Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Chng 7
OP-AMP-KHUCH I V NG DNG

7.1 VI SAI TNG HP:

Mch vi sai trong thc t thng gm c nhiu tng (v c gi l mch vi sai tng
hp) vi mc ch.
- Tng khuch i AVS
- Gim khuch i tn hiu chung AC
Do tng h s 1.
- To ng ra n cc thun tin cho vic s dng cng nh ch to mch khuch
i cng sut. Thng ngi ta ch to mch vi sai tng hp di dng IC gi l IC thut
ton (op-amp _operational amplifier).
Ngi ta chia mt mch vi sai tng hp ra thnh 3 phn: Tng u, cc tng gia v
tng cui. Tng u l mch vi sai cn bn m ta kho st chng trc.

7.1.1 Cc tng gia:

Cc tng gia c th l vi sai hay n cc.
a/Mc ni tip vi sai vi vi sai:

Trng Vn Tm

VII-1

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

l tng tr vo ca tng vi sai sau c th lm mt cn bng tng tr ra ca tng

vi sai trc. Tng sau khng cn dng ngun dng in.
b/ Mc vi sai ni tip vi n cc:
Ngi ta thng dng tng n cc :
- D s dng.
- D to mch cng sut.
Nhng mch n cc s lm pht sinh mt s vn mi:
- Lm mt cn bng tng vi sai, nn hai in tr RC ca tng vi sai i khi phi c tr
s khc nhau b tr cho s mt cn bng.
- Lm tng c AVS v AC nn (1 c th thay i, do ch nn dng tng n cc
ni c thnh phn chung tht nh (sau hai hoc ba tng vi sai)

7.1.2 Tng cui:

Phi tha mn cc iu kin:
- Cho mt tng tr ra tht nh.
Trng Vn Tm

VII-2

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

- in th phn cc ti ng ra bng 0 volt khi hai ng vo 0 volt.

a/ iu kin v tng tr ra:
c tng tr ra nh, ngi ta thngdng mch cc thu chung.

tnh tng tr ra ta dng mch tng ng hnh 7.3b; Trong RS l tng

tr ra ca tng (n cc) ng trc.

b/ iu kin v in th phn cc:

V cc tng c mc trc tip vi nhau nn in th phn cc ng ra ca tng
cui c th khng 0 volt khi ng vo 0 volt. gii quyt ngi ta dng mch di chuyn
in th (Level shifting network) gm c: mt ngun dng in I v mt in tr R sao cho:
E = RI.

Trng Vn Tm

VII-3

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

7.1.3 Mt v d:
Op-amp pc 709 ca hng Fairchild.
T1, T2: Mch vi sai cn bn ng vo.
T3: Ngun dng in cho T1 v T2. in th phn cc ti cc nn ca T3 c xc
nh bi cu phn th gm T6 (mc thnh diode), in tr 480 v 2.4k.
T4, T5: khng phi l vi sai v 2 chn E ni mass. T4 c nhim v n nh in th ti
im A cho T1 v T2.

Trng Vn Tm

VII-4

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

T5: L tng n cc chuyn tip gia vi sai v tng cui.

T7: L mch cc thu chung u tin v T8 l mch di chuyn in th vi in tr 3.4k.
T9: L mch cc thu chung cng l tng cui t c tng tr ra nh.

7.2 MCH KHUCH I OP-AMP CN BN:

Trong chng ny, ta kho st op-amp trng thi l tng. Sau y l cc c tnh
ca mt op-amp l tng:
- li vng h A (open loop gain) bng v cc.
- Bng tn rng t 0Hz n v cc.
- Tng tr vo bng v cc.
- Tng tr ra bng 0.
- Cc h s bng v cc.
- Khi ng vo 0 volt, ng ra lun 0 volt.

ng nhin mt op-amp thc t khng th t c cc trng thi l tng nh

trn.
Trng Vn Tm

VII-5

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

T cc c tnh trn ta thy:

.
- Zi nn khng c dng in chy vo op-amp t cc ng vo.
- Z0 0 nn ng ra v0 khng b nh hng khi mc ti.
- V A rt ln nn phi dng op-amp vi hi tip m. Vi hi tip m, ta c hai dng
mch khuch i cn bn sau:

7.2.1 Mch khuch i o: (Inverting Amplifier)

Dng mch cn bn.

