1

GII THIU
M ngun m l ngn ng c s dng ph bin trn ton th gii tuy nhin
cn kh t ti Vit Nam, ngun m tun theo giy php cp pht min ph
GNU/GPL, M t m ngun m c t duy ca ngi s dng. Bt k ai cng
u c th ty bin nhng g mnh mun hoc phn phi cho cng ng. Vi s
ng gp ca cng ng trn ton th gii, H iu hnh m Ubuntu Linux
ang ngy mt hon thin hn v chng t u th vt tri ca mnh.
Khi s dng m ngun m hay bt k h iu hnh a nhim no nh Ubuntu
Linux th vic to v qun l, phn quyn truy cp bo m tin ch, an ton
v bo mt d liu l rt quan trng, v vy nhm 09 lp 10B4 xin trnh by tm
hiu v cch to ngi dng, ti khon ngi dng v phn quyn trong
Ubuntu-Linux.

LI CM N
Li cm n u tin v quan trng nht chng em xin gi ti c
____________, gio vin ging dy ca Vin i hc M H Ni tn tnh ch
bo, hng dn chng em trong qu trnh hc tp b mn v qu trnh hon
thnh cc bi tp ln. Nu khng c s hng dn ca thy th chng em
khng th hon thnh c bi tp ny.
Cm n nh trng to iu kin v c s vt cht, phng hc v phng
thc hnh to iu kin cho chng em c th trao i vi nhau v nhn c s
hng dn tn tnh ca thy.Cm n nhng bn b lp 10B4 chia s ti liu,
hng dn v trao i vi nhm chng em c th hon thnh c bi tp.
H ni, ngy 10 thng 7 nm 2013.
SV thc hin: Nhm 09,Lp 10B4
Nguyn Cao T
Bi Trng c Cng
Hong Gia Linh

Mc lc
GII THIU.........................................................................................................1
THNG TIN V QUN TR NGI DNG...................................................4
1. Ngi dng....................................................................................................4
1.1 UID l g?....................................................................................................4
1.2 Ti khon ngi dng c bit trn h thng..............................................7
1.2.2 Ti khon nobody................................................................................10
1.2.3 Ti khon bin.......................................................................................10
1.3. Home Directory........................................................................................11
CCH TO NGI DNG BNG GIAO DIN HA...........................12
2.1 Thm mt ti khon ngi dng...............................................................12
2.2 Xa mt ti khon ngi dng..................................................................18
2.3 Thay i mt khu.....................................................................................19
HNG DN TO NGI DNG BNG CH DNG LNH............21
3.1 Useradd......................................................................................................21
3.2

Adduser...............................................................................................22

PHN QUYN TRUY CP TI NGUYN TRONG UBUNTU....................25

4.1 Quyn truy cp trn file system.................................................................25
4.2 Gn quyn truy cp trn Ubuntu Linux.....................................................27
4.3 Lnh chmod...............................................................................................31
4.4 Lnh chown...............................................................................................37
4.5. Lnh chgrp................................................................................................38
TI LIU THAM KHO:.................................................................................40
CU HI TRC NGHIM...............................................................................41

Phn I
THNG TIN V QUN TR NGI DNG
1. Ngi dng
Ubuntu l h iu hnh a ngi dng, ngha l nhiu ngi c th truy
cp v s dng mt my tnh ci Ubuntu. Mi ngi mun s dng c my
tnh ci Ubuntu th phi c mt ti khon (account) c ng k. Mt ti
khon gm c mt ti khon ngi dng (username) v mt mt khu
(pasword). Hai ngi khc nhau s c hai ti khon khc nhau (nhng mt khu
th c th trng nhau). c th bt u thao tc v s dng, ngi dng phi
thc hin thao tc ng nhp (login v h thng). Qu trnh ny tm gn li l
hai thao tc nhp vo tn ti khon v mt khu.
C hai loi user: super user v regular user.
to mt ngi dng mi, thay i thuc tnh ca mt ngi dng cng nh
xa b mt ngi dng ch khi c quyn ca mt siu ngi dng (Super user).
Mi user cn c mt nh danh ring gi l UID.
nh danh ca ngi dng bnh thng s dng gi tr bt u t 500.
Group l tp hp nhiu user li.
Mi user lun l thnh vin ca mt group.
Khi to mt user th mc nh mt group c to ra.
Mi group cn c mt nh danh ring gi l GID.
nh danh ca group thng s dng gi tr bt u t 500.
1.1 UID l g?
1.1.1, Khi nim
UID (User Identification) l mt s nguyn dng duy nht c h iu
hnh gn cho mi ti khon ngi dng. H thng s dng UID phn bit
user tng t vic con ngi phn bit cc ti khon qua Username.

