Electrical Machines I

Prof. Krishna Vasudevan, Prof. G. Sridhara Rao, Prof. P. Sasidhara Rao

Phasor diagrams

r1

I1

r2

jxl1

jxl2

Io
Ic

Im

Rc

V1

jXm

V2

ZL

jX

(a)

I1
Ic
V1 Rc

r1

I2

jxl1

r2

jxl2

I1

I2

R=r1+r2

Io
Im

ZL
jxm

V2 x=xl1+xl2

V2

V1

I1=I2

(b)

(c)

Figure 16: Exact,approximate and simplified equivalent circuits

The resulting equivalent circuit as shown in Fig. 16 is known as the exact

equivalent circuit. This circuit can be used for the analysis of the behavior of the transformers. As the no-load current is less than 1% of the load current a simplified circuit known
as approximate equivalent circuit (see Fig. 16(b)) is usually used, which may be further
41

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Electrical Machines I

Prof. Krishna Vasudevan, Prof. G. Sridhara Rao, Prof. P. Sasidhara Rao

simplified to the one shown in Fig. 16(c).

On similar lines to the ideal transformer the phasor diagram of operation can be
drawn for a practical transformer also. The positions of the current and induced emf phasor
are not known uniquely if we start from the phasor V1 . Hence it is assumed that the phasor
is known. The E1 and E2 phasor are then uniquely known. Now, the magnetizing and loss
components of the currents can be easily represented. Once I0 is known, the drop that takes
place in the primary resistance and series reactance can be obtained which when added to
E1 gives uniquely the position of V1 which satisfies all other parameters. This is represented
in Fig. 17(a) as phasor diagram on no-load.

Next we proceed to draw the phasor diagram corresponding to a loaded transformer.

The position of the E2 vector is known from the flux phasor. Magnitude of I2 and the load
power factor angle 2 are assumed to be known. But the angle 2 is defined with respect
to the terminal voltage V2 and not E2 . By trial and error the position of I2 and V2 are
determined. V2 should also satisfy the Kirchoffs equation for the secondary. Rest of the
construction of the phasor diagram then becomes routine. The equivalent primary current

I2 is added vectorially to I0 to yield I1 . I1 (r1 + jxl1 )is added to E1 to yield V1 . This is shown
in fig. 17(b) as phasor diagram for a loaded transformer.

42

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Electrical Machines I

Prof. Krishna Vasudevan, Prof. G. Sridhara Rao, Prof. P. Sasidhara Rao

V1
IoX l1
Ior1

E1

E2

Io

Il

Im

(a)No-load

V1
I1X l1

E1

I1r1
E2

I2x2 I r
2 2

I2
V2

I2

Il
Io

(b)On-load

Figure 17: Phasor Diagram of a Practical Transformer

43

Indian Institute of Technology Madras