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1. Lm th no bo v my tnh ca bn khi phn

mm c hi v tin tc
D bn t ra cc mc tiu to tt, vic m bo my tnh ca bn hot ng tt v an ton l bc khi u rt quan
trng tin ti mt h thng an ninh tt hn. Do vy trc khi vt c ngh ra nhng mt khu tht mnh, hay tm cch xa
ht cc du vt lin lc ring t, bn cn m bo h thng ca bn khng d dng b tn cng bi cc Hacker [1] hoc
b ly nhim cc phn mm ph hoi malware [2] , nh virt hay phn mm gin ip spyware [2] . Thiu nhng phng
ny, khng c cch g m bo hiu qu ca cc cng c an ninh m chng ti gii thiu. Suy cho cng, s l v ngha
khi ta kha ca nu k trm n np bn trong phng, v vic tm kim di nh cng s v ch khi ca m toang.
Do vy chng ny s hng dn bn bo tr cc phn mm v s dng nhng cng c nh Avast [3] , Spybot [4] and
Comodo Firewall [5] bo v my tnh khi nhng mi nguy him tng tn ti do ly nhim phn mm c hi [6] v tn
cng ca tin tc [1] . D nhng cng c c gii thiu trong chng ny dng cho Windows, h iu hnh c cho l c
nhiu l hng bo mt nht, ngi dng cc h iu hnh khc nh GNU/Linux [7] and Apple OS X cng c th gp
nhng vn an ton bo mt v cng nn tm hiu v vn dng cc k thut c hng dn bn di.

Tnh hung c bn
Assani l mt nh hot ng nhn quyn ti mt nc thuc a Php Chu phi. Hai a con tui thnh nin ca anh
ta, Salima v Muhindo, ngh gip mt s cng vic my tnh cho cha. Sau khi kim tra tnh trng my tnh, chng
hng dn anh mt s bc c bn gi cho my tnh hot ng tt v an ton. Assani cng rt thch tng s dng
[phn mm m min ph](/vi/glossary), nhng anh ta khng bit liu iu c lm cho mi th tt ln hay ti i, nn anh
ta hi thm kin ca cc con mnh.

Nhng vn bn c th hc c trong chng ny

Tm hiu thm v c im ca mt s e da c th m phn mm ph hoi [6] gy ra i vi s bo mt v ton
vn cho thng tin ca bn, s n nh ca h thng v tnh tin cy ca nhng cng c an ninh khc
Hng dn s dng mt s cng c bo v bn trnh nhng nguy c trn
m bo an ton cho my tnh bng cch thng xuyn cp nht phn mm trn my
V sao bn nn s dng nhng cng c ngun m [8] , min ph [9] gip tng an ton, gim gi thnh ng thi
trnh nhng nguy c gp phi khi phn mm ht hn hay s dng phn mm lu.

Virt my tnh
C nhiu cch phn loi virt, v mi cch s c cc tp tn phn loi ca ring mnh. Su my tnh, Virt macro, Trojan
[2] v phn mm 'ca hu' l mt s loi kh ph bin. cc virt ny ly lan qua mng Internet, qua th in t, t cc
trang web c hi hoc cc phng tin khc ly nhim vo cc my tnh khng c bo v. Mt s khc ly lan thng
qua cc thit b lu tr ri cho php ngi dng c v ghi thng tin nh th nh USB v cng ri. Virt c th ph hy,
gy h hi hoc ly nhim vo thng tin trn my tnh ca bn, bao gm c d liu trn cc cm ri. Chng cng c th
chim quyn iu khin my tnh ca bn v s dng vo mc ch tn cng cc my tnh khc. Tuy nhin, iu may
mn l cng c rt nhiu cng c dit virt my tnh gip bn t phng v cho bn thn v nhng ngi c giao tip in
t vi bn.

Phn mm dit virt

C mt chng trnh dit virt min ph [9] tuyt vi cho h thng Windows l Avast [3] , rt d s dng, t ng cp nht v
c nh gi cao bi cc chuyn gia v virt my tnh. Chng trnh yu cu phi ng k sau 14 thng, nhng vic
ng k, cp nht v chng trnh vn hon ton min ph.
Thc Hnh: Hy bt u vi Hng dn s dng Avast [10]
Clam Win [11] l chng trnh ngun m min ph [8] c th dng thay th Avast [3] v cc phn mm dit virt thng mi
ni ting. D n thiu mt s tnh nng quan trng ca mt chng trnh dit virt chnh.
Clam Win [11] c th chy t th nh USB qut nhng my tnh khng cho php ci t phn mm. iu ny rt hu
ch khi bn khng c s la chn khi s dng my tnh cng cng hoc ti cc qun c ph Internet thc hin cc
cng vic c tnh nhy cm.

