to WI-W should
yield a straight line with a unit slope. 7he intercept of the unit
slope line with +Z = 1, designated as the FIow Zme Indicator
(M), is a unique parameter for each hydraulic unit. RQI, 4, and
FZI are based on stressed potvsity and permeability data
measuredon core samples.
Introduction
One of the most important c.xisting and emerging challenges of
geoscientists and cnginccrs is 10 improve rcsmvoir description
techniques. It is well nxognized that improvements in reservoir
description will reduce the amount of hydrocarbon left behind
pipe. Accurate determination of porwbody/lhroat attributes and
fluid distribution arc central elements in improved reservoir
Many reservoir description programs. though
description.
detailed. have not included descriptions at the po~-throat scale,
Yet. porn-throat attributes control initiallresidual hydrocarbon
distribution and fluid flow. Because they are readily available,
continuous sources of data, Iogging tool responses arc often used
to draw inferences about Iithology. depositional and diagenetic
sequences. and fluid content. These inferences are based on
empirical models utilizing correlations among tool responses,
reek and fluid propmics. in many insumces. unfortunately. the
correlation models can not b used globally kxcauw of the
influences of factors not fully considered by the models. Factors
include (a) the presence of potassium-feldspar, zircon, etc.
causing crrotwously high calculated Vsh from the gamma ray; (b)
microporosity in kaolinite. chert, etc. leading to high apparent
water saturation calculations: and (c) sidentc, pyrite. barite, and
smec[ite influencing the rcsistivity. density and neutron log
20!5
IDENTIFY
HYDRAULIC
(FLOW)
UNITS
Iogk =U$+b
SPE 26436
Fundamental Theory
The hydrwlic quality of a rock is comrollcd by pore gcomelry.
This, in turn, is a fun,:tkrn of mineralogy (i.e.. type. abundance,
morphology and krcatio~ relative to pow throa[s) and texture (i.e.,
Various
grain size. grain shape, sorting. and packing).
permutations of these gcolo.gicitl attributes often indicate the
cxistencc of ~lslincl rock uni~s wilh similar pore throa[ attribute:.
Determination of [hesc pore Ihroat,attributcs is ccrrmd to accurate
zoning of rc!crvoirs in[o units with similar hydraulic propcr(ics.
The mean hydraulic unit radius (rmh) conccpt12 is the kcy 10
unraveling the hydraulic units and rulating porosity, pcrmcahility
and capillary rrcssurc.
rtl,lt =
rm/1 =
:
3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
206
SPE 26436
1.0. AMAEFULE,
M. ALTUNBAY,
D. TIAB,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4)
D.G. KERSEY
AND
The mean hydraulic radius (rmh) can bc related to the surface area
pcr unit grain volume (Sgv) and effcctivc porosity (Qc)as fOllOWS:
$:
(1--$C)2
[1
2t%:r
(6)
$:
(1-0=12
~,+?
[1
(7)
..
.......,
gv
RQI
zI=
g=~(i%)=i(
+)(s)
$,
(1)
l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12)
k =1014
(Fzf)~
(LO-)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (13)
If ORis dc[incd m
~;
~= (l-oe)~
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (14)
[hen
k=1014(FZ12)
@~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (15)
~=[&-J~] ....................
(8)
. . . . . . . . . . . . (16)
where k is in ~mz.
However, if permeability is prcscntcd in millidarcics.
following parameter can hc defined:
RQ/(pnl)
&,=
D.K. KEELAN
then the
=0.0314
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (9)
e
$,=
log(;)
= 2h@+10g[l
014(FZ02].,,
e
207
. . . . . .. (18)
IDENTIFY
HYDRAULIC
(FLOW)
UNITS
AND PREDICT
PERMEABILITY
SPE 26436
IN UNCOIWD INTERVALWWELLS
Fy,)
(
= *0.5
(:)
3-@
(rQ)
+ (;)
. .. (21)
x.
