Medical English

MEDICAL ENGLISH 1
Autores:
Vernica Clavijo Bazalar.
Fernando Cornejo Snchez.
UNIT
1
Booking a Doctor's Appointment
Receptionist: Doctor's office. Jane speaking. How can I help you?
Caller: I need to make an appointment with Dr. Harris.
Receptionist: Do you know your chart number?
Caller: No, sorry. It's at home and I'm at work right now.
Receptionist: No problem. What's your name, please?
Caller: George Mason.
Receptionist: Okay Mr. Mason. Hold one moment while I grab your chart, please.
Caller: Sure.
Receptionist: Thanks for waiting. Now, what do you need to see the doctor about?
Caller: Well, I am fighting a cold these days, and I think I have a chest infection or something. My
cough is getting worse each day.
Receptionist: Hmm. Doctor Harris is off tomorrow. Do you think it can wait until Wednesday?
Caller: Oh, it is urgent. I feel bad
Receptionist: No problem, I will help you.
Check your understanding
1. Why does the caller phone the doctor's office?
a) He's running late for his appointment.
c) He can't remember his chart number.
b) He's booking an appointment with Dr.

Harris.
d) His medication ran out.
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Page 1
2. Which is true about George Mason?

a) He has a bad cold.
c) His cough is better.
b) He's running a fever.
d) He's off on a sick day.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

TO HAVE
Affirmative statements
SUBJECT
I
You
We
They
He
She
It
Medical English 1
VERB
have
have
have
have
has
has
has
COMPLEMENT
fever
a cold stiff neck
a sunburn
fever
a cold
a stiff neck
Page 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Have a headache
Have an earache
Have a toothache
Have a stomachache
Have a backache
Have a sore throat
Have fever
Have a cold
Have a cough
Have a virus
Have an infection
Have a rash
Have an insect bite
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Have a sunburn
Have a stiff neck
Have a runny nose
Have a bloody nose
Have a cavity
Have a wart
Have (the) hiccups
Have (the) chills
Have cramps
Have diarrhea
Have chest pain
Have shortness of breath
Have laryngitis
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
SUBJECT
I
You
We
They
He
She
It
Medical English 1
AUXILIARY
do not / dont
does not /
doesnt
VERB
have
have
have
have
have
have
have
COMPLEMENT
fever
a cold
a stiff neck
a sunburn
fever
a cold
a stiff neck
Page 3
INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS
AUXILIARY
Do
Does
SUBJECT
I
you
we
they
he
she
it
AUXILIARY
WH
QUESTION
WORDS
How often
do
When
Why
does
does
Medical English 1
VERB
have
have
have
have
have
have
have
SUBJECT
I
you
we
they
he
she
it
COMPLEMENT
VERB
have
have
have
have
have
have
have
QUESTION
MARK
fever
?
a cold
a stiff neck
a sunburn
fever
?
a cold
a stiff neck
COMPLEMENT
QUESTION
MARK
fever
a cold
a stiff neck
a sunburn
fever
a cold
a stiff neck
Page 4
TO BE
27. Be faint/weak
28. Be dizzy
29. Feel nauseous
30. Be bloated
31. Be congested
32. Be exhausted
TYPE OF SENTENCE
SUBJECT
AUXILIARY VERB
am
a patient.
You
are
a physician.
She
is
not
insane.
We
are
not
swollen.
Is
he
weak.
Are
they
vitamins?
Medical English 1
NEGATIVE FORM
COMPLEMENT
Page 5
OTHER VERBS
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
Cough
Sneeze
Wheeze
Burp
Vomit/throw up
Bleed
Twist
Sprain
Dislocate
Medical English 1
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Scratch
Scrape
Bruise
Burn
Break
Hurt
Cut
Swell
Itch
Page 6
ACTIVITIES
A.
CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE APPROPRIATE FORM.
affirmative sentences
negative sentences
interrogative sentences
1)
She has a cold or allergies (?)

_______________________________________________________________________
2)
They sneeze every minute (-)
__________________________________________________________________
3)
My sister doesnt cough (+)

________________________________________________________________________
4)
My husband is dizzy (?)

________________________________________________________________________
5)
Does he feel nauseous? (+)
__________________________________________________________________
6)
His brother is exhausted (-)
_________________________________________________________________
7)
You arent a good dentist (?)

_______________________________________________________________________
8)
I dont wait for anybody (+)
_________________________________________________________________
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9)
It itches badly (-)

_____________________________________________________________________
10)
They arent here (+)
________________________________________________________________
B.
PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
1.
in / friends / I / have / dont / class/ this / many.
________________________________________________________________
2.
hospital / to / go / to / They / the / want.

_____________________________________________________________________
3.
arent / These / your / patients.

_____________________________________________________________________
4.
need / I / a / dont / psychologist

_____________________________________________________________________
5.
burp / he / vomit /?/ Does / and/ often
_______________________________________________________________
C.
FIND THE MISTAKES IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND REWRITE THEM.
1.
He dont eat fish __________________________________________________
2.
The children is tired
3.
My patients isnt there ____________________________________________
4.
We has a sunburn and you feel nauseus ________________________________
5.
Do she work in those medical facility? ____________________________________
Medical English 1
_____________________________________________
Page 8
Medical Specialists
Medical specialists are experts in certain fields of medicine. They treat specific parts of the body,
such as the stomach or the heart, or they specialize in certain diseases, such as AIDS. Family
doctors keep a list of local specialists and can help patients choose the right specialist for each
medical issue. In many cases, specialists require a referral from a family doctor before they will see
a patient.
Here is a list of the most common types of specialists. Study the list and then check your
understanding by taking the quiz.
Allergist: specializes in determining food and environmental allergies

Anesthesiologist: specializes in pain prevention during surgery
Cardiologist: heart specialist
Chiropractor: back specialist
Dentist: tooth specialist
Dermatologist: skin specialist
Fertility specialist: helps people who have difficulty getting pregnant
Gynecologist: specializes in women's needs
Massage therapist: specializes in muscle relaxation
Midwife: helps women deliver babies in a natural way
Naturopath: specializes in natural cures and remedies
Neurologist: brain specialist
Obstetrician: specialist for pregnant women
Occupational therapist: specializes in workplace health
Oncologist: tumor specialist, including cancer
Ophthalmologist: specializes in eye diseases
Pediatrician: specialist for babies and children
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Physical therapist: specializes in the body's movement

Podiatrist: foot specialist
Psychiatrist: specialist in mental health
Radiologist: specializes in imaging tests
ACTIVITIES
A.
Read the patient complaints and say which specialist each patient needs.
1. I have a terrible rash on my arms and legs. I think I'm allergic to dairy food, but it also might be
grass.
a) chiropractor
c) allergist
b) ophthalmologist
d) psychiatrist
2. My husband and I just took a home pregnancy test, and it came out positive. We want to know
when we are due and we want to make sure the fetus is healthy.
a) podiatrist
c) obstetrician
b) pediatrician
d) pharmacist
3. I still can't walk and it's been three months since my accident. I hate being stuck in a
wheelchair.
a) anesthesiologist
c) radiologist
b) physical therapist
d) dentist
4. The test results show that I have an advanced form of blood cancer.
a) oncologist
c) midwife
b) neurologist
d) allergist
5. My left eye has an infection that won't go away and my vision has been blurry for two weeks
now.
a) podiatrist
c) ophthalmologist
b) massage therapist
d) radiologist
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6. I don't want to take any drugs that will cause me to become addicted to them, but I do need
some sort of pain relief.
a) naturopath
c) cardiologist
b) dentist
d) dermatologist
7. I've been having major chest pains this week. I'm also having trouble breathing.
a) gynecologist
c) oncologist
b) cardiologist
d) dermatologist
8. I get terrible acne and I have tried all of the products in the pharmacy. I don't know what to do
now.
a) massage therapist
c) occupational therapist
b) podiatrist
d) dermatologist
9. My baby is not developing properly. She hasn't put on any weight in two months and she keeps
getting ear infections.
a) anesthesiologist
c) midwife
b) pediatrician
d) massage therapist
10. My husband and I have been trying to get pregnant for three years. We have tried everything
that the books suggest.
a) fertility specialist
c) psychiatrist
b) oncologist
d) dentist
B. Which are they specialties? Choose the right word for each number.
X-ray technician; gynecologist; psychiatrist; emergency medical technician; surgeon; pediatrician;
cardiologist; optometrist, obstetrician; dentist; doctor; nurse; lab technician.
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UNIT
Head
Read the text below and answer the questions

Inside the head is the brain, which is responsible for thinking. The top of a person's scalp
is covered with hair. Beneath the hairline at the front of the face is the forehead.
Underneath the forehead are the eyes for seeing, the nose for smelling, and the mouth
for eating. On the outside of the mouth are the lips, and on the inside of the mouth are
the teeth for biting and the tongue for tasting. Food is swallowed down the throat. At the
sides of the face are the cheeks and at the sides of the head are the ears for hearing. At
the bottom of a person's face is the chin. The jaw is located on the inside of the cheeks
and chin. The neck is what attaches the head to the upper body.
1. Where is the brain?

___________________________________________________________________
2. Where is the forehead?
___________________________________________________________________
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3. Where are the lips?

