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AMICP 706-260
AMC PAMPHLET
01
ENGINEERING DESIGN
HANDBOOK
GUNS SERIES
AUTOMATIC WEAPONS
Reproduced by Ihe
C LEAR INGHOUSE
for Federal Scientific & Technical
Information Springfield Va. 22151
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FEBRUARY 1910'
AC PAMPHLET
No. 7C6-260
HEADQUARTERS
UNITED STATES ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20315
5 February 1970
Page
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .........................
LIST OF TABLES .......
.......................
LIST OF SY4BOLS ..............................
PREFACE ......
...........................
v
viii
x
xviii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1-1
1-2
1-3
I-4
I-I
-I
I-I
1
GENERAL ......
...........................
SIMPLE BLOWBACK ......
....................
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS ..................
TIME OF CYCLE ....
........................
Recoil Time ..........
.............
Counterrecoll Time ......
....................
Totul Cycle Time ......
.....................
EXAMPLE OF SIMPLE BLOWBACK GUN ..........
Specifications .........................
Computed Design Data .....................
Case Travel During Propellant Gas Period ..........
Sample Problem of Case Travel ................
Driving Spring Design ............
.............
ADVANCED PRIMER IGNITION BLOWBACK ........
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS .....................
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS OF ADVANCED
PRIMER IGNITION .....
......................
Firing Rate ......
.........................
Driving Spring Design ......................
DELAYED BLOWBACK ......................
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS .....................
DYNAMICS OF DELAYED BLOWBACK .............
SAMPLE PROBLEM FOR DELAYED
BLOWBACK ACTION .........................
Specifications
...........................
Design Data .....
.........................
COMPUTER ROUTINE FOR COUNTERRECOILING
BARREL DYNAMICS
.............
SPRINGS ..............................
...
2-1
2-3
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-10
2-10
2-1I
2-12
2-12
2-13
2-13
2-15
. 2-17
2-17
2-18
2-24
2-24
2-24
2-33
2-37
2-37
2-39
2-39
2-40
2-40
AMCP 706-260
2-40
2-40
3
2-44
2-47
GENERAL ..............................
LONG RECOIL DYNAMICS .......................
SAMPLE PROBLEM - LONG RECOIL MACHINE GUN ..
SPECIFICATIONS ........................
DESIGN DATA ........
.....................
SHORT RECOIL DYNAMICS ..................
SAMPLE PROBLEM - SHORT RECOIL MACHINE GUN
SPECIFICATIONS ........................
DESIGN DATA ...............
..............
ACCELERATORS ............................
SAMPLE PROBLEM - ACCELERATOR ............
SPECIFICATIONS ........................
DESIGN DATA ..........................
RAT*NG OF RECOIL-OPERATED GUNS ...........
3-1
3-1
3 -1
3-I
3-1
3-9
3-9
3-9
3-9
3--15
3-17
3-17
3-17
3-21
GENERAL RJEQUIREMENTS
..................
TYPES OF GAS SYSTEMS ....................
CUTOFF EXPANSION SYSTEM.................
MECHANICS OF THE SYSTEM ................
Gas Filling Period ..........
...............
Bolt Locking Cam ......
.....................
Cam Curve ......
.........................
SAMPLE PROBLEM FOR CUTOFF EXPANSION
SYSTEM
..............................
Specifications
...........................
Design Data, Computed ........................
Counterrecoll Computed Data ...................
Counterrecoil Time .....
.....................
Recoil Time
..........................
Recoil Time, Decelerating
Recoil Time, Accelerating
.............
DIGITAL COMPUTER ROUTINE FOR CUTOFF
EXPANSION ................................
Gas Dynamics Before Cutoff .....................
Gas Dynamics After Cutoff .....
................
Bolt Unlocking During Helix Traverse ............
Bolt Unlocking During Parabola Traverse ..........
Bolt Unlocked, Bolt Traveling With
Operating Rod ............
..........
4-1
4--i
4-1
4-1
4-6
4-9
4-15
4-47
4-17
4-17
4-19
4-20
4-23
4-23
4-24
....
4-28
4-28
4-29
4-29
4-29
4-31
AMCP 7M0
Paragraph
4-3.3.3
Dynamics Aftr Gas Cylinder Operations ..........
4-3.3.3.;
u
,uYa
SIIA.. ....
......................
4-3.3.3.2
Counterrecoll Dynamics ......................
4-3.33.3
Bolt Locking Dynamics ......
..............
....
4-3.3.3.4
Firing Kte ......
........................
4-3.4
SPRINGS .................................
4-3.4.1
Driving Spring ......
.......................
4-3.4.2
Buffer Spring .....
.........................
4-4
THE TAPPET SYSTEM .........................
4-4.1
SAMPLE PROBLEM ..........................
4-4.1.1
Specifications ................................
4-4.1.2
Preliminary Design Data .....
...................
4-4.1.3
Design Data, Computed ........................
4-4.1.4
Spring Design Data .....
.....................
4-32
-2
4-35
4-36
4-3?
4-37
4-37
4-37
4-38
4-38
4-38
4-38
4-38
4-45
GENERAL ......
...........................
BOLT OPERATING CAM DEVELOPMENT ..........
CAM ACTION ......
........................
Cam Kinematics ......
......................
Definition of Symbols .........................
Cam Forces ......
.........................
Locking Angle ..........................
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
Iii
ANPP 7060
. .
6-7
6-9
66-II
6-12
6-13
6-14
GENERAL
..........
FEED MECHANISM DESIGN .....................
MAGAZINES ...............................
Box Magazi es ...........................
Box Feed System ......
.....................
Flat Tape Spring ......
..................
Rectangular Coil Spring ....................
.....................
Examuple Problems ......
.....................
Flat Tape Spring ......
.....
Rectangular Coil Spring ...................
BOLT-OPERATED FEED SYSTEM .......
ROTATING FEED MECHANISM ...........
........
Rcoiloperatcd Feed Mechaniam ..........
Electrically DxIven Feed Mechanium .................
LINKLESS FEED SYSTEM ...................
Power R~lulred ......
......................
Exampla Problem for Power Required ............
EXTRACTORS, EJECTORS, AND BOLT LOCKS
EXTRACTORS .............................
EJECTORS ................................
Ejector Dynamics .....
......................
Sample Problem of Ejector Dynamics ................
BOLT LOCKS .
...............
..........
FIRING MECHANISM ..........................
COMPONENTS, TYPES, AND ACTION ................
Trigger Pull .....
..........................
Firing Pin Design ............................
LINKS .....
................................
.......................
TYPES OF LINK .....
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS .......................
MOUNTS ...................................
GEOMETRY AND RESOLUTION OF FORCES .......
SAMPLE PROBLEM ..........................
CHAPTER 8.
8-1
8-2
8--3
Iv
7-1
7-1
7--2
..2
7-4
7-5
7 -6
7-6
7-7
.7-8
7- .
1-10
7-10
7-12
7-14
7-19
7-21
7-24
7-24
7--27
7-27
7-27
7-30
7-32
7-32
7-37
7-39
7-39
7-40
7-40
7-44
7-44
7-48
8-1
8-1
8-2
AMCP 7%20
Title
Flow Chart for Delayed Blowback ..............
Listing for Delayed Blowbak Propam .............
Plow Chart for Retarded Blowback ...............
Listing for Retarded lowback Program ................
Flow Chart for Cutoff Expan~lon ..................
Listing for Cutoff Expansion Program .................
Flow Chart for Operating Cyln4er .................
Listing for Operating Cylinder Program .................
Flow ChalA for Cam and Drum Dynamics During Recoil
Listing for Cam and Drum Dynamics During Recoil
Flow Chart for Cam and Drum Dynamics During
Counterrecoil ...............................