(7.2)
Nhn xt:
- Khi Zf v Zi l in tr thun th v0 v vi s lch pha 1800 (nn c gi l
mch khuch i o v ng vo ( - ) c gi l ng vo o).
- Zf ng vai tr mch hi tip m. Zf cng ln (hi tip m cng nh)
khuch i ca mch cng ln.
- Khi Zf v Zi l in tr thun th op-amp c tnh khuch i c in th mt chiu.
Trng Vn Tm

VII-6

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

7.2.2 Mch khuch i khng o: (Non_inverting Amplifier)

Dng mch cn bn.

Suy ra:

Nhn xt:
- Zf, Zi c th c bt k dng no.
- v0 v vi cng c th c bt k dng no.
- Khi Zf, Zi l in tr thun th ng ra v0 s c cng pha vi ng vo vi (nn
mch c gi l mch khuch i khng o v ng vo ( + ) c gi l ng vo khng
o).
- Zf cng ng vai tr hi tip m. tng khuch i AV, ta c th tng
Zf hoc gim Zi.
- Mch khuch i c tn hiu mt chiu khi Zf v Zi l in tr thun. Mch
cng gi nguyn tnh cht khng o v c cng cng thc vi trng hp ca tn hiu xoay
chiu.
- Khi Zf=0, ta c: AV=1 v0=vi hoc Zi= ta cng c AV=1 v v0=vi (hnh
7.10). Lc ny mch c gi l mch voltage follower thng c dng lm mch m
(buffer) v c tng tr vo ln v tng tr ra nh nh mch cc thu chung BJT.

Trng Vn Tm

VII-7

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

7.2.3 Op-amp phn cc bng ngun n:

Phn trn l cc c tnh v 2 mch khuch i cn bn c kho st khi op-amp
c phn cc bng ngun i xng. Thc t, tin trong thit k mch v s dng, khi
khng cn thit th op-amp c phn cc bng ngun n; Lc by gi chn ni vi ngun
m -VCC c ni mass.
Hai dng mch khuch i cn bn nh sau:

Ngi ta phi phn cc mt ng vo (thng l ng vo +) in th phn cc

hai ng vo lc ny l VCC /2 v in th phn cc ng ra cng l VCC /2. Hai in tr R
phi c chn kh ln trnh lm gim tng tr vo ca op-amp. Khi a tn hiu vo
phi qua t lin lc (C2 trong mch) khng lm lch in th phn cc. Nh vy, khi
phn cc bng ngun n, op-amp mt tnh cht khuch i tn hiu mt chiu. Trong hnh
a, mch khuch i o, C1 l t lc in th phn cc ng vo (+). Trong hnh b, mch
khuch i khng o, C1 dng to hi tip xoay chiu cho mch v gi in th phn
cc ng vo (-) l VCC /2. khuch i ca mch vn khng i.

7.3 MT S NG DNG CA OP-AMP:

7.3.1Mch lm ton:
y l cc mch in t c bit trong s lin h gia in th ng vo v ng ra
l cc phng trnh ton hc n gin.
a/ Mch cng:

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VII-8

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Tn hiu ng ra bng tng cc tn hiu ng vo nhng ngc pha.

Ta ch l vi l mt in th bt k c th l mt chiu hoc xoay chiu.
b/ Mch tr:
Ta c 2 cch to mch tr.
* Tr bng phng php i du:
tr mt s, ta cng vi s i ca s .

v2 u tin c lm o ri cng vi v1. Do theo mch ta c:

Nh vy tn hiu ng ra l hiu ca 2 tn hiu ng vo nhng i du.