__________________________________________________________________
4. What can you do with your teeth?
__________________________________________________________________
5. Where are the ears?
__________________________________________________________________
6. Where is the chin located?
__________________________________________________________________
7. Where is the jaw located?
_________________________________________________________________
Present Progressive
We use the present continuous tense to talk about:
action happening now

action in the future
SUBJECT
AUXILIARY VERB
MAIN VERB
COMPLEMENT
am
examining
a patient.
You
are
prescribing
the medicine
She
is
not
sleeping
We
are
not
coughing
Is
he
vaccinating
the children?
Are
they
taking
vitamins?
in the hospital.
ACTIVITIES
A.
Complete the following sentences with the present continuous.
1.
The doctors _______________ (vaccinate) the children right now.
2.
The gynecologist ________________________ (examine) Lucia these days.
3.
The doctor __________________ (prescribe) medicines right now.
4.
Listen! Michael_____________________ (cough) a lot.
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5.
I ______________________ (drink) cough syrup at this moment.
6.
Jake _________________________ (suffer) a terrible disease.
7.
Doctor, ______________________ you ________________ (cure) Mr. Baker?
8.
Look! A biologist _____________________ (analyze) a microbe.
9.
My children __________________________ (catch) a cold.
10.
_______________ you _______________(arrange ) an appointment?
B.
Decide which of the choices below would best complete the article if inserted in the
blanks. Circle the appropriate letters.
Too Much Fast Food?
According to a recent survey, these days Hong Kong consumers (1)_______ more money on
convenience foods since the economic downturn. Because companies are trying to make more
with fewer staff, employees (2) ________ harder than ever before. More women (3)__________
the workforce as well. They (4) _________less time to prepare nutritious home-cooked meals for
their families. Instead, families (5)_________ out or (6) ________ convenience foods, such as
frozen pizzas and instant noodles. These foods (7) more fat, salt and sugar than homecooked meals. Experts say that eating too much of them (8) the risk of serious health
problems, including diabetes and heart disease.
However, the current trend towards convenience foods (9) benefitting some business
sectors. Supermarkets (10).. to the higher demand for quick, easy-to-serve meals by
increasing their selection of convenience and pre-packaged foods. These products (11) . for
higher prices than fresh food. Restaurants also (12). from the trend: most Hong Kong
people now (13) out at least once a day.
Is convenience food just a fad or is home-cooked food (14). a thing of the past?
How (15) .this trend affecting our health?
1. A are spending
B spends
C spend
3. A joins
B are joining
C join
2. A work
B works
C are working
4. A has
B have
C had
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5. A are eating
B eats
C eat
10. A respond
B responded
C are responding
6. A bought
B buys
C buy
11. A sells
B are sold
C sell
7. A containing
12. A profit
B are profiting
C profits
B contains
C contain
13. A eat
B ate
C were eating
8. A increase
B increasing
C increases
14. A become
B became
C becoming
9. A is
B are
C be
15. A does
B is
C have
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Supplies and Tools.

Here is a list of some of the most common supplies found in doctor's offices, operating
rooms, and medical kits. Study the vocabulary and try the matching exercise.
Antiseptic
Bandage
Forceps
Gauze
Microscope
6. Oxigen mask
7. Scales
8. Syringe
9. Test tube
10. Thermometer
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
thin, netted material used for dressing wounds

an instrument used to check a person's body temperature
liquid used to sterilize (clean) the surface of the skin
a cylinder-shaped piece that attaches to a needle and can be filled with liquid
a cloth covering that is placed over a wound to prevent bleeding, swelling and
infection
f) glass cylinder that is filled with blood or other liquids and can be capped and
placed in a storage area
g) equipment that fits over the nose and mouth and supplies oxygen
h)
instrument used during operations and medical procedures (assists the
doctor in pulling, holding, and retrieving)
i) a device that measures a person's weight
j) equipment that makes small things appear larger than they are
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
http://www.hospitalenglish.com/flashcards/files/procedures_flash.pdf
Explain: take blood pressure, give a shot, listen to lungs, check ears, check eyes, start an IV, look at an MRI scan,
take temperature, take pulse, prep for surgery, operate, bandage, write in the chart, pay the bill, take the patient to...
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UNIT
3
Main Structures of the Digestive System
The digestive tract is a long continuous tube that starts with the mouth and ends with the anus. It
includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The tongue
and teeth located in the mouth are accessory structures. The salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and
pancreas are the other accessory organs of the digestive system that secretes digestive enzymes
into the digestive tract that are involved in the process of digestion.
Mouth: The mouth contains tongue and teeth. With the help of these the food is chewed (broken
into tiny pieces) and mixes with saliva (secreted by salivary glands)
Pharynx: Is a funnel shaped opening through which the food from mouth passes to esophagus.
Esophagus: Is a long tubular structure that with the help of peristalsis movement passes food to
the stomach.
Stomach: A large sac-like structure that holds the food for a while where it gets mixed with the
hydrochloric acid and gastric juice.
Small intestine: It is a long muscular tube that is divisible into the duodenum, the jejunum, and
ileum. Secretions of liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are passed into the small intestine, where the
major part of the digestion occurs.
Large intestine: Minor part of the digestion occurs in large intestine and is divisible into cecum,
colon, and rectum. Reabsorption of water and absorption of food material takes place in large
intestine.
Anus: The indigested food is excreted out through anus.
Liver: Liver is the largest organ of the human body and it is involved in synthesis and secretion of
bile that plays a role in emulsification of fats. Liver secreted from live is stored in gallbladder, from
which it flows into small intestine.
Pancreas: Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice.
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PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS

CASE
General rule
When nouns end in

-ch, -x, -s, -sh, -z or
s-like sounds
Nouns ending in o
Noun ending in y
Noun ending in f or fe
DESCRIPTION OF THE
RULE
The plural form of
most nouns is created
simply by adding the
letter s to the end of
the word.
The plural is formed
by adding es
EXAMPLE
NOUN + -S
minute - minutes
NOUN + -ES
church - churches
box -boxes
index -= indexes ( also indices)
gas - gases
bush - bushes
ass -asses
quiz quizzes
potato - potatoes
tomato tomatoes
volcano - volcanoes
When they are

preceded by a
consonant.
NOUN + -ES
Except: newly created

words or words with
Spanish or Italian
origin.
When they are
preceded by a
consonant, they drop
the y and add ies
NOUN + -S
photo - photos
piano - pianos
portico - porticos
NOUN Y + IES
party - parties
lady - ladies
When they are

preceded by a
VOWEL, add a s
Drop the f or fe
and add ves
NOUN + -S
Boy - boys
Toy - toys
Ray rays
calf calves
half - halves
wolf - wolves
Nouns ending in is
Drop the -is and add

-es
Irregular plural
Some nouns change

their structure to form
their plural form.
Medical English 1
STRUCTURE
NOUN F + VES
NOUN FE + VES
NOUN IS + ES
ODD PLURAL FORM
wife wives
crisis - crises
hypothesis - hypotheses
oasis - oases
child - children
ox - oxen
man men
woman - women
person - people
foot - feet
tooth - teeth
Page 17
mouse - mice
louse - lice
Identical singular and
plural form
Collective words or nouns

associated with two
parts.
Compound nouns
Uncountable noun
Medical English 1
Some nouns have

identical plural and
singular forms,
although they are still
considered to have a
plural form.
These nouns
exist only in the plural
form and take a plural
verb.
NO CHANGE
In compound nouns
the plural ending is
usually added to the
main noun.
Uncountable nouns
on the other hand
have no plural form
and take a singular
verb (is / was ...).
MAIN NOUN + -S
ONLY PLURAL FORM
NO PLURAL FORM
aircraft - aircraft
fish - fish
sheep - sheep
deer - deer
species - species
headquarters - headquarters
cattle
scissors
trousers
tweezers
congratulations
pajamas
court martial - courts martial
son-in-law - sons-in-law
passer-by - passers-by
advice
information
luggage
headquarters - headquarters
news - news
Page 18
CASE
Latin or Greek origin
DESCRIPTION OF THE
RULE
These nouns maintain
their Latin or Greek
form in the plural.
STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE
NOUN US + I
nucleus = nuclei
syllabus = syllabi
focus = foci
fungus = fungi
cactus = cacti (cactuses is
acceptable)
NOUN ON + A
phenomenon = phenomena
criterion = criteria
NOUN - UM + A
datum = data
medium= media
NOUN + E
alumna = alumnae
trachea=tracheae
NOTES:
Third person of singular in simple present tense conjugation uses the same rules that plural forms.
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ACTIVITIES
1. PRONUNCIATION
A. Say the plural nouns. Then write them in the correct columns.
actress
box
boy
carrot
class
dictionary
girl
house
lemon
notebook
roommate
son
state
student
watch
/S/
carrots
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
/Z/
boys
______________
______________
_____________
______________
/IZ/
actresses
_____________
______________
______________
______________
B.
Simple present tense conjugation. Say the third person conjugations. Then write them in
the correct columns.
/S/
/Z/
/IZ/
kiss
work
like
It knocks
She studies
He kisses
watch
touch
stay
_____________
______________
_____________
study
cough
clear
_____________
______________
______________
knock
sneeze
put
_____________
_____________
______________
clean
_____________
______________
______________
2. GRAMMAR
A. Write the s plural form of the following words.
1. thesis
2. stimulus
3. alumnus
4. loaf
5. medium
6. crisis
7. veto
8. fireman
9. diagnosis
10. ox
Medical English 1
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
11. watch
12. mountain
13. louse
14. family
15. shelf
16. cloud
17. area
18. photo
19. home
20. logo
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
_______________
Page 20
B. Next to each word in the list, write correctly the plural for that word. If that word cannot
be pluralized because it's a non-count noun, write the letter X.
1. man
______________
16. dancing ______________
2. furniture
______________
17. 1990
______________
3. experience ______________
18. aluminum ______________
4. Kennedy
______________
19. fax
______________
5. ski
______________
20. roof
______________
6. gas
______________
21. fish
______________
7. box
______________
22. child
______________
8. peace
______________
23. difficulty ______________
9. cactus
______________
24. knowledge ______________
10. criterion ______________
25. goose
______________
11. baby
______________
26. video
______________
12. memo
______________
27. curriculum ______________
13. work
______________
28. biology
______________
14. self
______________
29. URL
______________
15. applause ______________
30. dish
______________
C. Write the plural form of the following medical nouns.