Nhng mo khi s dng chng trnh dit virt

Khng cng lc chy hai chng trnh dit virt, iu c th khin my tnh ca bn chy chm hoc treo. Hy
g b chng trnh c trc khi ci t chng trnh mi.
Cn m bo rng chng trnh dit virt ca bn c tnh nng cp nht. Nhiu cng c thng mi c ci t
sn khi mua my mi yu cu ngi dng phi ng k (v phi tr ph) hoc s khng cho php cp nht na. Mi
phn mm c gii thiu trong a ny u h tr cp nht min ph.
Kim tra m bo rng chng trnh dit virt ca bn thng xuyn t cp nht. Cc virt mi c vit v
pht tn hng ngy, my tnh ca bn s d b tn cng nu khng cp nht danh sch cc virt mi. Chng trnh
Avast [3] s t ng cp nht khi my tnh ca bn kt ni vi Internet.
Bt tnh nng lun chy, nu c, ca chng trnh dit virt. Nhng cng c khc nhau s t tn tnh nng ny
khc nhau, nhng a s u cung cp tnh nng ny. Cc tn thng dng l Bo v Theo Thi gian Thc Bo
v Thng tr, hoc tn g tng t. Xem thm chi tit v 'Cng c Qut Thng tr ti Phn 3.2 Thit t
Avast [12] .
Thng xuyn qut kim tra cc tp trn my tnh. Bn khng nht thit phi qut hng ngy nht l khi tnh nng
lun chy ca chng trnh dit virt c kch hot nh hng dn trn, tuy nhin vic qut nh k l iu nn
lm. Bao lu nn qut virt mt ln? cu tr li l ty trng hp. Gn y bn c kt ni my tnh vo mt mng
khc khng? Bn chia s d liu trn USB vi nhng ai? Bn c hay nhn c nhng th l c tp nh
km? C ng nghip hay ngi thn trong gia nh c vn v virt my tnh khng? tm hiu v cch qut
virt hiu qu nht, xin xem thm ti Hng dn s dng Avast [10] .

Phng nhim virt my tnh

Ht sc phng khi m nhng tp nh km theo th in t. Tt nht trnh m nhng tp nh km khng r
ngun gc. Nu bn cn phi m, trc ht hy lu tp nh km vo mt th mc trn my tnh, v t mnh m
ng dng thch hp (nh Microsoft Word hay Adobe Acrobat). Nu bn m tp t trnh n Tp ca ng dng thay
v nhn p chut vo tp cn m, kh nng b ly nhim virt s gim xung.
Cn nhc cc ri ro trc khi cm cc a cm ngoi, nh a CD, th nh USB, vo my tnh ca bn. Trc ht
cn kim tra chng trnh dit virt ci trn my c cp nht mi nht v chng trnh qut ang chy. Bn c
th nn tt tnh nng t ng chy ca h iu hnh, v virt c th li dng tnh nng ny ly nhim. Trong
Windows XP, c th m a bng cch vo My Computer, nhn chut phi vo a CD hoc DVD, chn
Properties v chn khung AutoPlay. Trong tng loi hy chn Take no action hoc Prompt me each time to
choose an action v nhn OK.
Bn cng c th phng trnh mt s dng ly nhim virt bng cch chuyn sang s dng phn mm m ngun
m, do chng thng c an ton cao hn v thng t b cc chng trnh virt tn cng.
Assani: Cha c chng trnh dit virt v chy n thng xuyn, nn cha cho rng my tnh ca cha s an ton, ng
khng? Salima: Thc t, ch c chng trnh dit virt l cha . Cha cng cn phng cc phn mm gin ip v
cc tin tc, vy nn cha cn ci t thm mt s cng c na.