Listing for Cam and Drum Dynamnics During
Cotnterrecoll ................................
Flow Chart for Double Barrel Machine Gun ............
Program Listing for Double Barrel Mac-ne Gun .......
Flow Chart for hiultibarrel Power ..................
Program Listing for Multibarrel Power ...............
Automatic Control of Rounds in a Burst for
.....................
Weapon Effictiveness ......
...................
.....
GLOSSARY ......
REFERENCES ..............................
P-e
A-1
A-4
A-6
A-9
A-12
A-15
A-20
A-22
A-26
A-30
A-35
A-38
A-43
A-46
A-52
A-59
B-1
G-1
R-1
AMUP 70-2C0
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. No.
2-I
2-2
2 -3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9
2-10
3-1
3-2
3-3
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
S-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-9
5-10
5-11
5-12
5-13
5-14
5-15
5-16
5-17
5-18
5-19
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
vi
TI.
Pap
2-1
2-3
2-4
2-8
2-13
2-18
2-25
2--40
2-41
2-42
3-2
3-2
3-16
4-'
4-2
4-11
4-12
4-18
4-19
4-38
4-40
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-5
5-9
5-10
5-11
5- 19
5-35
5-36
5-47
5-47
5-48
5-49
5-50
5-51
5-51
5-53
5-55
6-2
6-2
6-3
6-7
6-13
AMCP 70.2W
7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
7-6
7-7
7-8
7-9
7-10
7-11
7-12
7-13
7-14
7-15
7-16
7-17
7-18
7-19
7-20
7-21
7-22
7-23
7-24
7-25
7-26
7-27
7-28
7-29
7-30
7-31
7-32
7-33
7-34
7-35
7-36
7-37
7-38
B-I
Title
*.
Initial Contact of Bolt and Cartridm! C'g.. A...........
Chamber-projectile Contact .....
....................
............................
Box Magazine ......
lip Guides ......
..............................
Lip.cartridge Case Orientation .....
..................
Geometry of Double Row Stacking ...............
Box Magazine Follower .....
......................
Flat Tape Spring and Loading Analogy .............
Rectangular Coil Spring and Loading Characteristics
Schematic of Feed System, End View ..............
Feed System Illustrating Mechanics of Operation .......
Recoil-operated Rotating Feed Mechanism ...........
Feed Wheel and Operating Lever Units .................
Electrically Operated Rotating Feed Mechanism ........
Outer Drum .....
.............................
Inner Drum Helix ................................
Conveyor Elements ..............................
Schematic of Unkless Feed System ...............
Path of Rounds in Single End System ..............
Extractors .....
..............................
Extractor ading Diagrams ....................
Ejectors ......................................
Ejector Loading Diagram .....
.....................
Sliding Breech Lock .....
........................
Tipping Bolt Lock .....
.........................
Firing Mechanism for Recoil Machine Gun ...........
Firing tMechanism for Gas-operated Machine Gun .......
Three-position Firing Mechanism .................
Triggering Mechanism Loading .......................
Ammunition link, Cal .50 Round ................
Nose Fanning Flexibility, 7.62 nun Link ............
Base Fanning Flexibility, 7.62 mm Link ............
Geometry of Base Fanning .........................
Helical Flexibility, 7.62 nu Link .....................
Total Folding 7.62 mm Ammunition Belt ...........
Partial Folding 7.62 nun Ammunition Belt ...........
Loading Link With RADHAZ Shield ...............
Loading Diagram of Mount ...........................
Hit Probability vs Number of Rounds in a Burst .......
Page
.....
.....
....
....
....
.....
....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
....
....
7-!
7-2
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-4
7-4
7-5
7-7
7-10
7-I1
7-13
7-14
7-15
7-16
7-16
7-17
7-18
7-19
7-25
7-26
7-28
7-29
7-31
7-32
7-3
7-34
7-36
7-38
7--41
7-42
7-43
7-44
7-45
7-46
7-46
7-47
7-47
B-2
vii
AMCP 706260
LIST OF TABLES
Tebe No.
2-1
2--2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
3-I
3-2
3-3
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-10
4- 11
4-12
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-9
5-10
5-1!
5-12
5-13
5-14
5-15
5-16
5-17
viii
Titls
Pae
2-I1
2-26
2-36
2-37
2-38
2-46
2-47
2--48
3-3
3-8
3-17
4-25
4-29
4-30
4-31
4-32
4-33
4-33
4-34
4-35
4-39
4-43
4-46
5-21
5-22
5-24
5-26
5-27
5-28
5-29
5--37
5-38
5-38
5-39
. .
5-40
5-41
5-42
5-56
5-56
5-59
Tide
Symnbokw1da Correlation of Varibles for
Muitibarrel Gua. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .....
Symbol-code Correlatk.LI and Input for Gun Operating
Pow er...............................
Cam Dynamicsa
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gun Operating Power...........................
Power Required for Linkless Belt Feed System .............
Firing Pirn Dynamics.................7-40
pagt
6-14
6--is
6-16
6-1I7
'7-24
Ix
AMCP 76260
A
A*
bor area
= peripheral surface contact area between
Ac
Ao
- orifice area
br
Cam
Ap
C,
a orifice coefficient
-and clearance of round
Db
bore diamcter
D,
De
Dd
a drum diameter
a wire diameter
an
dt
= differentia! time
dx
v differential distance
a,
- recoil acceleration;
,taner acceleration
aree
E,
Eb
as
a slide acceleration
at
a5
aac,
acre
ad
- counterrecoil acceleration
path
AMCP 7M20
Ecr
Eto
counterrecoil energy
Eri
E
E
Ej d
- general expression for average force; average driving spring force; axial Inertial
force
Ecs
Ecrb
ment
Ecr
Ed
Edcr
Eds
Ee
F
as
Et
Fb
Er
F
Fa
F
absorbed by mount
-Eb
Es
Fb
F
Ec
FL
Fm
Es,,
E3 ,
ds.de
E barel energy
xi
AMCP 70d-250
Fet
F0
HP
Hs
ing load
Fob
Fobs
F,
intersection
- area moment of inertia; general term for
Fp
Id
Fr
F,
FsA
-horizonenl
Ide
Ka
Kb
force
at.,
U " "INI,-UIN
%I
horsepower
F,
Ft
Ft
-average
Kb,
F,,
Ks
srings
period
F.
Fy
FA
Fdt, FAt
f,
f(TSTJ)
G
xl
Kr
of barrel pring, of
adapter
coefficient in the rate of gas flow equa-
= spring constant
tion
frictional force
- general expressions for differential im.
pulse
=rate of fie
function of the ratio of compression time
to srge time
- torsional modulus; shear modulus
K,
AMCP 706.60
Lb
Ld
M
M
decelerating
tact;
distance
opcrating
buffer condistanceprior
of to
operating
rod
spring; length of drum; driving spring
travel
Le
extractor length
mass of projectile
* mass of bre
barrel
a number of coils; normal reartion on cam
curve;
force on
rounds;normal
number of activeroller; number of
segments in flat
spring
A'g
Lt
Nc
N,
Nt
NP
-Ac
Mb
- mass of bolt
Mc
Md
- mass of drum
Mal
M,
Ma e
= mass of ejector
P1
P,
- trigger pull
-pressure,
(pitch)
PC
per
"critical pressure
Pd
xl i
AMCP 7W8-N0
I !Se
bU~
a ^I C* 1f ,v*c
PC eV A&
wlB.b
winteifwae pressure
p,
- accelerating distance
a
= component of premare
I1
- travel distance
P/
during recoil
that dilates
-artridge case
PI
a initial piessure
p2
a final prefture
- cutoff distance
-cam
SC
dwell distance
Rd
sn
round
Rb
so
initial distance
"cain radius
sou
Rch
Rd
- dste
AR,
R,
AT
R
R,
sF
cam follower travel during recoil; operating rod travel before bolt pickup
St
s
33
sure time of spring; absolute temperature; torque about gun axis; applied
torque of trigger pring
specific Impetus
- track reactions due to tipping forces; triggr reaction on mar
Ry
T,
Td
Tt
-of case
and case
rb
re
- extractor radius
TL
r,
a striker radius
TI, T,
a applied torques
xiv
AMMP 70&.20
- accelerating torque
wbore
*
- resisting torque
V.
