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Copyright , 2015.
. All rights reserved.

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BSTRACT
Occupational accidents still happens besides the technical development and the
progress of science. The experience of being harmed at work can be devastating, with
profound consequences for the employees, their families, friends, and work colleagues.
Although many accidents involve not considerable harm for the workers, the number of fatal
or seriously injured person cannot be ignored. In 2012, there were just under 2.5 million nonfatal accidents that resulted in at least four calendar days of absence from work and 3515
fatal accidents in EU. The consequences are unable to be measured directly such as the
amount of pain suffered. The impact of workplace accidents involves mainly the workers
family. The initial reaction to an injury, is shock and fear. For the family and friends of the
injured, one of the most considerable consequence is separation, both physical and
emotional. Family relationships are also affected, mostly negatively. The domestic and family
responsibilities are altered. The changes are temporary or permanent depending on the
severity of the injury. The family suffers also financial. More often the severally injured
victims are the only one working person in the family and males. In the same time, the
familys expenses are increased (for medical care and drugs, transportation, domestic
assistance, rehabilitation etc.). The importance of occupational health to both Ministers of
Health and Ministers of Labor is illustrated by the long tradition of collaboration between the
International Labor Organization (ILO) and World Health Organization (WHO). It is difficult,
however, to convince employers and decision-makers to improve working conditions. An
often effective way is to make financial or economic estimations. Accidents at work and
occupational injuries represent a considerable economic burden to employers, employees and
to society as a whole. Some of these costs, like lost workdays or lost income, are clearly
visible and can readily be expressed in monetary value. According to economic evaluations
carried out with the state members of the European Union, the cost of occupational diseases
and injuries that occurred at work varies from 1-3% of gross national product (GNP).
This thesis instills awareness of occupational accidents due to electricity. Hundreds of
workers have suffered injuries while installing, maintaining or servicing machinery and
equipment. Some electrical injuries are electrocution, electric shock and burns. The thesis has
3 chapters. The statistics concerning electrical accidents is presented in the first chapter. In
the same chapter the pathophysiological effects of electric current taking into consideration
the international standards are also developed. The electrical accidents are classified in
categories in the second chapter and technical measures for workers protection are proposed.

In the third chapter are presented three devices that can be used for preventing electric
shocks.
Taking into consideration accidents that happened, due to suddenly reenergization of
power lines, of step voltage hazards, and due to the discontinuities of neutral or ground
conductors, three devices for injuries prevention are proposed. Therefore, the first device can
protect in cases of suddenly reenergization of power lines. When a power supply is
reconnected inadvertently or by mistake, electricians are vulnerable to electrical hazards
including electric shock and flashover. The electricians were unaware of the electrical hazard
until an injury occurred, suggesting that these injuries could be prevented by an alarm
system. The operating principle of the proposed device is based on this idea. Alarm systems
are widely used to prevent injury and death. The device is placed on distribution board and
uses also a motion detector system to detect a possible human approach or movement near
the distribution board.
The second device can be used for protection of step voltage hazards. Uncontrolled
flow of electrical current in the earth may have a range of effects, from barely perceptible to
dangerous electrical shocks, or unintended electrical heating resulting in fires. It is briefly
describing the root causes of voltage in the ground and it is proven that the values of ground
potential may be above permissible limits even though a 220 V ac voltage is applied into the
ground. It is confirmed experimentally that the step voltage hazards depend on the distance
of the fault as well as from the step length. Ground resistivity also affects ground-potential
rise. Finally, a wearable device is proposed for avoiding such injuries. The device must be
worn on human body and its sensors should be as close as possible to the soles of the feet.
The device measures the current and alerts the user of step voltage hazards by LED segment
drivers. It is operated during the standing phase of gait only, since the step voltage hazards
exist when both humans feet are in contact with the ground. It can be used by the general
population or by workers, and its operation is independent of the mechanism creation of
ground-potential rise.
Any discontinuity in power cords of electrical devices, can lead to electric shock,
injuries, or even deaths. The third suggested device measures the electric and magnetic field
near electric hand tools. It is proved by an experiment that if the grounding conductor of
electrical tools having metal enclosure is broken, the electric field around them is increased.
In a same way, when the neutral conductor is broken, the magnetic field becomes higher. An
electric and magnetic field meter placed on the tool with display segment leds, may protect
workers in case of abnormal high electric and magnetic fields. After the warning sigh, the tool
user should not use it before its maintenance.

KYWORDS
Occupational hazards, accidents, electric shock, suddenly re- energization of power
lines, step voltage hazards, neutral and ground wire, electric and magnetic field, hand electric
tools having metal enclosure.


1.1. ..........................................................................................................................................14
1.2 ...........................................................................................................................................15
1.3 & ...............................................16
1.4 ..................................................................................................17
1.5 ............................................................................................................................18
1.5.2 ..........................................................................................................................20
1.5.3 ...........................................................................21
1.6 ...................................................................24
1.6.1 ................................................................................................................24
1.6.2 JOULE........................................................................25
1.6.3 .....................................................................................................26
1.7 15 Hz 100 Hz..........31
1.7.1 ...................................................................................................................31
1.7.2 ...................................................................................................................31
1.7.3 ............................................................................................................................31
1.7.4 .............................................................................................................32
1.7.5 ................................................................................................32
1.8 / .......................................................................................39
1.9 (F) .........................................................................39
1.10 .............................................................................................42
1.11 ..................................................................................................42
1.11.1 ................................................................................................................................43
1.11.2 .....................................45
1.11.3 .......................................................46
1.12 . ..................................................................................................................46
1.13 . .........................................................................................................................47
1.14 (locomotor system) ...........................................................................................48
1.15 ..............................................................................................................................48
1.16 ...........................................................48
1.16.1 M .................................................................................................49
1.16.2 (i)...............................................52
1.16.3 (s)....................................................................................53
1.16.4 () .................................................56
) ()
............................................................................................................57
) .......................................................................................................................................61
1.17 ...................................62
1.17.1 (Ro) ...................................65
1.18 ......................................................................................................................................65
1.18.1 .................................................................66
1.18.2 ...................................................................67
) ...............................................................................................................68
) .............................................................................................................................69
1.18.3 ................................................70
.............................................................................................................................................76
2.1. ..................................................................77
2.1.1. , ............................................................77
) ..............................................................................................................................................77
) ..........................................................................................................................77
2.1.2 .................................77
2.1.3 . .......................79
2.2 ...............................................................................................................80
2.2.1 ...............................................................................................................................80
10