Phn mm gin ip
1.2. Phn mm gin ip
Phn mm gin ip l nhm cc phn mm c hi c kh nng pht hin cc cng vic bn lm trn my tnh c nhn
hay trn mng Internet v gi cc thng tin cho nhng k l khng c php truy cp thng tin ny ca bn. Nhng
phn mm ny c th ghi li nhng g bn g t bn phm, nhng di chuyn ca chut, nhng trang web bn gh
thm v nhng chng trnh bn s dng, v nhiu th khc na. Kt qu l chng c th thm nhp qua h thng an
ninh my tnh v ly cp nhng thng tin b mt v bn thn bn, v cc hot ng cng nh hp ng. Cch phn mm
gin ip ly nhim my tnh cng ging nh virt my tnh v vy cc khuyn ngh c nu phn trn cng hiu qu
trong vic bo v chng li loi phn mm c hi ny [2] . Cc trang web c hi l mt ngun ch yu pht tn cc loi
phn mm gin ip, bn cng cn tng cng ch ti cc a ch web bn truy cp ng thi m bo cc thit t an
ninh cho trnh duyt ca mnh.
Assani: Mi th nghe nh trong phim gin ip. Liu my tnh ca cha c thc s "nhim phn mm gin ip?"
Muhindo: D tin hay khng, y l s thc! Nu nhng chng trnh cha ti v t Internnet khng cha phn mm gin
ip, th chc chn mt trong cc trang web cha truy cp c cha phn mm c hi ny. Thc t l nu cha chy
Windows v dng trnh duyt Internet Explorer th nguy c ny cng cao. Nu cha cha bao gi qut virt cho my tnh
ca mnh, Con c l cha s ngc nhin v s lng phn mm c hi tn ti trong my tnh ca cha.

Chng trnh phng chng phn mm gin ip

Bn c th dng cc cng c phn mm loi ny gip my tnh trnh cc nguy c t phn mm gin ip. Spybot [4] l
mt trong s , n thc hin tt nhim v xc nh v loi b mt s loi phn mm c hi m cc chng trnh dit
virt khc thng b qua. Cng ging nh cc chng trnh dit virt khc, vic thng xuyn cp nht cc dng phn
mm c hi mi v qut nh k l cc k quan trng.
Thc hnh: Bt u vi hng dn Spybot [13]

Phng chng ly nhim phn mm gin ip

Hy cnh gic khi duyt cc trang web. Ch ti bt k mt ca s no t ng hin ln, v ghi ch ni dung ca
cc website ny. Cn c k cc thng bo t trnh duyt thay v ch n Yes hay OK. Nu thy nghi ng, cn tt
ngay ca s thng bo bng cch n du X pha gc trn bn phi ca s , ch khng n phm Cancel. iu
ny gip trnh vic mt s trang web by bn ci t cc phn mm c hi ln my tnh.
Tng bo mt ca trnh duyt Web ca bn bng cch khng cho php n t ng chy cc ng dng Java, cc
iu khin Active X v cc phn t c tim n nguy c cha trong cc trang web m bn ving thm. Nu bn s
dng trnh duyt Firefox [14] ca Mozilla, bn c th ci t thnh phn m rng NoScript [15] , c miu t ti Hng
dn s dng Firefox [16] .
Khng chp nhn hay chy cc chng trnh c ngun gc t cc trang web m bn khng bit hay khng tin
tng.
Assani: ng dng Java v cc iu khin Active X? Salima: Con xin li v khng gii thch r. l hai v d khc nhau
ca gn nh l cng mt loi chng trnh. Chng l cc chng trnh nh m trang Web ca cha i lc ti v cng vi
mt trang web bt k m cha ang xem. Nhng nh pht trin web s dng chng tng linh hot ca trang web,
nhng chng c th lan truyn virt v phn mm gin ip. Cha khng cn lo lng qu mc xem chng thc s hot
ng th no, ch cn phn m rng NoScript c ci t v chy ng n.

Tng La
Tng la l chng trnh u tin tip nhn lung d liu t Internet. N cng l chng trnh cui cng tip qun d
liu i ra bn ngoi. Ging nh mt nhn vin an ninh, ng ca ta nh, xc nh cho php hay khng vic i vo v i
ra. Thng thng, c mt iu quan trng l bn cn bo v bn thn trc cc kt ni khng ng tin cy t mng
Internet v mng ni b, chng u em n nguy c Tin tc hay virt xm nhp my tnh ca bn. Gim st cc kt ni
xut pht t my tnh ca bn cng khng km phn quan trng, tuy nhin l do c phn phc tp hn mt cht.
Mt tng la tt cho php bn thit t quyn truy cp cho tng chng trnh trn my ca bn. Khi mt chng trnh
trong s ny tm cch thit lp kt ni vi th gii bn ngoi, tng la s phong ta n lc kt ni ny ca chng trnh
v a ra cnh bo cho bn tr khi n nhn din chng trnh c xc nhn rng bn cp pht quyn cho
chng trnh thc hin nhng kt ni loi ny. iu ny gip ngn chn cc phn mm c hi [6] ang tn ti tm cch
lan truyn virt hoc kt ni vi Tin tc xm nhp my tnh ca bn. Nh vy, tng la ng vai tr va l l chn bo
v th hai ng thi l h thng cnh bo sm gip bn nhn ra khi h thng an ninh ca my tnh c vn .