* Tr bng mch vi sai:
Dng c bn

Thay tr s ca vm vo biu thc trn ta tm c:

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VII-9

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

c/ Mch tch phn:

Dng mch
Dng in ng vo:

* Hai vn thc t:
- iu kin ban u hay hng s tch phn:
Dng mch cn bn

Trng Vn Tm

VII-10

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

s thp. Nh vy khi c Rf, mch ch c tnh tch phn khi tn s ca tn hiu f tha:
, Rf khng c qu ln v s hI tip m s yu.
d/ Mch vi phn:
Dng mch

Vn thc t: gim tp m.
Mch n gin nh trn t c dng trong thc t v c c tnh khuch i tp m
tn s cao, y l do li ca ton mchtng theo tn s. khc phc mt phn no,
ngi ta mc thm mt in tr ni tip vi t C ng vo nh hnh 7.19.

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VII-11

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

7.3.2 Mch so snh:

a/ in th ng ra bo ha:
Ta xem mch hnh 7.20

ln.

Trong A l li vng h ca op-amp. V A rt ln nn theo cng thc trn v0 rt

Khi Ed nh, v0 c xc nh. Khi Ed vt qu mt tr s no th v0 t n tr s

bo ha v c gi l VSat.. Tr s ca Ed ty thuc vo mi op-amp v c tr s vo
khong vi chc V.
- Khi Ed m, mch o pha nn v0=-VSat
- Khi Ed dng, tc v1>v2 th v0=+VSat.
in th ng ra bo ha thng nh hn in th ngun t 1 volt n 2 volt. l
|+VSat| c th khc |-VSat|.
Nh vy ta thy in th Ed ti a l:

b/ Mch so snh mc 0: (tch mc zro)

* So snh mc zro khng o

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VII-12

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

* Mch so snh mc zro o:

c/Mch so snh vi 2 ng vo c in th bt k:
* So snh mc dng o v khng o:
- So snh mc dng khng o:
Trng Vn Tm

VII-13

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

- So snh mc dng o:

* So snh mc m o v khng o:

Trng Vn Tm

VII-14

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

- So snh mc m o:

d/ Mch s snh vi hi tip dng:

* Mch o:

Trng Vn Tm

VII-15

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

tip dng nn v0 lun lun trng thi bo ha. Ty theo mc tn hiu vo m v0 giao
hon mt trong hai trng thi +VSat v -VSat.

Nu ta tng Ei t t, ta nhn thy:

Khi Ei<Vref th v0=+VSat
Khi Ei>Vref th v0=-VSat
Tr s ca Ei=Vref =.(+VSat) lm cho mch bt u i trng thi c gi l im
ny trn (upper trigger point) hay im thm trn (upper threshold point).
(7.12)
VUTP=.(+VSat)
By gi nu ta gim Ei t t, ch l lc ny v0=-VSat v Vref=(-VSat), ta thy khi
Ei<(-VSat) th v0 chuyn sang trng thi +VSat. Tr s ca Ei lc ny: Ei= Vref = (-VSat)
c gi l im ny di hay im thm di (lower trigger point-lower threshold pointVLTP). Nh vy chu trnh trng thi ca mch nh hnh 7.34.
Ngi ta nh ngha:
VH=(Hysteresis)=VUTP-VLTP
VH={(+VSat)-(-VSat)]
(7.13)
Nu |+VSat|=|-VSat|VH=|2.VSat|

* Mch khng o:
Dng mch

- By gi nu ta gim Ei (v0 ang l +VSat), khi VA bt u nh hn Vref=0v th v0 i

trng thi v bng -VSat. Tr s ca Ei lc ny gi l im ny di VLTP.

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VII-16

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Tnh VUTP v VLTP

- Khi gim Ei t tr s dng dn xung, lc ny v0=+VSat nn:

e/ Mch so snh trong trng hp 2 ng vo c in th bt k vi hi tip

dng:
*Dng mch khng o:
Dng mch

Trng Vn Tm

VII-17

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Khi VA=Vref th mch i trng thi (v0 i thnh +VSat), tr s ca Ei lc ny gi l

im ny trn VUTP. T (7.17) ta tm c:

bng Vref th mch s i trng thi, tr s ca Ei lc ny gi l im ny di VLTP.

Tng t nh trn ta tm c:

nu |+Vsat|=|-VSat|
* Dng mch o:
Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 7.38
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VII-18

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

, cng l tr s ca VA, gi l im ny trn VUTP.