1.1.2 Cch kim tra UID

File /etc/passwd lu tr tt c cc thng tin v user, mi user nm trn 1
dng bao gm cc trng: tn ti khon, mt khu ( m ho), UID, GID,
Gesco (thng tin c nhn), Home Directory, Shell ng nhp.

Trng tn ti khon: cho php ch ti a 8 k t. Linux s phn

bit ch hoa, ch thng nn ngi t thng t tt c l ch
thng.
Trng mt khu: c m ho thay bng ch x v c t trong
file /etc/shadow.
UID: S user id ca ngi dng, gip h thng phn bit gia cc
ngi dng khc nhau.
GID: S group id ca nhm ngi dng. Mc nh s GID s ging
s UID.
Thng tin c nhn: Thng l cha tn y ca ngi dng
hoc cc thng tin khc c lin quan.
Th mc home: Thng tn th mc home c t trng vi tn
ti khon trnh nhm ln.
Shell ng nhp: Mi ngi dng u c mt shell ng nhp, l
chng trnh chy mi khi ng nhp vo h thng.S dng
lnh sau kim tra danh sch ngi dng v tra UID:
C php: sudo cat /etc/password

Kt qu s lit k 1 lot cc ti khon dch v. Cc ti khon mi to hin

th di nhng ti khon dch v:

Mt s UID c bit:
UID = 0: c gn cho ti khon Root.
UID = 65534: c gn cho ti khon Nobody.
UID = 1 99: c gn ring cho cc ti khon dch v.

1.2 Ti khon ngi dng c bit trn h thng

Trong qu trnh ci t mt h thng Linux, mt s ti khon ngi dng c
bit s t ng c to ra. Cc ti khon ngi dng ny c s dng vi
mt s chc nng c bit trn h thng.
C 3 ti khon ngi dng c bit : root, nobody v bin.
1.2.1 Ti khon root
Ti khon root cn c gi l ti khon siu ngi dng l ti khon c
quyn cao nht trn h thng Linux. Ngi dng s dng ti khon root thc
hin mt s cng vic qun tr h thng bao gm : thm cc ti khon ngi
dng mi, thay i mt khu ca ngi dng, xem cc file log ca h thng, ci
t phn mm, g b phn mm, thay i quyn ca file trn h thng
Khi s dng ti khon root, ngi dng phi rt cn thn v mi thao s nh
hng trc tip n h thng. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh ngi dng s dng ti
khon root thc hin mt s cng vic qun tr, h thng lun c cnh bo
cc thao tc m ngi dng ang thc hin trnh trng hp ngi dng lm
sai nh hng n h thng.
Khi ci t Ubuntu. Bn chnh l ngi ci t, lc bn s to 1 user v
password truy cp h thng. V user ny thuc nhm Admin. Quyn lc ca
nhm ny tuy mnh nhng khng lin tc, ni cch khc th quyn mc nh
ca bn s dng khng phi l quyn ln nht i vi h thng
Thay i password cho root
Lu : Khi thc hin lnh vi c quyn ca root, cn thm sudo trc lnh
sudo passwd root

Sau bc ny bn nhp password ca bn vo v s c hi :