2.3 . .....................81
2.3.1
. .............................................................................................................................................81
2.3.2 .........................................................................................83
2.3.3 .....................................................83
2.3.4 ..................................................................84
2.4 ..........................................................85
2.4.1 ..................................................................................................................85
2.4.2 ............................................................................................86
2.4.3 ......................................................................................................................86
2.4.4 CENELEC 50110-1 FPA 70 E................................................87
) CENELEC 50110-1. .............................................................................................87
) FPA 70 E...............................................................................................................88
) 50110 & NFPA - 70E......................................................................89
2.4.5 .........................................................90
) . 158/1975.................................................................................................................................90
2.4.6 ....................................................................92
2.4.7 .................................................93
2.4.8
.......................................................................................................................................94
2.5 .......................................................................95
a) .........................................................................................................96
) ..........................................................................................................97
2.7 ..............................................................99
2.7.1 ....................................101
2.7.2 ..............................................................................................................103
2.8 .......................104
2.8.1 ....................................................................................................104
2.8.2 ....................................................................................................104
2.8.3 .. ...........................................................................105
2.8.4 ....................................................................................................106
2.8.5 ..............................................................108
2.8.6 ................................................................................................108
2.8.7 ................................................................................................109
) .................................................................................109
) .. (shielded wires)...............................................................110
2.8.8 ..................................................110
2.8.8.1 & .................................110
2.8.8.2 &
....................................................................................................................................114
2.8.9 ........................................................116
) ............................................................................................118
2.9 .............................................................................119
2.9.1 ............................................119
2.9.2 .......................................................................120
2.9.3 ..........................................................121
2.9.4 . .................123
2.9.5 .................................123
2.10 ...................................................................................................................124
2.10.2 ................................................................................................................................125
2.10.3 ................................................................................................................126
2.11 .....................................................127
3.....................................................................................................................................134
1. ..........134
3.1. 1 .....................................................................................................................................134
3. 1. 1. 1 .................................................................................................................................134
3.1.1.2 .............................................................................................................135
11

3.1.1.3 .................................................138
1.3 ............................................................................................................140
1.2.2 ................................................................................................................141
1. ......................................................................................................................142
2......................................................................................................................................143
2..................................................................................................................................145
2.1 ..........................................................................................................................................145
2.1.1 .......................................................................................................................................145
1. M ............................................................................146
2. .........................................................................................................147
3. ..........................................................................................................148
1. ....................................................................................................................148
1. ...............................................................................................................148
2. ......................................................................................................................150
3..................................................................................................................................151
3.1 ..........................................................................................................................................151
3.1.1 .......................................................................................................................................151
1. ...........................................................................................................................152
2. .....................................................................................152
3.2 .........................................................................................................154
3.2.1 .......................................................................................................................................154
3.2.1.1 ......................................................154
3.2.1.3 (ground reference meters)..................................155
3.2.2 ................................................................159
) ....................................................................................159
) ....................................................................................160
) .........................................................................................................................160
3.3 ..................................................................................................................162

12

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[4].

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1000 V ac 1500 V dc ( IEC 61140 Ed. 3.0 b: 2001) [5].

1. o .
1: (L3).
2: (L3) (N)
3: (L2 L3)
4:
.

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(SD= 13,75).

80,36% (07:00 15:00)

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( 24.11% SD = 6,98)

1.2 ( 2007) [12].

19

[11].

[11]

1.1. [11].

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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1.5.2
(...)
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[13].

[13]

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4%
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( )

[13].

[14],

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( 45%) 18%
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162 150 12 . n=89 (

) 42% .

1.3
2002-03 2003-04 [15].

22

 1.4 ,
2002-03 2003-04 [15].

[16],

1557 59,

1000 V.

.
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, .

. 7%
.
. 6%

.

, ( , (seizures),
, , .) (,
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. 30%
15% .
88%
6 .
40% 11%
, . 12%
, , 90%
[16].

23

 (seizure)
(brain), (neuronal).
, , .
.
(epilepsy)
.

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[4].

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( Joule).
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Ohm (I=V/)
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(
)

[17].

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24

 . 1000hms

[18].

( . , ).
, .
( ).

1000 V

[2.

.
.
,

[4].

[19].

, . ,
.

.
> 25 V/cm 20 40 ms ( 3.9)[20].
,
0,5 1

[4].

1.6.2 JOULE.
,
[4].

Joule.

.
.
430 C

[4]

[10.

[4].

Tropea Lee, ,

(Bioheat equation).

, ( b
25

cb b (b (t)), (
qm ), Joule

[4].

Joule, ()
(2 ).[4].
dT(t)/ dt = 2 T(t) + b cb b (b (t)) + qm + J2 .

= ,
c =
= ,
b = ,
b = ,
cb = ,
b =
qm = .
= [4].

1.6.3
,
.
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, .

(electroporation) [21].
,
. .
.
(electroporation)
( ).
.


(0 - 150) mV (200
300) mV

[4].

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[2.

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electroporation

[4].

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[20].

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[4].

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[20].

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(
1.5).

1.5 .
[4].

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27

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(resting potential) .

(ELF ) [4]:
Vm (z) =

cosh(L/)

sinh(z/)
1+ri Ge tanh(L/)

(2)

:
=
= =

1
( )
(ri ro)gm

ri , ro = (/cm)
cm, gm = (F/cm) (S/cm).
2L =
Ge = .
z = z .

,

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10 m (8
cm) (2 m). ,
,
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5 .

L .
.

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b (
).
, ro ri (
)

[4].

28

 1.6 .

b b [4].

,
Vm (z) =

Vc
2L

[4]:

(ro + ri )/ri
cosh(L/)

sinh(z/)
1+[(ri + ro) Ge + ro/(Lri)] tanh(L/)

. (3)

/2

2R

3/
2

1.7 R
2R. To
= 0
=.
(2) (3)
,

29

[4].

)
( )
Vm (z) L sinh(z/) [ 1 + (f/fs)2]

-1/2

[20]

Eo

(4)

f fs =
.
) R ( -

steady state

Vm (z) = 1,5 R cos() [ 1 + (f/fs)2]

(5)

-1/2

Eo

):

[20].

(5)

[22]

Vm

) , Vm

( = /2, 3/2)
Vm ( = 0, ).
,
(
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,

[22].

.
dc ( 30 120 V/cm,
0,5 10 ms, 10 s,
Joule), electroporation
Ca+2

(sarcoplasma) [20].

(Sarcoplasma) .
(
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoplasma)

,
. 30%
. ,
30


.
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+

. .
+

[4].

(Vm)
Vm

[20].

1.7 15 Hz
100 Hz.
ac (15 100) Hz .

rms [23].

1.7.1

(threshold of perception)

[23, 3].

, ( , ,
)

[23, 5.1].

1.7.2

(threshold of reaction)

[23, 3].

, ( , ,
) .
0,5 mA IEC/TS 60479 1 ,

[23 5.2].

1.7.3

(immobilization)

( )

[23, 3].

31


.
, ,

[23 5.4].

1.7.4

(threshold of let-go)

[23, 3].

,

. IEC/TC 60479 1 10 mA 5 mA

[23].

1.7.5

,

[23 3].

( ,
)
( , .)
1.8 1.9

[23, 17 18].

. .

1.8
[23, 17].

32

 1.9 -
[23, 18].

(50 Hz 60 Hz),

.
.

0,1 s, 500 mA,
( )
(vulnerable

period - -

.
, 10% ) .

,

5.5].

1.10

[23, 19 ]

[23,

,
.

33

 1.10 , ,
,
, , UT = 220V 380 V ac
5% [23, 19].

1 (UT = 220V,
1,6%, UT = 380V, 58%)
2 5 s
3 , t> 1,5 *
4 , 3 s
UT = 220V, 1,6%, UT = 380V, 58%, = 110 m
220 mA
( ( 5% ) = 120 mA I (
50% ) = 180 mA)
(1) F = 0,4.

c1 ( 1.11)
, ,
. c1 &
.
( 10 ms 100 ms)
500 mA 400 mA. ,
1 s

(50 mA, 1 s) (40 mA, 3 s).
5.5].