Nu ta gim Ei t t, n khi Ei=VA mch s i trng thi (v0= -VSat) v Ei=VA lc

c tr s l VLTP (im ny di).

7.3.3 Mch lc tch cc: (Active filter)

C 4 loi mch chnh:
- Mch lc h thng.
- Mch lc thng thng.
- Mch lc di thng.
- Mch lc loi tr (di trit).
Trng Vn Tm

VII-19

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

a/ Mch lc h thng(Low pass Filter-LPF)

* Mch lc h thng cn bn:
Dng mch

Nu ta chn R2=R1 th |AV0|=1

p tuyn tn s dc -20dB/dec v khi tn s tng ln 10 ln th khuch i
gim i 10 ln tc -20dB. Ngi ta hay dng mch voltage follower lm mch lc nh
hnh 7.41. y l mch khuch i khng o, nhng do khng c in tr ni mass ng
vo (-) nn li bng +1.

Ngi ta thng chn Rf=R gim dng offset.

Trng Vn Tm

VII-20

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

* Mch lc h thng -40dB/dec:

Trong nhiu ng dng, ta cn phi gim nhanh li ca mch khi tn s vt qu
tn s ct, c ngha l dc ca bng tn phi ln hn na. l mc ch ca cc mch
lc bc cao.
Dng mch

Nu chn C2=2C1, ta c:

mch ny khuch i s gim i 40dB khi tn s tng ln 10 ln ( li gim i

100 ln khi tn s tng ln 10 ln).

Trng Vn Tm

VII-21

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

* Mch lc h thng -60dB/dec:

t c dc hn na-gn vi l tng-ngi ta dng mch lc -20dB/dec mc
ni tip vi mch lc -40dB/dec c dc -60dB/dec ( li gim i 60dB khi tn s
tng ln 10 ln-gc pha ti tn s ct l -1350).
Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 7.44

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VII-22

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

b/ Mch lc thng thng (high-pass filter)

y l mt mch m li ca mch rt nh tn s thp cho n mt tn s no
(gi l tn s ct) th tn hiu mi qua c ht. Nh vy tc dng ca mch lc thng
thng ngc vi mch lc h thng.
* Mch lc thng thng 20dB/dec:
Dng mch nh hnh 7.46
y l mch voltage follower nn AV=1. Do in th ng ra v0 bng vi in th 2
u in tr R nn:

Khi tn s cao, tng tr ca t in khng ng k nn AV0=v0/vi=1. Khi tn s gim

dn, n lc no li bt u gim. Tn s m ti li gim cn 0.707 AV0 gi l
tn s ct. Lc ta c:
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VII-23

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Ta cng c th dng mch nh hnh 7.48

* Mch lc thng thng 40dB/dec:

Dng mch

Do l mch voltage follower nn in th 2 u R1 chnh l v0. Ta c:

Trng Vn Tm

VII-24

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

* Mch lc thng thng 60dB/dec

Ngi ta dng 2 mch 40dB/dec v 20dB/dec ni tip nhau t c dc
60dB/dec.

Trng Vn Tm

VII-25

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Chn C1=C2=C3=C;

Ti tn s ct:

c/ Mch lc di thng: (band pass filter)

y l mt mch m ng ra ch c mt di tn gii hn no trong ton b di tn
ca tn hiu a vo ng vo.

Trng Vn Tm

VII-26

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Vi mch ny in th ng ra v0max t n tr s ti a mt tn s no gi l tn
s cng hng r. Khi tn s khc vi tn s cng hng, khuch i gim dn. Tn s
thp hn r lm li gim i cn 0.707v0max gi l tn s ngt thp L v tn s cao hn
r lm li gim cn 0.707v0max gi l tn s ngt cao h.
Bng thng c nh ngha:
B=H - L
Khi B<0.1r mch c gi l lc di thng bng tn hp hay mch lc cng hng.
Khi B>0.1r c gi l mch lc di thng bng tn rng.

* Mch lc di thng bng tn hp

Dng mch

Trng Vn Tm

VII-27

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Ti tn s cng hng r:

T phng trnh (a) ta tm c:

Trng Vn Tm

VII-28

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

* Mch lc di thng bng tn rng

Thng thng c mt mch di thng bng tn rng, ngi ta dng hai mch
lc h thng v thng thng mc ni tip nhau nhng phi tha mn iu kin tn s ct
2 ca mch lc h thng phi ln hn tn s ct 1 ca mch lc thng thng.