Enter

new

UNIX

password: Nhp

password

mi

cho

root

Retype new UNIX password: Nhp li password ln na

Thng bo sau cng : passwd: password updated successfully l thnh cng

chuyn sang ti khon ca root, dng lnh:

su
Sau nhp password va to cho Root, v s thnh th ny:
root@xxx:/home/username#
Mc nh, mt khu ca ti khon root b kha trong Ubuntu. iu ny c
ngha l bn khng th ng nhp trc tip vi ti khon root hoc s dng lnh
su tr thnh ngi dng root. Nhng bn vn c th chy cc chng trnh
vi c quyn ca root vi sudo, n cho php ngi dng chy chng trnh
no vi quyn root m khng phi bit mt khu ca root.

iu ny c ngha l trong thit b cui (terminal) bn nn s dng sudo cho

nhng lnh cn c quyn ca root; n gin ch vic thm sudo vo u tt
c cc lnh bn s chy vi quyn root. Nn nh rng, khi sudo yu cu nhp
mt khu, n cn mt khu ngi dng ch khng phi mt khu ca ti khon
root.
Mc nh khng cho ng nhp trc tip vi ti khon root c nhng li ch
sau:

Trnh ci t s phi hi mt vi cu hi.

Ngi dng khng cn phi nh mt khu root, ci m h rt hay

Trnh xa quyn Ti c th lm mi th khi ng nhp, bn s

qun.

c nhc khi lm bt k iu g thay i n h thng.

Sudo thm mt lch s cc lnh chy trong /var/log/auth.log.

Nu bn gp vn , bn lun lun c th quay li v xem nhng lnh no

c thc hin. N cng tt qun l, kim tra.

Mt khu ti khon root b kha lm my tnh bn an ton hn rt

nhiu. Mi cracker s th tn cng vo ti khon root trc tin, mt khu

root b kha ng ngha vi vic loi b c 1 ln nguy him.
Ch :

s dng lnh vi quyn root, thm sudo vo u mi lnh.

Mt khu s c lu li mc nh l 15 pht. Sau khong thi

gian ny, bn cn nhp li mt khu khi s dng sudo

Mt khu s khng hin ln mn hnh khi bn nh, khng hin

mt hng du '*'. N bt u c nhp vo vi mi ln g phm.

10

sudo !! s lp li lnh cui cng nhng vi quyn root, ngha l

thm vo sudo u lnh .

Bn khng nn s dng sudo cho nhng chng trnh c giao din

ha, bn nn s dng gksudo, v d: ALT + F2 gksudo gedit

ng nhp vi quyn root:
Bn c th s dng sudo hoc gksudo thc thi vi c quyn ca root,
nhng nu bn vn mun ng nhp vi ngi dng root th c th dng lnh:
M: sudo i
C 1 ch nh v s khc nhau gia sudo v gksudo: Khi s dng cu lnh
sudo, th chng ta s thc thi mt cu lnh vi quyn root nhng vi cc thit
t (configuration) l ca user ang s dng. Trong khi gksudo th ngc li.
gksudo s thc thi mt cu lnh vi quyn root v vi cc thit t cng ca
root lun. Chnh v th, khi dng sudo cho cc chng trnh c giao din ha
nhiu lc c th dn ti li.

1.2.2 Ti khon nobody

Ti khon ngi dng nobody c s dng chy cc dch v trn h
thng. Ti khon ny khng c th mc home hoc mi trng lm vic shell.
Nu ti khon ny b li, cc dch v ang chy s dng ti khon ny s b nh
hng nhng h thng vn c bo mt.

1.2.3 Ti khon bin

Ti khon bin c s dng trn h thng vi th mc home l /bin. Ti
khon ny c s dng bo mt cc file nh phn c bn trn h thng. Ti

11

khon bin khng c mi trng lm vic shell. Ti khon ny c to mc

nh trong qu trnh ci t h thng.

