Easwari Engineering College Ramapuram, Chennai-89: Lab Manual

EASWARI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Ramapuram, Chennai-89
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL
Subject code: EC2405

Subject: OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB
Year /Semester: IV/VII
Department: ECE
Prepared by:
(R.Hema)
(A.Ponraj)
Reviewed By
Approved by:
HOD/ECE
Microwave Experiments:
1. Reflex Klystron Mode characteristics
2. Gunn Diode Characteristics
3. VSWR, Frequency and Wave Length Measurement
4. Directional Coupler Directivity and Coupling Coefficient
S Parameter measurement
5. Isolator and Circulator S - parameter measurement
6. Attenuation and Power measurement
7. S - matrix Characterization of E-Plane T, H-Plane T and
Magic T.
8. Radiation Pattern of Antennas.
9. Antenna Gain Measurement
Optical Experiments:
1. DC characteristics of LED and PIN Photo Diode.
2. Mode Characteristics of Fibers
3. Measurement of Connector and Bending Losses.
4. Fiber Optic Analog and Digital Link
5. Numerical Aperture Determination for Fibers
6. Attenuation Measurement in Fibers
Extra Experiments
1. DC characteristics of Laser.
2. DC characteristics of APD
OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
I CYCLE
1. Study of Microwave Components.

2. Reflex Klystron Mode characteristics.
3. DC characteristics of Gunn diode oscillator.
4. Isolator and Circulator S - parameter measurement
5. S - matrix Characterization of E-Plane T, H-Plane T and
Magic T
6. DC characteristics of LED and PIN Photo Diode
7. Numerical Aperture Determination for Fibers
8. Fiber Optic Analog and Digital Link
9. DC Characteristics of Laser.
II CYCLE
1. Determination of VSWR, guided wavelength, frequency

measurement.
2. Directional Coupler Directivity and Coupling Coefficient
S parameter measurement.
3. Attenuation and Power measurement.
4. Radiation Pattern of Antennas.
5. Antenna Gain Measurement
6. Mode DC characteristics of Single mode fibers.
7. Measurement of Connector and Bending Losses
8. Attenuation Measurement in Fibers
9. DC characteristics of APD
STUDY OF MICROWAVE COMPONENTS

AIM:
To study the microwave components.
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE:
Waveguides are manufactured to the highest mechanical and electrical standards
and mechanical tolerance to meet internal specifications, L and S band
waveguides are fabricated by precision brazing of brast plate and all other
waveguides are in extrusion quality. Waveguide sections of specified length can
be supplied with flinges, painted outside and silver or gold plated inside.
VARIABLE ATTENUATOR:
Model 5020 is a simple and conveniently variable type set level attenuators to
provide at least 20db of continuously variable attenuation. These consist of a
movable lossy vane inside the section of a waveguide by means of a micrometer.
The configuration of lossy vane is so designed to obtain the low VSWR
characteristics over the entire frequency band. These are meant for adjusting
power levels and isolating a source and load.
FREQUENCY METER MICROMETER TYPE:
Model 4055 are absorption type cavity wavemeter called frequency meter. These
are made of tunable resonant cavity of particular size. The cavity is connected to
the source of energy through a section of waveguide. The cavity absorbs some
power at resonance, which is indicated as a sip in the output power. The tuning
of the cavity is achieved by means of a plunger connected to a Microcontroller.
The readings of the micrometer at resonance gives frequency from the calibration
chart, provided calibration is normally provided at 200Mhz internals.
TUNABLE PROBE
Model 6055 tunable probes are designed for use with model 6051 slotted
sections. These are meant for exploring the energy of the electric field in a
suitable fabricated section of the waveguide. The depth of penetration into a
waveguide section is adjustable by knob of the probe. The tip picks up the RF
power from the line and this power is rectified by crystal detector, which is then
fed to the VSWR meter or indicating instrument.
WAVEGUIDE DETECTOR MOUNT:
Model 4051 tunable detector mounts are simple and easy to use instruments for
detecting microwave power through a suitable detector. It consists of a detector
crystal mounted in a section of waveguide and a shorting plunging for matching
purpose. The output of the crystal may be fed to and indicating instrument. In K
and R band detector mounts, the plunger is driven by a micrometer.
THREE PORT FERRITE CIRCULATOR:
Model 6021 and 6022 are T and Y type of the three port ferrite circulators
respectively. These are precisely machined and matched three port devices and
these are meant for allowing microwave energy to flow in clockwise direction
with negligible loss but almost no transmission in anticlockwise direction.
Purpose and for measuring reflections and impedance. These consist of a section
of waveguide thus making it a four-part network. However, the fourth port is
terminated with a matched load. These two parallel sections are coupled to each
other through many holes almost to give uniform coupling minimum frequency
sensitivity and high directivity. These are available in 3,6,10,20 and 40 db
couplings.
E-PLANE BEND:
Model 7071 E-plane bends are fabricated from a section of waveguide to provide
one 90 1 bend in E-plane. The cross section of bent waveguide is kept
throughout uniform to give VSWR less than 1.05 or 1.08 or 1.02 over the entire
frequency band. Bends other than 90 can also be fabricated.
KLYSTRON POWER SUPPLY:
Model KP-1010 power supply has been designed to operate low power klystrons
such as 2K25, 756A, RK5976 etc. Beam voltage may be continuously varied and
is indicated on the front panel meter which can be read the beam supply current
and repeller supply volts also by changing the switch. Internal modulation square
waves with continuous variable frequency and amplitude are provided.
An
external modulation may be used through the UHF(F) connector provided on

front panel.
GUNN POWER SUPPLY:
Model X-110 Gunn power supply comprises of a regulated DC power supply and
a square wave generator, designed to operate Gunn oscillator model 2151 or
2152 and pin modulate model 451 respectively. The DC voltage is variable from
0 to 10v. The front panel meter monitors the gunn voltage and the current drawn
by the Gunn diode. The square waves of the generator are variable from 0 to 10v
in amplitude and 900 to 1100Hz in frequency. The power supply has been so
designed to protect Gunn diode from reverse voltage application, over transit and
low frequency oscillators by negative resistance of Gunn diode.
RESULT:
Thus the various microwave components were studied.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Gunn
Power
Supply
Gunn
Oscillator
With mount
PIN
Modulator
Frequency
Meter
Detector
Mount
Variable
Attenuator
Isolator
CRO /
VSWR
meter
MODEL GRAPH
G U N N BIAS [VOLTS]
CHARACTERISTICS OF GUNN DIODE OSCILLATOR

