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ausmaf vmuf vkyu f idk af qmif&u G cf o hJ nfjzpfa=umif;?
1910 ckESpfwGif *syefjynfrS xGufcGmvmI
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w&kwfjynf/ tmeefjynf/ uarŠmZjynf/ ,dk;',m;
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ynmoif&ef *syefjynfokd@ rdrdESifhtwlac:aqmif
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acwftcg jrefrmvlrsKd;wGif EkdifiHjcm;okd@ vSnfhywf
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tdENd,EkdifiHa&; ta=umif;ukdaumif;pGm em;vnf
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t®r@w@dk udk vSn@f vnfv#uf wkid ;f jynfw;dk yGm;a&;/ t
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wkdufokd@ oGm;&mwGif awmifil®r@rS &[ef;wyg;ESifh
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csr;f omaom &Sr;f trsK;d orD;wa,mufu omra%
vkyfay;avonf? awmifil®r@wGif wvavmuf
omaecJjh yD; raysmaf oma=umifh rE©av;ok@d omG ;v#uf
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usrf;*efukd ESH@aeatmif/ teufjrefjrefwwfatmif
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uyfausmif;jzifhaeI q&mawmf&Sd&m yckuULokd@ 0g
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okd@jyefavonf? xkdrS Am&m%oDjrdK@okd@oGm;I [dENL
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ynmrif;}uD;tjzpfESifh ausmufpm0ef}uD;tjzpf
aeaom yk * ~ d K vf } uD ; wOD ; ES i f h a wG @ qk H r d a vonf ?
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atmifI t*Fvdyf/ *smreD/ jyifopf/ ygVd/ ouUÉbm
omESifh a&S;a[mif;ausmufpmwkd@ukdvnf; em;vnf
wwfusG r;f avonf? xkyd *k Kd~ vfonf Ak'b < momukd pl;
prf;avhvmaeonfh tckdufjzpfI 0rf;ajrmufpGmjzifh
OD;OwWrtm; olESifhtwlae&ef zdwf=um;avonf?
wkdufwvkH;ESifh tapcHESpfa,muf/ tpm;taomuf
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ukdajymaponf? wESpfvkH;aejyD;v#ifaiGwpfaxmif
vSLvku d o f jzifh t*Fvefjynf vef'ef®r@o@dk bkaH b®r@rS
wqifh (1904)ckESpf {jyDvwGif ºuoGm;avonf?
xk d w G i f OD ; aratmif E S i f h a wG @ I rd ' vwef y gvf Y
ae&mcsay;ojzifh 0wfvkHOya'ynmukd oif=um;
avonf?
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jynfa&;ukd zwfv#uf wkdif;a&;jynfa&; oifjy
ausmif;Yom EkdifiHa&;twwfynmwkd@ukd qnf;yl;
avawmhonf?
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*syefausmif;om;wkd@ukd Oa&mywkdufom;wkd@u
rsm;pGm*&kpkduf=uonf? ppfrwkdufcifu ta&S@buf
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vl0grsKd;/ uGsefrsKd;[lI txifao;=uonf?
OD;OwWronf xkdokd@ vlwef;pm;cJGjcm;wwfaom
Oa&mywkdufY raevkdawmhbJ (1905)ckESpfwGif
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wESpo f ifjyjyD;aemuf tvkyt f yfvsuf jrefrmjynfo@dk
jyef u m wk d i f ; a&;jynf a &;uk d a[majymrnf [ k
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ckduf&efjzpfuvnf; &kH;urf;ra&mufapbJ rdrdwkd@
&yf&Gm&Sd vl}uD;wkd@jzifh ausat;vkdufem=u&ef/ nDnD
nGwn f w G f ae=u&ef qk;H r=o0g'ay;avonf? tpk;d &
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aom ykdufqHr&bJ jzpfvm=uonf?