S dng tng la
Nhng phin bn gn y ca Microsoft Windows c tch hp sn mt tng la, v c t ng bt. Tht khng
may, chng trnh tng la ca Windows ny b gii hn nhiu mt. V d, n khng kim sot cc kt ni ra bn ngoi,
v i lc kh kh s dng. Tuy nhin, c mt chng trnh tng la c nhn min ph [9] tuyt vi l Comodo
Firewall [5] , thc hin tt hn vic m bo an ninh cho my tnh ca bn.
Thc hnh: Bt u vi Hng dn Comodo Firewall [17]

Ngn chn nhng kt ni khng ng tin cy

Ch nn ci t nhng chng trnh cn thit ln my tnh cho cc cng vic thit yu, v m bo rng chng c
ly t nhng ngun c danh ting tt. G b tt c cc phn mm bn khng s dng.
Ngt kt ni vi mng Internet khi bn khng s dng v hy tt my tnh hon ton khi khng s dng qua m.
Khng chia s mt khu my tnh ca bn cho ngi khc.
Tt cc dch v trn my nu bn khng s dng n. xem thm tr gip, xem Hng dn c Thm [18] .
Chc chn rng tt c my tnh trong mng vn phng ca bn u c ci t phn mm tng la.
Nu bn cha c chng trnh tng la, hy cn nhc vic ci t mt tng la chung bo v ton b h
thng mng cho vn phng ca bn. Nhiu thit b gateways [19] Internet bng rng c tch hp sn mt tng la,
bt tng la ny c th tng cng ng k mc an ninh cho h thng mng ca bn. Nu bn khng bit bt
u t u, c th tm kim t vn t nhn vin tng gip bn thit k h thng mng.
Asani: Vy, gi con mun cha ci t chng trnh dit virt, chng trnh chng phn mm gin ip v phn mm
tng la? Liu my tnh ca cha c ti ni tt c nhng th khng?
Muhindo: Tt nhin ri, Thc t c ba cng c trn l ti thiu nu cha mun m bo an ninh khi truy cp mng Internet.
Chng c thit k phi hp vi nhau, cho nn vic ci t chng s khng gy nn bt c vn g. Tuy nhin cn
nh rng cha khng nn chy hai chng trnh dit virt cng nh hai phn mm tng la cng lc.

Gi cho phn mm lun cp nht

Cc chng trnh my tnh kh a dng v phc tp. Khng th trnh c vic phn mm bn thng s dng cha
nhng li cha c pht hin, v nhng li c th nh hng ti an ton ca my tnh. Tuy nhin, cc nh php trin
phn mm lun tm cch pht hin v a ra cc bn v li. Do vy vic thng xuyn cp nht cc phn mm l rt
quan trng, k c vi h iu hnh. Nu chng trnh Windows khng t ng cp nht, bn c th thit t iu ny
bng cch chn trnh n Start, chn All Programs v nhn chn Windows Update. Trnh duyt Internet Explorer s
c khch hot v a bn ti trang Cp nht ca Microsoft v bn c th chn bt tnh nng t ng cp nht phn
mm (Automatic Updates). Hy xem phn c Thm [20] tm hiu thm.