Aim : To plot the characteristics of Gunn diode oscillator.
Apparatus/Components Required :
1. Gunn Power supply
2. Gunn oscillator with mount 3. PIN modulator
4. Isolator
5. Variable Attenuator
6. Frequency meter
7. Detector Mount
8. CRO
9. Probes
10. Cooling Fan
11. Stands
Theory :
Gunn diodes are made up of bulk semiconductor materials like Gallium
Arsenide[GaAs],Indium Phosphide[InP] and Cadmium Telluride[CdTe] which
exhibit negative resistance. Initially for a range of bias voltages the current
increases with voltage and later starts decreasing with increase in bias voltage. In
this negative resistance region they exhibit Gunn effect or transfer electron effect
and generates microwave oscillatios. Gunn diode operates in 4 different modes
viz. Gunn or TT mode,LSA mode, quenched domain mode and delayed mode.
Microwave oscillations are generated in Gunn or TT mode. A Gunn diode
oscillator is designed by mounting the diode inside a waveguide cavity formed by
a short circuit termination at one end and by an Iris at the other end.
Precautions :
1. Before switching ON the Gunn power supply ensure that the Gunn Bias
voltage knob is in the minimum position[Left extreme] and the PIN Bias
voltage knob is in the middle position.
2. While doing the experiment ensure that the Gunn Bias voltage does not
exceed 9 Volts.
3. Before switching OFF the Gunn Bias power supply ensure that the Gunn Bias
voltage knob is in the minimum position[Left extreme].
1. V-I Characteristics :
Sl.No
Gunn Bias
[Volts]
1.
2.
3.
4.
Current
[mA]
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Sl.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gunn Bias
[Volts]
Output
Power [dB]
Micrometer
reading
[Divisions]
Frequency
[GHz]
Procedure :
1. Obtain square wave output by setting the Gunn bias voltage around 6 volts
or above and maximize the output by adjusting the micrometers attached to
the short-circuit plunger of the gunn diode mount and the detector mount.
2. Now starting from 0 Volt vary the Gunn bias in steps of 1 Volt up to a
maximum of 9 Volts. Note down the corresponding currents from the
milliammeter.
3. Tabulate the readings and plot the V-I characteristics.
4. In the region of oscillations i.e. for Gunn bias voltages in the range 6-9
Volts, for different bias voltages tune the frequency meter and observe dip
in the output and the corresponding micrometer position. After noting
down the micrometer reading, release[detune] the frequency meter and
connect the detector output to VSWR/POWER meter and note down the
output power.
5. Tabulate the readings and plot the input-output characteristics[output
power Vs Gunn bias voltage] and the frequency response[Frequency Vs
Gunn bias vltage].
Result :
Thus the characteristics of Gunn diode has been plotted.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Klystron
Power
Supply
Klystron
with
mount
Isolator
Variable
Attenuator
Horn Antenna
[Transmitting]
Detector
Mount
CRO / VSWR
meter
Horn Antenna
[Receiving]
Klystron
Power
Supply
Klystron with
mount
Isolator
Variable
Attenuator
Horn Antenna
[Transmitting]
Detector
Mount
Parabolic reflector
[Receiving]
CRO / VSWR
meter
RADIATION PATTERN OF HORN/PARABOLIC REFLECTOR

ANTENNA
Aim : To plot the radiation pattern of horn and parabolic reflector antenna.
1. Klystron Power supply
2. Klystron with mount
3. Isolator
5. Horn Antenna[2 nos]
6. Detector Mount
7. CRO
8. Probes
9. Cooling Fan
10. Stands
11. Parabolic reflector antenna
Theory :
Radiation pattern of an antenna is obtained by plotting the voltage or
power or gain at various angles from the antenna. Both horn and parabolic
reflector antenna the radiation pattern is uni-directional i.e. maximum energy is
radiated in a particular direction and in other directions minimum or zero
radiation. In addition to the major lobe there may be few minor side lobes
existing. Half-power or 3-dB beam width may be found by measuring the angle
between the two half-power points or the 3-dB points or the angle between two
points where the voltage is Vmax/2. Similarly the beam width between first
nulls[BWFN] may be found by measuring the angle between two tangential lines
to the major lobe from the origin.
MODEL GRAPH
Tabulation :
1. Horn Antenna & PARABOLIC ANTENNA:
Sl.No
Vin=
Angle in
degrees
Volts
Output
Voltage
[Volts]
d=
Angle in
degrees
1.
2.
3.
4.
0
10
20
30
350
340
330
320
5.
40
310
6.
50
300
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
60
70
80
90
100
110
290
280
270
260
250
240
Precautions :
cms
Output
Voltage
[Volts]
1. Before switching ON the Klystron power supply ensure that the beam
voltage knob is in the minimum position[Left extreme] and the repeller
voltage knob is in the maximum position[right extreme].
2. While doing the experiment ensure that the beam voltage and beam current
do not exceed 250 Volts and 20 mA respectively.
3. Before switching OFF the Klystron power supply ensure that the beam
voltage knob is in the minimum position [Left extreme] and the repeller
voltage knob is in the maximum position [right extreme].
Procedure :
1. Obtain square wave output without the antenna in the set-up and maximize
the output by adjusting beam voltage, repeller voltage, modulating
amplitude and the attenuator and note down this voltage as Vin.
2. Now connect the two horn antenna in the set-up and align the two antenna
both vertically and horizontally for maximum output. Ensure a minimum
distance(end to end) of 15 cms between the antenna.
3. Set the angle where maximum output obtained as zero degrees and note
down the output voltage.
4. Vary the angle from zero degrees through 360 degrees and note down the
corresponding output voltages. Tabulate the readings.
5. Plot the Output voltage Vs Angle in degrees in a polar sheet.
6. Find the 3dB beam width and BWFN.
7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 with parabolic reflector antenna in the receiving
antenna position instead of horn antenna.
Result :
Thus the radiation pattern of horn and parabolic reflector antenna were
plotted and the 3-dB beamwidth and BWFN were found to be :
3-dB beamwidth =
degrees
BWFN
degrees
BLOCK DIAGRAM : Direct Method
Klystron
Power
Supply
Klystron with
mount
Detector
Mount
Isolator
Variable
Attenuator
Frequency
Meter
CRO /
VSWR meter
BLOCK DIAGRAM : Indirect Method
Klystron
Power
Supply
Klystron with
mount
Slotted Line
with tunable
probe
Isolator
Variable
Attenuator
Frequency
Meter
Matched
Termination
CRO / VSWR
meter
MEASUREMENT OF WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY
Aim : To measure wavelength and the frequency of the microwave

signal by both direct and indirect methods.
3. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
7. slotted line with tunable probe
9. CRO
11. Probes