T9
- applied torque
- chamber volume
Vi
- time
t
tb
= buffer time
bc
volume
V,
equivale-nt wPvolume
Vc
o volume
o
eqluivalent bore
tc
ter
a ounterrecol time
V c
ter b
action
to,
td
velocity, gene;al
u
contacted
to
tg
1,
-o
a buffer
i.c t
vc
vcr
orb
%rb
I's
Yd
vd,
t
t
counterrecoil velocity
extrator
a
velocity; maximum ejection
velocity
thickness of spring
t..
to
yj,
- impact velocity
t,
Pm
--
Xv
AMCP 706260
YO
term
W,
spring; tilde
Wse
W.r
,W P
W,
- barrel weight
wC
0 width of cam
a recoil velcity
wslide velocity
y'
uC
w
slide v-elocity before impact
W,
= weight of round
Wb
wbolt weight
Wc
WC
-e
Wd
- weight of drum
We
"
xb
- bolt travel
Xbo
x"
- recoil distance
xrX
xo
x1
xrd
W,,
Xtf
Wp
- weight of proJectile
Xto
W,
W.
xvi
AACP 706-MG
iiut,pring definecon
ye
- thea deflection
- pedpheral width of parabola; mm..!
y.
ya
deflection
GREEK LETTERS
a
8e
1.
- coefficient of friction
-cam
01,
angle
-correction factor
u,
- velocity differential
4x
a distance differential
dy
index of friction
coefficient of roling friction
time
. differential
Av
a Poiuon's ratio
um
mnmation
ot
- tensile sti'eu
eb
f,
rd
Wo
angular velocity
tod
xvii
AMCP 706-260
PREFACE
This handbook is one of a series on Guns. It is pat of a group of handbooks covering
the engineering principles and fundamental data needed in the development of Army
materiel, which (as a group) constitutes the Engineering Design Handbook Series. This
handbook presents information on the fundamental operating principles and design of
automatic weapons and applies specifically to automatic weapons of all types such as
blowback, recoil-operated, gas-operated, and ex:ernal'y powered. These include single,
double, multlbarrel, and revolver-type machine guns and range from the simple blowback
to the intricate M61AI Vulcan and Navy 20 mm Aircraft Gun Mark Il Mod 5 Machine
Guns. Methods are advanced for preparing engineering design data on firing cycle, spring
design, gas dynamics, magazines, loaders, firing pins, etc. All components are considered
except tubc design which appears in another handbook, AMCP 706-252, Gun Tubes.
This handbook was prepared by The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for
the Engineering Handbook Office of Duke University, prime contractor to the U.S. Army,
and was under the technical guidance and coordination of a special subcommittee with
representation from Watervliet Arsenal, Rock Island Arsenal, and Springfield Armory.
The Handbooks are readily available to all elements of AMC inciuding personnel and
contractors having a need and/or requirement. The Army Materiel Command policy is to
release these Engineering Design Handbooks to other DOD activities and their contractors, and other Government agencies in accordance with current Army Regulation
70.3 1, datd 9 September 1966. Procedures for acquiring these Handbooks follow:
a. Activities within AMC and other DOD agencies should direct their request on an
official form to:
Commanding Officer
Letterkenry Ar"v Depot
ATTN: AMX'.
TD
Publications Distribution Branch
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 17201
b. Contractors who have Department of Defense contracts should subnilt their
request, through their contracting officer with proper justificatior., to the address indicated in par. a.
c. Government agencies other than DOI) having need for the Handbooks may submit
their request directly to the Letterkenny Army Depot, as indicated in par. a above, or to:
Commanding General
U. S. Army Materiel Command
ATTN: AMCAD-PP
Washington, D.C. 20315
or
Director
Defense Documentation Center
ATTN: TCA
Cameron Station
Alexandria,Virginia 22314
xvill
AMCP 706-260
PREFACE (Con't.)
d. Industries not having a Government contract (this includes (Tr~veisties) must forward their request to;
Commanding General
U. S.Army Materiel Command
ATTN:. A5IJ'n'"
Washington, I).C. 20315e. All foreign requests must be submitted through the Washington, D.C. Embassy to:
Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence
ATTN: Foreign Liaison Office
Department of the Army
Wash~gton, D.C. 20310
All requests, other than those originating within the DOD, must be accompanied by a
valid justificalon.
Commennts and suggestions on this handbook are welcome and should be addressed to
Army Research Office-Durham. Box CM, Duke Station, Durham, N.C. 27706.
xix/xx
AMCP 706-260
INTRODUCTION*
1-1 SCOPE AND PURPOSE
This handbook presants and discusses procedures
normally practiced for the design of automatic weapons,
and explores the problems stemming from the functions
of each weapon and its components. It Is intended to
assist and guide the designer of automatic weapons of
the gun type, and to contain pertinent design information and references.
1-2 GENERAL
The purpose of the handbook is (1) to acquaint new
personnel with the many phases of automatic weapon
design, and (2) to serve as a useful reference for the
experienced engineer. It does not duplicate material
available in other handbooks of the weapon series. Those
topics which are presented in detail in other handbooks
are discussed here only in a general sense; consequently,
the reader must depend on the referenced handbook for
the details. Unless repetitive, the text - for cyclic
analyses. time-displacement (T.D) curves, chamber
design, strength requirements, springs, cans, and drive
systems - includes mathematical analyses embodying
sketches, curves, and illustrative problems. Topics such
as ammunition characteristics, lubrication, handling and
operating features, and advantags and disadvantages are
generally described more qualitatively than quantitatively.
Appendix B is included to merely introduce the idea
of the automatic control of a burst of rounds for
weapon effectiveness in the point fire mode - a facet
which the gun designer may wish to concider.
1-3 DEFINITIONS
An automatic weapon is a self-firing gun, To be fully
automatic, the weapon must load, fire, extract, and eject
continuously after the first round is loaded and fired provided that the firing mcchanism is held unlocked.
Furthermore, the automatic weapon derives all its operating energy from the propellant. Some weapons have
external power units attached and, although not automatic in the strictest sense, are still classified as buch.
*repared by Martin Regina. Franklin Institute Research
Laboratories. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
AMCP 706&260
being capable of 3perating automaticalty. anes requiremnenta or deepg features are:
..
c. eeryi to maintain
1. Use part of the av'dlable energy of the propellant
gases without materially affecting the ballistics.
a. P&srPle to operate
1-2
All successfil automatic weapons meet theme requiremnents but to a degrte normally limited by type of
weaponr. Conflicting requirements are resolved by come-
promise.
AMCP 706-260
CHAPTER 2
BLOWBACK WEAPONS
push the bolt rearward, opposed only by the resistance
offered by the bolt Inertia and the frictional resistance
between case and chamber wall. The question now arises
as to which response predominates, the lmpending axial
motion or the frictional resistance Inhibiting this
ihot!on.