[23,

c2, c3

. 5% 50%
34

. c1, c2, c3

[23, 5.5].

1.11 / ac (15 z 100 Hz)

( 11 39) [23,
20].

1.12 / dc
[24, 22].

35

ac

dc

ac

dc

(3)

ac

dc

(mA)
0,5

0,5

0,5

(1)

10

25

25

25

100

40

57

350

(2)

140

(2)

200

1. .
,
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2. ,
. dc
.
3.
.

1.2 [25].

36

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ST. CK-MB
.

. ,

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[17].
CK MB 3 (creatine kinase (CK)).

(heart attack). CK-MB CKMB CK 2.5 - 3, .
CK ,
.
CK- MB .
CK - MB . , ,

CK - MB .

, 90% ,

(MFB myofibres break up).

( , ,
CO) 64%
, 19%
CO .
, .

.

/ . ,
, ,
, , ,

(vasospasm)

[26].

37

. ,
.
1000 V,
, . ,
1000V ,
. ,
, ,
. , 50%
, 7% .
.

.
.
.

[27].

.
.
.
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, .
Fourier.
bandwidth 9 12 Hz, .
,
.
.
(threshold potential). (cellular
depolarisation) +,
+, +
+ [28].

38

1.8 /
1.3 / ac 15 Hz 100 Hz
( 1.18 ) [23, 11].

AC 1

0,5 mA

AC 2

a
0,5 mA

AC 3

b
b

.
.

. .
.
AC - 4

c1

.
,
, .

.

c1 c2

AC-4.1 5%.

c2 c3

AC-4.2 50%.

AC-4.3 50%.

c3
, 200 ms,
. 1.11
.
.

1.9 (F)

. 1.11 [23, 20].

(F),
.
.
h = Iref
F
:

Iref

( 1.11 ).

(.. , 2 , 2
2 ).
39

F - .

: -

[23, 5.9].

1.4 F [23,
12].

F
1,0

1,0

0,4

0,8

0,3

0,7

1,3

1,5

0,7

0,04

: 225 mA
90 mA
.

1.13 ac (50/60 Hz) dc

(). c1 1.11
1.12 [24, 1].

40

 1.14 ac (50/60 Hz) dc 2

2 ( ) [24, 2].

1.11 1.12 (20 22 [23]) :

- 2 b

ac ( 1..2

1,
1.11 1.12)
- ac dc, 2 dc
.

1.15 ac (50/60 Hz) dc

( ) [24, 3].

41

1.10
, ,
(
, ).
.
, 1 ,

.
, .
.
.
H
.

. , .

.
, .

[23, 5.6].

1.11
7.8
iT (mA/mm2) .
,

.
. 10 mA/mm2 :
. ( )

( 0).

42

. 10 mA/mm2 20 mA/mm2 :
(
1).
. 20 mA/mm2 50 mA/mm2 :
.
( )
( 2).
. 50 mA/mm2 ( 3).

1.16
[23, 14].

3:
2:
1:
0:

,
,
,
.

1.11.1

3 7 %
.
.
.
, ,
4 :
. ,
. ,
. ,
. .
43

[17].

[29].

[30].

[27].

[18].

.
. 1000 hms

[17].

[18].

.

. ,

[31]. (

gel
.
[32] ).

(stratum corneum SC)

10 20 m

[32].

H (epidermis :
(skin). .
.
1300 /cm2/hr .
,
.
,
.

3 4
.

. 3 ,
50%.

44

100,
[33].

1.17
1991 1993 [33] .

1.11.2

[31]
100 400 ms
60 300 V. ,
20 100 V.

, , .

.
,

( ). 45 C
60 C. (
10 m) . 120 ms
200 ms/200V. ,
60 m . ,
.
,
45

[31]:

= + a exp (-r/b)2
(
, -
)
:
,
r
a b .


. .
, 65 70 C.
(80 ms, 100 V)
60 C, 5%. 320 ms, .
200V, 60 C, 90%.
,

[31].

1.11.3 .
,
. 65 70 C
.

2 s

[31].
1.12

.
.
.

[17].

46

1.13 .
70%
.

.
10
.
( )

[34].

, , .
, ,
, .
.
,
. ,
libido, ,

(median nerve)

(ulnar nerve).

[17].

[34].

,
.

[18].

29

. ,
,
( Q, ,
, , ). , 49%
, 46%

44%

(, ,
).
.
,

,
(electroporation)
47

[35].

( )

[36].

,
,

[37].

1.14 (locomotor system)

.
, ,
. ,

, ,

[17].

To ,

. ,
.
1.15

(myoglobinuria)

(rhabdomyolysis)

3 ml/kg/h pH 6.5

[17].

Myoglobinuria (myoglobin)
.
. Rhabdomyolysis .
, creatine kinase (CK)

.

1.16
.
()
(s1) (Zi)
(Zs2).

48

[23]

1.16.1 M
EC/TS 60479 1 IEC/TR 60479-5

. , 5
3 . EC/TS 60479 1,

( 6.1) [23].

.
2 ,
:
. ,
, .
.
(
)
.
.
5
, ,

[24, .2].

1.18. [23, 1].

Zi
= ,
s1 s2 = ,
T
= ).

49

 , IEC/TR 60479-5

[25]

5
2 2 , 1 .

1.19
.

[25].

,
.
, a b
. 3

2 .

2 .
.

(Ri) (

[24, .2].

1.19 [24,
.1].

1.20, ( 2 2 )

. ,
a b
.
.
(
).
50

 .

( )
1.22

(C/TS 60479-1 3)

2 2

[24, .2].

1.20 2 2
[24, .2].

1.21,

. ,
( ) .

.
( ).

( ). ,

1.22

[23 3],

.

CEI 60479-1

[23].

.
51

 1.22

[23 3]

[24 .2].

1.21
[24 .3].

1.16.2 ( i).
H .
:

( ).

: ,
1.18 [23, 1].

, ,
.
,
(
). (
) .

. ,
2 (
)

[24, .1].

52

 1.22

[23, 2]

.
,
(
)

[ 39, 3].

1.22

ip

[23].

1 1 .
,

.
.
: ,
.

1.16.3 (s)
S
.
().
.

[23 4.2]

,
53

( ).

,
. ,
ms.
,

[24, A, A.1].

. ,
.
.

[24 4.3].

,

(, , ) .
,
. ,

[23 4.2].

[24 4.3].

:
- .
1 min ( =
35 m, pH = 7,7 9 [24, 4.5] [23, 3.1] pH = 7
9).
T 1 min NaCl 3%, (
= 0,25m, pH = 7,5 8,5 [ 45] = 30 cm pH = 7 9 [23].) O
[25].
[23].
[23].
o [24 4.5].

C 60479 -5 (L)
82 cm2 . (),
12,5 cm2 .
(S) 1 cm2

54

 . , ,
.
[24
4.5].

)
[24, .2.3.1].

.
0,01 F/cm2 0,05 F/cm2.

[24, .2.3.1]

3 :
- : 0,01 F/cm2
-

: 0,03 F/cm2

: 0,05 F/cm2

,
.

. ,

[23]

.
II)
[24, .2.3.2].

,
( )
.
s.
(
).

[25],

50 ms (

1.23).

1.23
[24, .1].

