I.

General Commutator Relations

III.

[ Ji , Jj ] = ieijk h Jk

[ A, B] = AB BA
{ A, B} = AB + BA
[ A, A] = 0
[ A, B] = [ B, A]
[ A, c] = 0 (c is just a number)
[ A + B, C ] = [ A, C ] + [ B, C ]
[ A, BC ] = [ A, B]C + B[ A, C ]
[ A, [ B, C ]] + [ B, [C, A]] + [C, [ A, B]] = 0
[ xi , p j ] = ihij

II.

More General Ang Mom Stuff

J = Jx iJy
J+ J
J+ + J
Jx =
Jy =
2
2i
[ J+ , J ] = 2h Jz [ Jz , J ] = h J

[J2 , J ] = 0
J2 j( j + 1)h 2
Jz mh
q
J ( j m)( j m + 1)h
2~J1 ~J2 = (~J1 +~J2 )2 J12 J22
s
(1)l (2l + 1)(l + m)!
m
Yl (, ) = l
4 (l m)!
2 l!

Angular Momentum

eim

I.

Spin Stuff
III.

h
S x = (|+ih| + |ih+|)
2
i
h
Sy = (|+ih| + |ih+|)
2
h
Sz = (|+ih+| |ih|)
2


h 2
Si , S j =

2 ij


h
~S n |n,
+i = |n,
+i
2

+i = cos |+i + ei sin |i

|n,
2
2

II.

0
1

1
0


, 2 =

3 =

i , j = 2ij

0
i
1
0

i
0

0
1

Creation/Annihilatiion
Operators
r

a=

m
ip
(x +
) , a =
2h
m

m
ip
(x
)
2h
m

[ a, a ] = 1 , N = a a , N |ni = n|ni
1
H = h ( N + ) , [ N, a] = a , [ N, a ] = a
2

a | n i = n | n 1i , a | n i = n + 1| n + 1i
r
h
mh
x=
( a + a ) , p = i
( a + a )
2m
2
r

h
0
hn | x |ni =
( nn0 ,n+1 n + 1n0 ,n+1 )
2m
r

mh
0
hn | p|ni = i
( nn0 ,n1 + n + 1n0 ,n+1 )
2

Pauli Matrices

1 =

1
dl m
(sin )2l
m
sin d(cos )l m

IV.

Variational Methods
h0 | H |0 i
H
h0 |0 i

[i , j ] = 2ieijk k

H E0

V.

Perturbation Theory

VI.
I.

I. Time-Independent, Non-Degenerate

n = Vnn +

k6=n

2
| Tni |2 ( En Ei )
h
 
h 2 k02
h 2 2 2 2
En =
=
|n|
2m
2m
L
 2
 2
n
L
L
m
mk
( En ) =
= 2
|n|d = 2
d
En
2
2
h
h
mkL3
| T |2 d
w (i n ) =
3 ni
2
(2 ) h

2
d
mL3

=
| Tni |2
d
2h2

2
d
mL3

|hn|V |+ i|2
=
2
d
2h

Time-Independent, Degenerate

1st-order:

(1)

n = h n0 |V | n0 i
just like 1st-order for non-degenerate, except
that, here, we must use the eigenkets of V.
2nd-order:
(2)

n =

k D

Main Stuff
w (i n ) =

|Vnk |2
+ ...
En0 Ek0

Vnk hn(0) |V |k(0) i

II.

Scattering Theory

f (k0 , k ) =

|Vkn |2
0 E0
ED
k

where this is only good if the states become

non-degenerate due to the 1st order shift.

Time-Dependent
= ni

c1n (t)

i
=
h

c2n (t) =

i
h

Zt

ini t0

f (1) ( k0 , k ) =

Vni (t )dt

Zt Zt

eik x

L2

hk0 | V | + i

Z
2

d3 x 0 ei(kk )x V (x0 )

2
and for spherically symmetric V:
q = |k k0 | = 2ksin

t0

2

2h2

d3 x 0

Born Approximation

2h
q k k0

c0n (t)

mL3

d
= | f (k0 , k)|2
d

II.
III.

1 2m 3
L
4 h 2

einm t Vnm (t0 )

(1)

1 2m 1
( ) =
2 h 2 iq

t0 t0

t00

eimi Vmi (t00 )dt00 dt0

2m 1
h 2 q

Z
0

Z 2
r
0

V (r )(eiqr eiqr )dr

rV (r )sinqrdr

V (x0 )hx0 |+ i