1.3. Home Directory

Mi ngi dng trn Ubuntu c cp mt th mc ring (gi l home
directory), thc cht l mt th mc con ca /home. C dng /home/username;
ngha l nu username bn l mrbinh th home directory ca bn l
/home/mrbinh. Ring i vi accout root th home directory l /root.
Cc user C th cng thuc mt nhm (group) hoc l khc nhm; cc user
trong cng mt nhm th c quyn hn nh nhau. Thng th tt c cc user u
thuc vo nhm User (tr root v cc account dnh ring cho h thng).
Mi ngi dng ch c quyn thao tc trong th mc ring ca mnh (v
nhng th mc khc c php ca h thng) m thi. Ngi dng ny khng
th truy cp vo th mc ring ca user khc (tr trng hp c chnh ngi
dng hoc root cho php). Mi tp tin (file) v th mc trn Ubuntu u
c "ng k ch quyn", ngha l thuc v mt ngi dng v nhm no .
Thng th tp tin v th mc c to bi ngi dng no th s thuc v
ngi dng .
Cc h thng Linux khng t mt khu ca mi ngi dng trong file
/etc/passwd m xy dng mt file khc lu tr mt khu ring. l
file /etc/shadow.
Ch c ngi dng root mi c quyn xem file /etc/shadow. File ny lu tr
mt khu c m ha ca tt c ngi dng trn h thng. File /etc/shadow
cha mt s ti khon ngi dng v cc ti khon ca cc dch v trn h
thng. Cc ti khon dch v ny c ci t mc nh cho php cc dch v
khc nhau thc hin ng cc chc nng ca n.

12

VD: username ca bn l mrbinh, bn thuc nhm User v bn to ra mt

tp tin c tn l myfile.txt th tp tin myfile.txt s c nh du l "ngi s
hu: mrbinh; thuc v nhm: User". Nhng ngi dng khc khng th truy
cp c myfile.txt nu khng c php ca bn. Bn hon ton c th thay
i "ch s hu" ca tp tin/th mc bng cc lnh ca Ubuntu. Bn hon ton
c th t myfile.txt thuc v user mrbinh nhng li thuc v nhm guests (mc
d user mrbinh khng nm trong nhm guests).

Phn 2
CCH TO NGI DNG BNG GIAO DIN HA
2.1 Thm mt ti khon ngi dng.
Bn c th thm nhiu ti khon ngi dng vo my tnh ca bn. Cung
cp mt ti khon cho tng ngi trong gia nh hoc cng ty ca bn. Mi
ngi dng c th mc ring, ti liu ring, v cc thit lp.
Bc 1: Nhp vo tn ca bn trn thanh menu v chn User Account.

13

14

Bc 2: Kch Unlock gc trn bn phi v nhp mt khu ca bn

thc hin thay i. Bn phi l admin mi c th thm ti khon ngi
dng.

Bc 3: Trong danh sch cc ti khon bn tri, nhp vo nt + thm

mt ti khon ngi dng mi.

15

Bc 4: Nu bn mun ngi dng mi c quyn truy cp qun tr my

tnh, chn qun tr cho cc loi ti khon. Qun tr vin c th lm nhng
vic nh thm v xa ngi s dng, ci t phn mm v trnh iu
khin thit b v thay i ngy gi h thng.

Bc 5: Nhp tn y ca ngi dng mi. Tn truy nhp s c

in t ng da vo tn y . Mc nh l c th OK, nhng bn c
th thay i n nu bn thch.

16

Bc 6: Nhp vo To.
Bc 7: Ti khon ban u l v hiu cho n khi bn nhp mt khu
ca ngi dng. Trong Ti khon nhp vo tu chn Password Account
Disabled.

17

By gi s dng cc quyn trong danh sch th xung thit lp mt

khu, cho php ngi s dng ng nhp :
Set a password now: To ngay 1 Password
Log in without a password: ng nhp m khng cn mt khu
Enable this Account: Ngi dng thit lp li mt khu trong ln
ng nhp u tin.
Sau khi chn bn nhp Mt khu mi v xc thc li ln na.

18

Bc 8: Nhp vo Thay i.
Nu bn thch, bn c th nhp vo hnh nh bn cnh tn ca ngi s dng
bn phi thit lp mt hnh nh cho ti khon. Hnh nh ny s c hin th
trong ca s ng nhp. GNOME cung cp mt s hnh nh bn c th s dng,
hoc bn c th chn hnh ca bn trong Browse .

