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STAIR CASES
9.1
GENERAL FEATURES
Stair cases are provided for connecting successive floors. It is comprised with flights of steps
with inter mediate landings which provides rest to the user and support for the flight. A passage
is provided at the start of staircase then for the vertical rise a flight is provided with rise and
tread. Rise provided in the steps is normally 6 inch which conforms with the comfort of the user.
Tread provided is 9.5 inch which can be more if the number of user is more depending on the
type of building. The width of the stair can be between 3.5ft to 5 ft depending on the use.
Generally public buildings should be provided with larger width.
Going is the horizontal projection of the inclined flight between the first and the last riser. A
flight is generally consist of two landings with going in between of 10 to 12 steps.
Staircases can be designed in many forms as per the requirement of the user and the facility and
space available in the construction. Design procedure of few types are discussed in this chapter.
9.2
Stair cases can be of varying geometrical shapes and structural behavior. Some of the most
common types of staircases are shown is subsequent discussion.
STAIR CASES
LANDING
PASSAGE
Most commonly used in buildings. It comprises with two flights and a landing or lobby in
between. Normally the landing is provided at mid height. The landing acts as a support of the
flight and landing is supported by beams or wall.
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STAIR CASES
Open
well
UP
UP
322
STAIR CASES
Generally adopted in public building where adequate space can be provided for staircases. It ahs
quarter landings which provide more comfort to user. Moreover the open well provide adequate
ventilation. The flights are consisted of lesser steps in comparison to dog legged staircases.
9.2.3
This type of staircase is normally used for aesthetic beautification. No support for landing is
provided. The tread and riser is constructed as folded plates. The construction of this types of
staircase is costly as reinforcement required is more.
Tread
Riser
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STAIR CASES
Cantilever
slab
Rise
In this type of staircase cantilever horizontal tread are projected from a wall or an inclined beam.
This type of staircase needs complicated formwork and normally used for aesthetic
beautification.
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STAIR CASES
9.3
LANDING
PASSAGE
STAIR CASES
The figure above shows the plan of the stair hall. Let the rise be 6 inch and trade be 9.5 inch. The
width of each flight is 3.5 inch.
10
= 5 ft.
2
5 12
= 10 risers in each flight.
No of risers required =
6
No of tread in each flight = 10-1 = 9.
Space occupied be trades = 9 9.5 = 7.125 ft.
Width of landing =4.5 ft.
Width of passage =4.5 ft.
Size of stair hall = 7 ft 16.125 ft.
The landing slab acts together with the going as a single slab. The bearing of the slab into the
wall may be considered 6.5 inch.
Then the effective span = 7.125 + 4.5 +
6.5
= 12.17 ft.
12
l
.
28
l
12.17
=
= 5.22inches 6 inches.
28
28
6
150
9.5 6
9.5
= 0.5
150
12 12
12
=37.5 plf.
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STAIR CASES
M max =
Maximum Moment
wl 2 1
= 355.5 12.17 2 = 6581.60 lb-ft =78.97 k-in.
8
8
d2 =
3
87
= 0.0278
40 87 + 140
M max
fy
f c
78.97
=
40
f y b1 0.59
d = 2.9 inch
And t = 2.9+1=3.9 inch (with 1 inch clear cover)
t =3.9 inch < 6 inch (Ok)
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STAIR CASES
Distribution Bar.
0.11 12
= 9 inch c/c.
0.144
Longitudinal Steel.
Trial
No
Assumed
a (inch)
Steel Area, As =
a
2
f y d
a=
As f y
0.85 f c b
Comments
(inch)
(inch )
Trial-1
a=1.0
Trial-2
a=0.6
78.97
= 0.49
1
0.9 40 5
2
78.97
= 0.47
As =
0.6
0.9 40 5
As =
a=
0.49 40
= 0.64 Not OK
0.85 3 12
a=
0.47 40
= 0.61 OK
0.85 3 12
0.22 12
= 5.62 6 inch center to center.
0.47
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STAIR CASES
Step 6: Detailing
The following points are to be remembered in detailing:
The main reinforcement should be bent to follow the bottom profile of the stair.
Near the landing the reinforcement should be taken straight up and then bent in
the compression zone of landing.
For tensile stress in the landing zone separate set of bars should be used as shown
in the detailing.
The length of each type of bar on either side of the crossing should be at least
equal to 2 ft 2 inches.
All the bars of the tensile reinforcement should be taken into the supports and
anchorage and development length requirement must be fulfilled.
LANDING
# 3 bar @ 9
inch c/c
# 4 bar @ 6
inch c/c
PASSAGE
# 3 bar @ 9
inch c/c
# 4 bar @ 6
inch c/c
Figure 9.6:
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STAIR CASES
PASSAGE
LANDING
STAIR CASES
9.4
4.5
ft
7.67 ft
4.79
ft
4.5 ft
4.5
ft
4 ft
13.79 ft
Figure 9.7 : Plan View of Open Well Stair Case
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STAIR CASES
l
28
12.71
l
=
= 5.45inches 5.5inches
28
28
5.5
150 1 = 68.75 plf
12
1 tread riser
tread
Self weigh of the steps =
150
12
12
12
2
11.5 6
11.5
150
= 37.5 plf
= 0.5
12 12
12
Floor finish=20 plf
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STAIR CASES
wl 2 1
=
= 346.75 12.712 = 7001.93 lb-ft =84.02 k-in
8
8
M max
f c
Distribution Bar
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STAIR CASES
Longitudinal bar
Assumed
a (inch)
Trial
No
Steel Area, As =
a
2
f y d
a=
As f y
Comments
0.85 f c b
(inch)
(inch2)
Trial-1
a=1.0
Trial-2
a=0.7
84.02
0.58 40
= 0.58
a=
= 0.76 Not OK
1
0.85 3 12
0.9 40 4.5
2
84.02
0.56 40
= 0.56 a =
As =
= 0.73 OK
0.7
0.85 3 12
0.9 40 4.5
As =
l
28
l
14.87
=
= 6.5inch
28
28
6.5
150 1 = 81.25 plf
12
1 tread riser
tread
Self weight of the steps =
150
12
12
12
2
11.5 6
11.5
150
= 0.5
12 12
12
=37.5 plf
Self weight of the slab =
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STAIR CASES
wl 2 1
= 364.25 14.87 2 = 10067.73 lb-ft = 120.81 k-in.
8
8
M max =
f c
d=3.59 4 inch
Provide 1-inch clear cover
t=4+1=5 inch <6.5 inch
So, design is Ok
d available = 6.5 1 = 5.5inch
Reinforcement Calculation:
Distribution Bar
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STAIR CASES
Longitudinal bar
Trial
No
Assumed
a (inch)
Steel
Area,
As =
a
2
f y d
a=
Trial-2
a=1.0
a=0.85
120.81
= 0.67
1
0.9 40 5.5
2
120.81
= 0.66
As =
0.85
0.9 40 5.5
As =
0.85 f c b
Comments
(inch)
(inch2)
Trial-1
As f y
a=
0.67 40
= 0.88 Not OK
0.85 3 12
a=
0.66 40
= 0.86 OK
0.85 3 12
0.22 12
= 4 inch c/c.
0.66
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STAIR CASES
Step 5: Detailing
11.5 inch
6 inch
4.5 ft
7.67 ft
4 ft
STAIR CASES
11.5 inch
# 4 bar
@ 4 inch c/c
4.5 ft
7.67 ft
# 3 Bar
@ 8 inch c/c
4.5 ft
# 3 Bar
@ 8 inch c/c