Ta tm c 2 tn s ct l:

Trng Vn Tm

VII-29

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Phi chn R1, R2, C1, C2 sao cho 1 < 2.

d/Mch lc loi tr: (di trit-Notch Filter)
y l mch dng lc b mt di tn s no trong ton b di tn. Mch
thng c dng lc b cc nhiu do mt b phn no trong mch to ra th d nh
tn s 50Hz, 60Hz hay 400Hz ca mt.
C rt nhiu dng mch lc di trit, thng dng nht l mc 2 mch h thng v
thng thng song song vi nhau hoc c th dng mch nh hnh 7.58.

Trng Vn Tm

VII-30

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

7.4. TRNG THI THC T CA OP-AMP

Mt op-amp thc t khng c c cc c tnh l tng nh kho st cc phn
trc. Cc c tnh thc t c th thy:
- li vng h A: Thng t 103 n hn 106. Tr s ny c duy tr n mt tn s
no ri gim dn.
- Nh vy ta thy bng tn cng khng phi v hn
- Tng tr vo zi: Thng t vi chc K n vi ngn M, l mt hm s theo nhit
, tn s v iu kin phn cc.
- Tng tr ra z0: T khong 200 tr xung v cng thay i theo nhit , tn s v
iu kin phn cc.
- Khi c phn cc bng ngun i v khi ng vo bng 0V th ng ra c th khc
0V.
- Khi op-amp hot ng vi tn hiu 1 chiu, ng ra ngoi thnh phn tn hiu mt
chiu ng vo c khuch i cn c cc thnh phn sai s do cc c tnh thc
t trn to ra. Cc tc nhn chnh l:
+ Dng in phn cc ng vo
+ Dng in offset ng vo
+ in th offset ng vo
+ S tri
Khi op-amp hot ng vi tn hiu xoay chiu, cc t lin lc s ngn cn thnh phn
mt chiu nn cc tc nhn trn khng cn quan trng, nhng pht sinh hai vn mi,
l:
- p ng tn s
- Vn tc tng th (slew rate)

7.4.1. Dng in phn cc ng vo (input bias currents)

Do tng tr vo Zi khng phi l v hn, nn hai ng vo ca op-amp c dng in
nh chy qua (hnh 7.59). Ngi ta nh ngha dng in phn cc ng vo IB l ln
trung bnh ca 2 dng IB+ v IBIB =

IB+

I B+ + I B
2

(7.35)

IBHnh 7.59

Tr s thng thng ca IB l vi A nu mch vo l BJT hoc nh hn 1pA nu

mch vo l FET.
B

a. nh hng ca dng in phn cc ng vo (-)

Trong phn ny ta coi in th offset ng vo vio=0V. vio s c bn n phn sau
- mch follower:

Trng Vn Tm

VII-31

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Rf
IB-

vo=Rf.IB-

0V

+
vi=0V
Hnh 7.60

- mch khuch i o:
Rf
IB-

I=0

Ri

vi=0V

0V

vo=Rf.IB-

Hnh 7.61

- o IB- ta c th dng mch:

Rf

Ri
vi=0V

IB-

R
v o = 1 + M R f .I B + R M .I B
Ri

RM
0V

Hnh 7.62

Do IB- rt nh nn ta khng o trc tip m o v0 sau 1o suy ra IB-. vo kh ln ta

nn chn Rf ln. Th d nu Rf=1M, RM=10K, Ri=1K
Ta c: v o 11R f .I B
Trng Vn Tm

IB =

vo
11Rf

VII-32

(7.36)
Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

b. nh hng ca dng in phn cc ng vo (+)

IB-

Ta xem mch:

vo=RG.IB+

0V
RG
vi=0V

IB+
Hnh 7.63

7.4.2. Dng in offset ng vo

a. nh ngha: I os = I B+ I B

(7.38)

Thng Ios 25%IB

b. nh hng ln in th ng ra
Rf = RG

- Vi mch khng o:

IB-

vo

0V

+
vi=0V

IB+
Hnh 7.64a

Phn gii ta tm c:

v o = R G ( I B+ I B ) = R G .I os

= 0 nu I B+ = I B
-

Vi mch o:

Rf

Ri

0V

IB-

vo

+
IB+

Trng Vn Tm

R=Rf //Ri

VII-33
Hnh 7.64b

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Phn gii ta tm c:

v o = R f ( I B+ I B ) = R f .I os

= 0 nu I B+ = I B
Nh vy gim thiu nh hng ca Ios ln vo, trong mch khng o ta mc thm
RG=Rf v trong mch o mc thm R=Rf//Ri. Cc in tr ny c gi l in tr b
chnh dng in. T cc l lun trn ta c th thy nguyn tc chung gim thiu nh
hng ca Ios l mch phi c thit k sao cho: in tr nhn t ng vo (+) xung mass
bng in tr nhn t ng vo (-) xung mass.

7.4.3. in th offset ng vo
a. nh ngha v m hnh
Trong mch in hnh 7.65a, ng ra khng phi l 0V nh l tng m c mt tr s
no . in th ny to ra do s mt cn bng bn trong ca mt op-amp thc t. Tr s vo
ny thay i ty op-amp, thng hng v n mv. tin trong phn gii, ngi ta c th
coi nh c mt ngun in th vio mc ni tip ng vo (+) ca mt op-amp l tng
(hnh 7.65b) v vio ny c gi l in th offset ng vo

vo=2mv
(th
d )

Op-Amp
thc t

+
(a)

0V
vo=vio=2m
v

vio=2mv

(b)

Hnh 7.65

Nu ng ra v0<0 th i cc vio li
b. nh hng ca in th offset ng vo ln in th ng ra
- Trong mch vng h, nu A kh ln v vio cng kh ln, ng ra ca op-amp c th b
bo ha.
|Ed |

vo=|vosat|=A.
|E |

+
vio

Trng Vn Tm

Hnh 7.66

VII-34

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

- Ta c th dng mch sau o vio

Rf khng c qa ln gim thiu nh hng ca dng in phn cc ng vo
T .01 gim nhiu tn s cao
Nh sn xut thng ch dn cch lm gim thiu nh hng ca vio
.01
Rf
Ri
Ei=0v

vo = (1 +

741

Rf
Ri

)vio

vio
Hnh 7.67

7.4.4. S tri (drift)

phn trc ta thy, sai s ng ra vo do hai nguyn nhn chnh l dng in phn
cc ng vo v in th offset ng vo. hai tc nhn ny li thay i theo phn cc v nht
l nhit . S thay i in th ng ra ny theo thi gian gi l s tri.
Nh sn xut thng cho bit thay i ca dng in phn cc di dng nA/oC v
thay i ca in th offset di dng v/oC. Nh vy gim thiu sai s vo v tri,
ngoi vic b chnh dng in phn cc v hiu chnh in th offset (theo ch dn ca nh
sn xut) ta nn dng mch n p phn cc cho op-amp v nn la chn cc op-amp c
tri nh v t mi trng c nhit t thay i.

7.4.5. p ng tn s ca op-amp
a. B chnh tn s bn trong
li vng h A c tr s ln v u n mt tr s no ri gim dn theo tn s.
y l ch ch ca nh ch to vi 2 l do: mt l op-amp t khi s dng dng vng h m
thng c hi tip, nh vy li thc t Av thng nh hn A, hai l trnh hin tng
d dao ng tn s cao. Mun vy, cu trc bn trong ca op-amp lun c cc t b chnh
tn s (c gi tr trn di 30pF). Thng gim ca A c chn l 20dB/decade.
i vi nhng op-amp c bng tn t nhin rng hn v gim nh hay ln hn
-20dB/decade thng lm cho op-amp d b dao ng khi dng mch hi tip (theo nh
lut Nyquist). Trong trng hp nh ch to s ch dn phng php sa cha p ng
bng cc mch hi tip bn ngoi (thng l t in, t in-in tr)
A

2.105

A (dB)