ES i f h y k v d y f E S p f a ,muf p D y g vk d u f y gavonf ?
vS L 'gef ; auG s ;arG ; xm;ol / twnf ; cH o l r sm;uk d
‚wkd@u ar;jref;pdppfajymjcif;/ tpkd;&ukd qef@usif
buf vkyo f nf[k ajcmufveS @f jcif;a=umifh OD;OwWrrSm
wnf;ckda&;/ qGrf;uGrf;&&Sda&; qkwf,kwfcHch&J onf?
xkdpOf wkdif;jynfom;wkd@uvnf; tvGefatmuf
usaemufonfhtjyif EkdifiHa&;ukdvnf; em;rvnf/
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pdwfysufum (1907)ckESpf azazmf0g&DvtwGif;
oabFmpD;um yDeef/ puFmyl/ a[mifaumif ®r@okd@
vmjyD; w&kwfjynf &Srf[kdif;®r@okd@a&mufavonf?
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twkdif;oGm;I wkdusKd®r@awmfokd@ csOf;uyfavonf?
xk d p Of wk d u sKd ® r@rS m vl a ygif ; ES p f o ef ; ausmf
avmuf&Sdonf? [kdw,f wckwGif wnf;ckdI trwf
}uD; tkw d meDxH pma&;qufo, G cf ahJ vonf? rdr. d
a&mufae&mXmeESifh wwfajrmufaomynm (t*F
vdyf/ ygVd/ ouUÉ/ b*F gvDbmom pmayESifhpum;)
wkd@ukd azmfjyI trwf}uD;ukd tm;xm;a=umifh/ rdrd
tm; tcsed rf a&G; tok;H csEidk af =umif; pmwGiaf &;om;
vk d u f o nf ? aemuf w ae@ trwf } uD ; .nD E S i f h
tusK;d aqmifwa,mufa&mufvmjyD; ac:,lomG ;I
awG@qkHrd&m aumvdyfausmif;rSm y&kdzufqmtjzpf
pmoify@dk csaomq&m vkyaf ponf? t*Fvef a&muf
zl;aom y&kdzufqm wa,mufukdvnf; *syefpum;
ESihf pmzwfwwfatmif OD;OwWru oifay;avonf?
jcH } uD ; wck w G i f td r f } uD ; wvk H ; Y aumif ; pG m jyKpk
auGs;arG;xm;v#uf OD;OwWronf ody`Hausmif;}uD;Y
(4)ESpfvkH;vkH; oifjyay;cJhavonf?
(1911)ck { jyD v rS tcG i f h w ES p f a y;I aiG w pf
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armif*kdvd,/ &k&Sm;jynf/ *smref/ Oa&mywkdufESifh
tD*spf/ yg&Sm;EkdifiHrS bkHab/ tdENd,okd@vmjyD;v#if
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yk@d avonf?
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bmomtrsKd;rsKd;ukdoifI y&kdzufqmvkyfv#uf
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rdwfaqGwkd@vnf; ppfawGoabFmqdyfa&mufv#if
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[kdwnfwckY wnf;ckdaepOf ppfawG®r@rS q&mu
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ukd,fawmfvmrnfukd t&yfom;wOD;rS rodcif
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ta=umif;ukd csD;ajrSmufIajymavonf? tvGef
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a=umuf p d w f r J h j yD ; &J p G r f ; owW d & S d o nf [ k q k d u m
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OD;OwWronf ppfawG®r@wiG f qif;I ‚ESit hf wl wnf;
ckd &efajymojzifh vufcHavonf? oabFmonf
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awG@jrif&onf? aqGrsK;dponfwkd@ukd wa,mufrS
rjrif&aoma=umifh bmta=umif;ukdr# rod&ao;/
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9
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cifAs?” “wrifudk cHpm;jyD;awmh wu,fudk iwfjywf
vmwJo h al wGtwGuu f dk uk, d pf m;jyKjyD; vrf;av#muf
ay;aewmyg?”