6. Detector Mount
8. Matched Termination
10. Cooling Fan
12. Stands
Theory :
I. DIRECT METHOD:
Frequency meter is made up of a cylindrical cavity[absorption type]. By
varying the effective height(d) of the cavity its resonance frequency (f r) may be
varied. At resonance i.e. when the incoming signal frequency matched with the
fr of the cavity, maximum energy is stored in the cavity resulting in a minimum
transmitted output.
II. INDIRECT METHOD:
While studying the standing wave pattern, the distance between two
successive minima or maxima corresponds to g/2 or g= 2*(distance between
successive minima or maxima ). The cutoff wavelength of rectangular wave
guide for dominant[TE10] mode is given by c=2*a.
Then the free space wavelength o can be found using the formula:
o= g c/( g2 + c2) and the frequency of the signal is given by :
f = C/ o where C = 3 X 108 m/sec [Velocity of EM waves in free space].
Tabulation :
I. DIRECT METHOD:
Sl.No
Micrometer
Reading
Frequency [GHz]
I. INDIRECT METHOD:
Sl.No. d1
[cms]
Precautions :
d2
[cms]
g
[cms]
a=
c =2*a
[cms]
cms
o
Frequency
[cms]
[GHz]
2. While doing the experiment ensure that the beam voltage and beam current
3. Before switching OFF the Klystron power supply ensure that the beam
Procedure :
I.DIRECT METHOD :
1. Obtain square wave output and maximize the output by adjusting beam
voltage, repeller voltage, modulating amplitude and the attenuator.
2. Adjust the micrometer attached to the frequency meter till the output
becomes minimum or a dip is observed in the CRO. Now, note down the
micrometer reading.
3. Refer to the conversion chart and note down the corresponding frequency
in GHz.
II.INDIRECT METHOD :
4. Without disturbing the settings remove the detector mount from the setup
and connect the slotted line with tunable probe and the the matched
termination as in the diagram.
5. Observe the variation in the output in the CRO by moving the probe along
the slotted line from left to right.
6. Note down two successive minima or maxima points as d1 and d2.

7. Find g from g = 2*(d1~ d2)
8. Calculate c from c=2*a
where a is the broader inner dimesion of the
wave guide.
9. Calculate o from o= g c/( g2 + c2)
10.Calculate f from f = C/ o where C = 3 X 10 8 m/sec [Velocity of EM
waves in free space].
11.Obtain signal with a different frequency[mode] by adjusting the repeller
voltage.
12.Repeat steps 1 to 10 for the new frequency.
Result :
Thus the wavelength and frequency of the signal is
measured by both direct and indirect methods and are :
f1 GHz
f2 GHZ
Direct method
Indirect Method
Klystron
Power
Supply
Klystron with
mount
Isolator
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Detector
Mount
CRO /
VSWR meter
Variable
Attenuator
Frequency
Meter
MODEL GRAPH
REPELLER VOLTAGE [VOLTS]
CHARACTERISTICS OF REFLEX KLYSTRON

Aim : To plot the characteristics of reflex klystron oscillator.
3. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
6. Detector Mount
7. CRO
8. Probes
9. Cooling Fan
10. Stands
Theory :
Reflex Klystron Oscillator works on the principle of Velocity Modulation.
The velocity of the electrons[electron beam] vary in accordance with the
variation of the RF field setup in the cavity. By varying the repeller voltage the
frequency of the signal and also the output power/voltage varies. While varying
repeller voltage continuously the output waveform[square wave] appears and
disappears several times. Each appearance of the output within a given range of
repeller voltage is called a mode. The method of varying the output frequency
by varying the repeller voltage is called Electronic tuning of reflex klystron.
Precautions :
2.While doing the experiment ensure that the beam voltage and beam current
3.Before switching OFF the Klystron power supply ensure that the beam
Procedure :
1.Obtain square wave output and maximize the output by adjusting beam
voltage, repeller voltage, modulating amplitude and the attenuator.
2. For each mode note down the maximum output voltage and the
corresponding repeller voltage[X Volts] and the micrometer position for which
the output becomes minimum/disappears. Also note down the above values
for repeller voltages: X+5V and X-5V.
3.Repeat step 2 for atleast 3 different modes.
4.Tabulate the readings.
5.Plot the Output Vs repeller voltage and Frequency Vs repeller voltage.
Result :
Thus the characteristics of reflex klystron has been plotted .
Tabulation :
Sl.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Repeller
Voltage [Volts]
Output
Voltage
[Volts]
Micrometer
reading
[Divisions]
Frequency
[GHz]
BLOCK DIAGRAM : to measure VSWR :
Klystron
Power
Supply
Klystron with
mount
Slotted line
With tunable
probe
CRO /
VSWR meter
Isolator
Variable
Attenuator
Directional
Coupler
Frequency
Meter
Matched
Termination
Matched
Termination
BLOCK DIAGRAM : to measure voltages :

Klystron
Power
Supply
Klystron with
mount
Directional
Coupler
Matched
Termination
Isolator
Wave guide
Detector
Variable
Attenuator
Frequency
Meter
CRO /
VSWR meter
STUDY OF DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

Aim : To study the characteristics of directional coupler and find its S-matrix.
3. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
7. Matched Termination__ Nos
9. VSWR meter
11. Stands
13. Cooling Fan

6. Slotted line with tunable probe
8. Directional Coupler
10. CRO
12. Probes
Theory :
Directional Coupler is used to couple a fraction of the input power in either
the forward or backward directions. It works on the principle of aperture
coupling. In a forward coupler desirable amount of power is coupled in the
forward direction through single, two or multiple holes[apertures]. In the
backward direction the amount of power coupled is ideally zero, but practically
there may be a meager[negligible] amount of power which is absorbed by the
matched termination connected internally. Hence practically it remains a closed
port. Ideal values for the parameters are as below :
31
42
Main line VSWR = 1
Transmission loss = 10 log[P1/P2] = 20 log[V1/V2] = 0 dB
Coupling coefficient = 10 log[P1/P4]=20 log[V1/V4] is a design parameter
Directivity = 10 log[P4/P3] = 20 log[V4/V3] = dB
Precautions :
1.Before switching on the Klystron power supply ensure that the beam voltage
knob is in the minimum position[Left extreme] and the repeller voltage knob
is in the maximum position[right extreme].
3.Before switching off the Klystron power supply ensure that the beam
Tabulation :
VSWR
Input
At port -1
Output
At port -2
= _______ V
= _______ V
At port -3
= _______ V
At port -4
= _______ V
Procedure :
To measure VSWR :
1.Make the microwave set-up as in the diagram-I, with the directional coupler
with matched terminations at appropriate ports as the terminating load. Obtain
square wave output and maximize the output by adjusting beam voltage,
repeller voltage, modulating amplitude and the attenuator.
2.VSWR measurement : First identify the maxima position in the slotted line
with the help of CRO. Now, without disturbing the set-up connect the probe
output to VSWR meter. Select the appropriate range where deflections in the
meter are obtained. Now using the gain control [ Course and Fine] set the
VSWR to 1 [i.e. 0 dB]. Now move the slotted line to a nearest minima
position on either side. The maximum deflection in the meter gives the VSWR
directly.
3.From the value of VSWR[S], find the reflection coefficient using :
= [S-1]/[S+1] = S11=S22=S33=S44
To meaure voltages :
1.Without disturbing the setup, remove the slotted line and connect a
waveguide detector and measure its output without directional coupler as the
input voltage V1.
2.Now again without disturbing the setup, insert the directional coupler
into the setup as shown in the diagram-II.
3.Measure the voltage at port-2[V2] with the detector at port-2 and a matched
termination at port-4.
4.Interchange the detector and matched termination without disturbing the
setup. Measure the voltage at port-4[V4].
5.Without disturbing the setup reverse the directional coupler and measure
voltage at port-3[V3], with detector at port-3 and matched termination at port2.
6.Tabulate the readings and calculate the s-parameters from :
S21 = V2/V1 ; S31 = V3/V1 ; S41 = V4/V1
Transmission loss[T] in dB
= 20 log [1/S21]
Coupling Coefficient [C] in dB = 20 log [1/S31] and
Directivity [D] in dB
= 20 log [S41/S31]
Result :
The characteristics of directional coupler is studied and the S parameters
and the other parameters are found as below:
S11
S21
Transmission Loss
[dB]
Directivity [dB]
S31
S41
Coupling Coefficient
[dB]
BLOCK DIAGRAM : VSWR measurement
Klystron
Power
Supply
Klystron with
mount
Isolator
Variable
Attenuator
Slotted line
section
CRO /
VSWR meter
Matched
Termination
VSWR MEASUREMENT
Frequency
Meter
AIM:
To measure VSWR introduced by the wave guide in dominant mode
of propagation.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Microwave source (klystron power supply)
2. Klystron Mount
3. Isolator
5. Slotted section
6. Matched Termination
7. VSWR meter (or) CRO
FORMULA:
VSWR = V max / V min
Precautions :
1.Before switching on the Klystron power supply ensure that the beam voltage
knob is in the minimum position[Left extreme] and the repeller voltage knob
is in the maximum position[right extreme].
3.Before switching off the Klystron power supply ensure that the beam
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in figure.
2. Adjust the probe carriage to measure V max and note the readings.
3. Adjust the probe carriage to measure V min and note the readings.
4. Use the formula to find VSWR.
RESULT:
Thus the VSWR introduced by the wave guide in dominant mode of
propagation was determined and verified.
BLOCK DIAGRAM :ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT
Klystron
Power
Supply
Klystron with
mount
Isolator
Variable
Attenuator
Frequency
Meter
Detector
mount
Klystron
Power
Supply
Klystron with
mount
CRO /
VSWR meter
Isolator
Variable
Attenuator
Frequency
Meter
Device under
Test
Detector
mount
CRO /
VSWR meter
ATTENUATION AND POWER MEASUREMENT