(Rs (t) Rv ) = (R0 Rv ) e

:
55

t/0,05

Rs (0) : ,
Rv

: ,

: .
Rs

. Rs (t) :
Rs (t) = Rs + (Rs (0) Rs ) e

t/0,05

,
. ,
.

.
3

[24, .2.3.2].

1.16.4 ( )

.
s
.

[23, 4.3].

[24 4.3] :

(ac dc),

(.. ,

, )

( , , -

),

,
25 V.
0 V,
25 V 50 V ( ). ,
( )
200 V
56

 ( ).
1 000 V

[24 .2.3.4].

) ()
.
1.24.
, 50% ,
( , 10 000 mm2, 1
000 mm2 100 mm2 . 1.24. 1.24.

-
, UT = 25 200 V ac

()

()

[23 4.5].

()

1.24 50%
, (10 000 mm2, 1 000 mm2 100 mm2 ) UT = 25 200
V ac, 50/60 Hz [23 7].

() : ,
1 : , ( 10 000 mm2) 6.3.
2 : , ( 1 000 mm2 ) 6.7.
3 : , C ( 100 mm2 ) 6.10.
() : ,
1 : , ( 10 000 mm2) 6.4.
2 : , ( 1 000 mm2 ) 6.8.
3 : , C ( 100 mm2 ) 6.11.
() : .
1 : , ( 10 000 mm2) 6.5.
2 : , ( 1 000 mm2 ) 6.9.
3 : , C ( 100 mm2 ) 6.12.
:
1.5 1.13 .

57

 1.5. 50/60 Hz ac,

[23, 1].

(V)
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
400
500
700
1000

5%
1 750
1 375
1 125
990
900
850
825
800
775
700
625
575
575

T ()
50%
95 %
3 250
6 100
4 600
500
3 600
2 000
3 125
1 750
2 675
1 550
2 350
1 400
2 175
1 325
2 050
1 275
1 900
1 225
1 275
950
1 150
850
1 050
775
1 050
775
775
1 050

=
575

1.
10% - 30%, , .
2. , 0,1 s.
( 10% - 20%) = I
3. 230 V ( 3N 230/400V)
225 V.
4. 25 ( 25 ).

1.6. , 50/60 z ac,

[23 2].

(V)
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
400
500
700
1000
=

5%

T ()
50%
95 %

1 175
1 100
1 025
975
900
850
825
800
775
700
625
575
575

2 175
2 000
1 825
1 675
1 550
1 400
1 325
1 275
1 225
950
850
775
775

4
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1

100
675
275
950
675
350
175
050
900
275
150
050
050

575
775
1 050
1.
10% - 30%, , .
2. , 0,1 s.
( 10% - 20%) = i
3. 230 V ( 3N 230/400V)
225 V.
4. 25 ( 25 ).

1.7 , 50/60 z ac,

[23 3].

T ()
5%
50%
95 %
(V)
25
960
1 300
1 755
50
940
1 275
1 720
75
920
1 250
1 685
100
880
1 225
1 655
125
850
1 200
1 620
150
830
1 180
1 590
175
810
1 155
1 560
200
790
1 135
1 530
225
770
1 115
1 505
400
700
950
1 275
500
625
850
1 150
700
575
775
1 050
1000
575
775
1 050
=
575
775
1 050

1.
10% - 30%, , .
2. , 0,1 s.
( 10% - 20%) = i
3. 230 V ( 3N 230/400V)
225 V.
4. 25 ( 25 ).

58

 1.11 ,
, U = 25V 200 V ac, 50/60 Hz ( 25 ) [23, 4].

(V)
25

5%

T ()
50%
95 %

11 125

20 600

38 725

50

7 150

13 000

23 925

75

4 625

8 200

1 4750

100

3 000

5 200

9 150

125

2 350

4 000

6 875

150

1 800

3 000

5 050

175

1 550

2 500

4 125

200
1 375
2 200
3 525
1.9 , ,

, U = 25 V 200 V ac, 50/60 Hz ( 25 ) [23, 5].

(V)
25

5%

T ()
50%
95 %

5050

9350

17575

50

4100

7450

13700

75

3400

6000

10800

100

2800

4850

8525

125

2350

4000

6875

150

1800

3000

5050

175

1550

2500

4125

200
1375
2200
3525
1.10 , ,

U = 25V 200 V ac, 50/60 Hz ( 25 ) [23, 6].

(V)
25

5%

T ()
50%
95 %

1795

2425

3275

50

1765

2390

3225

75

1740

2350

3175

100

1715

2315

3125

125

1685

2280

3075

150

1660

2245

3030

175

1525

2210

2985

200
1350
2175
2935
1.11 , ,

, U = 25V 200 V ac, 50/60 Hz ( 25 ) [23, 7].

(V)
25

5%

T ()
50%
95 %

91250

169000

317725

50

74800

136000

250250

75

42550

74000

133200

100

23000

40000

70400

125

12875

22000

37850

150

7200

12000

20225

175

4000

6500

10725

200
3500
5400
8650
1.12 , ,

, U = 25V 200 V ac, 50/60 Hz ( 25 ) [23, 8].

(V)
25

5%

T ()
50%
95 %

39700

73500

138175

50

29800

54200

99725

75

22600

40000

72000

100

17250

30000

52800

125

12875

22000

37850

150

7200

12000

20225

175

4000

6500

10725

200

3500

5400

8650

59

 1.13 , ,
, U = 25V 200 V ac, 50/60 Hz ( 25 ) [23].

(V)
25

5%

T ()
50%
95 %

5400

7300

9855

50

5105

6900

9315

75

4845

6550

8840

100

4590

6200

8370

125

4330

5850

7900

150

4000

5550

7490

175

3700

5250

7085

200

3400

5000

6750

1.25
( 1 mm2 8000 mm2 )
, 25 V - 200 V ac 50 Hz (
) [23, 5].

1 : 8200 mm2
2 : 1250 mm2
3 : 100 mm2
4 : 10 mm2
5 :
1 mm2
220 V

60

 1.26 UT.
2
. 1
,
.
UT = 25 V 200 V, ac , 50 Hz,
25 s [23 6].

1: ( 8 000 mm2), .
2: ( 250 mm2),
.

1.26

[ 6 39],

( 250 mm2 ) (
50/60 Hz ac 25 V 200 V). ,
200 V 1 000 .
1.26

[23].

)
i
Ro, .
, ,
i Ro . (
100 V )
i
.
IEC 60479-1
, 50 z ac
, , U
= 25V 200 V.
61

 :
200V.

( 1 mm2 8000
mm2 ) , 25 V - 200 V ac 50 Hz,
1.25

[ 5 39].

100 V, ( mm2 )
+ 50% .
, ,
.
5%, 50%, 95% ,
, ,
( 10 000 mm2, 1 000 mm2 100 mm2 ) ,
- :

, 1.5-1.7 [ 1, 2,
3 39]

, U = 25V 1 000 V

ac, 50 Hz,

1.8, 1.9, 1.10

[ 4, 5 6 39]

, U = 25V

200 V ac, 50 Hz,

1.11 1.12 1.13

[ 7,8 9 39]

, U = 25V

200 V ac, 50 Hz.

1.17

[23 4.5.3]

( 20 kHz)
50/60 Hz,
. 5 kHz,

i.

[23]

20 kHz 10 V 25 V [23].