'DAb DG ?D ? “[kwu f yhJ g? usaemf emrnfvnf; rajymyg
bl;cifAs? omrefjynfolwpfOD;taeeJ@ tckvkd vrf;
av#mufyJGrSm 0ifvmwJhtay:rSm wckck ajymay;yg
vm; cifAs?”
10
q&mawmf OD;OwWrae@ txdrf;trSwf txl;xkwf
“olwkd@ vrf;av#mufwm/ rkd;xJavxJrSm tyifyef;
cHjyD;awmh vrf;av#mufaewmawG@&awmh tm;
vnf;tm;usrdygw,f? aus;Zl;vnf;wifygw,f?
'Dvil ,fawG ausmif;om;awGu?dk ” “um;cawG aps;
}uD;vkd@ vrf;av#mufaewmyg? um;cr&Sdawmhvkd@ yg
AsK@d ? usaemfw@dk cHpm;ae&wJh 'kuaQ wGyg 'D[mawG u?”
'DAGDbD ? ? “ukd*sifrDukdvnf; ay;vkdufygtkH; cifAs/
usaemhemrnf uk*d sirf D cifAsm;? avmifpmqD aps;wuf
jyD;aemufyidk ;f csw D ufvrf;av#mufqENjy=uw,fayg?h
'Dtay:rSm jynfov l x l &k @J wke@f jyefr_ b,fv&dk ydS govJ
cifAs?”
“'Duek af ps;E_e;f awG qDaps;awG wufvmjyD;aemufyidk ;f
rSmawmh/ jynfolvlxk&J@ toHawG[m ykdjyD;awmh
us,af vmifvmw,fv@dk usaemf jrifw,fav? 'Dae@
usaemfw@dk vrf;av#mufjyefvmw,fq&dk ifyJ jynfol
vlxu k usaemfw@dk udk tawmfudk pdw0f ifpm;w,f?”
“usr wifrkd;vGifyg&Sifh? 'Dae@ayghaemf/ usrvkduf
&wmuawmh usrwk@d jynfoal wG usrtygt0if aygh
aemf? usr qkdwmuvnf; tjrJwrf; tjyifxGuf &
w,fav? usrtvkyf&Sdw,fav? ukd,fhpm;0wf ae
a&;twGuf tvkyf vkyaf e&wmyJav? tckvdk qDaps;
awGjrifhawmh usrwkd@ vrf;oGm;&wm awmfawmfukd
tcufawG@ygw,f&Sifh? cgwkdif;qkd&if ig;q,fc&D;ukd
tckwpf&m ay;&w,f? ausmif;om; ausmif;ol
qkdwmuvJ rdbuay;rS oGm;&vm&wmav? 'D
vrf;p&dwfawGukdaygh? 0efxrf;awGqkd&ifvJ 'Dvkd
yJayghaemf? tJ'ga=umifh tukefvkH;taeeJ@ 'DqDaps;
E_ef;}uD;ukd tm;vkH;0kdif;0ef;jyD;awmh ajz&Sif;=uygvkd@yJ
usrajymcsifw,f?”
“[kwfuhJ usr rDrD;yg? t"du uawmh tajccH
ynm ausmif;om;awGu tJ'DvkdjzpfwJhtcsdefrSm
awmfawmfukd 'kuQa&mufoGm;w,f? usr rsufjrif
ukd,fawG@yJ? usru um;ay:rSm &SdaewJhtcsdefrSm
uav; wpf a ,muf um;ay:wuf w mw,f ?
wufvmwJt h csed rf mS ol@vufxrJ mS ig;q,fyyJ gw,f?
olu ‘om;rSmig;q,fyyJ gw,f’ vk@d ajymw,f? 'gayrJh
bmyJajymajym um;orm;awGu olw@dk &@J qDaps;}uD;
jrifrh t _ wGuf olw@dk u ,l&rSmyJav? 'gum;orm;awG
tjypfr[kwb f ;l ? um;orm;u ‘ig;q,fyyJ gv@dk &&dS if
rvkdufe@J ’ qkdjyD;awmh uav;ukd xm;cJhvkdufw,f?