2-1 GENERAL
Controlling the response of the cartridge case to the
propellant gas pressure is the basic design criterion of
blowback weapons. The case responds by tending to
move rearward under the influence of the axial force
generated by the gas pressure on its base. Meanwhile.
because of this same pressure, the case dilates to press on
the inner wall of the chamber. The axial force tends to
50
45
40---
35
3)0
o25
CL
'-20
S15
%
I
a.
0.5
1.0
TIME,
1.5
2.0
msec
AMCP 706-260
ds
! -cl
di 6
r9 x 107 t lb/in.'
t.00)
(2-1)
9 x 10
0, therefore C, ,0.
F- Ab p
v-
when t= 0,
A lb
(2-2)
(2-8)
Kgt + C2
0.
(23)
F 9x 107t=Kt.
50,000 x 0.05
5
- 3440 psi
0 .7a
a tC
PU
- r
(2-9)
0.725
Fwxi.(23
From mechanics
where
r a 0.725 in., mean radius of case
(2-4)
F , Mba
mass of bolt.
bb mFrom
=
W
g
1.0
g
pressure.
Pu
P- 9 x I07
3.83xl0'
sec
(2-10)
travel during this time, i.e., when only the inertia of the
system is considered.
but
s=Xt.
...
Kg
dt
(-)
Kgt
6 Kg-
- 0.001 in.
K.2
t:+ C,
s
Jdt
2-2
dt
(2-7)
Abp
t AcP
(2-11)
AMCP 706-290
where
A b = bore area
Ac = peripheral surface contact area between
case and chamber
V a propellant us pressure
coefficient of friction
2-2 SIMPLE BLOWBACK
2p
('I)
(2-12)
W2
P1 "
E (
-2 i-
')
Wmechanism
where
E - modulus of elasticity of chamber
E C = modulus of elasticity of case
W a wall ratio of chamber
WCa wall ratio of case
v w Poison's ratio (assumed to be equal for
both materials)
Spot checks indicate that those pressures which dilate
unsupported cartridge cases to the limit of their strength
DRIVING SPRING
2-3
/AICP I0O.26O
ALLOWABLE
,
TRAVEL
----
...-
-- SOLT
SOLT
t
2
MbV
(2--14)y
(2-14)
where
Fg - propellant gas force
Mb = mas of bolt assembly
vf 1 velocity of free recoil
dt w time differential
F
where
E,
efficiency of system
(2-16)
AMCP 706-260
2-2.2.1 R--all Tkw.
The bolt travel must be sufficient to permit ready
-ir !.C.d.- a.d -;; xtractluu. Th1 initial spring
force F, is based on experience and, when feasible, is
selected as four times the weight of th-r recoiling mass.
The maximum spring force Fm,when the bolt is fully
recoiled, is
Fm
2F, - F.
(2-17)
F = Fo +Kx
where
(2-1s)
K = spring constant
x - recoil distance at time t
Mb
Pr
Mb
Kx)
(2-19)
But Y,
7t
therefore
dx
r
27
W
MA
VT
I
Y
Kx'
(2-20)
b
M6dx
dtr
Mfb
-T
Set VO = v,
2=
(2-21).
Pf' - 7 Fox
Kx'
integrate.
j..x-L
V Kx
+eKMbO /Jo
(2-22)
-F;2
2-5
AMCP 706.260
not include the time while
, .-..
,* t!". ,i4or
propellant gases are acting. The exclusion provides
a simpleI solution wthout serious error. Since
MV2
and /bo
K =
eKM
M Fm.
is
eM
Fo,-
(F
Cos'
Sin
2-2.2.2 Counteeoll Time
The counterrecoil time is determined by the same
procedure at that for recoil, except that the low
efficiency of springs deter. rapid counterrecoil, The
energy of the cGunterrecoiling tnxsa of the bolt assembly
at any time t(ri
EU
where
Mb 0
2
Y3
+ e( Fx
(2-24)
i.Kxt)
Y. U initial velocity
Vcr -
Since
Pcr 17,
(2-25)
dtC0
Integrating
tc
=Sin-'
-
si-
Sin
F~Kx - F,
V
F,
-Sn
)(-26)
(2-6
ri
M
1o \
2-6
bF
:L
F.
31
Mb
Mb
Cos-' F,
(2-27)
AMCP 700-20
4+
to. + 1,
(2-28)
(2-29)
,sec/round
/r
-"
..
'
tcr
(2-37)
(2-3c)
(3)
eK )/
F
-
,_
7L
V /
at,
_.
, the
M b ac,
+ V
(2-38)
F.
(2-32)
is a constant for any given problem. Now by
Vf
Fa "Fm
-'C
Cos
+
From the general expression for computing distance in
Fc. =
(-35)
ev
rV
Substitute 2F,
.TA%
~2L
tcr
!L M-
"
2
a,
(2-30)
Or
M.
te I tr
eMbV(
eE,
e 2Mbv
FF_ "0
(2-33)
AMCP 706-260
T
firi.n
.- ,!-'t.I
60
**
2-.i.pelicetlons
-1-
2--__
-,
tau
RAVELOCITY
-.
An
10
,-
_._
,TR AVEL.
/-
'
o//
IL
I----------
0.2
0.4
TIME,
0.6
mwc
0.8
1.0
AMCP 706-20
MfI
Ab
120.4 in.Jsec.
E,-
x 14500
386.4
56.3 nlb.
0.15s ec.
- t, f
2
where e
Ce
x 0.15 x 1204A
1,
20.40
+ L.
2.58 1n.
0.40 x 56.3
2..
8.72 lb.
-LK
e/003106
386.4
Ma3
2
/in.
=38. .0941 = 0.1393 lb-sec
.4x386.4
/C
* 0.195Cos-'
Cos'
0.74226-0.195
(0.0557+0.1393)
4--8
1b
7.43
Cos" '--1
0.143 sec.
2-9
AMCP 706-260
...
FO
SinceK ,
-.0.7185.
At-i, -tn
-
2F o + L
curve
sF,n)L
Also,since -;FL
K 2:
2F
, differential time
L
(F0
.....
FO
45.04
L"
A b - bore area
AY - FAt/Mb, differential velocity
M b - mass of bolt
Therefore
L - 2.72 in.
2
L - 7.379 in?
Fo - 6.94 lb
Fm a 9.62 Ib
m)
K
Pe
Cos'
(0.557+.0.1393) Cos
6.94
9.62
0.195
Cos 5s 0.7214
0.195
FO
Fm
-7.1
Db
57.3/
=0.15 sc.
W, -1FralMb - 32.2 x 12 F5 At
386.4 FgAt
a 128.8 FeAt
2-2.3.3 Cam Travel During Propellant Gas Period
Case travel while propellant gas pressures are active is
found by numerically integrating the interior ballistics
pressure-time curve and the velocity-time curve of the
2-10
AMCP 706-260
TABLE 2-1.
A!,,,
lb-sec/In.2
lb-sec
in./sec
in./sec
in./sec
0.70
7.10
0.00i'/
0.00071
0.00305
At.
msec
msec
0.A
0.56
0....
0.089
1.4
11.4
.4
12.8
0.3
0A
0.1
0.1
1.73
0.275
35.4
48.2
30.50
0.4
0.1
1.60
0.25S
32.8
81.0
64.60
0.00646
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.76
2-
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.06
0.76
0.88
0.140
0.083
0.057
0.025
0.935
18.0
10.7
7.3
3.2
120.2
99.0
90.00
104.35
113.35
118.60
0.00900
0.2
0.52
0.36
0.16
5.88
109.7
117.0
120.2
In.