1.27

[ 10 39]

,
, 10 V 25 z 20 kHz.

62

()

()

1.27 .
,
[23, 10 11].

() ac 25 20 000 Hz 10V ac, 10

.
() ac 25 2 000 z 25V ac, .

1.27

[ 11 39],

,
, 25 V, 25 Hz 2 kHz.
1.28

[ 12 39]

10 V 1000
V 50 z 2 kHz, ,
( 50%
).

63

 1.28
. 50% ,
10 V 1000 V, ac 50 z 2 kHz
, ,

[23].

1.29 , .
ac 50/60 z, 50% ,
, U =25V 700V, [23, 4].
:
1 : ( 1.5) [ 1 39],
2 : ( 1.6) [ 2 39],
3 : ( 1.7) [ 3 39].

1.18 [23, 4.5.4].

,
RT 200 V ,
.
, ,
RT 1.6 1.7
[ 2 3 39],

ac dc

100 V. ,
, .
: C 40579-1.

64

 1.14 R ,
[23, 10].

5%

(V)
25

RT ()
50%
95 %

2100

3875

7275

50

1600

2900

5325

75

1275

2275

4100

100

1100

1900

3350

125

975

1675

2875

150

875

1475

2475

175

825

1350

2225

200

800

1275

2050

225

775

1225

1900

400

700

950

1275

500

625

850

1150

700

575

775

1050

1000
575
775
1050
=
575
775
1 050

1. RT 10% - 30%,
.
2. RT 0,1 s. RT
( 10% - 20%) RT R .
3. RT 25 .

1.17.1 (Ro)
Ro

5% 500 ac dc .
50% 95% 750 1000 (
1.5)

[ 1 39].

.
: Ro
ac 50/60 Hz, R dc
, ,
.

1.18

Ohm. :

50/60 z ac dc dc
ac ,

, ,

, 2 2 , 1
,

10 ms 10 s.
65

, , .

: ac ,
,

[24,

4.5].

1.18.1

IEC 60479 -1

.
( )
IEC 60479 -5
, ,
. ( 1.30)
[24, 4.6].

66

a.c.

d.c.

1.30

[24, 4].
1.18.2
[24, 4.7].

67

)
1.15 ( V)
, ac 50/60 Hz [24, 2a].

(0,5 mA)

(0,5 mA)


(0,5 mA)

1
1
3

4
21

9
40

0,3

0,4

13

23

0,3

0,5

0,4

11

20

1.16 ( V)
, ac 50/60 Hz [24,
2b].

(5
mA)

(10 mA)

(5
mA)

5
9
27

25

93

11

40

104

27

25

93

11

40

104

13

13

46

20

52

1.17 ( V)
, ac 50/60 Hz [24,
2c].

(100 mA)

(40
mA)

(57
mA)

90
160
257

98

165
260

99
99

260

20

36

94

24

71

149

33

82

149

27

49

99

31

65

100

34

65

100

68

)
1.18 ( V)
, dc [24 , 2d ].

(2 mA)

(2
mA)

(2
mA)

2
4
12

12
58

23
78

35

15

59

28

12

39

1.19 ( V)
, dc [24, 2e].

(25 mA)

(25
mA)

(25
mA)

24
44
112

29

81
156

43

89
156

13

23

63

16

51

133

26

67

133

12

22

56

15

41

78

21

45

78

1.20 ( V)
, dc [24, 2f].

(350 mA)

(140 mA)

(200
mA)

263
351
467

264

353
470

264

264
470

68

121

220

75

143

223

87

143

223

83

126

201

85

127

203

85

127

203

69

1.18.3
[24, 5].

EC 60479 1, IEC 60479-5

.
( ) 9
:

(, , )

(, , )

9 :

( , 2 2 ,
)

( , ,
).

IEC
.

.
IEC 60479 1

[25]

IEC 60479 -5

- .

(
).
- ( 3 ).

.
- 3 ( ,

).

70

 1
[1] 1800 :2003, .
[2] 1801:2008, .
[3] HD 384: 2004, .
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[31] Perturbation of human skin due to application of high voltage, Uwe F. Pliquett and Christian A.
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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T19-3YF9W282&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlV
ersion=0&_userid=10&md5=72ea271beca6cecb287d676f720d9d42
[32] Dielectric breakdown of human skin in vivo, S. Crimnes, Medical & Biological Engineering &
Computing, May 1983, 21, 379 381 University of Chicago, Electrical Trauma Program,
http://etrp.bsd.uchicago.edu/mission.html

73

[33] The Hazards of Electricity Do you know what they are? Dennis K. Neitzel, CPE, AVO Training
Institute, IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop, Febuary 7-10, 2006, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
http://www.ewh.ieee.org/cmte/ias-esw/pdfs/Hazards_of_Electricity.pdf
[34] Electrical injuries : current concepts, D. Leibovici, J. Shemer and S.C. Shapira, Injury, Vol. 26, No.
9, 623 627, 1995.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8550171
[35] Neuropsychological changes following electrical injury, Neil H. Pliskin, Alia N. Ammar, Joseph W.
Fink, S. Kristian Hill, Aaron C. malina, Alona Ramati, katheleen M. Kelley, Raphael C. Lee, Journal of the
International Neuropsychological Society (2006), 12, 17 23.
http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:16433940
[36] Henry H. Haines, The prevention of postconvulsive asphyxia in electric shock therapy
Journal Psychiatric Quarterly
Publisher

Springer Netherlands

ISSN

0033-2720 (Print) 1573-6709 (Online)

Issue

Volume 18, Number 1 / March, 1963

DOI

10.1007/BF01569020. Pages

23-25

http://www.springerlink.com/content/w80148k5745q43g2/?
p=9595826d98ce47da8308319be5c289ec&pi=2
[37] An experimental model of an electrical injury to the peripheral nerve, Kun-Wu Fan, Zhi-Xiang Zhu,
Zhi-Yun Den, Burns, Volume 31, Issue 6, September 2005, Pages 731-736.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T52-4G1GFKS1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlV
ersion=0&_userid=10&md5=57a9dbab92aae8cf675ef47a86f30564

74

75

76

[1].

1. [1].

[2]

1.

().

2.

3.

4.

(. ).

5.

6.

, , , .

7.

.. .

8.

dc ac.

9.

ac dc .

10. 3
.
11. .
12.
.
13. , .

76

2.1.

2.1.1. ,
)
,
. .

) .
1. ,
.

( 543.3.4 HD 384).

[3]

std 80-2000.
2. . .
3. ANSI/IEEE Std 80-2000,
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
,
.
IEC 60050-195-am1 ed1.0
. 54 D 384 [4]

.

2.1.2
,
, .
.

77

 ,
.

,
.

( ,

IEC 60529 EN 60529).

(touch current)
IEC 60990 (annex E).
.
IEC 61201.
2.1 [5].

0,5 mA r.m.s.

1,0 mA r.m.s.

(Class I) (

0,5 mA r.m.s.

0,75 mA r.m.s.

)
(Class

0,5 mA r.m.s.

3,5 mA r.m.s.

(class )

I)

.
-
)

: , , , , , ,

, , , , , ,
, ,

( .. ,

, , ,
, (, )).

( , , (

) [55 32].

-
.
-

.
-
.
-
.

78

- . N

230 V / 400 V 0.4 s

EOT HD 384).