106

120

105
104

Trng Vn Tm

103
P

102
P

10

VII-35

Hnh 7.68. p Mch

ng tnin
s T
t nhin ca Op-Amp 741

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

* Bng tn li n v (unity-gain bandwidth)

L bng tn ca op-amp c li vng h bng 1. Th d op-amp 741 l B=1MHz.
* Thi gian chyn tip (thi gian qu - Rise time)
mch c li vng h bng 1, nu tn hiu vo l mt xung vung l tng (c
bin t 0 Ei) th ng ra khng thay i ngay t 0 n Ei khi c xung vo m phi mt
mt thi gian gi l p ng thi gian tng qu (transient response rise time). Thng
thi gian ny c tnh t khi ng ra t 10% gi tr cc i n 90% gi tr cc i.
i khi nh sn xut khng cho ta bit p ng tn s t nhin (tc khng bit bng
tn li n v B) m li cho bit thi gian qu ny (rise time). Bng tn n v B c
tnh t cng thc:

B=

0.35
risetime

(7.39)

b. li in th v p ng tn s
li thc t Av ca mch khuch i c hi tip khng nhng ty thuc cc in tr
bn ngoi m cn ty thuc vo li vng h A. Do A theo tn s nn Av cng thay i
theo tn s. ta xem li hai mch khuch i cn bn:
* Mch khuch i khng o
+

vi

741

vo

vo
vi va
vo va va
=
Rf
Ri

Ta c: A =

va

Rf
Ri

Hnh 7.69

Rf
v
Ri
(7.40)
Gii h thng ta tm c: A v = o =
Rf
vi
1+
Ri
R
Trong : 1 + f l li Av khi xem op-amp l l tng.
Ri
1+

T cng thc thc t ny ta thy: Nu vi l tn hiu in th mt chiu (tn s f=0)

hoc vi l tn hiu xoay chiu tn s rt thp th A kh ln nn A v 1 +
ln, do A gim nn Av gim theo.
* Mch khuch i o:
Trng Vn Tm

Rf
. Khi vi c tn s
Ri

Rf
Ri
VII-36
vi
B

Mch in T

va
B

vo

741

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

vo
va
vi va va vo
=
Ri
Rf

A=

Gii, ta tm c: A v =

vo
=
vi

Rf
Ri

1 R + Rf
1 + i
A Ri

(7.41)

Nhn xt ta cng thy Av c tnh cht nh mch khng o (thay i theo A tc theo
tn s).
c. rng bng tn - gii hn tn s cao
Bng tn cng c nh ngha l gii hn ca hai tn s fL v fH m ti li ca
mch gim 2 ln so vi li cc i.
Vi op-amp c tn s gii hn pha thp fL thng rt nh (vi Hz) nn bng tn xem
nh bng gii hn tn s cao fH.
A
A

AV

fH

Hnh 7.71. Bng tn ca mch c li Av

xc nh gn ng bng tn ca mch khuch i dng op-amp ta c 2 cch:

- Mt l c th dng p ng t nhin (vng h) c m t hnh 7.71
-

Hai l c th tnh t cng thc: f H =

B
Ri + Rf
Ri

(7.42)

7.4.6. Vn tc tng th (slew rate)

nh ngha

in th ca op-ampkhng th tng t ngt ln tr s cao m phi mt mt thi gian

np in vo cc t b chnh tn s bn trong ca op-amp. c tnh ny c o bng
vn tc tng th v c n v l v/s. Nu I l dng np ti a v C l in dung ca t bi
chnh, ta c:
Trng Vn Tm

VII-37

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Slew rate =

othay oiienthengora I
=
Thigian
C

Th d op-amp 741: I=15A ; C=30pF slew rate = 0,5V/s.

Vn tc tng th ty thuc vo li in th, t b chnh tn s v in th ng ra
dng hay m, thng c nh sn xut cho bit.

