CHAPTER 7 - muscular system

COMPONENTS:
- 3 types of Muscle Tissue: Skeletal, Cardiac &
Smooth
MAJOR FUNCTIONS:
1.) MOVEMENT OF THE BODY
- Contraction -> responsible for overall
movements of the body.
2.) MAINTAINACE OF POSITIVE
- Constantly maintain tone
3.) RESPIRATION
- Muscle of the Thorax (chest) carry out the
movements necessary for respiration
4.) PRODUCTION OF BODY HEAT
- When skeletal muscles contract, HEAT is
given off as a by-product
- Maintenance of body temperature
5.) COMMUNICATION
- Involved in all aspects of communication
(Ex. Speaking, writing, gesturing etc.)
1.) CONSTRICTION OF ORGANS & VESSELS
- Contraction of smooth muscles within the
wall of internal organs
- Help propel & mix food in digestive tract
- Propel secretions from organs
- Regulate blood flow through vessels
2.) CONTRACTION OF THE HEART
- Contraction of cardiac muscles
> causes the heart to beat
> propelling blood to all parts
of the body
Gluteus Maximus largest muscles
Orbicularis kissing muscles
CHARACTERISTICS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
SKELETAL MUSCLES
- Most of the muscles are attached to the skeletal
muscles
- Striated Muscles, because transverse bands, or
striations can be seen in the muscle under the
microscope.
Contractility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity

SKELETAL MUSCLE STRUCTURE

EPIMYSIUM/Muscular Fascia
- Connective tissue sheath surrounding the
skeletal muscles
MUSCLE FASCICULI
- Numerous visible bundles
PERIMYSIUM
- Loose connective tissue surrounding the muscle
fasciculi
MUSCLE FIBERS
- Muscle cells
ENDOMYSIUM
- Loose connective tissue surrounding the muscle
fibers
MUSCLE FIBER STRUCTURE
- is a single cylindrical fiber, with several nuclei located
at its periphery
SACROLEMMA
- cell membrane of a muscle fiber
- where multiple nuclei of the muscle fiber are
located
TRANSVERSE TUBULES/T-Tubules
- Tube-like invaginations at the surface of the
sarcolemma
- Occur at regular intervals along the muscle fiber
and extend inward to it.
- Connects the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic
reticulum
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
- Highly organized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- High concentration of Ca2+ which plays a major
role in muscle contraction
SARCOPLASM
- Muscle fibers cytoplasm
MYOFIBRILS
- Thread-like structures that extend from one end
to the other
- Two major kinds of proteins: ACTIN & MYOSIN
SARCOMERES
- Highly orders, repeating units actin and Myosin
microfilaments
- Joined end to end to form the myofibrils
ACTIN & MYOSIN MYOFILAMENTS
ACTIN MYOFILAMENTS (THIN)
3 components: (Actin, Trponin, Tropomyosin)
TROPONIN
- are attached at specific intervals along
the actin myofilaments (Ca2+ binding sites)
TROPOMYOSIN
- located along the groove between the
twisted strands of actin subunits.

MYOSIN MYOFILAMENTS (THICK)

- resemble bundles of minute golf clubs
Myosin Heads: 3 important properties
1) The heads can bind to attachment sites on
the actin myofilaments
2) They can bend and straighten during
contraction
3) They can break down ATP, releasing energy

SARCOMERES
- The basic structural and functional unit of skeletal
muscle
- Smallest portion of skeletal muscle capable of
contracting
- Sarcomeres shorten -> myofibrils shorten
o Z DISK
- Network of protein fibers forming an
attachment site for actin myofilaments
o I BAND
- Consist of only actin myofilaments
o A BAND
- Darker central side of the sarcomere
- Extends the length of the myofilaments
o H ZONE
- Second central light zone of the sarcomere
- Consist of only myosin filaments
o M LINE
- Dark-straining central band
- Myosin filaments anchorage
EXCITABILITY OF MUSCLE FIBERS

Cell membrane is POLARIZED

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
- Charge difference
- Occurs because there is an uneven distribution of ions
across the cell membrane
DEVELOPS for 3 REASONS
1) The concentration of K+ in the cell
membrane is higher than that outside of the
cell membrane
2) The concentration of Na+ outside the cell
membrane is higher than that inside of the
cell membrane
3) The cell membrane is more permeable to K+
than it is to Na+