0.01043
0.01134
0.01186
005292
= 9.62
lb,
static spring force at end of recoil
tc =015stieofiigcceT
= 120.4
in./sec, spring velocity of free recoil
According to the theory of surge waves in springs, the
dynamic stress increases only slightly over the static
stress if the following conditions exist:
35.5 x 1C(0
(2-40)
2-11
AMCP 706-260
where
d - wire diameter
(2-44)
!U,.- ta,t..,pr.-Ig
d4.,...
7- 11000
llo~oo~j! ~4
T-rr-
1)Jbln
i16,000 lb/in.2
T
Select
3.8, or
-1_-
0.0428
c
v.'
where
3.8-
or
-8&
N
'
0.01125sec
-WDK
2-44, 1'
G
(Ref. 6) (2-41)
In Eq.
(.~)
T
-
if ti
BACK
K - spring wrnstant
Substitute the expression for N of Eq. 2-41 into Eq.
2-40, insrt know, values, and solve for d
d
.'
0.27
(2-42)
closed.
s/
0.27 -
0.Sx l.0x0.01126
= 0.048 in.
2-3.1 SPE.CIFIC REQUiRLMENTS
N =
W
8W'K
530 IOGd'
N - 11.5
161
8 x 0.125 x 1.0
coils
8W,,D
r
Wd3
8 x 9.62 x 0.5
111 x 10 Ir
110,000 !b/in?
(2-43)
2-12
AMCP 706.260
DRIVING SPRING
FIR'NO PIN
RECEIVER
//
BARREL
Eqs. 2-14 through 2-39 are again used. Slnca only half
the Impulse is availab!e to drive the bolt in recog, its
man -- st be reduced by half In order to retain the
120.4 in./sec velocity of free recob. Thus the weight ,f
this bolt assembly is specified as 1.5lb and
fFjdt
Vf
0.4675 x 386.4
1.5
120.4 in./sec
Mb
Er I
. x 382- x 14500
28.2 in.4b.
Atcording to Eq. 2-36, the approximate bolt travel
is the same (2.58 in.) as that for the simple blowback
lii in the preceding problem. Again, as in the earlier
proolem, the 2.58 in. bolt travel do" not yield totally
comlatlble results and must be modified to meet the
rate of fire of 400 rounds per minute or the cycle time
ofte -0.15 sec.
;30.4675 lb-sec
(
-
eMb
K
1
+
F0
,Cos
F,
2-13
AMCP 70.260
= 0.4675 lb-sec
.51/i.,e
3.4fFxin.
0
lbi i. e 0.0,M
a 0.5
Since X SineK
b =386.4
.
--
S0.15
= 10.08 b. maximum
m otI44I04'
0.7185
0
F L
1.727 lb/in.
1.5
Golve for Fo
Fo i1.2762 L
Also
:
W,"
2eEr
2F-
(Fo + Fm)L
8.785x1.5 ,
13.18 in.lb.
2 x 0.4 x 28.2
SL
fFgdt
dFdt
Mb
Wb
V,
in?2.bf
- 27.39
2.56 L
-2.6The
3.0524
recolenorgy E,
Substitute for Pf
LL 2.72
in
.7 in.
- 2'
W, a 04E, or
/-
Ve
IK
S0.195 Cos'
Er a 2.5 W.
Cs
FO
o-
Fm
bolt
Fm
_3.47J
-
2.5W,
x 0.769
"0.195 4.83/
tUFsdo)
0.15 sec
0w'
F"4.83 lb
em-
F.- 3.47 lb
0
-1 .Mbv
32.95
x 021
1.
\3 Wb
1 b
3295
386.4 x 0.4675
3 1.28147
141 tn./rec
AMCP 7064110
,
The recoil en,!rgy Er -
(M
1988
3386.4/
: -+
"F
heC
= 0.970x0.733 - U.071%ec
where
cub
K
": '
0.40 x I.8
1,727 x 386.A
1.727
0.40 x 0727
"8' [0.000768
386.4
F17.49\
Cos-1l0.08/
Cos-Fr
Fm
= 0.0277
004
42*
0.0693
0.733 rad
60
60
0.071
845round/mn.
706-90
AMO
tL
0.0428
--
= 0.1126 sec.
3.8
DKT - 0.27
0.038 in.
From q. 2-41
N * M..
N
Ji., Nd-
48 cogs,
8x0.125xO.5
8D3X
48x 0038
-1.83
The static
torsional strea, Eq. 2-43, is
8FmD
V - -
ird
I'd=
if
113000
F8,
r,
sprin
VtV(
v
2-16
119,O0lb/in2 .
AM
Select
When D
__
I!
3.8. Therefore, T
,0203
700-M
m 0.00535 sec.
d -- 0
0.21
~i. T
--
- 0.2-
1.727 x 0.00535
0.045 in.
R,,
Gd4
8DK
l1,5xl0'x41x0
8 x 0.1 2S x1.727
-I
27.3 coils
8 x 10.08 x 0.5
Wd a
vra~
91.1 x
14IAWO~b/Wn
10'6m
(/
141,A0
Dskfrom
Delayed blowback isthe syst ;hat keeps the bolt
locked until the projectile leaves tiemuul1i. Az this
instant an unlocking mechanism, responding to some
influence such as reoil or propellant gas pressure,
releases the bolt thereby permitting blowback to take
effect.
4- 148,500 lb/in?
Like any other automatic gun, bolt action is congruous with timing particularly with respect to unlock.
Sice the tremendous impulse developed by the
ing time. If recoil operated, distance also becomes an
propellant gases whil. the projectile is in the bore is not
important factor. For *rs type gun, the barrel must
available for operating the bolt, the recoiling mass recoil a short distance before the roving parue force
including driving, buffing, and barrel sprin-%- need not
open the bolt lock. Sufficient time should elapse to per.
be nearly so heavy as the two types of jiowback dis- mit the propellant gas prenikre to drop to levels below
cussed earler.The smaller recoiling mass moves relatively
the bursting pressure of the cartridge casw but retain
faster and the rate of fire Increases correspondingly.
enough intensity to blow back the bolt.
2-17
AMCP 706.260
BOLT LOCK
BOLT--\,
-\
RECOIL
BOLT FULLY
RECOILED
UNLOCKING
TRAVEL
FAt =ALAI
where
(2-45)
Ab n bore area
A, = area under At of pressure-time curve
At - time increment
When the impulse is being determined during low pressure periods due consideration should be given to the
resistance offered by the driving spring. F At should be
adjusted after the driving spring and gas pressure forces
become relatively significant. During each increment, the
differential velocity is
A,
p
-.
(2-46)
M,
w
where Mr
FAt"
V =v( - I)+ AV
where Y('
,
(2-47)
AMCP 706260
The distarce traveled by the bolt with respect to the gun
frame during the increment is
-x
where
Y,
v+A
at
(2-49)
EAx.
I(MfV2)
where
MtJ~r)
F~x1
Vot-"Initial velocity
+~tKb't/
of barrel unite
FX)
I
(2-50)
AMCP 74*6260
K +,b-'
lei7
KbX
Sn
t,~F
1' ~~
-7
(f~)F~' +
e&,
-~
1~
ebKbMIPrVvb-'),
2-!
bbf~~r
(2-51)
where
x,,
(2-52)
(2-53a)
driving
spring
force
over the
(2-55)
where
F(M- 1) driving spring force at beginning of
increment
(2-53b)
F. F( t)+ KAXb
remaining
Fb
+
bAXt
4-
(2-56)
where
1
-Eb
SLb- Xb
(2-54)
(2-54)
Fb(n-,, a buffer
icrement
AMCP 708-260
F + F(n
.
(2-SO
(2--SB)
- FE.
(2-59)
= FAt
Ax
V(A_ 0)41 -
Ap
n-
At
-'
at -
e -
(2-60a)
Mb ] b.