19

2.2 Xa mt ti khon ngi dng.

Bn xem, thm mt ti khon ngi dng mi. Nu user no khng
cn s dng , bn c th xa ti khon i.
Nhp vo tn ca bn trn thanh menu v chn User Account.
Kch Unlock gc trn bn phi v nhp mt khu ca bn thc hin
thay i. Bn phi l admin mi c th xa ti khon ngi dng.
Chn ti khon m bn mun xa v nhp vo du - gc di mn
hnh.
Mi ngi s dng c th mc home ring gm cc cc tp tin v cc
thit lp ca mnh. Bn c th chn gi li hoc xa th mc home ca
user .
Nhng tp tin b xa vnh vin s khng th phc hi.

20

2.3 Thay i mt khu.

Theo thi gian thay i mt khu l mt tng tt thay i mt khu
ca bn, c bit khi bn cm thy c ngi khc bit c mt khu ca bn l
g.
Nhp vo tn ca bn trn thanh menu v chn User Account
Nhp vo nhn bn cnh Password.
Nhp mt khu hin ti ca bn, sau nhp mt khu mi. Nhp mt
khu mi ca bn mt ln na trong xc nhn mt khu.
Bn cng c th nhp vo nt bn cnh trng mt khu mi chn
mt mt khu ngu nhin to ra an ton. Cc mt khu kh khn cho
nhng ngi khc on, nhng cng c th kh nh, v vy hy cn thn.
Nhp vo Thay i.

21

22

Phn 3
HNG DN TO NGI DNG BNG CH DNG LNH
C hai phng php s dng cu lnh trong Terminal to ngi dng l
useradd v adduser.
3.1 Useradd
Vi useradd s t ng to cc file ca ngi dng trn h thng, to th
mc home cho ngi dng v mt s cu hnh khc ph thuc vo cc chc
nng c s dng. Khi mt ti khon ngi dng c to ra th mt ti khon
nhm ngi dng cng tn vi ngi dng cng s c to ra trn h thng
(UID = GROUP ID).
C php: sudo useradd [Chc nng] <tn ngi dng>
Mt s chc nng chnh s dng trong useradd:
-p password: t password cho user. Ngoi ra, ta c th s dng lnh
, sau h thng s cho ta nhp mt khu
mi cho ti khon.
-c comment: Chc nng cho php ngi to c th thm thng tin c
nhn ca ngi dng ln h thng. Chc nng ny tng t vic nhp
thng tin trong lnh adduser. Mt lu l mi thng tin khi nhp phi
c t trong du .
-d /home/directory: To th mc home cho ngi dng. Ta thng t
th mc home trng vi tn ngi dng. Nu khng s dng, h thng
cng t ng t nh vy.
-e yyyy-mm-dd: Ngy v hiu ho truy cp. Chc nng ny xc nh
ngy m ti khon b v hiu ho trn h thng.
-f yyyy-mm-dd: S ngy password s v hiu ho khi ti khon ht hn.

23

-g group: Xc nh ti khon ngi dng thuc nhm ngi dng no

trn h thng.
-G group: Xc nh ti khon ngi dng thuc nhng nhm ngi dng
no trn h thng v mt ngi dng c th thuc nhiu nhm khc nhau.
-s shell: Xc nh shell mc nh cho ngi dng khi ng nhp h thng.
V d shell ca root l /bin/bash.
-u uid: Xc nh s UID ca ngi dng.
V d: to ti khon ngi dng tn student1, th mc home l student1,
thuc nhm ngi dng user1 v s UID ca ngi dng l 555 v ngy ht
quyn truy cp l 01/08/2013. Ta vit cu lnh nh sau:

Dng lnh cat kim tra, ta c:

3.2 Adduser
S dng adduser s n gin hn useradd v h thng khng yu cu ngi
to phi thm vo cc tham s. Hn na, n s hin th cc tu chn thng
tin c nhn ngi to c th nhp. Tuy nhin, cc tham s nh group,
group id, uid, home directory s c h thng to mc nh.
C php: sudo adduser <tn ngi dng>
V d: Ta thm ti khon c tn caotu
Kt qu ca lnh:

Sau h thng yu cu nhp password:

24

Tip theo, cp nht thng tin c nhn ca user caotu ri yu cu xc nhn

thng tin.