Cp nht cc phn mm Min ph v Ngun m

Phn mm bn quyn [21] thng yu cu chng thc bn quyn hp php trc khi cho php bn ci t cc cp nht.
Ly v d bn s dng mt bn Microsoft Windows lu, n c th khng t cp nht, iu ny khin cho h thng rt
km an ton. Vic s dng phn mm khng bn quyn, bn t t mnh v nhng ngi khc vo nhng mi e
da. S dng phn mm khng bn quyn cn mang li nhng nguy c khc, phi k thut. Cc c quan chc nng
nhiu nc bt u xc nh bn quyn cc phn mm ca cc t chc ang s dng. Cng an c th tch thu my
tnh v ng ca cc t chc vi l do vi phm bn quyn. L do ny c th b lm dng d dng nhng nc khi
chnh quyn s ti c nhng l do chnh tr mun can thip vo hot ng ca cc t chc. ng mng l bn khng phi
mua nhng phn mm t tin bo v mnh khi nhng th on nh vy.
Chng ti nhn mnh vic bn nn cn nhc s dng cc phn mm min ph [9] hay ngun m (FOSS) [8] thay th cho
cc ng dng tng ng m bn ang s dng, c bit l cc ng dng khng c bn quyn. Nhng phn mm min
ph [9] v ngun m (FOSS) [8] c xy dng min ph bi cc c nhn v nhng t chc phi li nhun cho cng ng
mng Internet. FOSS [8] thng c an ton cao hn cc phn mm bn quyn [22] do chng c vit theo quy trnh m
cho php m chng trnh c th c thm nh bi nhiu nhm chuyn gia khc nhau, cc li chng trnh c th c
pht hin v cc gii php khc phc li s c gi .
Nhiu ng dng ngun m (FOSS) [8] lm vic gn nh ging ht ng dng bn quyn tng ng bi v chng c to
ra vi mc ch thay th. Bn c th s dng song song 2 ng dng, k c h iu hnh Windows, m khng gp vn
g. Ngay c khi ng nghip ca bn ang s dng phin bn thng mi ca mt phn mm chuyn dng, bn vn c
th chia s file v trao i d liu vi h kh d dng. Mt v d in hnh l bn c l cn nhc vic thay th trnh duyt
Internet Explorer, Outlook hay Outlook Express v b Microsoft Office bng Firefox [16] , Thunderbird [23] v OpenOffice [24] ,
mt cch tng ng.
Thc t, c th bn mun g b ton b h iu hnh Microsoft Windows v s dng gii php ngun m [8] thay th l
GNU/Linux [7] . Cch tt nht xem bn sn sng vic chuyn i ny cha l dng th. Bn c th ti v phin bn
chy trn a CD [2] ca h iu hnh Ubuntu Linux t Ubuntu website [25] , ghi ra mt a CD/DVD, cho vo my tnh v
khi ng li my. Khi h thng khi ng xong, my tnh ca bn s chy trong mi trng h iu hnh Linux, v bn
c th kim nghim bng thc t. ng lo lng, y ch l vic dng tm. Khi bn kt thc, ch cn tt my tnh, ly a
CD/DVD Ubuntu [26] ra khi , ln khi ng tip theo my tnh s khi ng t Windows v mi ng dng, thit t v d
liu ca bn s vn nguyn nh c. Ngoi tnh nng bo mt tin tin ca phn mm m, Ubuntu c cng c cp nht
min ph d s dng gip h thng v chng trnh ca bn an ton.

c thm
Xem chng Phn mm sai chc nng v th rc [27] v ph lc Internet Program Settings [28] trong cun Digital
Security and Privacy for Human Rights Defenders [29] .
Cp nht cc tin tc virt mi ti Virus bulletin: Fighting malware and spam [30] , Full Coverage: Computer Viruses on
Yahoo! [31] .
Tm hiu v: tt cc dch v khng cn thit trong Windows [31] v xc nh cc dch v khng cn thit [32]
Mt s cng c c hng dn ti Tactical Technology Collective (TTC [33] ) c th gip bn chuyn sang s dng
Phn mm Ngun M v Phn mm Min ph p ng nhu cu cng vic.
Ti v a CD khi phc [34] gip qut my tnh v dit b vi rt m khng cn khi ng chng trnh Windows.
URL ngun (c tm thy vo ngy 04/11/2015 - 03:10): https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/chuong-1
Cc lin kt:
[1] https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary#Hacker
[2] https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary
[3] https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary#Avast
[4] https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary#Spybot
[5] https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary#Comodo_Firewall
[6] https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary#Malware
[7] https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary#GNU_Linux
[8] https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary#FOSS
[9] https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary#Freeware
[10] https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/avast-main

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[29]
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[32]
[33]
[34]

https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary#Clam_Win
https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/avast_huongdansudung#3.2
https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/spybot-main
https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary#Firefox
https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary#NoScript
https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/firefox-main
https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/comodo-main
https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/chuong_1_5
https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary#Router
https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/chng_1-5
https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary#Proprietary
https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary#Proprietary_software
https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/thunderbird-main
http://www.openoffice.org/
http://www.ubuntu.com
https://info.securityinabox.org/vi/glossary#LiveCD
http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/manual/en/esecman/chapter2_9.html
http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/manual/en/esecman/appendix_c.html
http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/manual/en/esecman/
http://www.virusbtn.com/
http://news.yahoo.com/fc/tech/computer_viruses
https://security.berkeley.edu/MinStds/Determining-Un-Services-Windows.html
http://tacticaltech.org
http://www.askvg.com/download-free-bootable-rescue-cds-from-kaspersky-bitdefender-avira-f-secure-and-others/