Y=
Y,,jin+ (Ym=~-yfl,in)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (20)
log
(r,,,),) = log(FZ/)+log(@$J
. . . . . . . . . .. (22)
Thus,
Y=mX
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (23)
where X = FZ1. Y = ~.
+,
208
and m = S1OPC
=&%.
9
.
SPE26436
West Africa
Fig. 16 shows the classical log k versus 1$plot for a typical data set
from the Niger Delta.
seven distinct hydraulic units were
cstablistrcd within Ihc cored intcrwtl by utilizing the proposed
tcchniqr.w, As prtwiously ohscrvcd. the permeability-porosity
rcla(ionship in the Niger Delta is also nonlinear and predictable
(Eq. 13). FZI ranged from 0.3 to WCII over 11 in these
dcpositionalldiagcnctic scqucnccs. The variability of FZI in the
Niger Delta rocks appears to he bolh texturally and
mincmlogically controlled.
A log-log plot of RQl versus $Z for this data .sct(Fig. 6) shows [he
cxislcncc of six distincl hydraulic units within the cored interval.
Each hydraulic unit is charactcriztd by a diffcrm average FZI
value. Tbc influence of diagtmcsis has modified the original
dcpositiorral parameters to give these multiple hydraulic units.
South America
Porosity and permeability data gcncratcd on a typical Sou[h
American clastic reservoir rock were u.scd to compute RQI. Oz.
and FZI. A loglog plot of RQI versus @z(Fig. 7) shows five
distinct hydraulic units within the corvd interval. These units
were discriminated by the previously discu.sscd statistical
techniques with the theoretical unit slope consmaint.
Additionally. Fig. 8 shows the classical log k versus $ plot after
the zormtion prmxs. Tbc permeability response equations were
derived from Eq. 13. It is cviden[ from this plot that permeability
is a nonlinear function of porosity. texnrrc and mincridogy. The
differences between the hydraulic UniLS was further vcriticd by
water-oil capillary pressure data and catirm exchwrgc capacity
(CEC) per unit pore volume (Qv). It is evident on Fig. 9 tha[ Qv
decreased with increasing FZI. thus manifcstirrg the effect of clay
mincrak on the rocks hydraulic qualily.
209
6
1DENTIF%
HYDRAULIC
(FLOW)
UNITS
AND PREDICT
-b~*
1- EXP(-(
[[
faCIOt. oi =
))]]
~
IN UNCORED
INTERVALWWELLS
fs-cri
=EXP
Y =!%!!
RQli
PERMEABILITY
SPE 26436
. ..(24)
Canada
nl
[1
B, (:-l)
0
Y=b$=Al-
Cl(;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . (25)
-l)nh
West Texas
For the Niger Delta clastic rocks. the RQI stress sensitivity (h,)
was correlated to =1 with the following parameters Al = 1.39.
X = FZl, X. = FZlmin, B, = 1.31. Cl = 0.96, D, = 5.2. nl = 2J~.
with a coefficient of determination (R2 = .9999). In general. it was
established rJat rocks from the same hydraulic unit (similar FZI)
exhibited similar RQI stress sensitivities (b~). b~decreased with
increasing FZ1. Additionally, rocks with abundant macroporc
throats typically showed lower RQI stresssensitivities (b, < 0.05).
in contrast to microporosity-dominated rocks that showed higher
b~vahses(b. > 0.05).
P,
J=
=2k
CJCOS8
>e[
-=
RQf =
r,,,,,
JFj
. . . . . . . . . .. (26)
-Fz-F2mJn)Fw,nEll
Sw = Swr+ (1 -Sw,)e [
. (27)
210
SPE26436
Conclusions
A ntw. practical imd lhcorclicislly-ha.wd rechniquc hts hcwr
dcvelopt!d to identify md chwaclwi?.c uniL$ with similar pore
throat gcomctriuisi isiwihutcs (hydfiiulk uniw). This hxhniquc has
a wide variety of practicirl Iicld applications for both cored and
uncomf wells. tksc include:
SPE 26436
5.
Sli!cs, J.H., Jr. and HuItllz, J.M.: TIM usc of Routine and
Special Core Analysis in Characterizing Brent Group
Reservoirs. U.K. North Sea. SPE 18388 (1988).