1. mouth
______________
2. pharynx ______________
3. anus
______________
4. trachea
______________
5. pancreas ______________
6. enzyme
______________
7. duodenum ______________
8. cecum
______________
9. rectum
______________
10. bronchus ______________
D. What are MASS (NON-COUNT or UNCOUNTABLE) NOUNS?
Here is a list of MASS NOUNS for you to consider.
Can you count any of these things?
Do we use the plural form of any of these words in common speech and writing?
What do the things in the first column have in common? The second column?
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wood
oxygen
dancing
English
cloth
water
soccer
luggage
ice
milk
hockey
equipment
plastic
wine
weather
furniture
wool
beer
heat
experience
steel
cake
sunshine
applause
aluminum
sugar
electricity
photography
metal
rice
biology
traffic
glass
meat
history
harm
leather
cheese
mathematics
publicity
porcelain
flour
economics
homework
hair
reading
poetry
advice
dust
boating
Chinese
air
smoking
Spanish
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READING COMPREHENSION
Read the following text and answer the questions below.
Human Digestive System

How does food get digested?
Digestion involves mechanical as well as chemical changes in the food taken. Mechanical
alteration is brought about by teeth, grinding organs and muscular contraction of stomach and
intestinal walls. Breaking food into small pieces increases the surface area exposed to the enzymes
of digestive juices.
INTRODUCTION OF FOOD DIGESTION PROCESS

Chemical changes, whether in protozoans or in animals from sponges to man, involve cleaving of
complex, insoluble macro molecules into simpler, soluble sub units, and are brought about by the
action of enzyme.
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Food Digestion Process

Food Intake: Different organisms obtain food in different ways but carry out similar reactions. To
take food, protozoans use pseudopodia, flagella or cilia; sponges and muscles use a current of
water; hydra uses tentacles beset with stinging cells; planarians and earthworms use a muscular
pharynx; flukes and leeches use oral succer.
Digestive System and process: Parts of the body concerned with the uptake and digestion of food
and elimination of indigestible remains from the digestive system, also called elementary system.
The digestive system consists of two sets of organs:
Alimentary canal: It is a tube comprising many specialized organs. It provides and helps in the
process of:
(i)An inlet, the mouth, to ingest food
(ii)A cavity, the lumen, where food is digested
(iii)A surface for the absorption of digested food
(iv)A space where indigestible remains are changed in to faeces
(v)An outlet the anus for elimination of faeces.
Digestive glands and their function in the process: These are the structures associated with the
different regions of the alimentary canal. They sent into the digestive track their secretions which
contains enzyme and other materials to help in the digestion of food. Most of the alimentary
canal and certain digestive glands are supported and held in place by mesenteries, the double
sheets of peritoneum with a layer of connective tissues in between.
Summary for Food Digestion Process
The digestive system serves three major functions are:
1. Nutrition: The digestive track primarily serves to provide food to the tissues to the body.
2. Breathing: The interior part of the alimentary canal also plays a role in respiration in the
chordates.
3. Excretion: The digestive system brings about sum excretion too. Excretion is the elimination of
unwanted materials from the body.
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QUESTIONS
1. Does digestion only involve mechanical changes?
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Why are enzymes important during the digestion process?
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Which is the final step of the digestion process?
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. How is the alimentary canal supported?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2.
Matching
Match the numbers with the letters
1. Cleave
a) excrement
2. Intake
b) the cavity of a tubular organ or part
3. Lumen
c) tube
4. Faeces
d) the amount taken in
5. Canal
e) divide
ON-LINE EXERCISES
The following links could provide you further information and resources on plural form.
Find mistakes
http://www.englishteststore.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=707:Fi
nd-Mistakes-Basic-Level-Test-001&catid=117:find-mistakes&Itemid=365
Plural forms
http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/english-grammar-nouns-plural3.html
http://www.clafoti.com/Imagenes/PLURALNOUNS.htm
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/cross/plurals_gap.htm
http://www.caihometype.com/course.html
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/pluraltext.htm#Irregula
Medical English 1
Page 25
UNIT
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
4
What
is
the
respiratory
system?
Your respiratory system is made up of the organs in
your body that help you to breathe. Remember, that
respiration = breathing. The goal of breathing is to
deliver oxygen to the body and to take away carbon
dioxide.
Parts of the respiratory system

Lungs
The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory
system. In the lungs oxygen is taken into the body
and carbon dioxide is breathed out. The red blood
cells are responsible for picking up the oxygen in the
lungs and carrying the oxygen to all the body cells
that need it. The red blood cells drop off the oxygen
to the body cells, then pick up the carbon dioxide
which is a waste gas product produced by our cells.
The red blood cells transport the carbon dioxide back
to the lungs and we breathe it out when we exhale.
Trachea
The trachea (TRAY-kee-uh} is sometimes called the windpipe. The trachea filters the air
we breathe and branches into the bronchi.
Bronchi
The bronchi (BRAHN-ky) are two air tubes that branch off of the trachea and carry air
directly into the lungs.
Medical English 1
Page 26
Diaphragm
Breathing starts with a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs called the
diaphragm (DY-uh-fram). When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts. When it
contracts it flattens out and pulls downward. This movement enlarges the space that the
lungs are in. This larger space pulls air into the lungs. When you breathe out, the
diaphragm expands reducing the amount of space for the lungs and forcing air out. The
diaphragm is the main muscle used in breathing.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Why Do I Yawn?
When you are sleepy or drowsy the lungs do not take enough oxygen from the air. This
causes a shortage of oxygen in our bodies. The brain senses this shortage of oxygen and
sends a message that causes you to take a deep long breath - a YAWN.
Why Do I Sneeze?
Sneezing is like a cough in the upper breathing passages. It is the body's way of removing
an irritant from the sensitive mucous membranes of the nose. Many things can irritate the
mucous membranes. Dust, pollen, pepper or even a cold blast of air are just some of the
many things that may cause you to sneeze.
What Causes Hiccups?
Hiccups are the sudden movements of the diaphragm. It is involuntary. You have no
control over hiccups, as you well know. There are many causes of hiccups. The diaphragm
may get irritated, you may have eaten to fast, or maybe some substance in the blood
could even have brought on the hiccups.
Simple Present / Negative and Interrogative Sentences
Type of sentence
Subject
Auxiliary (-)
Base form of the verb
Complement
She
He
does not /
doesnt
operate
a patient
They
You
do not/
dont
take care
of me
Medical English 1
Page 27
Type of sentence
Auxiliary
Subject
Base form of the

verb
Complement
Question
mark
Does
she
he
operate
a patient
Do
they
you
take care
of me
Type of sentence
Wh
question
words
Auxiliary
Subject
Base form
of the verb
Complement
Question
mark
Why
Where
does
does
she
he
visit
operate
a patient
that boy
?
?
When
How
Do
Do
they
You
take care
heal
of me
them
?
?
ON-LINE EXERCISES
Go to the following links to practice.
http://www.englischhilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_negation_long.htm
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/questions/simple_present.htm
ACTIVITIES
A. Read carefully the following text.
I have a terrible stomachache.

Doctor:
Good morning. Please have a seat here. Whats the problem?
Paul Ryefield:
I have a terrible stomachache.
Doctor:
Do you have diarrhea?
Paul Ryefield:
Yes, I do.
Doctor:
Do you have any other symptoms?
Paul Ryefield:
Yes, I feel sick.
Doctor:
You mean you feel nauseous?
Paul Ryefield:
Thats right. I feel like vomiting. And right now I feel dizzy, too.
Doctor:
All right. Please take off your clothes to the waist and lie down there ... Just tell me if it
Medical English 1
Page 28
hurts when I do this.