Nu cha ng, ta chn n, h thng s cho ngi to nhp li t u v c

hin th nhng thng tin nhp trc i chiu:

Dng lnh cat kim tra, ta c:

Nhc im ca lnh adduser l mun ci t cc chc nng theo mun ging

nh useradd, ta phi s dng n lnh thay i thng tin ngi dng usermod:
C php: sudo usermod [Chc nng] <tn ngi dng>
V d: trn, mc nh h thng cho UID ca user caotu l 1003.

Ta vit lnh nh sau thay i UID:

25

Dng lnh cat kim tra, ta c:

Tng t vi cc chc nng khc cng vy.

26

Phn 4
PHN QUYN TRUY CP TI NGUYN TRONG UBUNTU
Ubuntu l h iu hnh m da trn Linux. Ubuntu to ra mi trng nhiu
ngi dng chung ti nguyn. Chnh v vy vic bo mt cc ti nguyn ny
rt quan trng. Ngi qun tr cn phi thit lp quyn hn cho tp tin, th mc
sao cho khng b thay i ni dung, khng b xa. nm r vn ny, bn
cn tm hiu quyn hn ca ngi dng trn FileSystem.
y cng l mt trong s nhng ly do ngi s dng nh gi rt cao kh nng
bo mt, an ton. Ngoi ra vic phn quyn tt s trnh vic h thng file
system ca Ubuntu b ph hng nh h thng vn hnh mt cch n nh
hn.
4.1 Quyn truy cp trn file system
Trong Linux mi i tng u c dng l tp tin. Tt c tp tin u c
ngi s hu v quyn truy cp.
-Linux cho php ngi dng xc nh cc quyn c (read), ghi (write) v th
thi
(execute) cho tng i tng. C ba loi i tng :
+Ngi s hu (owner) : 3 k t u tin (rw-)
+Nhm s hu (group) : 3 k t tip theo (r--)
+Ngi khc (others)

: 3 k t cui cng (r--)

-Quyn c : cho php bn c ni dung ca tp tin. i vi th mc, quyn

c cho
php bn di chuyn vo th mc bng lnh cd v xem ni dung ca th mc.
-Quyn ghi : cho php bn thay i ni dung hay xa tp tin. i vi th mc,
quyn ghi

27

cho php bn to ra, xa hay thay i tn cc tp tin, th mc con trong th mc

cha, nhng
khng ph thuc vo quyn c th ca tp tin trong th mc. Nh vy, quyn
ghi ca th
mc s v hiu ha cc quyn truy cp ca tp tin trong th mc.
-Quyn thc thi : cho php bn gi chng trnh ln b nh cch cch nhp tn
tp tin
t bn phm hay bng chut. i vi th mc, bn ch c th chuyn vo (cd)
th mc nu bn c quyn thc thi vi th mc.
Owner
read
write

execut
e

Group
read

write

execut
e

Others
read
write

execute

Theo cch tnh s nh phn, ta c th xc nh s quyn hn ca mt i

tng bng cch tnh tng gi tr cc quyn.
-Theo cch tnh s nh phn, ta c th xc nh s quyn hn ca mt i
tng bng cch tnh tng gi tr cc quyn.
Quyn
Read
Write
Excute
None

Gi tr h 2
100
010
001
000

Gi tr h 10
4
2
1
0

28

4.2 Gn quyn truy cp trn Ubuntu Linux

4.2.1, S dng giao din ha
Click chut phi vo th mc, chn Porperties

29

Gn quyn cho th mc
-Gn quyn :
+Mc Owner : bn c th thay i ngi s hu v gn quyn truy cp
th mc
(Folder access), gn quyn truy cp cho tp tin (File access).
+Mc Group : bn c th thay i nhm s hu v gn quyn truy cp th
mc
(Folder access), gn quyn truy cp cho tp tin cho nhm (File access).
+Mc Other : bn c th gn quyn truy cp th mc (Folder access), gn
quyn truy
cp cho tp tin cho nhm (File access).
+Mc Execute : bn gn quyn thc thi cho tp tin.