( 531.3 D 384).

( . D 384, 523 [4]).

-
.

(. 3850/10,

43, 9).

2.1.3
.

[6] :

- 25 V ac 50 V dc,

.
-
. N o
.
- .
. ,
.
- .
:
) O [6] :
i) .
ii) , ,
.
iii) .
, .
.
.
iv) .
v) .
)
10 . ,
[6]. ,
( ) .. 395/94 (

79

 .. 89/1999, .. 304/2000, .. 155/2004), .. 305/96, ..

1073/81, . 6422/34, HD 384 ( 704.471).

2.2

HD 384

[4, 704.1.1],

, , ,

,
,
.
, ,
,

[3].

125 V ( 1 kV),

30 mA.

. 125 V,
.

2.2.1

.
.

.
,

80

[3].

 2. [7].

2.3

, HD 384

[4]

:
i)

ii)

iii) ,
.
, ,
.

2.3.1
.
, ,
Volt.

81

 . .
,

. .

( 38).
:
- . (
0,90m
1,25 m) .. (
1980- 15kV, 2 m) .
-

(*).

[8].

(, , ).

(
).
, ()

( 75 84 .. 1073/81).

.
-

. .

, . .

, .

[9].

(ordinary person).

, , ,

. , .
.
(*) , , .
[10]. -
.

82

2.3.2
,
, , ,

, .

, , , (
), , ,
.

2.3.3

.
, .. ,
,
. .
,
.
:
-

,
, .

.
(. 1073/81).

1:1.

SELV PELV.

,
.

,
, .
.
.
83

500V
0,5
500V 1,0

( 61- E D 384).

1. .
, .
.
1 mA
[55, 612.3]

(V)
SELV PELV
500V,

(V)
250
500

()
0.25
0.5

500 V

1000

1.0

2.3.4

. ,
, , , .
. ,
. , ,

.
:
-

(. 3850/10 49, 2).

- . .
- .. .
- .
-
.

3. .
.

84

2.4

CENELEC EN 50110 -1,

3

[12]:

, ,

2.4.1
(dead working), :
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- (

[13]).

- ,
- ,
- ,
(), , ,
.
- ,
- ,
- .
: (portable/temporary grounding).

.
, [1].
(temporary grounding equipment) [14].
IEC 61230 [15].
, ,
.
[16].
. ,
. , ,
.

,
.
. ,
[12].
(equipotential grounding) [17] :
-

2 (double point grounding),

2 (remote double point grounding),

(personal grounding),

1 (single point grounding).

85

2.4.2
50 V ac
120 V dc, CENELEC 50110-1,
.
, , , ,
.
. ,

[12].

2.4.3
,
.

[12].

(at voltage)

(at contact)

[18]:

(at distance)

(at distance)

(hot stick working)

. ,

.
, 220 380 kV.

(bare hand working)

. ,

, .

.
, 220 kV.
, 30 kV. O
( )
(insulating glove working).

( ).

86

 4. .

2.4.4 CENELEC 50110-1 FPA 70 E

) CENELEC 50110-1.
. ,
2 :

(live working).

.
5 DL.

(work in the vicinity).

. .

, . 5,
Dv.
C 61472 ed2.0 ac 72,5 kV
800 kV.

5. CENELEC
50110-1 [12].

87

 2. DL DV ( Cenelec
50110 -1) [12].

UN kV
1
3
6
10
15
20
30
36
45
60
70
110
132
150
220
275
380
480
700

.

.
DL mm

60
90
120
160
220
320
380
480
630
750
1000
1100
1200
1600
1900
2500
3200
5300

.
.
DV mm
300
1120
1120
1150
1160
1220
1320
1380
1480
1630
1750
2000
3000
3000
3000
4000
4000
6100
8400

) FPA 70 E.
FPA 70E.
,
. 3
.

(limit approach boundary).

(restrict approach boundary).

(prohibited approach boundary).

(flash protection boundary)

6. NFPA
70E [19].

88

 2.
NFPA 70E [19].

0 -50 V
51-300 V
301 750 V
751V- 15kV
15.1kV 36kV
36.1kV -46kV
46.1kV 72.5kV
72.6-121 kV
138 145 kV
161-169 kV
230-242 kV
345 -362 kV
500 550 kV
765 800 kV

10ft 0in
3ft 6in
10ft 0in
3ft 6in
10ft 0in
5ft 0in
10ft 0in
6ft 0in
10ft 0in
8ft 0in
10ft 0in
8ft 0in
10ft 8in
8ft 0in
11ft 0in
10t 0in
11ft 8in
11ft 8in
13ft 0in
13ft 0in
15ft 4in
15ft 4in
19ft 0in
19ft 0in
23ft 9in
23ft 9in

1ft 0in
2ft 2in
2ft 7in
2ft 9in
3ft 3in
3ft 3n
3ft 7in
4ft 0in
5ft 3in
8ft 6in
11ft 3in
14ft 11in

0ft 1in
0ft 7in
0ft 10in
1ft 5in
2ft 1in
2ft 8in
3ft 1in
3ft 6in
4ft 9in
8ft 0in
10ft 9in
14ft 5in

FPA-70E

[19]:

- ,
- ,
- ,
- 600 V,
-

(switchgear buses).

IEEE Std 1584-2002, NFPA -70E

. [20]
( ) ,
..
, .

) 50110 & NFPA - 70E

CENELEC EN 50110 -1 NFPA 70E

1.

[21] 49] :

FPA
.
. CENELEC 50110,

.

2.

. FPA 70E
.

3.

4.

CENELEC
. ,
, , , IPXXB (

89

 ). ,
( ). ( )
.
5.

2 .
FPA 70 :
(qualified persons)

(not qualified).

,
.
,
. , 3
: , .
6.

,
.
FPA-70E ,
.

7.

.
.

2.4.5
) . 158/1975
. 158/1975 ( 189//1975).
( . 2702/1999)

3 ( ).
i)

, 0-750V,

ii)

, 751-35 000V,

iii) T 35 000 V .
( 2.1) (0-750V)
:
) 0-50V ,
) 50-750V o
,
, (, )
(

90

 )
.
( 3.1) (75
35000V) :
)
.
)
,


.
)

.
)
.
( 4)
:

(V)
1500

(m)
0,15

6600

0,36

15000

0,70

20000

0,76

22000

0,78

35000

0,93

( 5) 35000V .
( 6)
.
) . 395/94

(. .. 89/99, . 304/00)

.. 395/94 ,

( , 2.26).

.
, ,

( , 2.19).

91

, .
.
,

[22].

,
( ).

[35]

]:
-

( 7, .. 395/1994),

( 48, . 1850/10),
-

( 43, 1 . 3850/10),

( 39 . 3850/10).

2.4.6 .

:
- (. ....
130329/03.07.1995),
- 6 . 158/75,
.

( .158/75

168//1994, . 2702/1999).

NEN-ISO 7243 NEN-ISO

7933 .

- NEN-ISO/TR 11079. 6.1.2

92

 50110,
(, , )
.
Enel ( nel
), [18] :
-

, , .

, (
).

, , 12-15 km).

( 35 km/h 22 miles/h).

80%.

2.4.7
1. ,

[23]
2. ,
.
3. ,
.
4. .
5. ,
.
6. ,

( C

60832:1988, IEC 1235:1993,

EC 60832 [24]).