+
Cell membrane is DEPOLARIZED
- Na+ channels are open

Cell membrane is REPOLARIZED

- Na+ channels are closed
ACTION POTENTIAL
- the rapid depolarization and repolarization of the cell
membrane
NERVE SUPLY
MOTOR NEURONS
- are specialized nerve cells that stimulate
muscles to contract
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
- junction with a muscle fiber
- formed by cluster of enlarged axon terminals
resting in indentations of the muscle fibers cell
SYNAPSE
- cell-to-cell junction between a nerve cell and
either another nerve cell or an effector cell
MOTOR UNIT
- single motor neuron
PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL
- Enlarged axon terminal
SYNAPTIC CLEFT
- The space between the presynaptic terminal and
the muscle fiber membrane
POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
- muscle fiber membrane
SYNAPTIC VESICLES
- small vesicles in the presynaptic terminal
ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh)
- functions as a neurotransmitter: a molecule
released by a presynaptic nerve cell that
stimulates or inhibits postsynaptic acid
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE
- an enzyme: this enzymatic breakdown ensures
that one action potential in the neuron yields only
one action potential in the skeletal muscle fiber

SARCOMERE

MUSCLE CONTRACTION SUMMARY (pg.159)

MUSCLE TWITCH
- Is the contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a
stimulus
3 Phases:
Lag Phase (Latent Phase)
- Time between the application of a stimulus
and the beginning of contraction
- Action potentials are produced in one or more
neurons
Contraction Phase
- Time during which the muscle contracts
- Increases tension between the muscle fibers
Relaxation Phase
- Time during which the muscle relaxes
SUMMATION
- The force of contraction of individual muscle fibers is
increased by rapidly stimulating them.
TETANUS
- Convulsive tension
- Is a sustained contraction that occurs when the
frequency of stimulation is so rapid that no relaxation
occurs
- Occurs when Ca2+ builds up in myofibrils, which
promotes cross-bridge formation and cycling
RECRUITMENT
- The number of muscle fibers contracting is increased
by increasing the number of motor units stimulate, and
the muscle contracts with more force.

MUSCLE CONTRACTION
* Contraction of skeletal muscle tissue occurs as actin
and myosin myofilaments slide past one another,
causing the sarcomeres to shorten.
* Shortening of the sarcomeres causes myofibrils to
shorten, thereby causing the entire muscle to shorten
SLIDING FILAMENT MODEL
- Sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin
myofilaments during contraction.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- Energy for muscle contraction
- A high-energy molecule produced from the energy
that is released during the metabolism of food.
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
- This energy is released as ATP breaks down
- Released from the myosin heads

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION

AEROBIC RESPIRATION
- Requires O2
- Breaks down glucose to produce ATP, CO2 , H2O
- Takes place in the mitochondria
- More efficient than Anaerobic
- can produce 18 times as much ATP anaerobic
produces
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
- Doesnt requires O2
- Breakdown of glucose to yield ATP & Lactic Acid
- Occurs faster that aerobic respiration
CREATINE PHOSPHATE
- Provides a means of storing energy that can be
used rapidly to help maintain an adequate
amount of ATP in a contracting muscle fiber.
- ATP is used to synthesize creatine phosphate

 FATIGUE
- Is a state of reduced work capacity
o Muscular Fatigue
- Results when muscle fibers use ATP
faster than they produce it
- When the effectiveness of Ca2+ to
stimulate actin and myosin myofibrils
o Physiological Contracture
- occurs when there is too little ATP to
bind myosin myofilaments
o Psychological Fatigue
- Involves CNS rather than the muscle
themselves
- The muscles are still capable of
contracting but the individual
perceives that continue muscle
contraction is impossible.
TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS (Equal Distance)
- Length of the muscle does not change
- Amount of tension increases
ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS (Equal Tension)
- Amount of tension produced is constant
- Length of the muscle decreases
o Concentric Contraction
- Muscle tension increases
- Muscle shortens
o Eccentric Contraction
- Tension is maintained in a muscle
- Opposing resistance causes the muscle to
lengthen
MUSCLE TONE
- Is the constant tension produced by the body muscles
over long periods of time.
FAST- & SLOW-TWITCH FIBERS

FAST TWITCH FIBERS

- Type IIa or Type IIb myosin myofilaments
- Contract quickly and fatigue quickly
- Have larger stores of glycogen and are well
adapted for performing anaerobic preparation.

SLOW TWITCH FIBERS

- Type IIa fibers
- More fatigue resistant
- Contain more mitochondria and are better
suited for aerobic respiration.

MYOGLOBIN
- Darker appearance due to a richer blood
supply
- Stores oxygen temporarily

HYPERTROPHY
- Enlarged muscle fibers

SATELLITE CELLS
- Undifferentiated cells just below the
endomysium