Paul Ryefield:
It doesnt hurt. ... Ouch. It hurts there.
Doctor:
Okay. Lets hope its just indigestion, but well need to run some diagnostic tests to be
sure. Well run a blood test and well also need a urine sample.
Paul Ryefield:
Can you give me something for the time being?
Doctor:
Yes, Ill give you a prescription for indigestion tablets.
B.
Write a dialogue using the interrogative and negative sentences. Use the
vocabulary above
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Medical English 1
Page 29
C.
VOCABULARY. Read the text then Work with a partner and match the term in
column A with its contextual meaning in column B.
Influenza is a viral infection of the respiratory tract that produces severe discomfort and
debilitation. Flu should not be confused with a cold. Influenza produces symptoms that require
bed rest for several days. There are several types of influenza virus and all have certain
characteristics: rapid transmission from person to person, an incubation period of few days, and
symptoms that become severe in a short time.
Symptoms are generally respiratory in nature but gastrointestinal involvement is common with
certain types of influenza. Headache and painful respiration are usually the first symptoms. Within
the first hours the body temperature increases and remains elevated for several days. Severe
muscle aches, headache, weakness, and chest discomfort accompany the fever. Throat
tenderness and episodes of coughing are present in most cases.
Symptoms are severe for 3 to 5 days, and then subside slowly. Weakness and coughing may
persist for 10 days to 2 weeks.
A
1. debilitation
2. confuse
3. cold
4. require
5. severe
6. involvement
7. increases
8. remain
9. elevated
10. accompany
11. throat
12. tenderness
13. episodes
14. subside
D.
B
a. abate / diminish
b. acute / grave / critical
c. complement / to go together with something
d. event / occurrence
e. higher than normal
f. need or demand
g. pharynx
h. rhinovirus or coronavirus infection
i. sensitive / painful
j. to be mistaken for something else
k. to be part of / to be included in
l. to go up
m. to incapacitate
n. to stay / to continue being
READING COMPREHENSION.
Instructions: Work with a partner. Discuss each question in English and decide if the
statements are T (true) or F (false.)
a. Influenza is caused either by virus or bacteria.

b. The flu is the same thing as a cold.
c. Fever is not a typical sign of the flu.
d. Some patients may develop gastrointestinal troubles during influenza.
e. Influenza is a very infectious disease.
f. The incubation period for the flu is usually about one month.
Medical English 1
T
T
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
F
F
Page 30
UNIT
5
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of
the blood around the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of the system are the
heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.
As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and goes into the aorta. The
aorta is the largest artery in the body. The blood leaving the aorta is full of oxygen. This is
important for the cells in the brain and the body to do their work. The oxygen rich blood travels
throughout the body in its system of arteries into the smallest arterioles.
On its way back to the heart, the blood travels through a system of veins. As it reaches the lungs,
the carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood and replace with fresh oxygen
that we have inhaled through the lungs.
Medical English 1
Page 31
Arteries
Arteries are tough, elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart. As the arteries move away
from the heart, they divide into smaller vessels. The largest arteries are about as thick as a thumb.
The smallest arteries are thinner than hair. These thinner arteries are called arterioles. Arteries
carry bright red blood! The color comes from the oxygen that it carries.
Veins
Veins carry the blood to the heart. The smallest veins, also called venules, are very thin. They join
larger veins that open into the heart. The veins carry dark red blood that doesn't have much
oxygen. Veins have thin walls. They don't need to be as strong as the arteries because as blood is
returned to the heart, it is under less pressure
Medical English 1
Page 32
Heart
Did you know that your heart is the strongest muscle? Your heart is divided into two sides. The
right side pumps blood to your lungs where it picks up oxygen. The left side pumps oxygen-soaked
blood out to your body. They do not work on their own, but together as a team. The body's blood
is circulated through the heart more than 1,000 times per day. Between five and six thousand
quarts of blood are pumped each day. Your heart is about the same size as your fist.
Blood is thicker than water and has a little bit salty taste. In an adult body there is 10.6 pints of
blood circulating around. In their blood there is billions of living blood cells floating in a liquid
called plasma. If you took a small sample of this blood and poured it into a test tube and then put
it in a machine called a centrifuge, you would be able to see the layers of this blood. This machine
spins the blood around so fast that it separates the red blood cells, from the white blood cells,
from the platelets. The red blood cells sink to the bottom because they are the heavier, more solid
parts, but the plasma remains at the top because it is lighter. The plasma is 95% water and the
other 5% is made up of dissolved substances including salts.
Medical English 1
Page 33
PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word that can be used instead of another word.
Examples:
The X-ray machine is automatic, so it does not need to be programmed.
Helen was diagnosed as hypertensive, so the doctor gave her some beta-blockers.
If you did not pass one or more laboratories, you must take them this semester.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
OBJECT PRONOUNS
Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
You
Them
When pronouns are used as subjects of clauses they are called SUBJECT PRONOUNS (SP). Their
position is before verbs.
They have discovered the cure.
SP
We are wasting time.
SP
OBJECT PRONOUNS (OP) are located after verbs or prepositions.
They fight cancer
They fight it.
OP
I gave one scalpel and three tweezers to the surgeon
I gave them to him
OP
NOTE:
OP
A pronoun acts as a subject or an object in a clause, so it is an error to repeat the noun it refers to
in the same clause.
Example
The administrators they are willing to discuss your queries.
Bottle-feeding them young children is as nutritious for them as breast feeding.
Medical English 1
Page 34
Demonstrative adjectives vs. demonstrative pronouns

DISTANCE
NEAR
FAR
SINGULAR
This
That
PLURAL
These
Those
This, that, these, those are words used to refer to nouns that are near or further away in time or
space.
They work as adjectives when they modify a noun (the noun is written or pronounced in the same
clause). If they replace a noun these words work as pronouns.
Example:
This chocolate tastes delicious. (ADJECTIVE)

This tastes delicious. (PRONOUN)
I don't like this prognosis. (ADJECTIVE)

I don't like this. (PRONOUN)
That athlete will run for an hour. (ADJECTIVE)

That will run for an hour (PRONOUN)
Jim wrote that prescription. (ADJECTIVE)

Jim wrote that. (PRONOUN)
These patients look good. (ADJECTIVE)

These look good. (PRONOUN)
Possessive adjective vs. possessive pronouns

Possessive adjectives modify a noun (that is written or pronounced in the clause) and show that
there is a possession relation.
Possessive pronouns are used when we want to substitute a group of words that are indicating a
possession relation.
Medical English 1
Page 35
POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVE
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Your
Their
POSSESSIVE
PRONOUN
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Its
Ours
Yours
Theirs
For example:
This is my book. (ADJECTIVE)

This is mine. (PRONOUN)
Their patients are in the intensive care unit (ADJECTIVE).

Theirs are in the intensive care unit. (PRONOUN)
This is your disk and that's mine. (ADJECTIVE PRONOUN)

The smallest stethoscope is hers. (PRONOUN)
NOTE
Read the following sentence
When you drive to Manitoba, will you take your car or theirs?
The possessive adjective "your" depends on the noun "car."

The possessive pronoun, "theirs," stands in the place of the noun phrase, "their car."
ACTIVITIES
A.
Underline the object in each sentence and replace it using an object pronoun.
a) Please help doctor Takashi.
_______________________________________________________________
b) Peter loves chemistry
_______________________________________________________________
c) Read page 104.
_______________________________________________________________
Medical English 1
Page 36
d) Ask doctor Huapaya and doctor Carhuancho.

_______________________________________________________________
e) Buy five syringes for Miss La Rosa.
_______________________________________________________________
B. Unscramble the words groups to write sentences. Use the correct punctuation and
capitalization.
a) lend / him / money / some / always / I
________________________________________________________________
b) the / showing / the / something / women / is / man / to.
________________________________________________________________
c) them / she / help / some / gives / rarely.
________________________________________________________________
d) you / tell / the / him / do / ? / answers
________________________________________________________________
e) this / us / does / explain / kind / exercises / of / she / not / to.
C.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate possessive adjective, then use possessive pronouns
to replace the group of words expressing possession relation.
1. Whats the boys name? _____________ name is Ben Scott.
__________________________________________________________________
2. Debbie has a dog. ____________ dog is very lively.
__________________________________________________________________
3. The dog is very lively. _____________ name is Ben.
__________________________________________________________________
4. We are at school. _______________ school is very nice.
__________________________________________________________________
5. I have a new laptop. _____________ laptop is white.
__________________________________________________________________
6. I'm from Chester. Most of ______________ friends are from Chester, too.
__________________________________________________________________
7. The Guptas have a restaurant. _____________ restaurant is great.
__________________________________________________________________
Medical English 1
Page 37
8. The rabbit is white. ______________ cage is in the garden.