6.
7.
8.
9,
Nomenclature
stress sensitivity factor
critical stress constant (2000-4000 psi)
shape factor
Kozeny constant
permeability (pm*)
pore throat radius (~m)
mean hydraulic radius Qtm)
Reservoir Quality Index (Km)
overburden stress (psi)
initial overburden stress (psi)
surface area per unit grain volume (~m1 )
water saturation (fractional pore VOhUtICJ
irreducible water saturation (fractional pore volume)
effective porosity (fraction bulk volume)
reduced porosity index
pore vohrme-to.grain volume ratio
tortuosity
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Core Laboratories Division of Westcm Atlas
International for permission grarrted for the publication of this
manuscript. Additional thanks are due to Cynthia Philipson for
technical editing and assistance in figure pmparatirm and to
ShclIey Barnetl for dcdicatcd efforts in the preparation of this
manuscript.
E.N.:
Trunspm?
Iteferences
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hall.
Evaluation of Capillary
17. Rose. W. and Bruce, W.A.:
Character in Pclrolcurn Reservoir Rock. Pcwolcum
Transactions. AIME (1949) 127-142.
18. Chor)ra, A. K.: Reservoir Dcscriplions Via Pulse. SPE
175;8 Int1 Meeting on Pctrolcurn En.ginccring. Tlanjin,
China (1988) 171-87.
212
Tech-
SPE26436
Framework for
Constructing Clastic Reservoir Simulation Mosicls. JPT v.
42 No. 10 (October, 1990) 1248-1253 and 1296-1297.
Hydrocarbon-Bcming Sand
RescrvoirsV SPE 15713, SPE Middle East Oil Sho!V (1987)
185-97/SPEFE (~CC. 1989) 515-21.
to
sgv
Y max
153.50 m2/g
19.79%
Y~in
16.92 m~lg
13.68
X~i
O.10pm
0.80 #im
~2
0.95
0.995
27. Tctzlaff.
Modcm
QualitativeEffectsOn
F,
S.v
FZI
SwR
r~h
Coarse graincd
i+
Fine grained
Texture
LH
H!L
blincralogy
The ~nlcgration of
Core Permeability, Log-Derived Permeability and Measured
Flow Profiles in the Study of Cut-Off Criteria; SPWLA
Permeability Seminar (May 18, 1992).
Intcmal
u -- IUw
M= Medium
H = High
n.,,
=*,
Features
RQI Fzl
6436
7.9
21.87
0.522
6.090
6390
8.8
6.38
0.267
2.774
6417
10.1
2.23
0.148
1.313
mottled to m~ive:
6491
10.4
1.43
0.116
I .005
6454
8.3
0.37
0.066
0,732
6621
19.4
0.76
0.062 0.258 massive to faintly mottled; small anhydrhc patche~ faint allochem ghosts; healed fractures
213
SPE 26436
10
HU
Depth
(ft)
A.
w. Slbmmoti.
u.r-..
-..
fnr
m W@ct
llwnc
--
. ..=.
----
Cmrtmnatp
-...
. . . . . .
Cements
RQI
s. Mnrhd
. . . . .
. .
Other
Pore ~pes
6436
0.522
tine-mcd. crystalline
avg = 0,06 mm
subhedral to euhcdral
intcrcrystalline
6390
0.267
medium crystalline
avg = 0.23 mm
subhedral to euhcdrai
intercrystailinc
6417
0,148
finely crystalline
avg = 0.04 mm
anhcdml to subhedral
intercrystallinc
micmporosily
6491
0.116
finely crystalline
avg = 0,05 mm
anhcdral to subhedral
imcrcrystallirw
possible pin-point
Vugs
allochcm molds
6454
bimodal crystalline
sim very finely and medium
crystalline
avg = 0.007 and 0.014 mm
anhcdral to suhhcdral
intercrystdlirw
moldic microporosily
common dolomite-rcplaccd
allochcms
allochcm molds
intcrcryslallinc
micmporosily
allochem molds
minor allochem ghosts
anhydrite
6621
et upper Interval
01
0.6
@
IE!!!!5
0.4
;Int;
0.2
0.001 ~
o
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
Fig. 1.