Gii hn ca vn tc tng th trn sng sin

Gi vi l tn hiu vo c dng sin vi bin nh vip ca mt mch khuch i dng
op-amp. S thay i ti a ca vi ty thuc vo tn s, bin nh v cho bi 2f.vip. Nu
thay i ny ln hn vn tc tng th ca op-amp th tn hiu ra vo s b bin dng.
Nh vy, khi s dng op-amp phi tho mn iu kin:
2f.vip slew rate
hay: f max =

slew rate
2vip

7.4.7. Nhiu trn in th ng ra

Tn hiu in khng mong mun xut hin ng ra gi l nhiu. S tri dng in v
in th offset cng c gi l nhiu ( tn s rt thp). Nu ta b qua cc nhiu do mch
ngoi to ra th bn trong ca op-amp cng to ra nhiu v lm nh hng n in th ng
ra. Hnh 7.72 l m hnh ha n gin nht ca nhiu trong op-amp (ngun in th En).
3pF
Rf
Ri

741

vo = E n (1 +

Rf
Ri

En=2v
Rf //Ri

Hnh 7.72

Nh sn xut thng cho bit ngun nhiu (khong vi V) trong khong tn s no

vi mt khong thay i ca Ri. Th d op-amp 741 c En = 2V trong di tn s t 10
Hz 10 KHz. Ngun nhiu ny khng thay i khi 200 < Ri < 20K. Khi Ri > 20K
ngun nhiu ny s tng ln rt nhanh.
T m hnh ho ca ngun nhiu v c tnh nh trn, gim nhiu ta thc hin :
- Khng dng Rf v Ri qu ln. Ri c thit k < 10K.
- Mc mt t nh (khong 3pF) song song vi Rf gim nhiu tn s cao.
Trng Vn Tm

VII-38

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

- Khng bao gi mc thm t song song vi Ri hoc t ng vo (-) xung mass v nh

th s lm gim tng tr vo v tng li in th gy nhiu nhiu tn s cao.
Nhiu dng in (dng in offset ng) vo cng xut hin 2 ng vo ca op-amp.
Nn mc thm in tr b chnh gim nhiu dng in a n gim nhiu in th
ng ra.

Trng Vn Tm

VII-39

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

BI TP CUI CHNG VII

Bi 1: Xc nh v0 trong mch hnh 7.59

Bi 2: Xc nh v0 trong mch hnh 7.60

Bi 3: Xc nh IL trong mch hnh 7.61. Thay RL=5k, tnh li IL. Mch trn l mch g?

Bi 4: Mt op-amp c cc c tnh

Trng Vn Tm

VII-40

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Bi 5: Cho mch hnh 7.63

a/ Tnh v0
b/ I0?

Bi 6: Cho mch in hnh 7.64

a/ Tnh bng thng ca mch
b/ p dng bng s khi:
R1=R2=10k
C1=0.1F; C2=0.002F
Rf=10 k; Rg =5 k

Bi 7: Cho mch in hnh 7.65

g?

- Diode c xem nh l tng.

- vi c dng sin bin ln.
Tm dng tn hiu ra v0 v bin ca v0 theo vi. Mch trn c tc dng ca mch

Trng Vn Tm

VII-41

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Bi 8: Cho mch hnh 7.66

Chng t rng:

Bi 9: Cho mch hnh 7.67

Chng t nu vi l tn hiu in th mt chiu th ng ra c xc nh bng phng
trnh:

Bi 10: Cho mch hnh 7.68

a. Mch trn l mch g? Nu chc nng ca tng BJT trong mch.

Trng Vn Tm

VII-42

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

b. Cc BJT hon ton ging ht nhau, c ch to bng Si v c phn cc vi

VBE=0.7v. Mch hon ton cn bng v l tng. c tnh tr s ca tt c cc dng in
phn cc IC ca cc BJT trong mch v in th cc chn BJT (xem IC IE).
Bi 11: Cho mch in nh hnh 7.69. Gi s op-amp l tng v c phn cc bng
ngun i xng 15v
a. Tm v0 theo R, RA, v1, v2
b. Gi s v1 bin i t 0v 0.8v v V2 bin i t 01.3v. Cho R2=2k v ng ra
bo ha ca op-amp l V0Sat=15v. Hy c tnh tr s ca RA li in th ca mch
t tr s ti a v v0 khng bin dng (chn RA c gi tr tiu chun). Tnh
AV trong trng hp .

Trng Vn Tm

VII-43

Mch in T