__________________________________________________________________
9. You are not English. ______________ name is not an English name.
__________________________________________________________________
10. Sandra and Jenny are friends. ________________school is in Chester.
__________________________________________________________________
11. The Scotts have a new car. _________________ car is blue.
__________________________________________________________________
12. Emma Peel has a brother. ________________ name is Paul.
__________________________________________________________________
13. Nick Baker has a sister._______________ name is Debbie.
__________________________________________________________________
14. Yes, we have a dog. _____________ dog is very old.
__________________________________________________________________
15. The Snows have a tortoise. ____________ name is Trundle.
__________________________________________________________________
D. GROUP EXERCISE.
Create a logical secrete message using at least ten abbreviations showed next pages.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Medical English 1
Page 38
ABBREVIATIONS
This is partial list of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions.
ABBREVIATIONS
Aa
Ad
a.c.
a.d.
ad lib.
admov.
Agit
alt. h.
a.m.
Amp
Amt
Aq
a.l., a.s.
A.T.C.
a.u.
Bis
b.d./b.i.d.
B.M.
bol.
B.S.
B.S.A
BUCC
cap., caps.
c, c.
cib.
Cc
Cf
comp.
cr., crm
CST
D5W
D5NS
D.A.W.
dc, D/C, disc
dieb. alt.
dil.
disp.
div.
Medical English 1
LATIN OR GREEK
ORIGIN
Ana
Ad
ante cibum
auris dextra
ad libitum
Admove
Agita
alternis horis
ante meridiem
Aqua
auris laeva, auris
sinistra
auris utraque
Bis
bis in die
Bolus
Bucca
Capsula
Cum
Cibus
cum cibo
diebus alternis
MEANING
of each
up to
before meals
right ear
use as much as one desires; freely
apply
stir/shake
every other hour
morning, before noon
Ampule
Amount
Water
left ear
around the clock
both ears
twice
twice daily
bowel movement
as large as single dose(usually intravenously)
blood sugar
body surface areas
inside cheek
capsule
with (usually written with a bar on top of the"c")
food
with food, (but also cubic centimeter)
with food
compound
cream
continue same treatment
dextrose 5% solution (sometimes written as D5W)
dextrose 5% in normal saline (0.9%)
dispense as written (i.e., no generic substitution)
discontinue
every other day
dilute
dispersible or dispense
divide
Page 39
ABBREVIATIONS
d.t.d.
D.W.
elix.
e.m.p.
emuls.
Et
Eod
Ex aq
fl., fld.
ft.
G
Gr
gtt(s)
H
h, hr
h.s.
ID
IM
inj.
IP
IV
IVP
IVPB
L.A.S.
LCD
Lin
Liq
lot.
Mane
M.
m, min
Mcg
m.d.u.
mEq
Mg
mist.
Mitte
mL
nebul
N.M.T.
noct.
non rep.
NS
1/2NS
Medical English 1
LATIN OR GREEK
ORIGIN
dentur tales doses
ex modo prescripto
Emulsum
Et
ex aqua
Fiat
gutta(e)
hora
hora somni
injectio
linimentum
liquor
mane
misce
minimum
more dicto utendus
mistura
mitte
nebula
nocte
non repetatur
MEANING
give of such doses
water distilled
elixir
as directed
emulsion
and
every other day
in water
fluid
make; let it be made
gram
grain
drop(s)
hypodermic
hour
bedtime
intradermal
Intramuscular (with respect to injections)
injection
intraperitoneal
intravenous
intravenous push
intravenous piggyback
label as such
coal tar solution
liniment
solution
lotion
in the morning
mix
a minimum
microgram
to be used as directed
milliequivalent
milligram
mix
send
milliliter
a spray
not more than
at night
no repeats
normal saline(0.9%)
half normal saline(0.45%)
Page 40
ABBREVIATIONS
N.T.E.
o_2
o.d.
D.W.
elix.
e.m.p.
emuls.
Et
Eod
Ex aq
fl., fld.
ft.
G
Gr
gtt(s)
H
h, hr
h.s.
ID
IM
inj.
IP
IV
IVP
IVPB
L.A.S.
LCD
Lin
Liq
lot.
Mane
M.
m, min
Mcg
m.d.u.
mEq
Mg
mist.
Mitte
mL
nebul
N.M.T.
Medical English 1
LATIN OR GREEK
ORIGIN
oculus dexter
ex modo prescripto
emulsum
Et
ex aqua
fiat
gutta(e)
hora
hora somni
injectio
linimentum
liquor
mane
misce
minimum
more dicto utendus
mistura
mitte
nebula
MEANING
not to exceed
both eyes, sometimes written as o2
right eye
water distilled
elixir
as directed
emulsion
and
every other day
in water
fluid
make; let it be made
gram
grain
drop(s)
hypodermic
hour
bedtime
intradermal
Intramuscular (with respect to injections)
injection
intraperitoneal
intravenous
intravenous push
intravenous piggyback
label as such
coal tar solution
liniment
solution
lotion
in the morning
mix
a minimum
microgram
to be used as directed
milliequivalent
milligram
mix
send
milliliter
a spray
not more than
Page 41
ABBREVIATIONS
noct.
non rep.
NS
1/2NS
N.T.E.
o_2
o.d.
o.p.d.
o.s.
o.u.
oz
per
p.c.
pig./pigm.
p.m.
PRN, prn
p.o.
p.r.
pulv.
PV
q
q.a.d.
q.a.m.
q.d.s.
q.p.m.
q.h.
q.h.s.
q.1h, q.1
q.d.
q.i.d.
q.o.d.
qqh
q.s.
QWK
R
rep., rept.
RL, R/L
s
s.a.
LATIN OR GREEK
ORIGIN
nocte
non repetatur
oculus dexter
oculus sinister
oculus uterque
per
post cibum
pigmentum
post meridiem
pro re nata
per os
pulvis
per vaginam
quaque
quoque alternis die
quaque die ante
meridiem
quater die sumendus
quaque die post
meridiem
quaque hora
quaque hora somni
quaque1 hora
quaque die
quater in die
quater quaque hora
quantum sufficiat
repetatur
Ringer's lactate sine
secundum artum
Medical English 1
MEANING
at night
no repeats
normal saline(0.9%)
half normal saline(0.45%)
not to exceed
both eyes, sometimes written as o2
right eye
once per day
left eye
both eyes
ounce
by or through
after meals
paint
evening or afternoon
as needed
by mouth or orally
by rectum
powder
via the vagina
every
every other day
every day before noon
four times a day
every time after noon
every hour
every night at bedtime
every 1 hour; (can replace 1 with other numbers)
every day
four times a day
every other day
every four hours
a sufficient quantity
every week
rectal
repeats
without (usually written with a bar on the top of the
s)
use your judgment
Page 42
ABBREVIATIONS
SC, subc, subcut, subq, SQ
Sig
SL
Sol
s.o.s., si op. sit
Ss
Stat
Supp
Susp
Syr
Tab
tal., t
Tbsp
troche
Tsp
t.i.d.
t.d.s.
t.i.w.
top.
T.P.N.
tr, tinc., tinct.
u.d.,
ut dictum
ung.
U.S.P.
Vag
W
Wf
w/o
X
Y.O.
Medical English 1
LATIN OR GREEK
ORIGIN
solutio
si opus sit
semis
statim
suppositorium
syrupus
tabella
talus
trochiscus
ter in die
ter die sumendum
ut.
unguentum
MEANING
subcutaneous
write on label
sublingually, under the tongue
solution
if there is a need
one half
immediately
suppository
suspension
syrup
tablet
such
tablespoon
lozenge
teaspoon
three times a day
three times a day
three times a week
topical
total parenteral nutrition
tincture
dict.
as directed
ointment
United States Pharmacopoeia
vaginally
with
with food (with meals)
without
times
years old
Page 43
UNIT
HOSPITAL FACILITIES
Melissa Memorial Hospital
Melissa Memorial Hospital is designed as a critical access hospital providing for 24

hour emergency care. The design is intended to present an image of a facility that
provides quality healthcare in a friendly environment. This facility focuses on healing
the body, mind and spirit by personalizing, humanizing, and demystifying the
healthcare experience for patients and their families.
Family Waiting Lounge The family lounge sits immediately adjacent to the inpatient
bed wing, providing a bright and spacious place for families to gather.
Medical English 1
Page 44
Main Entry Lobby - The high ceiling main lobby space was designed with comfort in
mind. Its upper windows provide a beacon when lights are on at night and its
contemporary design and soft colors offer patients and their families a warm welcome
and an orientation point of reference.
Nursing Station - The nursing station is centrally located to offer overlapping access
and control of the inpatient bed wing, the labor and delivery suite, the emergency
department, the observation beds, the family lounge as well as the outpatient waiting
area.
Operating Room - The new surgical suite was designed primarily for outside specialists
that travel to Melissa Memorial for specialty surgeries. The new surgical area will help
to increase specialty surgery volumes.
Floor Plan - The Floor Plan emphasizes departmental adjacencies and clean and
separate corridor flows.
Medical English 1
Page 45
Pre-operative and Recovery Areas - The hospital provides pre-operative and recovery
areas adjacent to the operating room.
The total refurbishment of Melissa Memorial Hospital will be 2011. The roof will be replaced, the
wards partitioned into individual cubicles to provide privacy for patients, and new nursing stations
were constructed. Ceramic floor tiles give the wards a cool and clean appearance as do the
acoustic ceilings in all the General Wards corridors.
The next major development will be the building of an ultra-modern maternity wing. It will have
eighteen beds, five are sea-facing private rooms, four semi-private rooms and eight general ward
beds. It will also have its own operating theatre, a baby nursery, isolation rooms, delivery rooms,
family planning area, well-baby and well-woman clinics, pediatric cardiology.
The development of the hospital never really stops, because the pace of change always increases
and the hospital must keep up.
Medical English 1
Page 46
THERE IS/ THERE ARE

Both expressions are used to state the something exists or to point out something in the distance.
There is/There are can be used as the sentences subject.
1.
"There is" - is used with the following subjects:

Singular nouns
Uncountable nouns
3rd person singular (he, she, my physician, his outpatient, etc.).
Examples:
There is my specialist on the corner.
There is a lot of blood on the highway. There must have been an accident.
There is a fracture here.
2. "There are" - is used with the following subjects:

3rd person plural (they, my doctors, the nurses, the practitioners, etc.)
Examples:
There are many nurses in this nursing station.
There are practitioners there.
There are three sites on the internet that are really good to study Medical English.
PREPOSITIONS
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ACTIVITIES
A.
THERE IS/THERE ARE. Choose the appropriate expression from the parentheses.
1. ___________ a fly in that doctor's soup.
(There is, There are)
2. ______________many health centers in Huaycan.
(There isn't, There aren't)
3. ________________ any viruses in this area.
4. _____________________ lots of clinics in big cities.
5. ______________ a blood bank here?
(Is there, Are there)
6. _________________ survivors in the mine?
7. _____________________ a blood donor I can call?
8. _______________ an important surgery tomorrow.
9. _____________________ 8 students in my Medical English class.
10._________________________ many inpatients in this hospital.
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B. GROUP PROJECT. Look at the map below. Then write a description for the plan using
there is, there are and prepositions.
C.
Draw three plans considering the vocabulary below. Then describe the plans using
there is, there are and prepositions.
1. Ultra-modern maternity wing: eighteen beds, five are sea-facing private rooms, four semiprivate rooms and eight general ward beds; one operating theatre; a baby nursery;
isolation rooms; delivery rooms; family planning area; well-baby and well-woman clinics;
pediatric cardiology.
2. Third floor: two lifts; a four-bed High Dependency Unit; Renal Dialysis Unit; Radiology
department.
3. Outpatient Department: Obstetrics; Gynecology; -Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT); -Dental
Surgery ; Orthopedics; Dermatology; Virology; Urology; Radiation, Oncology; Obstetrics;
Perinatology Consultation; Cardiology; Pathology; Psychiatry; Pulmonary Services;
Neurosurgery ; Pediatrics; Internal Medicine; Endocrinology; General Surgery; Geriatrics;
Gastroenterology; Electrophysiology; Neonatology; Nephrology; Rheumatology;
Ophthalmology; Plastic Surgery; Otolaryngology; Pathology.
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UNIT
7
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Excretion - Excretion is the removal of the metabolic wastes of an organism. Wastes that are
removed include carbon dioxide, water, salt, urea and uric acid. All excreted wastes travel at some
time in the blood.
Organs of the Excretory System
Lungs - removal of excess carbon dioxide
Liver - produces urea and uric acid as a by-product of the breakdown of proteins
Skin - removal of excess water, salt, urea and uric acid
Urinary System - kidneys filter the blood to form urine, which is excess water, salt, urea and uric
acid
THE SKIN
Layers of the skin
Epidermis - outer protective layer without blood vessels
Dermis - inner layer containing blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, sweat and oil glands, hairs,
and fat cells
Functions of the skin
Excretion - Wastes such as excess water, salt, urea and uric acid are removed from the body in
sweat.
Waterproofing - The skin with its oil glands prevents the entry of water into, and loss of water out
of the body.
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Protection from disease - The intact skin prevents invasion of micro-organisms and dust into the
body.
Protection from ultraviolet rays - Pigments reduce the intake of UV rays.
Regulation of body temperature - The thin layer of fat cells in the dermis insulates the body.
Contraction of small muscles attached to hairs forms 'goosebumps' and creates an insulating
blanket of warm air. Also, sweat produced by sweat glands uses excess body heat to evaporate,
providing a cooling effect.
Sensory Detection - The nerve endings or receptors in the dermis detect heat, cold, touch,
pressure and pain.
SOME / ANY
STATEMENT
Affirmative
statement
SOME
I have some health nuisances.
They will need some calories
Negative
statements
Interrogative
statements
ANY
_
I do not need any blood transfusion.
Do you need any help?

Does she have any classmates?
Exception:
Offer: Would you like some help?
Request: Can you lend me some money?
QUANTIFIERS WITH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Some adjectives and adjectival phrases describe quantity. Some can only go with countable nouns
(nurses, inpatients, outpatients), and some can only go with uncountable nouns (sugar, fat, blood,
advice). However, there are quantifiers that can be used with both countable and uncountable
nouns.
ONLY WITH
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
WITH UNCOUNTABLE
AND COUNTABLE NOUNS
ONLY WITH
COUNTABLE NOUNS
How much?
How much? or How many?
How many?
a little
no/none
a few
a bit (of)
not any
a number (of)
some (any)
several
a great deal of
a lot of
a large number of
a large amount of
plenty of
a great number of
lots of
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Notes:
1.
Much and many are used in negative and question forms.
Example:
How much sugar do you consume?
How many cigarettes do you smoke?
There's not much blood in the blood bank.
There weren't many physicians at the meeting.
2.
They are also used with too, (not) so, and (not) as :
Examples
There were too many physicians at the meeting.
It's a problem when there are so many patients.
There's not so much work to do this week.
3.
In positive statements, we use a lot of:
Examples:
I have a lot of work this week.
There were a lot of physicians at the meeting.
4.
A few (for countable nouns) and a little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantity in a
positive way:
Examples:
I have a few patients (= maybe not many, but enough)
I have a little money (= I have enough to live on)
5.
Few and little describe the quantity in a negative way:
Few people visited him in hospital (= he had almost no visitors)

He had little money (= almost no money)
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ACTIVITIES
A.
QUANTIFIERS. In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following
quantifiers:
much, many, a lot of, most, a little, little, a few, few
1. It seems to me that we haven't had ____________ assignments in English this term.

2. How _______________ material can we be expected to read in one week?
3. I've unfortunately had _________________ headaches already because of stress.
4. Our yard looks awful this summer. There are too _____________ weeds.
5. I didn't use _____________ fertilizer last spring, and that has made a difference.
6. Also, I've paid very_________________ attention to how rain we've had.
7. I'm afraid it's rained ________________ times this summer, and that is why the grass is turning
brown and dying. Farmers are very upset.
8. How _______________ good would it do if we watered the plants ourselves?
9. ________________ advice I have ever received from so-called "experts" has been useless.
10. They said that just _________________ help could make a big difference.
11.________________________ people know as much about computers as Tomas does.
12. It does us _________________________ good when the banking system collapses.
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B.
GROUP PROJECT. You are a doctor who needs to know your patient routine. Write a 30line dialogue using quantifiers in each sentence. Use affirmative, negative and
interrogative statements.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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UNIT
THE URINARY SYSTEM
Urine
The first nitrogenous waste to be formed from the breakdown of protein is ammonia, a highly
toxic chemical that is quickly converted by the liver to urea and uric acid. These are less toxic than
ammonia and are transported in the blood to the kidneys for excretion in urine. Urine consists of
excess water, excess salt, urea and uric acid.
Parts of the Urinary System
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Renal Arteries
Two renal arteries constantly transport blood to the kidneys.
Renal Veins
Two renal veins return useful nutrients back into the bloodstream.
Ureters
Two ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urinary Bladder
The urinary bladder temporarily stores urine until it is released from the body.
Urethra
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The
outer end of the urethra is controlled by a circular muscle called a sphincter.
Kidneys
The human kidneys are the major organs of bodily excretion (see Figure 1.) They are bean-shaped
organs located on either side of the backbone at about the level of the stomach and liver. Blood
always enters the kidneys through renal arteries and leaves through renal veins. Tubes called
ureters carry waste products from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage or for release.
Figure 1. Details of the human excretory system. Position and allied structures of the kidneys (top). A cross section of
the kidney showing the two major portions (left). Details of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney (right).
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The product of the kidneys is urine, a watery solution of waste products, salts, organic compounds,
and two important nitrogen compounds: uric acid and urea. Uric acid results from nucleic acid
decomposition, and urea results from amino acid breakdown in the liver. Both of these nitrogen
products can be poisonous to the body and must be removed in the urine.
Nephron
The functional and structural unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron produces urine and is
the primary unit of homeostasis in the body. It is essentially a long tubule with a series of
associated blood vessels. The upper end of the tubule is an enlarged cuplike structure called the
Bowman's capsule. Below the Bowman's capsule, the tubule coils to form the proximal tubule, and
then it follows a hairpin turn called the loop of Henle. After the loop of Henle, the tubule coils
once more as the distal tubule. It then enters a collecting duct, which also receives urine from
other distal tubules.
Within the Bowman's capsule is a coiled ball of capillaries known as a glomerulus. Blood from the
renal artery enters the glomerulus. The force of the blood pressure induces plasma to pass
through the walls of the glomerulus, pass through the walls of the Bowman's capsule, and flow
into the proximal tubule. Red blood cells and large proteins remain in the blood.
After plasma enters the proximal tubule, it passes through the coils, where usable materials and
water are reclaimed. Salts, glucose, amino acids, and other useful compounds flow back through
tubular cells into the blood by active transport. Osmosis and the activity of hormones assist the
movement. The blood fluid then flows through the loop of Henle into the distal tubule. Once
more, salts, water, and other useful materials flow back into the bloodstream. Homeostasis is
achieved by this process: A selected amount of hydrogen, ammonium, sodium, chloride, and other
ions maintain the delicate salt balance in the body.
The fluid moving from the distal tubules into the collecting duct contains materials not needed by
the body. This fluid is referred to as urine. Urea, uric acid, salts, and other metabolic waste
products are the main components of urine. The urine flows through the ureters toward the
urinary bladder. When the bladder is full, the urine flows through the urethra to the exterior.
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FREQUENCY ADVERBS
Adverbs of frequency are used to say how often you do something. Adverbs of frequency are often
used with the present simple because they indicate repeated or routine activities.
For example:
They often go out for dinner
The most common frequency adverbs in English are:
Always
100%
Frequently
90%
Usually
80%
Often
70%
Sometimes
50%
Occasionally
40%
Seldom
20%
Rarely
10%
Never
0%
Note: The percentages here are rough estimates only.