(2-60b)
AX-
4edb
4Mb +AKta
V(.
)t
At 2
Mh
/KAt \Axe].
2
(2 -60c)
2-21
AMCP706M
Ax)
AX
")~
v I-
A:
'at,
Vt(n/
- 1)
Av At
At
2M,
0-l
(-
2e
2e
KAb
Fin-
[Fb("
- 1)KbAXt
-
(2-61 a)
2M,
AxebM
Axt2
2e~
4eM, + eKb At2 + (b~t
r[
Fb(,,. 0 At'
eM
IVAeM
+f(
Fi -~o
I~
+1
e,
4M
I4AxI
(2-61c)
While the barrel is counterrecoiling, and the bolt
recoiling, the effective spring force on the barrel is
)~tbueb~h-F
*b
F
ebFb
F,
Ib\
-)
ebFb(
t,,~
KbAx
K
e
2e
(2-62)
Axt iVt(n
Atar'
)At +
Ax,
)At(
A tin-IAt+
VOn - I)A
1.)
~,bFb(.1 2,4M,
,,KA
(2-63a)
2Mt
)Ax
a
,Ax
F,n
-
,A
A,2
t2
4
\4M
2eMt
lx.
Ab-
KAt2
AXl4e~g
+M,
ebK bAt'
v1 t)
t[
EbFb(n - 1) At'
At0
2Mt
F(,
) At"
2e M,
-KAP
-
4eMj
(-63b)
(
1
AX]
(2-63c)
2-22
AMCP 706-260
(2-64a)
V(n.
, - 0At
4X
Ax
1IA 2
[eF
2
At
]A"(26b
A X - AX,
4X
-M
I _
At
Mb
eK
+
\M,
-A
At AX.
(2-64C)
V(n-
4Mb - e KA
2Mb
t)A
.. 2
Mb
xA
(2-64d)
KA-x- ]
(2-65a
Fb
aebFb - F,
eb Fb(f-
,) -
-e
Axt
(2-65b)
'
Vn - 51) At + -
4Mt
4+ (eK
[L1
ebFb,
4M,
Ax
V(n - 0At +
+ eb b) &t
e__
-
1)
M
e
- )1
Ar
A t2aX"
(2-65c)
2-23
'A.
AMCP 706-250
(2-66a)
2e
AE
AbA
1 a
0.S15A 1 lb-sec
isl
E
(2-66t)
A.
"
AV "
= 6 44 FAt In./sec when r < 0.003252 sec
E -
where.
PROBLEM
60
386.4
(2-66c)
AE
Mb
(2-66d)
2-4.3 SAMPLE
Wr
FOR
DELA YED
BLOWBACK ACTION
where
2-4.3.1 Sselficatons
wb
Gun: 20 nn machine ,un
Firing rate: corresponding to minimum
bolt travel
Mb
10
3864
-
Ax
At
At, in.
Eo
M~rt
a 3491 in.-lb.
2 386.4
AMCP 705-250
r5F i
I If
- - II I
I
3
45
ii30
;.,
3
4
TIME, msec
- 35
PR S RE DECAY
-1
o.25
w
15
10
5I
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
TIME, msec
Eb
~b
38.4
1051 in.-lb.
On the assumption that the driving spring system
absorbi this energy over its total deflection of 10 in.,
the average force is
ebEb
L
0.5 x 1051
10
= 52.6 lb.
AMC 706-260
Ing is
7 - -
frd
JN (Ref. 1)and
KT
N a 8KD'
8KD'
In the
Thus
(2-67b)
d3
Fm
1037
8m
fir
(2-67a)
8KT
2xb
2(10)
-s
3.55 xl0 G
285
0.070sec.
A t.
Al ,
msec
msec
lb.sec/in?
0.25
0.25
3.44
1.77
11.4
11.4
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.25
10.15
11.89
5.24
6.13
33.7
39.5
45.1
84.6
1.00
1.25
0.25
0.25
11.12
9.25
5.74
4.76
37.0
30.6
121.6
152.2
1.50
0.25
7.30
3.76
24.2
1.75
2.00
0.25
0.25
5.23
3.71
2.69
1.91
17.3
12.6
2.25
0.25
2.58
1.34
2.50
2.75
0.25
0.25
1.82
1.39
0.94
0.72
3.00
3.252
0.25
0.252
1.06
0.97
4.00
5.00
0.748
1.00
6.00
1.00
2-26
FJrA t,
va,
AX,
X,
in.
in.
5.7
0.0014
0.0014
28.2
64.8
0.0071
0.0162
0.0085
0.0247
103.1
136.9
0.0258
0.0342
0,0505
0.0847
176.4
164.3
0.0411
0.1258
193.7
206.3
185.0
200.0
0.0462
0.0500
0.1720
0.2220
8.6
214.9
210.6
0.0526
0.2746
6.1
4.6
221.0
225.6
218.0
223.3
0.0545
0.0588
0.3291
0.3849
0.55
0.50
3.5
3.2
229.1
232.3
227.4
230.7
0.0569
0.0582
0.4418
0.5000
1.37
0.97
0.70
0.50
27.0
19.3
258.3
278.6
245.3
269.0
0.1838
0.2690
0.6838
0.9528
0.32
0.165
6.4
285.0
281.8
0.2818
1.2346
lb-sec
A P,
v,
in,/sec
in./sec
in./sec
Since
. an4 F n - F9'
KT,
lb
,--
where
0.0086sec
23.3
Lb
buffr troke
Yb
F. + 0.5K!.
273
2 x 1.0
2L b
- 3.8,
P 7W-N
Fab
Fm "FI +2AKL)
driving spring
52.6+5x3.72"
Fo
Fm
0.5 x 10
.05957.
0.0
/(
61.5
273
e4
3.46
Fab + 0,SKbLb
34.0lb.
3.7
KbT
71.21b
Cos'
i047
1K.85 566
constant
r134.0
I.
0.06 see
Fmb
Fob
tb
Fob
eb i
b COS'
Fnb
0.3x50
3
COS'
1764)
1Co
0.0079 sec.
AMCP 706-266
The spring constant for the barrel spring is
computed similarly but in this instarce the spring force
at the assembled height isset at Fo , 70 lb, aminimal
OiCd.
so
v':UC
aVVh
jfl.
do
0.0139 w
For + KiLt
7' 0.0139
With T - -
sec
**
70 + 2Kt
273
Thus
I 3491 +
Kr a
or
fe,m. C
Cos" FI
0.5 x 5.2
(70)
148
39 x 386.4 Cos'
/61.8
a
2-28
0.01321 5.3
\ 2/
e5(B,- AE)
0.0142 sec.
2x0.
e
2R
98in,..b
5.2
+Fo+F,.501 11 8
=
\2096 /Fo
I\F-bFmb) +
t'"T .- W
(88.5 + 107)0.5
I [ (Ft + F,')AL
spring constant
39.lb/in., bariel
M.-
27
Fab
0.3 x3474
-
b
Lb
1.0
1042 lb.
AMCP 701-IO
7oh -
Fob,
where Kb
KbLb
Fob uFO -)
1042 -"
630 )L.0
72 ib
= 620 lb
Fl + 1.0K,
constatl!.
= Fn
b + KbLb
13571b
727+630x 1.0
1213 lb
2(E - AE,)
ft"
.1
237 in/sec.
-t
I[Sin-'
K
LZ
1
0.5 x 50
- Sin-'
r
5
, 369
63.5
/i82
= 7X 386.4 [Sin
z
Z
w'
369
ACP 706.260
where
F,
et
[Ft -
F; "
= 40321b
a 0.5 x 37 x 2E
etKMty
63.'