AIM
To measure the output of a variable attenuator and to verify its attenuation
characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Klystron power supply, Klystron with mount, Isolator, Variable attenuator,
Frequency meter, Detector mount, CRO, cooling fan, probes, stands
PRECAUTIONS:
1.Before switching on the klystron power supply ensure that beam voltage knob
and repeller voltage knob are in the min and max position respectively.
2. At no point should voltage or current exceed 250 mA and 20mA respectively.
3. Ensure that knobs are at the original position before switching off.
THEORY:
THERMOCOUPLE:
Thermocouples are based on the fact that dissimilar metals generate a voltage
due to temperature difference at a hot and a cold junction of the two metals.
The increased density of free electrons at the left causes diffusion towards the
right. The migration of electrons towards the right is by diffusion, the same
physical phenomenon that tends to equalize the partial pressure of a gas
throughout the space. The rod reached equilibrium when the rightward force of
heat induced diffusion.
MODERN POWER METER:
A 16- bit analog digital converter (ADC) processes the average power signal. A
highly sophisticated video amplifier design is implemented for the normal path
to pressure envelop fidelity and accuracy. The central gun for peak and average
power meters is to provide reliable accurate and fast characteristics of pulsed
and complex modulation envelops. The meters excel in versatility featuring a
techniques called time gated measurements.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set the micro bench as per the block diagram.
2. Initial setting in the power meter is set.
3. Resolution 0.1 db]
4. Select absolute unit option and select dbm.
5. Select bar graph required.
6. Select the band as X
7. Select the number of samples/sec as 100/sec.
8. Enter the switch, which is used to store the selected mean option.
9. Escape switch is used to cancel any command.
10. The maximum output power is obtained by properly adjusting the klystron
power supply.
11. By varying the variable attenuator corresponding output power is
measured from the power meter.
12. A graph is drawn between micrometer reading of VA and power meter.
RESULT:
Thus the output of a variable attenuator was measured and its characteristics
were verified.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
180
ohms
R2
Optical
Vbias (1-
Power
VLED
10V)
OFC
Meter
Model Graph :
P-I Characteristics
V-I Characteristics
P
0
w
e
r
(
W)
C U R R E N T [mA]
V O L T AG E [Volts]
DC CHARACTERISTICS OF LED
Aim :
To plot the VI and PI characteristics of LED operating at 850 nm
wavelength and find the conversion efficiency.
Apparatus Required :
1. OFT powers supply
2. LED module
3. Optical power meter
4. Bare Fiber adapter-Plastic
5. 1.25m plastic fiber
6. 180 resistor
7. Digital multimeter
Theory :
LEDs, used in optical communication have high modulation rate
capability, high radiance, high reliability and emission wavelengths restricted to
the near-IR spectral regions of low attenuation in fibers. The materials used are
GaAs, InGaAs. The internal quantum efficiency is only 1% and
external
efficiency is much lower due to light emitted from semiconductor-air surface,

angle of incidence, the light reflected back and absorption at the point of
generation and emitting surface. Recombination of excess electrons and holes
takes place whenever current is passed through the PN junction of LED. The
energy released by photons results in light emission.
Precautions :
1. Before
switching
on
the
power
supply
ensure
that
the
potentiometer[R2] is in the minimum position[Left extreme].

2. After completing the experiment before switching of the power
supply to the LD module ensure that the potentiometer[R2] is in the
minimum position[Left extreme].
Tabulation :
Vf volts
If mA
VLED volts
Power
[dBm]
Power in
W [Po]
Procedure :
1. Make the set-up as in the diagram.
2. With potentiometer in the minimum position switch on the power
supply.
3. Measure the voltage across resistor R1 and note down as V1;
4. Measure the voltage across the LED and note it as V LED; Also note
down the corresponding output power in dBm from the optical power
meter.
5. Calculate If from the formula: If = V1/180.
6. Calculate power in microwatts from the formula :
Power[W] = 1mW * 10 [Power in dBm/10]
7. Vary the potentiometer slowly and for various values of V1 repeat
steps 3 to 6.
8. Tabulate the readings.
9. Plot the VI characteristics taking VLED in the x-axis and If in the y-axis.
10.Plot the P-I characteristics taking If in the x-axis and the Power in
watts in the y-axis.
11.By taking the average values of power in watts, VLED and If and using
the following formula calculate the conversion efficiency:
= [Po*100/ (VLED* If)]
Result :
Thus the VI and PI characteristics of LED was plotted and the conversion
efficiency is found as ___________________.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R1
R2
VPD
Vbias
VLD
Opti
cal
L
D
U
N
I
T
Model Graph :
P-I Characteristics
V-I Characteristics
P
0
w
e
r
(
W)
C U R R E N T [mA]
V O L T AG E [Volts]
Pow
er
Met
er
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER DIODE