Frequency adverbs can be placed at various points in the sentence, but are most commonly used
before the main verbs and after the verb to be.
That surgeon always comes to work on time.
Those doctors are seldom home when we call.
He's usually taking her pills at this time.
She's never been to Cayetano Heredia Hospital.
A: Do you come here often?
B: Yes. I'm here occasionally.
A: What do you usually do here?
B: Sometimes I just sit and wait for a blood transfusion.
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Notes:
1.
The adverbs seldom, rarely, never and hardly ever are considered negative.
A: Do you always carry your medicines?
B: (Yes,) I usually do.
No, I usually don't.
No, I rarely do.
No, I hardly ever do.
2.
The following expressions are used at the beginning and end of sentences, not before
main verbs.
Every day/week /month
Every other day /week
Once a week /month/year
Twice a year / day, etc.
(Every) once in a while
Every so often
Examples:
Every once in a while I visit my outpatients.
I visit my outpatients every once in a while.
I every once in a while visit my outpatients. (Incorrect)
3.
The adverbs regularly (according to schedule), normally (commonly nowadays),

traditionally (commonly in the past) can come at various points in the sentence:
Examples:
I regularly floss my teeth.
I floss my teeth regularly.
Traditionally, that was considered child's play.
I normally get up around 6 o'clock.
Normally, I get up around 6 o'clock.
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ACTIVITIES
A.
Rewrite the complete sentence using the adverb in brackets in its correct position.
Example:
I play tennis on Sundays. (often)
Answer: I often play tennis on Sundays.
1. He pays attention to the doctor's suggestions. (often)

_____________________________________________________________________________
2. They read a book on Anatomy. (sometimes)
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Pete gets angry. (never)
________________________________________________________________________________
4. Doctor Espinoza is very friendly. (usually)
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. I take sugar in my coffee. (sometimes)
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. Ramon and Frank are hungry. (often)
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. My dermatologist goes for a walk in the evening. (always)
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. Nurses help surgeons in the operating rooms. (usually)
________________________________________________________________________________
9. Patients watch TV after 9 pm. (never)
_______________________________________________________________________________
10. Christine smokes. (never)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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11. Nurse Hellen is upset (frequently)

________________________________________________________________________________
12. My workmates are in a hurry (usually)
_______________________________________________________________________________
B.
FREQUENCY ADVERBS. Read the text below and insert the frequency adverbs from the
box.
usually, normally (2), regularly, always (2), never, sometimes
Control of kidney function.

The activity of the nephron in the kidney is ____________ controlled by a person's choices
and environment as well as hormones. For example, if a person __________ consumes
large amounts of protein, much urea will be in the blood from the digestion of the protein.
Also, on a hot day, a body will retain water for sweating and cooling, so the amount of
urine is reduced.
Humans ______________ produce a hormone called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also
known as vasopressin, which is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It
___________ regulates the amount of urine by controlling the rate of water absorption in
the nephron tubules.
_____________ some individuals suffer from a condition in which they secrete very low
levels of ADH. The result is excessive urination and a disease called diabetes insipidus.
Another unrelated form of diabetes, diabetes mellitus, is more widespread. Persons with
this disease ___________ produce sufficient levels of insulin. Insulin _________ transports
glucose molecules into the cells. But when insulin is not available, the glucose remains in
the bloodstream. The glucose is _____________removed from the bloodstream in the
nephron; to dilute the glucose, the nephron removes large amounts of water from the
blood. Thus, the urine tends to be plentiful.
Hormones from the cortex of the adrenal glands also control the content of urine. These
hormones promote reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the tubules. Thus, they
affect the water balance in the body, because water flows in the direction of high sodium
and chloride content.
C. TRANSLATION. Translate the text above.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
D. Read more: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Human-ExcretorySystem.topicArticleId-8741,articleId-8714.html#ixzz0zWFI53ca
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UNIT
9
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Introduction
Sexual reproduction is the process of producing offspring for the survival of the species,
and passing on hereditary traits from one generation to the next. The male and female
reproductive systems contribute to the events leading to fertilization. Then, the female
organs assume responsibility for the developing human, birth, and nursing. The male and
female gonads (testes and ovaries) produce sex cells (ova and sperm) and the hormones
necessary for the proper development, maintenance, and functioning of the organs of
reproduction and other organs and tissues.
1. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
These external structures include the penis, scrotum, and testicles.
Penis: This is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. It has three parts: the root,
which attaches to the wall of the abdomen; the body, or shaft; and the glans, which is
the cone-shaped part at the end of the penis. The glans, also called the head of the
penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin. This skin is sometimes
removed in a procedure called circumcision. The opening of the urethra, the tube that
transports semen and urine, is at the tip of the penis. The penis also contains a
number of sensitive nerve endings.
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Scrotum: This is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind and below the
penis. It contains the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood
vessels. The scrotum acts as a "climate control system" for the testes. For normal
sperm development, the testes must be at a temperature slightly cooler than body
temperature. Special muscles in the wall of the scrotum allow it to contract and relax,
moving the testicles closer to the body for warmth or farther away from the body to
cool the temperature.
Testicles (testes): These are oval organs about the size of large olives that lie in the
scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. Most men
have two testes. The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the primary
male sex hormone, and for generating sperm. Within the testes are coiled masses of
tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubes are responsible for producing sperm
cells.
The internal organs of the male reproductive system, also called accessory organs, include
the following:
Epididymis: The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each
testicle. It transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes. It also is
the job of the epididymis to bring the sperm to maturity, since the sperm that emerge
from the testes are immature and incapable of fertilization. During sexual arousal,
contractions force the sperm into the vas deferens.
Vas deferens: The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that travels from the
epididymis into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. The vas deferens
transports mature sperm to the urethra, the tube that carries urine or sperm to
outside of the body, in preparation for ejaculation.
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Ejaculatory ducts: These are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and the seminal
vesicles. The ejaculatory ducts empty into the urethra.
Urethra: The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the
body. In males, it has the additional function of ejaculating semen when the man
reaches orgasm. When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from
the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.
Seminal vesicles: The seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that attach to the vas
deferens near the base of the bladder. The seminal vesicles produce a sugar-rich fluid
(fructose) that provides sperm with a source of energy to help them move. The fluid
of the seminal vesicles makes up most of the volume of a man's ejaculatory fluid, or
ejaculate.
Prostate gland: The prostate gland is a walnut-sized structure that is located below
the urinary bladder in front of the rectum. The prostate gland contributes additional
fluid to the ejaculate. Prostate fluids also help to nourish the sperm. The urethra,
which carries the ejaculate to be expelled during orgasm, runs through the center of
the prostate gland.
Bulbourethral glands: Also called Cowper's glands, these are pea-sized structures
located on the sides of the urethra just below the prostate gland. These glands
produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra. This fluid serves
to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize any acidity that may be present due to
residual drops of urine in the urethra.
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How does the male reproductive system function?

The entire male reproductive system is dependent on hormones, which are chemicals that
stimulate or regulate the activity of cells or organs. The primary hormones involved in the
functioning of the male reproductive system are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone.
FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain. FSH is
necessary for sperm production (spermatogenesis), and LH stimulates the production of
testosterone, which is necessary to continue the process of spermatogenesis.
Testosterone also is important in the development of male characteristics, including
muscle mass and strength, fat distribution, bone mass and sex drive.
2.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The main external structures of the female reproductive system include:
Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive
organs. Literally translated as "large lips," the labia majora are relatively large and
fleshy, and are comparable to the scrotum in males. The labia majora contain sweat
and oil-secreting glands. After puberty, the labia majora are covered with hair.
Labia minora: Literally translated as "small lips," the labia minora can be very small or
up to 2 inches wide. They lie just inside the labia majora, and surround the openings
to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of the uterus to the outside of the
body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the
body).
Bartholin's glands: These glands are located beside the vaginal opening and produce
a fluid (mucus) secretion.
Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion that is
comparable to the penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the
prepuce, which is similar to the foreskin at the end of the penis. Like the penis, the
clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect.
The internal reproductive organs in the female include:
Vagina: The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to the
outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal.
Uterus (womb): The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the home to a
developing fetus. The uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix, which is the lower
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part that opens into the vagina, and the main body of the uterus, called the corpus.
The corpus can easily expand to hold a developing baby. A channel through the cervix
allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit.
Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of
the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.
Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the
uterus and serve as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the
uterus. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the
fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where it implants into the
lining of the uterine wall.
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How does the female reproductive system function?

The female reproductive system is designed to carry out several functions. It produces the
female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called the ova or oocytes. The system is
designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization. Conception, the fertilization of an
egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The next step for the fertilized egg
is to implant into the walls of the uterus, beginning the initial stages of pregnancy. If
fertilization and/or implantation does not take place, the system is designed to
menstruate (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining). In addition, the female
reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS
SUBJECT
I
You
We
They
He
She
It
Medical English 1
VERB
analyzed
removed
caught
drank
had
had
had
COMPLEMENT
a microbe
a tumor
a cold
a cough syrup
genital herpes
chlamydia
syphilis
Page 69
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
SUBJECT
AUXILIARY
VERB
analyze
remove
catch
drink
have
have
have
I
You
We
They
did not / didnt
He
She
It
INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS
AUXILIARY
Did
Did
SUBJECT
I
you
we
they
he
she
it
AUXILIARY
WH
QUESTION
WORDS
How often
did
When
Why
did
did
VERB
analyze
cure
have
have
have
have
have
SUBJECT
I
you
we
they
he
she
it
COMPLEMENT
a microbe
a tumor
a cold
a cough syrup
genital herpes
chlamydia
syphilis
COMPLEMENT
VERB
analyze
cure
have
have
have
have
have
QUESTION
MARK
the results
?
the patient
a stiff neck
a sunburn
genital herpes
?
chlamydia
syphilis
COMPLEMENT
QUESTION
MARK
the results
the patient
a stiff neck
a sunburn
genital herpes
chlamydia
syphilis
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
For further information go to
http://www.saberingles.com.ar/curso/lesson14/04.html
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ACTIVITIES
A.
1.
2.
3.
PUT IN ORDER TO MAKE SENTENCES

its 46-Mb / we/ nuclear genome/ sequenced
_____________________________________________________________________
reviewed / in/ journals/ the/ articles/ authors/ relevant
______________________________________________________________________
dysfunction/ patients/ a sexual/ female/ reported
______________________________________________________________________
4.
dysfunction/ in/ all/ explored/ men/ studies/ sexual

______________________________________________________________________
5.
problem/ dysfunction /an under-recognized/was / sexual/ men/ in