30

-Nhn Close gn quyn.

4.2.2 Gn quyn cho file

Gn quyn cho file

V d: Mnh c th mc test v cp quyn nh sau. Mnh to sn 1 user
tn l tucao test. Tucao thuc nhm Desktop user do mnh to.

31

32

y l thng tin v user tucao

Sau khi phn quyn nh ca s trn, th nghim, mnh s dng terminal
test, v y l kt qu.

My bo li, tucao khng c quyn to th mc.

4.3 Lnh chmod
Cp quyn hn cho tp tin/th mc. Ch c ch s hu v superuser (thng
l root) mi c quyn thc hin lnh ny. y l mt lnh cc k quan trng,
chnh v vy trong bo co ny ca nhm, nhm xin trnh by k hn v cc
thao tc cng nh s dng, qun l vi lnh chmod.
s dng lnh, bn phi bt Terminal, tt c cc thao tc bn qun l ti
nguyn thc cht u chy qua terminal. Ubuntu/Linux h tr mt s giao din
o (console o) v trong c mt s giao din l CLI (Command-line
interface).
bt Terminal click vo Applications Accessories Terminal

33

Giao din chng trng Terminal

C php : #chmod [nhm ngi dng] [thao tc] [quyn hn] [tp tin/th
mc]
Trong :
-Nhm ngi dng : u l user ; g l group ; o l others ; a l all.
-Thao tc

: + l thm quyn ; - l xa quyn ; = l gn quyn bng

-Quyn

: r l read ; w l write ; x l execute

Nh lu trn, mun s dng lnh chmod th ta cn s dng supperuser

(root) l ti khan c quyn hn cao nht thc hin lnh.
Bn c th g:
sudo bash
sudo su
V d: Ti c mt file tn tu.txt c t trong th mc var/www ca File
System. V ti mun phn quyn cho file ny.
Ti khan supper user ca ti mc nh l root.

34

thc hin lnh chomd bn c th chmod khi bn th mc khc, bn s

thm ng dn vo cu lnh, n gin v d nhn. Ti s dng lnh cd

chuyn ti th mc cha tp tin tu.txt.

ng nhp vo supperuser (root)

Kim tra thuc tnh ca file trong th mc, s dng lnh : ls -l
Hoc tn file: ls -l tu.txt

35

Kim tra thuc tnh ca FILE

Trong -rw-rr-- l phn quyn ca file.
Owner: C quyn Read, Write (4 + 2 = 6)
Group: C quyn Read (4)
Orther: C quyn Read (4)
Tng ng vi : 644 (mc nh file do linux to ra l 644 v 755 vi th
mc)
Ti khon Fithou v root u l owner do mnh s ngt quyn vi quyn
cho cc ti khan owner
By gi ti s phn quyn Owner (ch s hu khng c c file).
Vy ti s g chmod 044 tu.txt

kim tra c file, ta g lnh cat tu.txt

36

Nh hnh th khi ta dng lnh "cat tu.txt h thng s bo Permisssion

denied.
Tip theo ta s cp quyn cho fithou c quyn Read file tu.txt
G: chmod 444 tu.txt
G: cat tu.txt kim tra

Nh vy ni dung file c c v hin th ra mn hnh.

Ngoi ra thay v vic s dng cc con s nh 777, 646, 101, 404 nh trn th ta
c th s dng vic gn theo nhm theo cp trn.

