2

A. : 2014 2015


Joule Rankine.1
. , 1.013
bar -161.6 C. ,
.


() (). ,
,
, .

.
,
.
()
( )
20C ,
. ( )
, .

. , .

W G T

MW

28

P a2

bar

19

1
, . , 2009.

T g3

1400

P0

bar

80

bar

16

280

[]

24

1:

*
( )
,
.
1 : ( f2 )
, ( a2 ) ,
( g4) , ,
( m a , m f , m
g ) , (G T )
( W C F )
.
, /.
1 bar
P
19[b a r ]
19 bar, r c = a2 =
=19 ( ) .
P a1 1[ b a r ]
c=0.85
1
, a =1.4 k a = a =0.2857 . (6.31),
a
k
r c 1
]=462.01 C
15C, : T a2=T a1[1+
c
a

1.013 bar
( ) -161.6 C. ,
r cf =18.7562 2 cf =0.82 . ,
2 , 19 bar.
, 1.013 bar
() , 1 bar .

 f =1.3062 k f =

f 1
=0.2344
f

(6.31) ,

r cf k 1
T f2 =T f1[1+
] = 27.36 C
f
f

462.01 C
-27.36 C, 19 bar.
(6.41):
m f[ H u+c pf (T f2 T 0)] b = m a[(1+ f )c pg(T g3T 0)c pa(T a2T 0)]

kJ

kg
), 0 = 20 C ( , ).
m
f
f /, f =
.
m
a
f , :
( H u = 50000

f =

c pg (T g3T 0)c pa (T a2T 0 )

= 0.0245
b [ H u+c pf (T f2 T 0 )c pg (T g3T 0 )]

2%,
P g3=18.62 ba r . To
1.05 bar, r T =17.733 .
=0.87 .
g =1.33 k g =0.2481 . (6.32)
k g

g4 = T g3[1 (1r t

)] = 657.61 C

.
,
. (6.38)
W G T = mm a [ c pg (T g3T g4 )c pa (T a2 T a1)]
: 28 MW.
,
3 H

CH 4

f ,

c pf (T f2T 0 )
. H u

4 1

5
1400C

W G T
kg
= 64.7780
m [c pg (T g3T g4)c pa (T a2T a1 )]
s
m=0.98 .
m a =

A f
kg
kg
, m
m f = 1.5867
.
g = 66.3647
s
s
(6.39)

G T

kJ
28000
W G T
s
=
=
= 0. 3529
m
kJ
kg
f Hu
50000 1.5867
kg
s

2 ( m 0 )
( m ) ,
T g7 , T g9 , T g11 ,
9 = 50 C

m
. = = 0.15
m
0
/.
6:

T g7 T 13Y +15 C ( )

T g9 T 13X +15 C ( )

T g11 120 C ( )
kW
]
K
= 0.98 ().

= m
g c pg = 76.09[

:
(T g4T g11 )=m 0 [h 0+h (1+)h9 ]

6 O g , ,

A ,

min (510 C , T g440 C ) = min(510 C , 617.61 C ) = 510 C
/ (,
). ,
12 12,
11 11, .
p = 0.82 .
h ' h11X
11 12 p = 12X
, h12X '
h 12Xh 11X
( Mollier).
h12X .
h13X . Mollier 7

bar

kJ
kg

11X

1.1

95

398.05

12X

18.8

95.2

400.25

13X

18

207.11 ( = T s )

884.58 (. )

14X

18

207.11 ( = T s )

2794.8 (. )

16

280

2993.1

11

1.1

95

398.05

12

83.8

95.2

405.51

13

83

297.55 ( = T s )

1331.4 (. )

14

83

297.55 ( = T s )

2755.5 (. )

0 (Y)

80

510

3416.3

2: /

,

.
O
:

7 , , .

T g7 312.55 C ( . )

T g9 222.11 C ( . )

T g11 120 C ( )

, .
T g11=(T g11 )min =120 C .

B(T g4T g11 ) = m 0 [h0 +h (1+ )h9 ]

m 0 ( ) m 0 = 11.2869

kg
s

g4 g7 0 13 (), 14 ()

B(T g4T g7 ) = m
0 [(h 0h13Y)+ (h X h14X )]
g7 T g7 = 343.95 C > T 13Y+15 = 312.55 C
.
g7 g9 13 14 (), 13 13 (),

B(T g7T g9) = m 0 [( h13Yh 12Y)+ (h14X h13X )]
T g9 g9 = 164.11 C < T 13X +15 = 222.11 C
.