uav;u ausmif ; om;uav;yg? tJ ' D a wmh
usruvnf; raeEkid af wmhb;l ? tJ'gq&dk ifawmh tJ'D
d pf m; ig;q,fe@J ac:cJhvkdufyg? usrw&may;ygr,fh qkdjyD;
awmh usray;vkdufw,f? aemufjyD;awmh wcsKd@
ausmif;om;av;awGqv dk @kd &&dS if wmarGuaejyD;awmh
omauwbufrmS oGm;wuf&wJh ausmif;om;av;
awG&Sdw,f? tJ'D uav;awGu toGm;uawmh
w&may;vkduf&w,faygh? tjyefusawmh w&m
qkdawmh rwwfEkdifawmh omauw uaejyD;awmh
ig;wef;/ajcmufwef;uav;[m vrf;av#mufjy;D awmh
jyefvm&w,f? tJ'gudk rdbu rodvu
Ek d i f i H r S m &S d w J h jynf o l a wG u awmf a wmf u k d
'kuaQ &muoGm;w,f? usrtaeeJ@ 'Duae@ vku
awmh 'Djynfoal wGa&S@rmS rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfjywmu
awmh/ 'Dvrdk sK;d ta=umufw&m;awGe@J jynfeh ufaewJh
usrwkd@ wkdif;jynfrSm jynolawGtaeeJ@ ukd,f&J@
tcGit hf a&;/ uk, d &hf @J cpH m;csuf uk, d &hf @J pm;0wfaea&;/
tJ'D tay:rSm ta=umufw&m;uif;uif;eJ@ usrwk@d
vkdyJ usrwkd@eJ@twl vkdufygjyD;awmh oufqkdif&m
tm%mykdifawG odatmifayghaemf/ jyoifhw,fvkd@
usr'Dae&muaejyD;awmh wkdufwGef;csifygw,f?”
“usru eDvmodef;yg? qDaps;wufr_e@J ywfoufjyD;
awmh vlxkawG vrf;av#mufvm=uw,fayghaemf?
qkdwhJtcgrSm t&ifwkef;u t&rf;ta=umufw&m;
=u;D wJ@ usrwk@d jrefrmjynfov l x
l [ k m tckqv
vrf;xJuae wkd;a0S@xGuf=unfhwmwkd@/ tdrfa&S@
0&HwmuaejyD;awmh xGu=f unfw h mwk@d / ajy;qif;jyD;
=unfhwmwkd@/ vlxkawGukd,fwkdif olwkd@wu,f
=uyfwnf;vmwJhtcgrSm olwkd@a&S@uae rm;rm;
rwfrwf &yfwnf;ay;wJh ausmif;om;xk}uD;[m 'Dud
pPeJ@ ywfoufjyD;awmh vrf;av#mufvm=uw,f
qkdwhJtcgrSm tukefvkH; vlxk&@J tm;ay;r_ukd usr
jrifawG@&ygw,f? tJ'Dawmh qufvufjyD;awmh
usrwk@d jrefrmjynfov l x l [ k m ta=umufuif;uif;
eJ@ usrwk@d EiS t hf wl vufwjGJ yD;awmh yg0if=uzk@d twGuf
usr'Dae&muae ajymcsifygw,f?”
tckvkdaps;awG wufukefvkd@ 'kuQa&muf=u&
wJhtxJrSm tEkynmonfawGvnf; yg0ifygw,f?
“tJ'guawmh usaemf&mE_ef;jynfh axmufcHw,f
cifAs? bmvkd@qkd usaemfwkd@qDrSm qDaps;awGvJ
wufaejyD? qDaps;wufaewJh tcsdefrSm usaemfwkd@
trsm;jynfot l aeeJ@xm;vku d ?f usaemfw@dk tEkynm
orm;awG taeeJ@u 'D&kdufuGif;oGm;zkd@twGufu
'D"gwfqDaps; jrifhrm;aewJhtwGuf awmfawmf'kuQ
a&mufaeygw,f? ema&;ulnDr_toif;eJ@ ywfouf
jyD; ajym&r,fqkd&if tultnDawmif;wmawG rsm;
vmygw,f?”