37

- Gn thm quyn ghi cho group

#chmod g+w tu.txt

hoc #chmod 775 tu.txt

- Xa quyn read trn group v others

#chmod go-r tu.txt

hoc #chmod 700 tu.txt

Kt lun: Chmod l mt lnh rt quan trng trong Linux nu bn mun

qun l d liu c tt v an ton.
ng dng: Chmod c s dng ph bin nht l trong Website, bo
mt, ngi qun tr website cn chmod cc file mt cch k lng, vic ny
s hn ch phn no vic cc hacker nhm ng, hay thc thi cc lnh khng
c php.
V d: Ti ang c 1 hosting v config dng account c th kt ni vi
h thng, ti s dng phn mm filezillar kt ni vo Hosting. Gi ti s
s dng FileZilla hng dn mi ngi cch chmod.

Giao din phn mm FileZilla

38

Ta click chut phi vo file hoc th mc, hp thoi File permission s hin
ln

Phn
quyn
chmod trong FileZilla
y bn c th chn cch phn quyn bng cch tich vo cc nt tng
ng, hoc nhp gi tr bng s.
4.4 Lnh chown
Thay i ngi s hu, nhm s hu cho tp tin/th mc.

C php : #chown [tn ngi s hu : nhm s hu] [tp tin/th mc]

#chown -R [tn ngi s hu : nhm s hu] [tp tin/th mc]

-R (recursive) cho php thay i ngi s hu, nhm s hu ca th mc v

39

tt c th mc con bn trong.

V d : mnh c th mc test v user tucao trc khng c cp

quyn c th to v sa file trong th mc test.
V gi mnh mun thay i quyn t fithou cho tucao.
Ti root hoc fithou mnh s g
#chown tucao test

Tip theo kim tra, mnh cn login li vo ti khon tucao.

G tip : login tucao sau nhp pass.
Tip n s dng lnh cd di chuyn ti th mc www cha th mc test.
y l kt qu khi tucao thc hin lnh to th mc.

Nh bn thy, User tucao c th thc hin c vic to th mc c tn

tucao.

40

Kt qu trn giao din ha ca Ubuntu

4.5. Lnh chgrp

Thay i nhm s hu cho tp tin/th mc.
C php : #chgrp [nhm s hu] [tp tin/th mc]
V d : tip tc vi th mc test
#chgrp tucao test
Khi thc hin lnh ny, ging nh lnh chown thay v chuyn quyn ca
user, n s thay i quyn cho nhm.
Nhp lnh trn

terminal.
tin cho vic
kim tra, y l
kt qu ca th
mc test trn giao
din ha.

41

Hoc bn c th kim tra bng lnh : ls -l test

42

Phn 5
TI LIU THAM KHO:

Din n Ubuntu Vit Nam -http://forum.ubuntu-vn.org

Ti liu mn m ngun m - Vin H M H Ni
Trang wiki Ubuntu Vit Nam http://wiki.ubuntu-vn.org
Blog cng n gh - http://tacchienmang.blogspot.com
V mt s thng tin t cc din n khc

Ti liu ny c chia s min ph ti tuoitredonganh.vn v da theo 1 s

hng dn v tm hiu ca nhm mnh. Hy vng n gip ch mt cht g
cho mi ngi khi c chng.

43

Phn 6
CU HI TRC NGHIM
1. C bao nhiu loi User trong h iu hnh Ubuntu:
A. 2 loi

B. 1 loi

C. 3 loi

D.Khng phn loi

2. Ti khon no sau y trong h iu hnh Ubuntu tng ng vi

Administration trong h iu hnh Windown:
A.Ti khon Nobody
B. Regular User

C.Ti khon Bin

D.Ti khon Root

3. Khi s dng lnh Sudo dng c quyn ca ti khon Root, mt

khu s c lu trong bao lu:
A.Khng lu
B.30 pht
C.15 pht
D.1h
4. Lnh no cho php phn quyn truy cp d liu trong Ubuntu-Linux
A.Chmod
B.Chown
C. chgrp
5. Trong terminal lnh no sau y c ni dung file.

D.Khng c

A. Run
B.Mkdir
C. Cat
D. Ls -l
6. Trong bo mt v phn quyn truy cp d liu, tham s no ca chmod l
c th gy gim tnh bo mt nht vi files.
A. 640

B.404

C. 777

D. 644