______________________________________________________________________
6.
our/ showed/ Georgian population/ degrees of ED/ lesser

______________________________________________________________________
7.
mastered/ on / student physicians/ function / information / healthy sexual/

fundamental
______________________________________________________________________
8. an overall improvement/ described/ with long standing UC/ after surgery/function/

patients/ sexual/ their/in .
______________________________________________________________________
B.
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TEXT WITH THE WORDS IN THE BOX
fetus- genital-ovum- pelvic-reproductive-sperm-testes-zygote
The human male ____________system (or male _________system) consists of a number

of sex organs that are a part of the human reproductive process. In the case of men, these
sex organs are located outside a man's body, around the _________region.
The main male sex organs are the penis and the ____________which produce
semen and _________, which as part of sexual intercourse fertilize an _________ in a
woman's body and the fertilized ovum (_________) gradually develops into a _________,
which is later born as a child.
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LIST OF VERBS
Los verbos regulares forman el Simple Past y el Past Participle agregando -ed al infinitivo. Los
verbos irregulares no siguen esta regla y deben de ser aprendidos de memoria, estos se
encuentran marcados con (i).
Infinitive
Simple Past
Past Participle
Spanish
add
added
added
agregar
answer
answered
answered
responder
apologise
apologised
apologised
disculparse
arrest
arrested
arrested
arrestar
arrive
arrived
arrived
llegar
ask
asked
asked
preguntar
attack
attacked
attacked
atacar
be (i)
was / were
been
ser
become (i)
became
become
convertirse
begin (i)
began
begun
comenzar
believe
believed
believed
creer
boil
boiled
boiled
hervir
book
booked
booked
reservar
borrow
borrowed
borrowed
tomar prestado
break (i)
broke
broken
romper
bring (i)
brought
brought
traer
build (i)
built
built
construir
buy (i)
bought
bought
comprar
catch (i)
caught
caught
atrapar
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carry
carried
carried
llevar
change
changed
changed
cambiar
chop
chopped
chopped
picar
clean
cleaned
cleaned
limpiar
climb
climbed
climbed
escalar
collect
collected
collected
colleccionar
come (i)
came
come
venir
compose
composed
composed
componer
cook
cooked
cooked
cocinar
copy
copied
copied
copiar
cut (i)
cut
cut
cortar
dance
danced
danced
bailar
describe
described
described
describir
destroy
destroyed
destroyed
destruir
die
died
died
morir
discover
discovered
discovered
descubrir
discuss
discussed
discussed
discutir
do (i)
did
done
hacer
draw (i)
drew
drawn
dibujar
dream (i)
dreamt/dreamed
dreamt/dreamed
soar
drink (i)
drank
drunk
beber
drive (i)
drove
driven
conducir
dye
dyed
dyed
teir
Medical English 1
Page 73
eat (i)
ate
eaten
comer
enjoy
enjoyed
enjoyed
disfrutar
explode
exploded
exploded
explotar
extinguish
extinguished
extinguished
extinguirse
fall (i)
fell
fallen
caer
feed (i)
fed
fed
alimentar
feel (i)
felt
felt
sentir
fight (i)
fought
fought
pelear
find (i)
found
found
encontrar
fly (i)
flew
flown
volar
forget (i)
forgot
forgotten
olvidar
freeze (i)
froze
frozen
congelar
fry
fried
fried
frer
give (i)
gave
given
dar
go (i)
went
gone
ir
grow (i)
grew
grown
crecer
happen
happened
happened
suceder
hate
hated
hated
odiar
have (i)
had
had
tener
hear (i)
heard
heard
or
help
helped
helped
ayudar
hire
hired
hired
alquilar
hope
hoped
hoped
esperar
Medical English 1
Page 74
hunt
hunted
hunted
cazar
hurt (i)
hurt
hurt
herir, doler
imagine
imagined
imagined
imaginar
invent
invented
invented
inventar
invite
invited
invited
invitar
jump
jumped
jumped
saltar
keep (i)
kept
kept
guardar
kill
killed
killed
matar
know (i)
knew
known
saber
leave(i)
left
left
dejar
lend (i)
lent
lent
prestar
lie (i)
lay
lain
yacer
lie
lied
lied
mentir
lift
lifted
lifted
levantar
like
liked
liked
gustar
listen
listened
listened
escuchar
live
lived
lived
vivir
look
looked
looked
mirar
lose (i)
lost
lost
perder
love
loved
loved
amar
make (i)
made
made
hacer
meet (i)
met
met
conocer, encontrar
miss
missed
missed
perder, extraar
Medical English 1
Page 75
offer
offered
offered
ofrecer
open
opened
opened
abrir
pack
packed
packed
empacar
pass
passed
passed
pasar, aprobar
pay (i)
paid
paid
pagar
peel
peeled
peeled
pelar
phone
phoned
phoned
llamar por telfono
plan
planned
planned
planificar
play
played
played
jugar
pour
poured
poured
verter
prefer
preferred
preferred
preferir
prepare
prepared
prepared
preparar
push
pushed
pushed
empujar
put (i)
put
put
poner
rain
rained
rained
llover
read (i)
read
read
leer
reduce
reduced
reduced
reducir
remember
remembered
remembered
recordar
rent
rented
rented
alquilar
rescue
rescued
rescued
rescatar
return
returned
returned
volver, devolver
ring (i)
rang
rung
llamar por telfono
run (i)
ran
run
correr
Medical English 1
Page 76
save
saved
saved
ahorrar
say (i)
said
said
decir
search
searched
searched
buscar
send (i)
sent
sent
enviar
scream
screamed
screamed
gritar
see (i)
saw
seen
ver
sell (i)
sold
sold
vender
shine (i)
shone
shone
brillar
shoot (i)
shot
shot
disparar
shut (i)
shut
shut
cerrar
sing (i)
sang
sung
cantar
sit (i)
sat
sat
sentarse
skate
skated
skated
patinar
ski
skied
skied
esquiar
sleep (i)
slept
slept
dormir
smell
smelled
smelled
oler
snore
snored
snored
roncar
speak (i)
spoke
spoken
hablar
spend (i)
spent
spent
gastar
start
started
started
comenzar
stay
stayed
stayed
quedarse
steal (i)
stole
stolen
robar
stop
stopped
stopped
detener
Medical English 1
Page 77
study
studied
studied
estudiar
survive
survived
survived
sobrevivir
swim (i)
swam
swum
nadar
take (i)
took
taken
tomar
talk
talked
talked
hablar
teach (i)
taught
taught
ensear
tell (i)
told
told
decir
thank
thanked
thanked
agradecer
think (i)
thought
thought
pensar
throw (i)
threw
thrown
lanzar
touch
touched
touched
tocar
try
tried
tried
intentar
use
used
used
usar
understand (i)
understood
understood
entender
visit
visited
visited
visitar
wait
waited
waited
esperar
walk
walked
walked
caminar
want
wanted
wanted
querer
warn
warned
warned
advertir
wash
washed
washed
lavar
watch
watched
watched
mirar
wear (i)
wore
worn
llevar puesto
win (i)
won
won
ganar
Medical English 1
Page 78
work
worked
worked
trabajar
write (i)
wrote
written
escribir
Source: http://www.saberingles.com.ar/lists/verbs2.html
Medical English 1
Page 79

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Medical English

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MEDICAL ENGLISH 1

c) He can't remember his chart number.

b) He's booking an appointment with Dr.

d) His medication ran out.

2. Which is true about George Mason?

c) His cough is better.

b) He's running a fever.

d) He's off on a sick day.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE APPROPRIATE FORM.

She has a cold or allergies (?)

They sneeze every minute (-)

My sister doesnt cough (+)

My husband is dizzy (?)

Does he feel nauseous? (+)

His brother is exhausted (-)

You arent a good dentist (?)

I dont wait for anybody (+)

It itches badly (-)

They arent here (+)

PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

in / friends / I / have / dont / class/ this / many.

hospital / to / go / to / They / the / want.

arent / These / your / patients.

need / I / a / dont / psychologist

burp / he / vomit /?/ Does / and/ often

FIND THE MISTAKES IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND REWRITE THEM.

He dont eat fish __________________________________________________

The children is tired

My patients isnt there ____________________________________________

We has a sunburn and you feel nauseus ________________________________

Do she work in those medical facility? ____________________________________

Allergist: specializes in determining food and environmental allergies

Physical therapist: specializes in the body's movement

Read the text below and answer the questions

1. Where is the brain?

3. Where are the lips?

action happening now

Complete the following sentences with the present continuous.

The doctors _______________ (vaccinate) the children right now.

The gynecologist ________________________ (examine) Lucia these days.

The doctor __________________ (prescribe) medicines right now.

Listen! Michael_____________________ (cough) a lot.

I ______________________ (drink) cough syrup at this moment.

Jake _________________________ (suffer) a terrible disease.

Doctor, ______________________ you ________________ (cure) Mr. Baker?

Look! A biologist _____________________ (analyze) a microbe.

My children __________________________ (catch) a cold.

_______________ you _______________(arrange ) an appointment?

Supplies and Tools.

thin, netted material used for dressing wounds

PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS

When nouns end in

When they are

Except: newly created

When they are

Drop the -is and add

Some nouns change

ODD PLURAL FORM

Collective words or nouns

Some nouns have

ONLY PLURAL FORM

C. Write the plural form of the following medical nouns.

Human Digestive System

Doctor, ______ you (cure) Mr. Baker?

_ you _(arrange ) an appointment?

The human male ____system (or male _system) consists of a number