&kyf&Sif o&kyfaqmif ukdausmfoljzpfygw,f? ol
u yJ etz tpkd;&tay: tckvkd t=uHay;oGm;cJh
ygao;w,f? “tm;vkH;aygh arwWmpdwfawG xm;jyD;
awmharwWmpdwaf wG yGm;rsm;jyD;awmh/ trsm;jynfol
tay: ormtmZD0 usustkyfcsKyfoGm;&if 'gt
aumif;qkH;ygyv J kd@ usaemfajymcsifygw,f?
&efukefrSm ausmif;xkdifwhJ oHCmawmfwyg;u
vnf; oHCmawGyg tcuftcJawGae=u&jyDvkd@
ajymjy=uygw,f? “usefwJh ukefaps;E_ef;awGu
qufvufjyD;awmh jrifhwufvmw,faygh? 'um
'umrawGuvnf; oHCmawmfawGtay:rSm odod
omom}uD;ukd avsmhusoGm;w,f? aemufausmif;
awGrSm qGrf;uGrf; tajctaeu t&ifwkef;uqkd&if
q,ftdrfavmuf ºuvkd@&Sd&if wyg;pm vkHavmuf
ygw,f? tck q,ftdrfavmufe@J rvkHavmufbeJ @J
tdraf jcESpq f ,favmuf oGm;wJt h cgrmS awmif jzpfjzpf
ajrmufajrmufr&bJe@J wyg;pm zkzH v Hk v
Hk Hk r&wmawG
awG@&ygw,f? awG@&or# 'um/'umrtm;vkH;[m
tiwf c H j yD ; awmh a=umuf a e&wJ h ab;uae
vGwfajrmufcsifwhJtwGuf tckolwkd@u ra=umuf
awmhbl; qkdwhJ pdwfawGukd arG;aewmawG@&w,f?”
'DADGbD? ?“'D =um;xJrSmayghav/ oHCmawmfawG
taeeJ@ bmvkyfoifhw,fvkd@ xifygovJ bk&m;?”
“'um 'umrawG&@J ta&;[m oHCmawmf awG&@J
ta&;jzpf w ,f ? tJ ' D a wmh 'um/ 'umrawG
v_y&f mS ;wJh udpu P dk oHCmawmfawGu 0kid ;f 0ef;jy;D awmh
ulnDyHhykd;ay;zkd@ vkdw,f? ukdxifausmfwkd@ (22)&uf
ae@rSm qENjyr,f qkdwhJOpPmrSm oHCmawmfawG 0if
a&mufjyD;awmh yl;aygi;f =uygv@dk OD;Zif;taeeJ@ arwWm
&yfcyH gw,f”
omref jynfow l OD;jzpfwhJ &efuek ®f r@cH tdr&f iS rf
wpf O D ; uk d quf o G , f a r;jref ; wJ h t cgrS m awmh ?
“p&dwfawGu ESpfqwufawmh tvkyftukdifawG
vnf; raumif;awmhaemf awmfawmfawmh pdwn f pf&
wmaygah emf?”
'DAGDbD? ? “olwkd@av/ ukdxifausmfwkd@ acgif;aqmif;
jyD;awmh (21)ae@rSmrS 'D"gwfqDaps;awG avmifpmqD
aps;awG rcsbl;qkd&if (22)ae@rSm qENjyr,fvkd@ ajym
w,faygah emf?”
“[kwfuhJ =um;ygw,f?”
'DAGDbD? ? “wjynfvkH; qENjyr,f? 'Dtay:rSmaum
jynfolwOD;taeeJ@ b,fvkdjrifovJcifAs?”