7.

[25].

8.

[25].

9. , , ,
.
10. H Live Work Association (...)
. ,

[26].

93

11. .

[16].

12.
13.

[16].

, EC, CENELEC
CE. ,

[18].

14. ,

.

2.4.8


.

1.

[25], [27]:

.
.

. ,
.
2.

3.

.
4.

5.

6.

.
7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

94

 ,
.
()
.
, :
1. ,
,
.
2. ,
,

( ).

, , .
,
.
,
.


.
.

.

2.5

.
. .
. ,
.
, .. 22-12/1933

( 5).

(
).

95

.
. :
.
.


.
:
CENELEC : FINAL DRAFT, EUROPEAN STANDARD FprEN
50528 Insulating ladders for use on or near low voltage electrical installations [28].

a)
1. .
:
) .
)
.
,
( .. ),

)
.
2.
.
3.

[2.

4. ,
, -

[2.

5.

(surge arresters) [2.

6. ,
,

[2.

, ,

[2.

7.

8.

(circulating currents) [2.

9. .

96

[2.

 7. .
[13].
.
-

)

(.. )
, .

(.. ,
)
(
).

, .

(
).

. .

(, ).

.
.

(, , )
.

)
- , .
, ,

.
[2. ,

[29], [30].

97


[31] [32].
2.6
.
,
.
2 - 17 .. 1073/81.
75-84 1073/81. 225/1989
.
,
. ,
.

. ,
.
.
- , ,

.
- .
-
.
-
.
- , .

- . .
- .
- , , .
- .
.. ,
. .
.
- .
.
- .
- .
- , . .
98

- , .
2.7

, , , ,
, , ,
.
( )
..

[2.

(IEC),

(maintenance)

,
[31].

[12].

[33] :

i) .
.
ii) .

HD 384

[4, 61.1.1]

iii) . ,
. .

8. ,

[34].

[35]

, ,

99

.
.

, C 61140 : Protection against electric shock - Common aspects for installation

and equipment.

(. 6422/34).

- .
, .

(.. 305/96, 3,

).

(..

1073/81 111).

( D 384).

- .
, ,
.

( .. 105/1995).

- , ( ).
- . .
- / .

[35].

- ..
.
-
.

[25].

-
.
,
.
.
-
,


.

( 462.3 D 384).

100

- 600 V,
,

( 110.26

NFPA 70) [19] :

1

) 600 V ( ).
1

0 150 V

d
3 ft

0 150 V

d
3 ft

0 150 V

d
3 ft

151-600 V

3 ft

151-600 V

3.5 ft

151-600 V

4 ft

) 600 V ( ).
1

(V)

601 2.500

(ft)
3 ft.

601 2.500

(ft)
4 ft.

2.501 9.000

4 ft.

601 2.500

5 ft.

2.501 9.000

5 ft.

2.501 9.000

6 ft.

9.001-25.000

5 ft.

9.001-25.000

6 ft.

9.001-25.000

9 ft.

25.00- 75.000

6 ft.

25.00- 75.000

8 ft.

25.00- 75.000

10 ft.

75.000

8 ft.

75.000

10 ft

75.000

12 ft.

3

d

d (ft)

,
90
.

9.
( NFPA 50E).

2.7.1
.

, .

101


. O .

,
.

O EH :

: 10 cm.
15 cm
-: 15 .
19 cm. ( .)
EH 3 m.
-: H 1 mm.
, .

( 30, 2)

1 mm. ().

.

40 cm. O .
,
.
. T

10% 50%
. 90% .
,
,
.
.
.
(
, , .).
(.. , ,
.) ( ,
, ).

102

2.7.2
1. ,
. ,
,
[36].
2. .
3. ,
, .
4.
.
. .
on off.
6. ,
.

.
7. .
8.

.
9.
. .
10. .
.
11. /
/ (circuit analyzer), ,
,

[34].

12. .
13. , , ,
.
14. , ,
. 6 12
. .
15.
.
16. .
:
1.

CAT III-1000 V CAT IV 600 V CAT III 1000 V.

2.

103

3.

4.

5.

6.

, , .

7.

8.

, .

2.8

2.8.1
,
.
.
.
.
.

[33].

10. .
[33].

2.8.2
, , .
.
.

(solenoid testers)

(proximity testers)

.
, .
)

(solenoid testers)

11 .

104

 11. .
,
/. ,
,
. . (

, /
/) [33].

(proximity testers)

,
, 12 .

12. ,
(). , () [33].

ac .
, .
,
.

2.8.3 ..
(..), :
) .
. .
) ( ).
) .
(a-b, b-c, c-a).
,
.
105

2.8.4
:
1) .
2) .
3) , ,
,
( ).
4) . .
5) .
6) .
7) .
.
.

13. [33].

8) (
). .
(ac dc)
.
9)
.
. ,
.

14. [33].

106

10) .
.
,
.
11) , .

15.
[33]

12) .

.

16. .
[33].

17.
[33].

13) .

. ,
( ).

107

(proximity sensor)

18. , C
. ( 1)
. ( 2) [33].

2.8.5 ..
,
,
, 10 .
.
, ,
,
.
.

19. .
, 95 V. , 80 V.
, 0 V [33].

2.8.6
,

(proximity sensor).

,
108

 .
, ( on
ff). , ,
.
,
.

20. [33].

21. . [33].

22. . ( 1)
( 2) [33].

2.8.7
) .


sensors).

(proximity

.
stick)

(probing

23. .
[33]

109

) .. (shielded wires).
.

24. .. O
(proximity sensor)
[33].

25. .
[33].

2.8.8
2.8.8.1 &
O , .
2.000 100
. 400
kA. ,
.
.
, .
.

.
.
, ,

110

[37].

 26. [37].
i) .
O 4 IV (CAT I, CAT II, CAT III, CAT IV)
[37].
CAT IV :
.
CAT III : , ,
, , .
CAT II : CAT III, , ,

CAT I : [37].
.. ( 1000 V ac).
IEC 61010 ( EC 1010 - IEC 61010 IEC 10101 ).
CAT II CAT III,
CAT III.
. .
, [37].

27. CAT I, CAT II, CAT III,

CAT IV [37].
ii) .
. CAT IV,
CAT I,
( : CAT IV-600V : 8 kV CAT II
600V 4 kV). CAT IV,
CAT I.
.. CAT II 1000 V CAT II 600 V,
. ,
, CAT III 600V CAT II 1000V
( IEC 1010) [37].
CAT III CAT IV.

111

CAT III-1000 V

CAT IV-600 V

28.
CAT III 1000V, CAT IV 600V [37].

[37].

,
,
, .
1. .,
. .
.
.

29. .. ,
.
( ) [37].

2. ,
, (..
) ( 30).
. 480 V
550 p, 264 , 6
7 ( 1564 1850 ).
Ampere.
.
.

112

. , 6 kA
ms.

30. .. ,
.
[37].

3.
,
. ,
. 6000 C,
.

31. .. ,
.
[37].

32.

[37].

113

2.8.8.2 &
.

. ,
, .
.
: ,
.
, .
,
. .
, ,
. , CAT III
1000 V .
/ . ,
.

33. .
. 480 V
, [37].

1. , 13.8 kV.
. 4 6
.
. .