.
T g9 = 222.11 C . g9
g11 9 13
B(T g9T g11) = m 0 [(1+ )(h10h 9)+ ( h13X h12X )]
m 0 = 10.0503

kg
s

T g7 = 382.24 > 312.55 C , T g11 = 178.90 > 120 C
6

 .

.

g4

657.61

(C)

g5

g6

g7

g8

g9

g10

g11

570.34

566.41

382.24

259.95

222.11

212.51

178.90

3: (: / 50C )

E 3 , ,

,
, .
kg

s
( #1) 76 bar ( 5%
) 15.2 bar,
. ,
kJ
h1 = h0 = 3416.3
.
kg
505.29 C.
kg
, m = 1.3920
( 1%
s
) 15.2 bar ( 5%
)
8 ,

, 0.05 bar.
, m 0 = 10.0503

A
.
,
kg
kg
me2 = 6N = 624 = 144
= 0.04
.
h
s
.

,
. :

8 ' 15.2 bar

m D = m
+m +m + V .
,
. ,
.
(3.6.2):
m3
day
m3
.
V . = 0.3
N V . = 0.0000832

s
kg
998 3 ( 20C).
m
,
m D = 0.1987

kg
s

kJ
q = 1400

kg
Q D= m
Dq = 278.24 kW .

Q D
m e1 =
[1]
h e1hc1
m e1 ,
h e1 h c1 .


.
2 (
), 4 ( ), e (
), 5 ( ),
- -
.
.
,

W AE = m
0(h0h p1 )+m 4(h 4h p2) [2]
h p1 , h p2
, , .
, h 0h p1 h 4h p2
8

 .

. i 1 i 2
, (3.3.1)
h hi1
h hi2
[3a] SL2 = 4
[3b] .
SL1 = 0
h0 h p1
h 4 h p2


.
h EL = 0.02[( h0 hi1 )+(h 4 hi2 )] [4].
,


W wHP = m 0 (h0 h2 ) [5a]
W wLP = m
4 (h 4 he )+( m
4 m
e )(heh w ) [5b]
h w .

W sLP =

W wLP
[6a]
1+r ML +r RL

W sHP =

W wHP
[6b]
1+r ML+r RL

r ML
r RL , .
, r ML = 0.035 (3.5 %) ,
( ).

, h p1 = 2951.8

kJ
kJ
h p2 = 2060.1
.
kg
kg

[2], :
W AE = 20219.56.99 PS = 14871.70 kW 9

80% ,
W = 11897.36 kW = 16175.65 PS
9

h 4 = h p1
9

 . 5 . .. b = 0.8276 .
f t = 1.01 .
SL = f tb = 0.8358 . Y
, SL1 = SL2 = SL . [3a],
kJ
kJ
, hi2 = 2218.3
[3b] hi1 = 3028.05
. A [4]
kg
kg
kJ
, h EL = 23.875
.
kg
(
,

). 3 bar (
) e.
Mollier,
kJ
h e = 2740
'
kg
kJ
h e1 = h e2 = 2740
kg
[1]

kg
m e1 = 0.1156

s
kg
m e = 0.1556
( & ).
s
kJ
h w = 2242.2
. [5a], [5b]
kg

W w = 8866.05 kW
W w = 3902.19 kW
[6a], [6b]

W s = 8566.23 kW
W s = 3770.03 kW

W = 12336.5 kW = 16772.75 PS

' 0.1%. ,
( 80%)
W = 11897.36 kW = 16175.65 PS
W = 12336.5 kW = 16772.75 PS . = 3.69 % .
10

 ,
.

.

kW

12376.79

kW

3786.41

kW

8590.39

SL

0.8395

ft

1.01

h0

kJ
kg

3416.3

hi1 = h2

kJ
kg

3026.4

h3

kJ
kg

2993.1

h4

kJ
kg

3022.3

hi2

kJ
kg

2214.6

h EL

kJ
kg

23.954

h w = h5

kJ
kg

2238.5*

h e = he1 = he2

kJ
kg

2735

m 0

kg
s

10.0503

( )

kg
s

1.5075

( )

m 3

kg
s

1.3920

11

m 4

( 4)

m e (= m e1 +m e2 )

kg
s

11.4423

kg
s

0.1559

m e1

kg
s

0.1159

m e2

kg
s

0.04

m c

kg
s

11.2864

4:

* ( 0.05 bar
) , 0.8667, )
.
0.05 bar ( #6)
1 bar.
( = m
7 = m c ) ,
( = m
c1 = m
e1) ,

( = m
c2 = m
e2 ) .
p = 0.82 .
kJ
h 6 = h ' 0.05 ba r = 137.77
.H
kg
kJ
s6 = s ' 0.05 ba r = 0.4763
. 7'
kgK
1 bar,
kJ
h 7' = 138.04
.
kg
h h6
p = 7 '
[7].
h7 h6
kJ
7 = 138.10
kg

m 8 h8 = m
c1 hc1+ m
7 h7+ m
c2 hc2 +m w h w [8]
8 , c1
, c2 w10 o
.
10 w
5 .