Aim :
To Study the VI characteristics of LASER diode.
1.OFT powers supply
2.LD unit and driver module
3.Optical power meter
4.Digital multimeter
5.Mounting Posts
Theory :
LASER diode is a semiconductor diode which is capable of producing a
lasing action by applying a potential difference across a modified PN junction.
This modified PN junction is heavily doped and contained within a cavity thus
providing the gain medium for LASER. The built-in photo diode senses the
light sent from the LD and the output of this PD can be used as feedback for
controlling the current through the LD. Light from LD is directional.
Precautions :
1.Before switching on the power supply ensure that the potentiometer[R2]
is in the minimum position[Left extreme].
2.After completing the experiment before switching of the power supply
to the LD module ensure that the potentiometer[R 2] is in the minimum
position[Left extreme].
Tabulation :
V1 volts
ILD mA
VLD volts
Power
[dBm]
Power in
W
Procedure :
1.Make the set-up as in the diagram.
2.With potentiometer in the minimum position switch on the power
supply.
3.Focus the LASER beam onto the aperture of the connector connected to
the optical power meter and align the beam to the aperture to get
maximum output in the power meter.
4.Measure the voltage across resistor R1 and note down as V1;
5.Measure the voltage across the LD and note it as V LD; Also note down
the corresponding output power in dBm from the optical power meter.
6.Calculate ILD from the formula: ILD = V1/24.
7.Calculate power in microwatts from the formula :
8.Vary the potentiometer slowly and for various values of V1 repeat steps
4 to 7.
9.Tabulate the readings.
10.Plot the VI characteristics taking VLD in the x-axis and ILD in the yaxis.
11.Plot the P-I characteristics taking I LD in the x-axis and the Power in
watts in the y-axis.
12.Note down the value of threshold current where the optical output
appears.
Result :
Thus the VI and PI characteristics of LASER diode was plotted and the
threshold current is found as _________________.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PIN Photodiode- zero bias configuration:
V PD
1 M
VL
Model Graph : PIN Photodiode- zero bias configuration:

L
O
A
D
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
m
A
P O W E R [w]
DC CHARACTERISTICS OF PIN Photo diode

Aim :
To study the zero bias, forward bias and reverse bias characteristics of
PIN photo diode and plot the VI and PI characteristics and to determine the
responsivity and quantum efficiency.
9. PD module
10.Optical power meter
11.Optical power source
12.Bare Fiber adapter-Plastic
13.1m patch cord
14.1M,10K resistors
15.Digital multimeter
Theory :
If a photon having adequate energy[should be greater than the band gap]
is absorbed by a p-n junction, an electron will be transferred to the conduction
band, thereby forming a hole in the valence band. As a result, an open circuit
voltage is created and a current will flow, provided the circuit is closed through
a load resistor. In case of reverse bias p-n junction, the transit time can be made
small and it will produce current linearly proportional to the incident photon
energy. The frequency response can be improved if the p-n junction is separated
by an intrinsic region. The introduction of the intrinsic region decreases the
junction capacitance. This is called Positive Intrinsic Negative[PIN] photo
diode. For high frequency operation, the PIN diode can be made as small as
practical, to match the size of the spot of the optical beam.
Tabulation : PIN Photo Diode- zero bias configuration:

Power
[dBm]
VL volts
PO [W]
Iz mA
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PIN Photo Diode- forward bias

configuration:
VBIAS
VPD
RL[10 K]
Procedure :
Zero bias :
1. Make the set-up as in the diagram and connect the 1M resistor across VL.
2. Set the power source in CW mode and adjust to get maximum output.
Connect the 1m ST-ST patch cord between source and power meter and
adjust the power to -18 dBm.
3. Connect the optical fiber cable to the PD module and measure the voltage
across RL[1M] and note as VL.
4. Vary the optical power input in steps of 2 to 3 dBms.
5. Tabulate the readings and calculate IZ = VL / (1 x 106).
i.
7. Draw the graph :Power[in Watts] Vs IZ.

Forward bias :
Connect the 10 K resistor across VL.
1.
Adjust the potentiometer and set the bias voltage at 10 V.
2.
Set the power source in CW mode and adjust to get maximum output.
3.
4.
Connect the optical fiber cable to the PD module and measure the voltage
across RL[10 K] and note as VL.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Vary the optical power in steps of 2 to 3 dBm and note down the
corresponding VL.
Calculate IF = VL / (1 x 104).
Plot the graph : Power in Watts Vs IF.
Now, fix the optical power at some constant value say -10 dBm and vary
the VBIAS from 1V to 10 V in steps of 1 V and note down the corresponding
VL.
Plot VBIAS Vs IF.
Model Graph : PIN Photo Diode- forward bias configuration:
Power [W]
V BIAS [V]
F
OC
RU
WR
AR
RE
DN
T
[mA]
F
OC
RU
WR
AR
RE
DN
T
[mA]
Reverse bias :
1. Connect the 10 K resistor across VL.
2. Adjust the potentiometer and set the bias voltage at 10 V.
Connect the 1m ST-ST patch cord between source and power meter
and adjust the power to -18 dBm.
4.
Connect the optical fiber cable to the PD module and measure the
voltage across RL[10 K] and note as VL.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Vary the optical power in steps of 2 to 3 dBm and note down the
corresponding VL.
Calculate IR = VL / (1 x 104).
Plot the graph : Power in Watts Vs IR.
Now, fix the optical power at some constant value say -10 dBm and
vary the VBIAS from 1V to 10 V in steps of 1 V and note down the
corresponding VL.
Plot VBIAS Vs IF.
Calculate the responsivity from :
R = VL/(RL*PS) A/W where PS is the power in Watts.
From the average value of R, calculate the quantum efficiency
using :
C = (Rh/e) x 1/100 %
where h=6.64 x 10-34 Js; e = 1.6 x 10-19 C; = c/ = 3 x 108 /
Result :
Thus zero bias, forward bias and reverse bias characteristics of PIN Photo
diode were plotted and the responsivity and quantum efficiency were found to
be ___________________ and _____________________.
Tabulation : PIN Photo Diode- forward bias configuration:
P[dBm]
PO[W]
VBIAS = ____V
VL[V] IF[mA]
P = -_____ dBm
VBIAS[V]
VL mV
IF [mA]
PIN Photo Diode- reverse bias configuration
VBIAS
RL[10 K]
VL
VPD
Power [W]
R
EC
VU
ER
RR
SE
EN
T
[A]
Tabulation : PIN Photo Diode- reverse bias configuration:
P[dBm]
VBIAS = ______ V
PO[W] VL[V] IR[A]
P[dBm] = ________ dBm

VBIAS[V]
VL mV
IR [mA]
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: APD zero bias configuration:
V APD
1 M
VL
R1
V1
Model Graph : APD zero bias configuration:

L
O
A
D
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
P O W E R [w]
DC CHARACTERISTICS OF APD
Aim :
To study the zero bias and reverse bias characteristics of APD and plot
the VI and PI characteristics and to determine the responsivity and quantum
efficiency.
2. PD module
3. Optical power meter
4. Optical power source
5. Bare Fiber adapter-Plastic
6. 1m patch cord
7. 1M,10K resistors
8. Digital multimeter
Theory :
If a photon having adequate energy[should be greater than the band gap]
is absorbed by a p-n junction, an electron will be transferred to the conduction
band, thereby forming a hole in the valence band. As a result, an open circuit
voltage is created and a current will flow, provided the circuit is closed through
a load resistor. In case of reverse bias p-n junction, the transit time can be made
small and it will produce current linearly proportional to the incident photon
energy. The frequency response can be improved if the p-n junction is separated
by an intrinsic region. The introduction of the intrinsic region decreases the
junction capacitance. This is called Positive Intrinsic Negative[PIN] photo
diode. For high frequency operation, the PIN diode can be made as small as
practical, to match the size of the spot of the optical beam. A reverse bias
junction can produce secondary emission under high field conditions. It can
result in a noiseless gain and a large reverse current will flow across the
junction. This is known as Avalanche action and the diode is referred to as
Avalanche Photo diode[APD].It has internal gain and its responsivity is better
than that of PN or PIN photodiode. Its internal gain yields much better S/N
Tabulation : APD zero bias configuration:

Power
[dBm]
VL volts
PO [W]
IL A
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: APD reverse bias configuration:
APD
_
VBIAS
RL[1 M]
R1
.Procedure :
Zero bias :
1. Make the set-up as in the diagram and connect the 1M resistor across VL.
3. Connect the optical fiber cable to the PD module and measure the voltage
across RL[1M] and note as VL.
4. Vary the optical power input in steps of 2 to 3 dBms.
5. Tabulate the readings and calculate IZ = VL / (1 x 106).

i.
7. Draw the graph :Power[in Watts] Vs IZ.
Reverse bias :
1. Connect the 1K resistor across VL.
2. Adjust the potentiometer and set the bias voltage at 10 V.
Connect the 1m ST-ST patch cord between source and power meter
and adjust the power to -18 dBm.
4. Connect the optical fiber cable to the PD module and measure the
voltage across RL[1K] and note as VL.
5. Vary the bias voltage from 10 V in steps of 20 V up to 140 V and note
down the corresponding VL.
6. Calculate IR = VL / (1 x 103).
7. Plot the graph : VBIAS Vs IR.
8. Repeat steps 4 to 7 for different input powers say -25 dBm, -40 dBm,
etc.
9. Calculate the responsivity from :
R = VL/(RL*PS) A/W where PS is the power in Watts.
10. From the average value of R, calculate the quantum efficiency
using :
C = (Rh/e) x 1/100 %
where h=6.63 x 10-3 Js; e = 1.6 x 10-19 C; = c/ = 3 x 108 /
Model Graph : APD reverse bias configuration:
V BIAS [V]
Ir [mA]
Tabulation : APD reverse bias configuration:

VBIAS[V]
VL mV
IR [mA]
R[A/W]
Result :
Thus zero bias and reverse bias characteristics of APD were plotted and
the quantum efficiency is found to be ___________________.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Signal
Source
[Function
Generator]
Light
Source
(Optical
Txr)
OFC
Light
Sensor
[Optical
Rxr]
CRO
ANALOG TRANSMISSION THROUGH OPTICAL FIBER Determination of Bandwidth and various losses
Aim : To establish a fiber optic analog link and determine the bandwidth,
attenuation loss, bending loss and coupling losses.
1. OFT Kit
3. Function Generator
5. 10 mm and 12 mm Mandrels
2. CRO
4. 1m and 3m OF cables
6. Jig for connecting 2 fibers
Theory :
Though optical fibers offer many advantages including very low EM
interference, the signal strength decreases as light travels longer distances. This
is because of the various losses including rayleigh scattering loss and increases
with length.
Unless proper splicing techniques are used for connecting 2 fibers there
exists considerable coupling losses due to various misalignments including
axial misalignment.
Similarly there exist two kinds of bending losses viz. micro bending loss
and constant radius bending losses. The former is because of the light absorbed
by the water/air molecules or any irregularities which could have occurred at
the time of manufacturing of the fibers. Constant radius bending losses occur
because of fiber bending during cable laying.
Tabulation : 1. For Bandwidth :

Frequency
[Hz]
Vin = __________ Volts

Output
Gain
Voltage
[dB]
[Volts]
Tabulation : 2. For Atenuation Loss :

Vin = __________ Volts
Cable
1m
3m
Output voltage
[Volts]
V1=
V3=
Tabulation : 3. For Bending Loss :

Cable/Bend
Output voltage
Voutbb[Volts]
Output voltage
Voutab[Volts]
1m / 10 mm
1m / 12 mm
3m / 10 mm
3m / 12 mm
Voutbb = output voltage without any bending
Voutab = output voltage with bend
Procedure :
1.Make the connections as in the diagram. Connect the input signal from
FG to I/O-1. Short I/O-1,I/O-2 and P11 ________. Connect I/O-2 and the
output from P31 to the two channels of CRO. Set the switch SW8 to analog
position. Adjust the gain control knob to obtain proper shape of the output
signal.
2.[a] To measure the bandwidth of the fiber :
Note down the amplitude of input signal as Vin. Vary the frequency
of the input signal from a few Hz to MHz and note down the
corresponding output voltages. Tabulate the readings and calculate the
gain from the formula :
Gain[dB]= 20 * log[Vout/Vin].
Plot the gain Vs frequency graph. Note down the two points which
are 3 dB lower from the maximum gain on either side. Note down the
corresponding frequencies as f1 and f2; then the bandwidth of the fiber is
: [f2-f1]
[b] To measure the attenuation loss in the fiber :
Connect the 1m fiber between the Tx and Rx. Note down the input
voltage as Vin and the output voltage as V1.Replace the 1m fiber with 3m
fiber and for the same Vin note down the output as V3. Then the
attenuation loss in Np/m can be calculated from :
[Np/m]= -[1/2]* ln[V3/V1] and [dB/m]= 4.343*
Tabulation : 4. For coupling Loss :

Vin = __________ Volts
Coupling
Output voltage
[Volts]
Without Gap
With 1 cm Gap
[c] To measure the Bending loss in the fiber :

1.Connect the 1m fiber between the Tx and Rx. Note down the
output voltage as Voutbb.Take the 10mm radius mandrel and make 1 or 2
turns of the fiber on the mandrel and note down the output as Voutab. Now
replace the 10mm mandrel with 12mm mandrel and note down the
output voltage.
2.Repeat step 1 for 3m cable.
3. Calculate the bending loss from the formula:
Bending Loss[dB]= 20*log[Voutbb/Voutab]
[d] To measure the Coupling loss in the fiber :
Connect one end of the 1m fiber to the Tx and one end of the 3m
fiber to the Rx. Connect the remaining 2 end together using the Jig
making the ends to touch each other. Note down the input and output
voltages.
With the same input voltage, introduce 1cm gap between the fiber
ends connected in the jig and note down the output voltage. Calculate the
coupling losses without gap and with 1cm gap using the formula:
= 20*log [Vin / Vout] [L1+L2] where = 4.343 and L1= 1m

and L2= 3m
Result :
The fiber optic link for analog transmission has been set up and the
following were determined:
Bandwidth of the analog link :
Attenuation loss in Np/m:
Attenuation loss in dB/m:
Coupling loss without Gap in dB:
Coupling loss with 1cm Gap in dB:
================================ 1m cable
Bending loss with 10mm radius bend[dB]
Bending loss with 12mm radius bend[dB]
3m cable
DETERMINATION OF NUMERICAL APERTURE