0.5
t.s
25
FZI
214
11
J.O. AMAEFULE, M. ALTUNBAY, t). TIAB, D.G. KERSEY AND D,K. KEELAN
S?E 26436
t4
vi
.-oh
I&
SuoxllluIOB
(Z)lqwluu
4----T
@@-----
w
A
12
SPE 26436
ai
i?
216
SPE26436
13
pluMlqeauuad
217
.=
L
Fig. iSA.
100
1000
10
PclPd
Fig.
19.
lCWO
Fig. 18B.
Fig.
20.
l%?]
versus class interval
(Canadian example).
10
c
z
n
g
m
u
0.<
.
Fig. 18C.
am
1 0.02
0.2
al
P017MY,
Fig.
21.
acw
O,oa 0.10
Pm2iy.
fracuon
0.04
0.!2
a94
0.14
Q*8
020
03
Fig.
22.
fladicm
...
Dqmh
m.l.
h .uw
.nJ
Is,&J.I.
ln,m
.-.
RLN
.,.
0,.1/1
,!rcwd
,mT&
Q ..J
-. 1.-1
- ----
..
.~...
u,, ng pr(qwml
,m
---
.-i%
*
>...,
c..
-::
ml.
%.
M.!,
w. -.
L
*
.!
*-3
_!.
.,!
Ua.W>,o
#
[<xhntquc
4
PWJKI
hydtaultc
cord
envm>nmcm.dly
.,mm
ICJ IW?IW
uml
hydraul,c
h)df.+.l,c
wc hmquc
..csh.. ....
...
u5mg
=,th
unit vanah(cs
G2
fcw.w.
.. . . .
mclhu 1$ cort%mmcd
dclcnn,nm!K
1
untl pn,hlcs
mtcrwW*ells
pr<,hahll,st,c
wattwcal
*--
..N.
1
(Y. VA
,.,
-=-.*
&
nt,, h) Jf..l8t
Rank Lomclalc
,*W*
,,..,
7.1,K<.,rcd,nwwal,
WCC!
!..
~o,
..
...!
Wu
S&
1 +F:%
mow
..
Comp.tc
15
SPE 26436
II
I--4l
.4
UIIM m adjsccnl
wells
l.~. -
1
COmpuIc
Ual!mcal
(mean.
mras.!w
lnggmg
WMIIICS
n)d .!1
and FZI
m
I
Setup mama
Al
CMc.law
L =
fut
Pm%abd,ly
#
llR4[FZ/)2-
(1-ol~
c==
\d,daw
R... JOJ R,
untu
!1
I
1
Fig.
23.
*0000
1,14
low
*OO
001
0001
0
01
02
Ct
Porowry.
;. ..,..
04
ff8cUon
i----Fig. 24.
r(,
Fig. 25.
219
cord
.. ---
16
.. .
---
3P
. . .. .
L04.KJ
. .
.-
I
!
.:::.L::
--s~
. . .
-. . -- - .
.-.
.
.... . . . ..
~.--~
...... .
... -.
~-+
..- ..- ..
---
. . .
..
+-----+ -+-
/r
.<
-..
--J
[w
I
t
kl 4 -t-ov
.-
r---f-l
L.
\/
LJ
.
i
E
o
..
-
..
\
.
&-.-_
?:
k+
~_
_....+ . .. ..
out--P- (%.410
Uowuwu
*m) p-
(91UP
Pawnwd
*
.. . . .. ..-.- ,+..
...
:
1
-- .- .~.~
: -.--.=
-
.-.s--.--.
. -
i. .----- .--. .
..-=
.+--4-
8
~.
.-
. ..-.
---
%==--G=7
_
. ..-
,.- ----@i
t-
; :
e+
..
1
,
?
--.- .-. -
-. - .. -- .
8
.
220
.-oh
I&