-

/ .
.
,
.
, www.npiatrikis.gr

( )
4.5, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.4, 5.5, 5.12, 5.13
( )
117, 121, 122, 125, 182, 183

1:30 3 (2
). .


.

S.O.S
1
: , /
/
(, , )// /
. .
: .

2
: t-test(, , , t-est ,
, ),
: , ,
I II
:
.

3
: 2(, , , ,
, ,
: , -,
, , , 2 Mantel-Haenszel(
), , , , ,
: 2, 3.8, 3.9. 3.10, 3.14
4
: (,
), ( , ),
( , ),
: , 4.4, 4.6
5
: , ,

:
: ,
. 5.7, 5.6, 5.13
6
: Wilcoxon, ,
, Spearman

 :
7
:
2005(06/02/2005)
( )
1)
.
) 95% () ;
) 2 Mantel-Haenszel
2) . n1=200,
= 150, SD=30. n2=120 2=180.
;
3)
(g/m3) .
b 0,186 (P<0,05)
) b;
)
200 g/m3
( )
1) 2 -
) t
) 57 .
2) 14
3) 88
2006(17/02/2006)
1) ,
;
) ; .
2. 200 2
1 .
65% , 35% .
) 95% ;
)
;
3. 1200
,
. :
/ b=18,06, P<0.0001
b=2,35 P=0,49
/ b=-5,77, P=0.01
b ;
2007(01/03/2007)
1) .
)
2. 350 55 . 23
...( ), 290 .
, 17 . .
.
3) 2
I.Q. :
A Pb I.Q b=2,17, P<0.0001
B Pb I.Q b=0.98, P=1.777
b

 2008 (27/02/08)
1) 2
, ;
) 2
>0.001 >0.05
1 2;
2. 55
3.
) b1 b2
) R2=0.30

: .
.
1.1 500 ,
220mg/dl 20.
240 260;
; 220
230;
)
.

X + 1S = 220 + 20 = 240
X + 2 S = 220 + 2* 20 = 260

240 260 13,5% .

n1=13*5*500=68
)

X 2 S 220 2 * 20
220-40=180 220+40=260
) X + Z + S = 230 220 + Z * 20 = 230 Z = 0.5
220-0.5*20=210
220+0.5*20=230
210 230 : 38.29%
220 230:

38.29%
= 19.145%
2

n2=19,145% * 500 = 97
1.2
25
()
20 ().
.

95%
;


(cm) / (cm)
125
14
124
122
15
128
130
16
121
132
17
120
116
18
122
122
19
117
127
20
123
120
21
116
128
22
125
127
23
121
122
24
134
131
25
119
120

/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

(cm) / (cm)
122
11
122
114
12
122
124
13
120
122
14
118
120
15
118
123
16
122
115
17
122
116
18
118
126
19
125
129
20
113

) t-test

X =

X
X A = 123,68 cm
nA

XB =

XB
X B = 120.55 cm
nB

( X 2A )
X
nA
SA =
S A = 4.93 cm
nA 1
2
A

( X 2B )
X
nB
SB =
S B = 4.12 cm
nB 1
2
B

SE A =

SA
SE A = 0.986 cm
nA

SEB =

SB
SEB = 0.922 cm
nB

) (),
) SA SB t-test:

t=

| XA XB |
SEA2 + SEB 2

t = 2.32

BE ( )= nA + nB -2 => 43
t t-test:
10%
5%
1%

0,1%

 : 43

1,68

2,02

2,71

3,55

2,02<2,32<2,71 5%<<1%
: 5%
.
:

) ..95% = |

XA XB | t * SEA2 + SEB 2 ..95% =0,40 5,86

1.3 (...) 4
12mm, 9mm, 6mm,7mm.
, ... 22mm, 18mm, 14mm, 10mm.
... 99%
...;
)

1
2
3
4

12
9
6
7

22
18
14
10

2
100
81
64
9

-10
-9
-8
-3

t-test :

=-30 =254

= = -7,5 mm
2

S = 3,11 mm SE=1,56 mm

t=

| 0 |
t = 4,81 mm
SE

BE=n-1=3
t t-test 5%>>1%
: .. 5%,

: ..
) ..99% = t * SE => ..99%=-75+5,84*1,56=> ..99%=1,6 -16,61
2.1 80
160
( ).
;

30
30

44
106

6
24

80
160

E=

(O-obsessed) /
(E-expected) :