“usrwkd@vm;/ usrwkd@vJ jynfolqkdawmh olwkd@ukd
dk b
f ;l ? usrwk@d tm;ay;&rSmayg?h ”
'DAGDbD? ? “[kwfuhJ tm;ay;w,fqkdwm b,fvkd
d yf gjyD; rsKd; tm;ay;rSmvJ cifAs?”
“olwkd@twGuf taxmuftuljyKr,fh rkef@awGvkd/
a&awGvdk uk, d Ef idk wf thJ vSal iGw@dk uadk wmh xnfah y;rSm
ygy?J ”
qufvufjyD; ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;a&; (2)}udrf
qENjycJjh yD; jzpfovkd avmifpmqD aps;awG csray;bl;
qkd&if vmr,fh (22)&ufae@rSm jynfol@qENjyyJGawG
jyKvkyfoGm;r,fvkd@ ajymqkdxm;wJh ukdxifausmfukd
qufoG,far;jref;&m/ ukdxifausmf rtm;vyfwhJt
wGuf qENjyacgif;aqmif wOD;jzpfol OD;[ef'DESifh
omrefjynfow l pfO;D wk@d udk tckvdk qufo, G af r;jref;
xm;ygw,f?
dk @dk &&dS if 'DAGDbD? ? 'Dae@ reufuyJayghav/ usaemfwkd@ (88)
ausmif;om;awGu um;cawG t&rf;aps;}uD;vkd@
qkdjyD;awmh usaemfwkd@ ukuUdKif;uaejyD;awmh wmarG
txdukd &meJ@csDjyD;awmh vrf;av#mufjyD;awmh olwkd@
qENjycJh=uw,faygh?'gawGuawmh ueOD;t}udK
jzpfrSmayghav? tJawmh(88)ausmif;om;awGu
'DvkdrsKd; vkyfoGm;=ujyD? 'DtcsdefrSmyJ ukdxifausmfwkd@
tckO;D [ef'w D @dk yg0ifwhJ ukeaf ps;E_e;f usqif;a&; qENjy
rnfhtzJG@awGuvnf; (22)&ufae@uvkd@rS 'Dvkd
csray;bl;qkd&if vlxkukd OD;aqmifjyD;vkyfoGm;r,f?
qENjyyJGawG vkyfr,fqkdjyD; &mZoHay;xm;wm &Sdyg
w,f? tJawmh OD;[ef'DtaeeJ@ t&ifajymay;yg
cifAsm?
“w&m;0if owif;pmawGxrJ Sm &Sif;jyjcif;/
a=unmjcif;r&SdbJeJ@ }udKvJodatmifrvkyfbJeJ@
vkyw f ,fqw dk [hJ m usaemfw@dk Armjynfow l &yfv;Hk ukd
vlxu k dk rxifwt hJ awG; olw@dk qrD mS tjrife@J rif;wk@d
'kuQa&mufcsifa&mufygap? *&krpkdufbl;? rif;wkd@
bmrS v k y f E k l d i f w J h a umif a wG r[k w f b l ; vk d @
vkyfcsvkdufwJh[mrsKd;vkd@ usaemfwkd@xifygw,f?
usaemfwkd@ bmukd=unfhvJqkdawmh avmifpmqD
wkd;jrifhwhJ trdef@ukd vufoifhcHvkdufvkd@&Sd&if tckxd
usaemf tao;pdyfawG &Sif;rjyygbl;? b,favmuf
txd 'kuQay;r,fvkd@ jrifwJhtwGufa=umifh wifjy
wkdufyJG0if&rJh[mvkd@ ,kH=unfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
usaemf w k d @ rw&m;trd e f @ uk d (21)&uf a e@rS m
'DqENazmfxkwfyGJ usaemfwkd@ tm%mawmif;aewm
r[kwb f ;l cifAs? tJ'ga=umifh usaemfw@dk uawmh 'Dupd P
rvkyfvkd@ukd rjzpfbl;aemf?”