Aim : To establish a fiber optic data link and determine the numerical aperture
of the fiber and to demonstrate TDM.
1. OFT Kit
3. Function Generator
5. Optical fiber cable[1m,3m]
measurement
2. CRO
4. Patch cords
6. Jig for numerical aperture
Theory :
Large bandwidth, low attenuation are the important characteristics of
optical fibers which makes them suitable for long distance communication,
more particularly data communication. fiber systems for rates below 10 Kbps
are cheap and can be readily constructed from basic components. Data
rates from 100 Kbps to 10 Mbps are costly and difficult to implement.
However, with advancement in technology data rates more than 10 Mbps are
also possible.
Procedure :
To measure data rate:
Make the connections as in the diagram. Connect the data input signal
from FG to _____. Short I/O-1,I/O-2 and P11 ________. Connect I/O-2 and
the output from P31 to the two channels of CRO. Set the switch SW8 to
analog position. Adjust the gain control knob to obtain proper shape of the
output signal. Trace both input and output signals.
Tabulation : 1. For data transmission :

Input
Output
Amplitude[V] Frequency[Hz] Amplitude[V] Frequency[Hz]
To measure the Numerical Aperture of the fiber :

1. Insert one end of the fiber into the numerical aperture measurement
2. Gently tighten the screw to hold the fiber firmly in place.
3. Connect the other end of the fiber to LED2. The fiber will project a circular
patch of the light on the screen. Let d be the distance between the fiber tip and
the screen. Now measure the diameter of circular patch of red light in
perpendicular directions.
4.The mean radius of the circular patch is calculated from :
X = [DE + BC] /4
5.Calculate NA from : NA = sin = X /[d2+X2]
6.Repeat the above steps fro different values of d.
7.Tabulate the readings and find the average value of NA.
Tabulation : 2. For Maximum Bit Rate :

Maximum
Bit Rate
Tabulation : 3. For Numerical Aperture :
X[cms]
Average NA
Result :
d[cms]
NA
The fiber optic link for data transmission has been set up, TDM
demonstrated and the following were determined:
Numerical Aperture[Average] :
Data Rate :
BLOCK DIAG
Fiber
He-Ne LASER
POWER METER
FIBER COUPLER
DETECTOR
ROTATION
STAGE
O/P
Power
Gaussian
curve
(Degrees)
Figure: Field Distribution
MODE CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE MODE FIBERS

Aim:
To Study the Mode Characteristics of Single Mode Fibers.
Components Required:
1.Single mode fiber
2.He-Ne laser
3.power meter
4.fiber coupler
5.fiber cleaver
6.20x objective lens
7.rotation stage
8.micro series holder
9.micro series poster
10.fiber positioner
11.methylene chloride
Theory:
The propagation characteristics of a single mode fiber can be obtained by
solving Maxwells equation for the cylindrical fiber waveguide.This leads to the
knowledge of the allowed modes which may propagate in the fiber .When the
number of the allowed modes is very large ,the mathematics becomes very
complex ;this is when the ray picture is used to describe the waveguide
properties.
The V-number of the fiber is given by:
V=kf.a.NA
Where kf is the free space wavenumber ,2/o (o is the wavelength of the
light in free space ),
a is the radius of the core,and NA is the numerical aperture of the fiber .
The V number can be used to characterize which guided modes are allowed to
propagate in a particular waveguide structure.When V < 2.405, only a single
mode ,the HE11 mode,may propagate in the waveguide.This is the single mode
regime.The wavelength at which Vis equal to 2.405 is called the cut-off
wavelength,(denoted by c) because that is the wavelength at which the next
higher order mode is cut off and no longer propagates.
TABULATION
Exponential Curve
CLOCKWISE
Angle (Degrees) Power (m)
Gaussian Curve
ANTICLOCKWISE
Angle (Degrees)
Power (m)
CLOCKWISE
Angle (Degrees) Power (m)
ANTICLOCKWISE
Angle (Degrees)
Power (m)
Result:
Thus the mode characteristics of the single mode fibers were studied.
FERRITE DEVICES
AIM:
To find the characteristics of ferrite device circulator.
1. Microwave source (klystron power supply)
2. Klystron Mount
3. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
6. Circulator
7. Power Detector
8. Matched termination ----- 1 No
FORMULA:
1. The S matrix of 3 port circulator is
S=
Where
S11 = s22 = s33 = 0

S12 = s23 = s31 = 0
S21 = 20log (V2 / V1)
S13 = 20log (V1 / V3)
1. Insertion loss = 10 log (p1/p2)
2. Isolation
= 10 log (p1/p3)
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup with out connecting circulator
and measure the input power.
2. Now connect the circulator and note down the output
power at port 2 & port 3.
3. Substitute the values to estimate the S matrix of
circulator.
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of given 3 port circulator was obtained and
verified.
BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF FERRITE DEVICES:

1
MICRO
WAVE
SOURCE
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY
METER
2
CIRCULATO
R
DETECTOR
(or)
MATCHED
TERMINATION
3
MATCHED
TERMINATION
(or)
DETECTOR
CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGIC TEE, E-PLANE AND H-PLANE TEE

AIM:
To find the characteristics of given Magic Tee,E-plane and H-plane
1. Micro wave source(klystron power supply)
2. Klystron Mount
3. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
6. Magic Tee
7. Power Detector
8. Matched termination ----- 2 Nos
FORMULA:
The S matrix of the magic tee is
Where
S =1/ 2
S13 =
V1/V3
S14 =
V1/V4
S23 =
V2/V3
S24 =
V2/V4
-1
-1
The S matrix of the E-plane tee is
1/2
1/2
1/ 2
1/2
1/2
-1/ 2
1/2 -1/2
1/2
-1/2 1/ 2
1/2
1/2
The S matrix of the H-plane tee is
1/2 -1/2
1/ 2
0
THEORY:
A T - junction is an intersection of three waveguides in the form of English alphabet
T. There are several types of Tee Junctions.
TEE JUNCTION:
In microwave circuits a wave guide line with three independent ports are commonly
referred to as Tee Junction.
Waveguide tees are three port components. They are used to connect branch (or)
Section of the waveguide in series or parallel with the main waveguide transmission
Line for providing means of splitting and also of combining power in a waveguide System.
H-PLANE TEE
E-PLANE TEE
MAGIC TEE (HYBRID OR E H PLANE TEES)
The basic types are

1.
2.
3.
E Plane Tee (series)