34. . [37].

2.
. 250 V 480V.
.
,

114

 . ,
. 30
.
.

35. .
. .
[37].

3. .

. 0 V,
. ,
, .
.

36.
. 0 V, [37].

37. ) .
. ,
.
) o [37].

115


,
.
) :
- .
- V/Ohm,
10 , mA.
0.1 Ohm 10 Ohm , .
L .
:
.

.

) .
V/ COM.
() . 0,1
0,3 .
, ,
, .
CAT.
.
.

38. [37].

2.8.9
,

/. 100 V (
50 V) -
200 400V .

.

, .
,
,
116

[38]:

 / ,
/
.
,
, .. .
,
.

39. [38]

) E

.
. , ,
.. .
.
.

.
.

H .
.

[38].

40. [38].

117

)
,
,
.
,
. ,

[38].

41. [38].

)

.

[38].

.

.

42. [38].

.

.

. T
. .

43. . [38].

118

) .
.. 95/1978 .

2.9

2.9.1
50 V
10 Joules. H

.
[7].

- .
.
.
- , ,
.
-
.
- (
)

.
5 Gauss.

600 Gauss.
- ,
.
- ,
. ,
.

119

, , . ( )
kV.

2.9.2
,
.
. ,

[7].

, ,
, , .

[3.

, . ,

[7].

1.

[3].

.
2.

10 J,

.
3.

.
4.

(bleeder resistors).

5.
.
6.

(bleeder resistors, dump switches, interlocks)

.
7. 600 V,
, 50 V 10 J
5 min.
600V, o
1 min.
8. ,
(

dump resistors,

50 V 10 J
1 min.
.

120

9. , ,
.
,

[7].

, .

.
,
.
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Erection and operation of electrical test

equipment, [40].

.
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129

 2
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132

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ts

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135

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IEC/TS 60479,

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136

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140

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142


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144

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148

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.

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149

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150

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151

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- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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110 V 33

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.

[20].

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[16].

15.
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153

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..., ,
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[5, . 10].

T IEEE Std 60833,

50 60 Hz.

[21]:

(optical field meter) ( electro optic type).

(free body meter).

(ground reference meter).

(vibrating probe) (field mill),

dc .
16, .

. ,
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154

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C 60833 [21, . 41].

, (box type),
. (9 10)
:
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k
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155

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[21, . 41],

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.
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156

3.2.1.4
,
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rms .

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Std 644-1994

[23].

,
.
.
.
,
0,01 m2.
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116 mm. (
).
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5 z 2 kHz 2,5 z 2
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.
.

[25],

[24].

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Faraday.
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157

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[26].

158

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d/dt
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,
, .
dc .
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(TL084), (display
driver) (LM3914) 3

x, y, z,

.
: L084
. 350
. ,
x, y, z.

159

 (
). ,
. ,
. , .
100%, 10%, 1% (
). .
50 Hz 60 Hz
C3, 0,0033 mF IC1a, IC1b
.
IC1b R7 C3
+40 dB 60 Hz.
10 100 kHz.

) .
To FET
20 led.
.
IEC Std 60833 Ecma 172 ,
.
IC1c .
(5 cm) .
(1000 V/m) ,
. R12, D1, D2
IC1c. R9, R10, R11, . C9,
7000 Hz .
100 kHz
.
)

. 2
(segment drivers) 10 LED (10 segment bar Led).
C1d, (gain) 34 dB R14,
. IC1d C5, R13.
R16, R15 R14
(pot). o IC1d /
(doubler/rectifier) C6, D5, D6, C7.
160

 R18, C8, R19, dc, ac .

, , 3 Volt. D3, D4, R17,
ac
IC1d. 20 40 V ac
(), 10 20 mGuass
. ,
. 80 dB,
,
FET.
LM3914 (LED segment drivers)-
IC2, IC3 - LED 10 LED (10 segment bar LED).
. R20, R21, R22,
LM3914s dot.
20 LED, LED,
200 mA. DOT 1 2
. R23 LED 11 20
LEDs . C10, R33
( LED) RF . R23
LED
.
2x9 V . mA .
10 - 20 mA.

21. .

161

R1

91 K

C1,

0.1 mF, 50 V, Mylar

R2

9.1 K

C2, C4

4.7 mF, 35V

R3, R20, R21, R25

1 K

C3

0.0027 mF Mylar

R4, R6, R12, R13

1 M

C5

0.047 mF Mylar 50V

R5, R8, R10, R17, R23

10 K

C6,

C7,

1 mF 50V

C8
R7, R16

10 M

C9

220 pF npo

R9, R15

100 K

C10

10 F 16V

R14 PT10 pot

100 K

R11, R18

22 K

R19

330 K

S1 S4

2P 3T

S5

(slide switch)
DPDT Toggle

)
R22

1.2 K

R24

33

J1

D1 D6

Closed ckt. 1/8 jack

1N914B

L1 L3

350

4 in #22

IC1

TL084N

LED 1-LED20

LEDs

IC2, IC3

LM3914N

3.3


.
.
:
1) Multi-Detector II Profi, Wetekom [16],
2) soeks Impulse electromagnetic field (EMF)
meter,
3) ,
4) ,
5) (1400W,
900Rpm/min, 220V, 50 Hz),
6) 21.
1m .
,
, .

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. ,
multi-detector II
.
1 m .

. x
,
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z

[27].

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164

 3
[1] IEEE Std 80-2000, Guide for Safety in ac grounding.
[2] , , ,
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[3] IEC/TS 60479-5 Std, Effects of current on human beings and livestock. Part 5: Touch voltage
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[12] . 3850/2010
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165

[14] P. M. Smith, A. M. Cameron, How many employees receive safety training during their first year of
a new job? [Online], Inj Prev, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 37-41, doi:10.1136/ip.2006.013839.:
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Technology, Finland, 2010.:
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[16] McGraw-Hill's National Electrical Code 2008 Handbook
http://books.google.gr/books?id=ZlsHKuq4eBoC&pg=PA568&lpg=PA568&dq=%22open+neutral
%22+hazards+patents&source=bl&ots=aZlF6eWyWu&sig=bYr3h_7f1hY7PLURR4iaRxt0hrg&hl=el&ei=kunZSpq9FpaKm
wOT4sncDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=
%22open%20neutral%22%20hazards%20-patents&f=false
[17] Myers JR, Trent RB. Hand tool injuries at work: a surveillance perspective, J Safety Res 19
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[20]

Course

summary

electrical

panel

inspection

course

summary

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[23] IEEE Std 644-1994, IEEE Standard procedures for measurement of power frequency electric and
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[27] NIOSH Manual for measuring occupational electric and magnetic field exposures, U.S. Department
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167



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Email: bakakaterina@yahoo.gr

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08.11.2000
( 313/08.11.2000) .
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unexpected re-energization of power lines in Greece, Safety and health at Work,
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Device for Preventing Injuries Due to Loss of Grounding and Broken Neutral, accepted
: 05 Feb 2014, IEEE Potentials.

: aka A.D., Uzunoglu N.K., Prevention of Injuries among

electricians due to unexpected re-energization of power lines, accepted: 21 April 2014,
IEEE Potentials.

: aka A.D., Uzunoglu N.K., Detecting and Avoiding Step

Voltage Hazards, Accepted: 10 Apr 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power
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