'DAb GD D ? ? a':at;at;jrifu h a&m/ ar;p&m&Sw d ,fv@dk
ajymygw,f? jynfolwOD;taeeJ@ t&ifuawmh
ukdxifausmfukd ar;zkd@aygh? tck[mawmh OD;[ef'Du
ukd,fpm;jyKjyD; ajzr,fqkdawmh OD;[ef'Dukd?
“[kwfuJh 'D(22)&ufae@ qENjyyJGayghaemf?
tpkd;&uawmh zrf;rSmyJayghaemf? usrwkd@uawmh
'gjynfolawGtwGuf vkyfw,fqkdawmh/ usrwkd@
vn;f yg0ifcsifw,fayghaemf? 'gayrJh ukd,fhrdom;pk
twG u f a=umuf = uwmyJ a ygh a emf ? tJ a wmh
usrwkd@taeeJ@ taumif;qkH; tm;vkH;ra=umuf
atmif b,fvrdk sm;taumif;qk;H jzpfEidk rf vJ vk@d ar;
csiyf gw,f”
“aus;Zl;wifygw,fcifAsm? jynfolvlxku
yg0ifvmr,fvkd@ =um;&wJh[monf/ yg0ifvmr,f
vkd@vnf; ,kH=unfw,f? tckw&m;0if=um;vkduf
&wJ h t cg usaemf w k d @ 0rf ; omygw,f ? bmjzpf
vkd@qkdawmh jynfolvlxkyJGygcifAs? tJawmh zrf;rJh
qD ; rnf h ud p P usaemf w k d @ ajym=u&atmif y g?
Ekid if aH wmfrmS Ekid if t H wGujf zpfap/ vlrsK;d twGujf zpfap/
jynf o l vl x k t wG u f j zpf a p epf e mvmwJ h
udpP&Sdvmvkd@&Sd&if vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfykdifcGifh
&Sdw,fvkd@ vuf&Sdtpkd;& onf cGifhjyKxm;jyD;om;vkd@
usaemfjrifygw,f? bmjzpfvkd@vJ qkdwhJtcgusawmh
ukdat;vGifwkd@ vkyf oGm;wJh udpP&Sdw,f? rSefwm
rSm;wm wykdif;xm;yg? EkdifiHtwGuf vlxktwGuf
vkdtyfvkd@ qkdjyD;awmh olwkd@ tar&duefoH&kH;a&S@
awmif xGujf yD;awmh qENjycGihf &ao;wmAs? ypfp&m/
cwfp&m/ zrf;p&m/ qD;p&m/ vkw d ,fv@dk rxifb;l Asm?
aemuf usaemfwkd@ ckdifckdif rmrm &yfwnfxm;wm
&Sdygw,f? jynfolvlxkygyg/ &[ef;&Sifvljynfol
tm;vkH;ygyg/ wcsufwnf; yJ&Sdygw,f? usaemfwkd@
onf vkH;0t=urf;zufjcif; r&Sd&ygbl;? 'D[m vlxk
qENvkd@ odwJhtwGufa=umifh vlxkukd xGufygvkd@
rajymygbl;? usaemfwkd@ ukd,fwkdif xGufrSmygAsm?”
'D A G D b D ? ?OD ; [ef ' D t aeeJ @ vJ a ygh a v? tck [ m
vlxkbufuvnf; yg0ifzkd@qkdwm&Sdw,f? 'gayrJh
ta=umufw&m;av;awGawmh &Sdaeao;w,f?
tJawmh omrefjynfow l pfO;D jzpfwhJ rat;at;jrifu h dk
a&m OD;[ef't D aeeJ@ bmrsm;jyefar;csiw f m &St d ;Hk rvJ
cifAs?
“usaemfar;csiw f m wck&w dS ,fAsm? tJ'aD pmapmu
ukeaf ps;E_e;f wk;d jrSiv hf mjyD;awmh tJ''D u k [ Q m uk, d cf &H
rnfh }uD;rm;wJ[ h m&,f? zdEydS rf [ _ m&,fudk usaemfw@dk
'Dvkdraz: jyvkd@ b,fvkdenf;vrf;eJ@rsm; ajz&Sif;rvJ?
ukeaf ps;E_e;f usatmif wjcm;enf;vrf;&Sv d m; usaemf
wkd@ukd ajymygcifAs? usaemfar;yg&ap?”