)FJ
=132,164
J+
1I12
M,t
=~ Fr 13630i7
"
369 lb.
0.006- 0.003252-
A.0)2137
0.000611 sec.
/
3xO5-0-
0V061
Sn
F!b
inLE
Fe\
(x630x,, + 711
930 -x386.4[1~(
3 4
7- 1
1348sn'
ii)
where
a 0.3, efficiency of buffer spring system
Foe a Fob-
2-30
- 727 -
0)27
11 lb
Fe,
ebKbMtvot
)F
03x630x6948
1,313,1721b
AMCP 706-M
Z =
+eKi vT
-.
,FA..
.. /RIR.,iQ1
w 1WAJ15,
630x + 71
Sin'1
Cn.tir:sting
0.000611
=0.00785 [Sill(
(0.4674
0.0778 - Sin'
0 + 0.5274) - Sin
711)
0.5274
Sin
0.4674x,,
1
2
/\10
- 4 0.5 3-g-" = 0.0518 lb-sec 2 /in.
6
cM.
.... 1_
L
2CM,
386.4
2 x 0.5 x 50
7.73 in./(lb-se, 1 )
K
4eM,
5.8 x 386.4
4 x 0.5 x .50
22.41/se
= 38.64 inI(lb-sec 2 )
=__ 386,4
cMb
_386.A
2 x 0.3 x 50
sbM,
2 x 0.5 x I0
Substitute in Eq, 2-6 1c.
K _ S.8 x 386.4
4x,Sx 10
i;Mb
1121lec"
At-
u[
AAt
aB
(n . - )
112 At2AXI
3+
- 38 64 F ( M a-
(2-68a)
0.051 -- 2
0.0518+5.8 &t
4 x 0.5 x 0,3 x 50
-=eebM,
386.4
' + 22.41At2AxJ
a
where A
0.0776
0.0776 + 316.7At
1) At"
(2)
where
B
At
7.73F(-
A t
2
l S8b(n
Ax t a
xr.
1.00
,0-0.8
0.138
0.862
0.6i, in.
0.0776 lb-sec'/in.
AMCP 706-260
F(, -
* 27 lb(assumed constat)
j)
Fbin -lj
AL;
Fob +Fit -
- -t AEt-
Ax
"X
354 in.-lb
0 M
6240 x 386.42196in
-2
50
M,
=
316.7 At
,0.07"76+ 776
0.862 0.6
)(219.6
10-3
0.0518
0.0518
+ 5.8At
38.64F(n_. ,)t
(38.64 x 27
, 0.9946
+ 112At2AxtJ
trt
+ At
0.00061 + 0.00696
- 0.00757 sec.
AMCP 708-200
travel is
X a ZAX: +X-C - 1.0 + 0.!38 - 1.138 in.
where XrAx a 1.0 in., barrel travel when it contacts
buffe, at 5-389 msec. The bolt travel or driving spring
deflection is
Xbo ' I;Ax-x
992.4 n.4b.
"
2E
_
2:,992.4 , ?86.4
10
eE4
0.5 x 1051
L -Xbh
10.0-0.097
F. - - a
* 53.1 b
lb.
where
At
0.00696
sec,
time
far
barrel to
*
*
The blt travel from the time that the propellant gas
becomes ineffective until the barrel is fully recoiled is
x'4 = xb -xbo a 1.163- 0.097 w 1.066 in.
F a Fo + K x
AE
"s
E(F"F+ )0
,1.066"
58.6 ,n.-b.
AMCP 706&260
Since the equation for solving Ax includes an
expresaion that contains Ax,, and the equation for
solving Ax, includes an expression that contains Ax.
the computer program contains an interative routine
that appsoxlmastes these two dWferential distances. The
approximnations for &v and Ax, eventually approach
the true values close enough 'to render any error
negligible.
4gM,
eebKb
et
2A4
x 0.' x 37
-0.5
w88.7
At+1.3F(
73
7.73(n-a)
x 386.4
1.3-- n/Imu
11jlu
2 x 50SO
-0.5
Ix,,
O5a~
386.4
eeIC,
22.4lAt2Axj
(2-69b)
lb/in.
where
eb
_0.3
2M,
x 386.4
2a0 . 1.159 in./(Ib-sec 2)
386The
I
2
38 .4 x 50 77 in.I(lb-sec )
____
_ 5.8 x386.4
0.2558
0.w5 +I45
Mb
a 0.1035lb-sec 2 /in.;
e 2Mb
eM
4
Substitute these constants in Eq. 2-63c
in./(lb.aec2 );
*9.66
tn-Or
1'
-7.73Ff,,
U28/sec'
2.9,1
159sFb(
Eq. 2-64d now becomes
-
-&)At2
eKI4Mb
013
0.1035
Ax,
eK a 2.9 lb/In.
2.1/sc
22.A
AdI
(2-69a)
Ax
whie
B V(
OAt-966F,
I)t
284t2,&xnI
(2-70a)
A* 0.2558
0.2558 + 88.7 At,
The constants of Eq. 2-65c also change.
At the end of buffer return, only barrel and drivin~g
springs remain effective. Thes design data for the
barrel spring are
Kt 0 37 lb/in.,
2-34
F. 1
107 lb.
e,
-0.5
-0.18lsc
e/2M,
n.K/M
1.9321ln./(lb.aell)
36/s
AMCP 706-26O
4
eK + ebA
2
eb/2Mt - 1.159in./(lb.sec ); A
Fb
0.518
Fb(n -)
(2-71c)
3Ax,
and 2-66d.
After substituting these constants into Eq. 2-65c. the
differential barrel travel becomes
Ax,
1.15 9 Fb(n
v,(,. )At +
-1
a)
1 A2
.932F(f_) t+5.6AxJ At 1 .
(2-70b)
Mr Pr
2
2
Et/M t - 1.932 in./(ib.scc );
A -
0518
2
0.518 + 21.4At
9 32
Fb(n
Pt(n - 0 At + I l.
Ax, - A
I)
1
1.932F(" - 1) + 5.6AX I At,
(2-70c)
K +Mb)
(2-71d)
-)
v10n1
tcrb
-sin-,
_
2Mbv
- Sin'
(2-72)
eJb 2
, + .AXb(2-a)
(-
(2
1a
Fb( n
1)
630Ax t .
(2-71b)
crb
- 0.0945
3Sin
8A1
88.38
Sisn\88.38
0.0945 [Sin'
(-)
= 0.0945 (344.37-
0.2693
Sin"
292.3) /57.3
(-)
0.9252]
0.0859 sec
2-35
AMCP 706260
TARI I;
S...M'!VCRf"I .-Cll
Symbol
(ORPII
ATI1I
l-0
r0c
Code
AWIRA
AVFl n-I
'I DI-D
Symbol
E,
&E
E
DE
n
I
E,
AE,
ET
At
.D&IA
Code
DT
DET
Vt
V7
Fb
F
FB
Wb
WB
FO
WbbI
WBBL
$
K
Kb
G
SK
SK2
Kt
SKT
xt
Mb
EMB
Ax t
Mt
EMT
DXT
EPS
Mbi
Mtv t
BMV
TMV
Fb
et
EPSB
EPST
where
Mh
DX
XB
DXB
XT
Ax
Xb
Axb
tc + tot,
firing rate is
closed
60
60
6060
= 426 rounds/mmn.
0.1406
to
Table 2-5
Mibv l - 2E = 97 in..lb, (E is last value of
e(F + F)xb
2E
Verb
+M
3745
0.5
V v2
Mb
~
Afb
a-05 x 105.5
155.3 in./sec.
+ -
108.49.9
10
AMCP '015-260
1 4BLE 2-4.