30/20
30/40
60

44/50
106/100
150

6/10
24/20
30

80
160
240

) >1, ) O>1 ) 4/5 >5

:

x2 =

( ) 2
x 2 = 10,98

: (K-1) * (L-1)=2
2 2:
: 2

10%
4,61

5%
5,99

1%
9,11

0,1%
13,82

9.11<10.98<13.82 1%>>0.1%
: 1%
.
:
.
2.2 100
. 20
2 , 60 , 5 15
. :
)
)

.
) (+) (-)

+
+
-

+
+

20
60
5=
15=

2 :

(| | 1)2
=
2=4,05
+
2

=1 ( 1 2)
2 2:

10%
2,71

: 1

5%
3,84

1%
6,64

0,1%
10,83

3,84<4,05<6,64 5%>>1%
:
.
: ,
, .
) :

+
20
5
25

15
60
75

35
65
100

2 :

n
(| ad cb | ) 2 * n
2
2 =
=4,05
(a + b)(c + d )(a + c)b + d )
=1
2 2:
=1

10%
5%
1% 0,1%
2,71 3,84 6,64 10,83

10,83<27,09 0,01%>
:

.
:

.
2.3 10 5-10 : 12/ 14/ 15/ 16/
17/ 17/ 18/ 20 / 28 , 2 .
8 50-55 : 14/21/22/24/26
, 2 .
;
t-test (
2 ) , .
,

n +1
= 9,5 / 9,5. ,
2

/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

12
14
14
15
16
17
17
18
20
21

/
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

22
24
26
28
>61
>61
>61
>61

9,5

/ 9 10
= (20+21)/2=20,5

:
<20,5
8
1
9

>20,5
2
7
9

10
8
18

n
(| ad cb | ) 2 * n
2
2 =
(a + b)(c + d )(a + c)b + d ) =5,625
2 2:
10%
2,71

=1

5%
3,84

1%
6,64

0,1%
10,83

3,84<5,625<6,64 5%>>1%
:
5% .
: .
( Wilcoxon)
2.4 120
.
.

13

12

13

10

12

18

120

120/12=10
:

5
10

7
10

13
10

8
10

12
10

9
10

13
10

7
10

6
10

10
10

12
10

18
10

120
120

 2 :

( ) 2
x =
x 2 = 15,4

=11(= - )
2 2:
=11

10%
17,28

5%
19,68

1%
24,73

0,1%
31,26

15,4<17,28 >10%
:
.
:

.
3.1
50%. 200 ,
76 . )
; ) 95%

150 ;
) (po) (p1) :
po = 0.5 qo=1-po =0.5
p1=76/200=0.38 q1=0.62 n=200
: ) 0,1<p<0,9 ) n>40 ) n*p>5 n*q >5 :

SEp =

po * qo
= 0.0354 ( )
n

| p1 qo |
= 3.3898
SEp
t-test:
=

10%
1,65

5%
1,96

1%
2,58

0,1%
3,29

3,29<3,3898 P<0,01%
: 0,01%
.
:
.
) 95%:
Sp1=

p1 * q1
=0,03432
n

 SEp1 Sp0 ()

n=200.

..95%=p11.96*Sp1= 0,3128 0,4472

..95% 150 :
0,3128*150=47 0,4472*150=67
3.2 10
. .

40
10

52
8

46
10

61
11

30
8

44
8

73
12

65
12

59
11

50
10

) , ) )
=> ( )

( X X ) *(Y Y )
b=
= 0.098
(X X )
2

b ( b
). r.
r=0,80
BE=n-2=8
=2

10%
0.549

5%
0.632

1%
0,1%
0.765 0.872

0.765<0.8<0.872 1%>>0.1%
:
0,1%
: 1
0,098
3.3 25

:
1: =77,93+0,417(0,3)*+5,217(1,0)*
2: =199,298+1,622(0,70*
3: =575+5,321(1,1)*

R2=0.71
R2 =0.07
R2 =0.70

( )
) 1 3;
) .
) R2
) ( 95% )
3.
) 1: ,
5,217
3:
5,321

) 2 3 1
.
.
2:

t=

b
= 2, 317
SE

=n-2=23
=23

10%
1.7

5%
2.07

1%
2.81

0,1%
3.77

2.07<2.317<2.81 5%>>1%
1:

t=

b
= 1, 39
SE

=n-3=22
=22

10%
1.72

5%

1%

0,1%

1.39<1.72 >10%

, 3 .
) 1: R2 = 0.71
71%
.
2: R2 = 0.07
7%
.
3: R2 = 0.70
70%

) O.A.95%= b 2,07SEb = 3,044 7,598
3: =575+5,321(1,1)*
10
:
5,321*10=53,21 95% : -> 3,044*10=30.44 -> 7,598*10=75.98