“[kwu f hJ usrtaeeJ@ wjcm;enf;vrf;vnf; rjrif
ygbl;ayghaemf? 'DqENjyw,fqkdwmuvnf; vlxk
qENukd azmfxkwfwmyJayghaemf? 'Dtpkd;&u olwkd@
qENjyrJh vlawGukd 'kuQay;r,fayghaemf? usru
jynfolwpfa,muftaeeJ@awmh a=umufw,f aygh
aemf? 'gayrJh jrefrmjynfrSmu tckuvnf; awmf
awmfudk tajctaeqk;d aeygw,f? bmvk@d vq J adk wmh
ukefaps;E_ef;awG wtm;}uD;aew,f? usrwkd@qkd&if
b,fvkdac:rvJ qefjyKwfawmh aomufEkdifao;
w,faygah emf? wcsK@d qdk qefjyKwfawmifraomufEidk w f hJ
ae&mawG &S d y gw,f a ygh a emf ? ol w k d @ rcH E k d i f w J h
tqkH;usawmh tpfukdwkd@eJ@ yg0ifvmrSmyJayghaemf?
tu,fI usrxifwmawmh tukev f ;Hk pkppk nf;pnf;
nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ@ yg0ifr,fqkd&ifawmh usrwkd@vJ
ygrmS yJaygah emf? 'DqENjyyJu G dk ygrmS yJ? bmvkv d q J adk wmh
'Dtpk;d &onf 'Dvq dk ENazmfxw k rf o
S mv#if taumif;
qkH;jzpfr,fvkd@ usrxifygw,f?”
pmrsufESm (11) okd@ â

a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ *k%x
f ;l aqmif yg&*lb@GJ &&Sd
ANN
jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&; v_yf&Sm;
r_acgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf
tm;/ awmiftmz&duEkdifiH udwfyf
awmif;wuUov dk (f UCT)u*k%x f ;l
aqmif Oya'yg&*lbGJ@ csD;jrSifh vkduf
a=umif; awmif tmz&du Ekid if x H wk f
Pretoria Newsowif;pm Y
az: jya=umif; bDbDpD owif;t&
od&&dS onf?
tzdESdyfcH jrefrmjynfolvlxk.
vGwfvyfa&;/ w&m;r#wa&;/ wef;wlnDr#a&; t
wGuf/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ukd,f usKd;pGef@ tepf
emcH aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;ukd *k%jf yKonft h aejzifh TbJ@G
tm;csjD rSijhf cif;jzpfonf[k udwyf af wmif; wuU okv d f
'kwd, ygarmuQ e*sblvkd em'DbDvD uajym onf?
“pdwf"gwfcGeftm;&Sdr_/ Om%fynmºu,f0r_eJ@
ZJGvkH@v&Sdr_awGtwGuf/ tvGefaumif;wJh pHer_em
wck t jzpf a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf u k d uG s Ek f y f w k d @
todtrSwfjyKygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m
urBmw0ef;vkH;rSm&SdwJh qkH;jzwfcsuf/ jywfom;ckdif
rmwJ h trsKd ; orD ; awG tm;vk H ; &J @ jy,k * f o zG , f
jzpfygw,f” [kqufvufIajym=um;oGm;onf?
xkd@tjyif olrukd er_emjyKjyD;/ urBmay:&Sd
oef;cs&D odS nfh tzdEydS cf vH x l rk sm;twGuf ar#mv f ifch suf
pmrsufESm (10)rStquf
“'Denf;yJ&Sdygw,fcifAs? usaemfwkd@qkd&if
uk d x if a usmf OD ; aqmif j yD ; awmh usaemf w k d @ awG
tJ ' D a e@yJ G t wG u f quf q uf x G u f & rS m yg?
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