H - Plane Tee (shunt)
Magic Tees (Hybrid or E-H plane Tees).
E PLANE TEE:
An E plane tee is a waveguide tee in which the axis of its side arm is parallel to the E
field of the main guide. A rectangular slot is cut along the broader dimension of a Long
waveguide and side arm is attached. Ports 1 and 2 are the collinear arms and port 3 is the Earm.
When the waves are fed into the side arm (port 3), the waves appearing at port 1 and
Port 2 of the collinear arm will be in opposite phase and in the same magnitude. If two input
waves are fed into port 1 and port 2 of the collinear arm, the output Wave at 3 will be opposite
in phase and subtractive. Hence it is called difference Arm
H PLANE TEE:
An H Plane Tee junction is formed by cutting a rectangular slot along width of a main
waveguide and attaching another waveguide, the side arm is called the H-arm. Ports 1 and 2
are the collinear arms and port 3 is the H- arm.
If two input waves are fed into port 1 and port 2 of the collinear arm, the output wave at
port 3 will be in phase and additive. Because of this, the third port is called the sum Arm. All
three arms of H Plane tee lie in the plane of magnetic field, the magnetic field itself into the
arms. This is also called as current junction.
MAGIC TEES (HYBRID OR E H PLANE TEES):
Here rectangular slots are cut both along the width and breadth of a long waveguide and
side arms are attached. Ports 1 and 2 are collinear arms, port 3 is the H- arm, and port 4 is the
E- arm. So Magic tee is the combinations of E and H Plane Tee.
A wave incident at port 3 (E arm) divides equally between ports 1 and 2 but opposite
in phase with no coupling to port (H-ram).
A wave fed into collinear port 1 or 2 will not appear in the other collinear port 2 or 1.
Hence two collinear ports 1 and 2 are isolated from each other.
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup with out connecting magic tee/E-plane/
H-Plane and measure the input power.
2. Now connect the Tee junctions and note down the output power
at port 2, port 3 & port 4.
3. Substitute the value of the port currents to obtain the scattering
parameters of given magic tee.
3. For various values of input power find the scattering matrix.
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of given Magic Tee was found and verified.
BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF MAGIC TEE CHARACTERISTICS:

MATCHED
TERMINATION
(or)
DETECTOR
3
MICRO
WAVE
SOURCE
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY
METER
MAGIC
TEE
DETECTOR
(or)
MATCHED
TERMINATION
4
MATCHED
TERMINATION
(or)
DETECTOR
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Klystron
Power
Supply
Klystron with
mount
Detector
Mount
Klystron
Power
Supply
Klystron with
mount
Detector
Mount
Isolator
Variable
Attenuator
CRO / Power
meter
Isolator
CRO / Power
meter
Variable
Attenuator
Frequency
Meter
ANTENNA GAIN MEASUREMENT

Aim : To find the antenna gain using two-antenna method.
3. Isolator
5. Horn Antenna[2 nos]
6. Detector Mount
7. CRO
8. Probes
9. Cooling Fan
10. Stands.
11. Power meter
Theory :
Gain as a parameter measures the directionality of a given antenna. An
antenna with a low gain emits radiation in all directions equally, whereas a
high-gain antenna will preferentially radiate in particular directions.
Specifically, the Gain or Power gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of
the intensity (power per unit surface) radiated by the antenna in a given
direction at an arbitrary distance divided by the intensity radiated at the same
distance by an hypothetical isotropic antenna:
Precautions :
3.Before switching OFF the Klystron power supply ensure that the beam
Tabulation:
Transmitted Received
Antenna
Wavelength Distance Gain
power(Pt)
power(Pr)
Dimension
dBm
dBm
(D in mm)
(m)
between (G
antennas dBm)
(R in m)
in
Procedure :
1. Obtain square wave output without the antenna in the set-up and maximize
the output by adjusting beam voltage, repeller voltage, modulating
amplitude and note down the power(Pt)
2.
Now connect the two horn antenna in the set-up and align the two antenna
both vertically and horizontally for maximum output. Ensure a minimum
distance(end to end) of (2D2/). Where D is the maximum dimension of
antenna.
3. Note the distance between two antennas(R).

4. Note the power received(Pr) in the power meter.
5. Calculate the gain using following formula
G=1/2(Pr-Pt-20log10(/4R))
Result
Thus the gain of the antenna is found as ___________

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Easwari Engineering College Ramapuram, Chennai-89: Lab Manual

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EASWARI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

Subject code: EC2405

OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

1. Study of Microwave Components.

1. Determination of VSWR, guided wavelength, frequency

STUDY OF MICROWAVE COMPONENTS

external modulation may be used through the UHF(F) connector provided on

CHARACTERISTICS OF GUNN DIODE OSCILLATOR

2. Gunn oscillator with mount 3. PIN modulator

10. Cooling Fan

RADIATION PATTERN OF HORN/PARABOLIC REFLECTOR

2. Klystron with mount

5. Horn Antenna[2 nos]

11. Parabolic reflector antenna

BLOCK DIAGRAM : Direct Method

BLOCK DIAGRAM : Indirect Method

MEASUREMENT OF WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY

Aim : To measure wavelength and the frequency of the microwave

2. Klystron with mount

6. Note down two successive minima or maxima points as d1 and d2.

where a is the broader inner dimesion of the

REPELLER VOLTAGE [VOLTS]

CHARACTERISTICS OF REFLEX KLYSTRON

2. Klystron with mount

BLOCK DIAGRAM : to measure VSWR :

BLOCK DIAGRAM : to measure voltages :

STUDY OF DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

2. Klystron with mount

BLOCK DIAGRAM : VSWR measurement

BLOCK DIAGRAM :ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT

ATTENUATION AND POWER MEASUREMENT

efficiency is much lower due to light emitted from semiconductor-air surface,

potentiometer[R2] is in the minimum position[Left extreme].

CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER DIODE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PIN Photodiode- zero bias configuration:

Model Graph : PIN Photodiode- zero bias configuration:

DC CHARACTERISTICS OF PIN Photo diode

Tabulation : PIN Photo Diode- zero bias configuration:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PIN Photo Diode- forward bias

Power[W] = 1mW * 10 [Power in dBm/10]

7. Draw the graph :Power[in Watts] Vs IZ.

Model Graph : PIN Photo Diode- forward bias configuration:

Tabulation : PIN Photo Diode- forward bias configuration:

PIN Photo Diode- reverse bias configuration

Tabulation : PIN Photo Diode- reverse bias configuration:

P[dBm] = ________ dBm

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: APD zero bias configuration:

Model Graph : APD zero bias configuration:

Tabulation : APD zero bias configuration:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: APD reverse bias configuration:

6. Calculate power in microwatts from the formula :

Power[W] = 1mW * 10 [Power in dBm/10]

7. Draw the graph :Power[in Watts] Vs IZ.

Model Graph : APD reverse bias configuration:

Tabulation : APD reverse bias configuration:

Tabulation : 1. For Bandwidth :

Vin = __________ Volts

Tabulation : 2. For Atenuation Loss :

Tabulation : 3. For Bending Loss :

Tabulation : 4. For coupling Loss :

[c] To measure the Bending loss in the fiber :

= 20*log [Vin / Vout] [L1+L2] where = 4.343 and L1= 1m