12

m 8 = m
0 +m = 11.5579

kJ
,
kg

kg
kJ 11
, h c1 = h(1 ba r , 79.63 C) = 333.346
s
kg
kg
m 7 = m
c = 11.2864
s
kg
kJ
m w = m
, hw = h(1 ba r , 20 C ) = 84
= 0.01(1+ )m 0 = 0.1156
s
kg
kJ
[8], h8 = 139.35
.
kg
8 9 7, '
kJ
T 9 = 33.24 C
h 9 = 139.47
kg

50C. 10C,
.
m c1 = m
e1 = 0.1145

,
,
T 9 = 33.24 C .
, ,
.

bar

KJ/kg

Kg/s

f1

1.013

-161.6

1.5867

f2

19

-27.26

1.5867

a1

15

64.7780

a2

19

462

64.7780

g3

18.62

1400

66.3647

g4

1.05

657.61

66.3647

g5

570.34

66.3647

g6

566.41

66.3647

g7

382.24

66.3647

g8

259.95

66.3647

g9

222.11

66.3647

g10

212.51

66.3647

g11

66.3647

168.28

12

11 , c1 ( ) 20 C
1 bar
12 2 ,
.

13

140.29

2740

0.1556

e1

140.29

2740

0.1156

e2

140.29

2740

0.04

c1

79.63

333.446

0.1156

c2

79.63

333.446

0.04

20

84

0.1156

bar

KJ/kg

Kg/s

80

510

3416.3

10.0503

76

505.29

3416.3

10.0503

15.2

294.29

3027.2

10.0503

15.2

280

2993.1

1.3920

15.2

293.46

3023.1

11.4423

0.05

32.88

2240.4*

11.2867

0.05

32.90

137.77

11.2867

32.94

138.10

11.2867

33.23

139.35

11.5579

33.24

139.47

11.5579

10

1.1

95

398.05

11.5579

11X

1.1

95

398.05

1.5075

12X

18.8

95.21

400.25

1.5075

13X

18

207.11

884.58

1.5075

14X

18

207.11

2794.8

1.5075

16

280

2993.1

1.5075

11

1.1

95

398.05

10.0503

12

83.8

95.28

405.51

10.0503

13

83

297.55

1331.4

10.0503

14

83

297.55

2755.5

10.0503

16

280

2993.1

0.1156

5:
*

0.8675
: 8578 kW
I : 3778.2 kW

14

E 4

E 5 ( W s max )
,
( W G max )

:
, .
, W s max = 0.98( 28000+8578+3778.2) = 39549.1 kW

: .

W G max = W s G M , G , M
, .
G = 0.96, M = 0.98 .
W G max = 8070.18 kW

15

6 :
( ) ( )
Rankine ( R )
o ( )
( )
4%
/:
.
W
W
=
=
( )
W AE
m
0 (h 0 h p1)
W
W
=
=
( )
W AE
m 4 ( h4 he )+( m
4 m
e )(h e h p2)

.

= 0.808, = 0.786

Rankine:

.
.
:
W +W
R =
B(T g4 T g11 ) m e (h e hc2 )
M R = 0.335

O :
( )
.

=

+W G T + m
W + W
e (he hc2 )
m
f [H u +Cp f (T f2 T f0 )]

M = 0.514

16

: ,
' 4%
.
'
=

+W +W G T )+ m
0.96( W
e ( he h c2 )
m
f [ H u+Cp f (T f2 T f0 )]

= 0.494
E 7
, ,
3 .
.

W cf 13

kW

560.039

kW

3778.2

kW

8578

W s max

kW

39549.1

W G max

kW

8070.18

G T

0.353

0.809

0.786

Rankine

0.335

()

0.514

()

0.494

6:
13 (CH4) .

17

, ', . , 2009

, . . , 1998
, Ernst Schmidt / Ulrich Grigull, 1982,
: ..

18