Code
A:
A2
Code
0.2558
WII
10.0
WBBL
50.0
88.17
A3
A4
3.45
0.518
AS
191.9
A6
21.4
Input
FO
FST
23.8
107.0
FKCR
9.66
28.0
DKXTCR
BI
0.0518
DKXCR
82
5.8
F(l)
33
0.1035
FB(I)
1357.0
B4
EPS
2.9
0.5
V(l)
VT(I)
276.9
0.0
EPSB
O..J
XB(l)
1.163
EP3T
0.5
XT(l)
0.0
FK
DXKT
BUFK
38.64
112.0
1.159
T(1)
DX(Ij
1).B(l)
12.96
0.0
1.06
BBLK
DKX
FBK
1.932
22.41
7.73
DXT(l)
DE(I)
DET(I)
0.3
0.0
0.0
5.8
SK
SKB
630.0
SKT
37.0
2-4.5 SPRINGS
The driving, barrel, and buffer springs have been
assigned characteristics in tht; dynamic analysis to meet
the firing cycle requirements. The analyses which
follow of the three springs determine their remaining
characteristics that are congruous with the orerational
amid 3wreigth requi.ements.
2-4.5.1 Driving Sprng
Known Data
K - 5.8 Ilin., spring constant
5.603
30.6
992.4
E(1)
0.0
ET(I)
G
386.4
Tc,
- 3.8, or
T ,
3.874
0.0125 sec.
2-3'.z
AMCP 706-260
iLL I,
i.CLT-
I (.H
ItCi
IUJ U
* 49
.bd
.e7
.514
.499
.4c5
.46
3
4
b
6
7
b
9
LU
11
12
13
14
lb
16
17
1Lb
19
20
21
2"
23
24
2
L14C kL4iLNI
I
1
2
3
4
S
b
7
9
10
Ii
12
1.5
1
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Z5
2-38
kL,. I VE
J LI..LL1A
.447
,426
.404
.3Ju
.35+
.3,(,
.15t
i?78
.k44
. k;J,
.Iu3
.114
tit?
.ujO
-. 12b
-.1i'5
-. (.u
T I,1E
MSFLC
12.96
14.96
16.96
16.96
20.96
U-9b
?4.96
i3!6.96
2(3. ':
6
30.96
32.96
34.96
.6.9b
4 6. 96
39.99
41.99
15.99
4b.99
47,99
49.99
'5U.t.3
L).b3
52.654.b3
'4.73
t
.q.
A
A
-1.
TO' I
RiULT
T
1Is -I
itNC
I C;;
1.'4")
5b4
..
.Fb
.bH4
.-51
.)1
.540
,53k
.521
.5,
.4n4
.47c
.45t
.c25
.416
.363
Z46
.365
.257
.06.4
.0(;0
-.uC.3
-. 002
.500 6
.l VU
I.h
i'l
,065
.017
. n2
.0"ju
*052
.063
.074
.01'5
.095
.If)
.1lu
.122
.136
.07U
1E
1.3
.140
12
.143
.017
.000
.122
.123
l0b
1.717
2.272
P . 127
'.3AM1
3.932
4 .47A
5.018
5.550
6.072
6 .50
7.074
7.5b0
.009i
f..230
A.616
9. rl2'1
C.375
9.6n
9.937
10.000
10.001
9.907
",995
9-.99
UIL IA
UOL r
EiNER6Y
IN-Ld
)EI.TA
L,ARREL
tNC'RGY
IN-Lb
.u
35.)
L9.
42.0
4b..5
49.6.
52. ?
55.5
b7.
bU.0)
l1.5
02.0,
3.0
62.o
31.9
6O.5
!7.4
53.4
4b.3
41.4
10.4
4i.3
.1
.1
.u
.0
2.2
6.8
11.4
15.11
20.0
23.6
, .0
29.4
31.3
32.5
32.l
;2.b
31.6
1%.7
7.2
b.9
6.6
5.3
6.0
1.9
106.2
4.7
4.5
.?
HOLT
ENLRIGY
IN-Ll
g)2.4
9tpb.7
917.5
814.6
8r8.3
71t.7
726.1
b,0.6
(012.7
5t2.7
411.2
42, 6
3U5.0,
302.0
2/1.)
210.5
153.0
99.6
1i.4
9.
.0
46.3
48.4
40.5
48.S
Tf T,1.
TT
QAPPI L
T..
tALvI
I C
,IUI 6Wii
nn05
,n?2
.050
.04Q
.142
.?(.,
.280
.3kb
.460
.5 W4
.678
.s00
.430
l.O00
1 .13h
1.277
1.417
1.559
1.702
11749
1.749
1.071
1.994
COl)
0
HARREL
EIIERCY
IN-U
.0
P.2
8.9
20.3
36.1
56.1
79.7
106.5
135.9
167.2
199.6
232.6
265.2
206.8
312.5
319.7
126.6
333.2
339.6
35.5
341.4
241.3
246.0
250.4
250.6
P.; I A/INu
S('RWC,
9( )(1I
P!
JNP
3r, wi"
'! 76
36.98
l4n.2n
4A.41
6,.61
41 . 77
52.91
S5.9q
59.02
hl.97
64.83
67.5q
70.23
71.53
73.95
76.16
7A.17
79.94
P.1.43
o11.ti
81.80
l .7i
01.77
P1.77
IIAt(tLL
SitIf G
F, ti(
PGUN1
T. -,
1353.7
13,.3.2
1325.2
1299.9
1267.2
1227.4
1180.7
1127.2
1067.4
1001.5
929.q
853.0
771.3
107.0
101.9
9b.8
91.6
86.3
810
79.3
79.3
74.8
70.2
70.0
noLr
VELOCITY
Irj/SEC
bAR(EL
VLLUCITY
IN/SEC
276.9
271.9
266.3
260.0
253.0
245.3
236.9
227.7
217.6
206.7
194.6
1,2.0
168.1
153.0
144.7
127.5
l08.6
87.7
63.6
P7.7
.0
-61.1
-61.1
-61.2
-61.2
.0
5.d
11.7
17.7
23.6
29.4
35.1
4U.6
45.8
50.8
5*.5
60.u
64.0
67.7
69.5
7u.3
71.1
71.8
72.4
73.1
73.3
61.1
61.7
62.2
62.2
AMCPG
706-250
1.5 x 106
11.5 X 106
8KD 3
-4
1.63 x 10
s
40.5 coils.
8x5.Sx 10
..
-.
rd
0.013
3.81
8 x 81.8
8F D
T
3.S
d = 0.27 VDKt
T,
- = 3.8, or
0.113 in.
Select
Gd 4
1.0x 10'
i.
3.1 x 1.442
,'44,500 lb/in?
BKD
1.5
3
x 3.42 x 10 4
13coils.
3=
8 x 37 x 1.0
4.
3.8d
X 10
= 152,100 lb/in?
8x144x1.0
3
3.14 x 2.52 x i0
145,500 Ib/in'
(.")[f(L)]=
= 153,000 lb/in?
Known Data:
Kt a 37 lb/in., spring constant
Fo, a 70 lb, spi ng force with barrel In
battery
Fr.t . 144 lb, spring force with barrel fully
recoiled
L, = 2.0 in., barrel travel
S=
when
First
distance.
impact
velocity of
AMCP 706-260
Select
- 38or
T
0.00757
. -" 3= 0.00199 sec.
2.07
0.344 In.
"18Kb.D
8FmtD
8 x 1213 x 1.75
vd7"3 . .. .
x 0.0407
133,000 lb/in'.
1.04
S=T("r
[f(4
4.0)
= 133,000 (
140,000 lb/In?
41B cos 0 + BC c ,s 0
AB sin 0
BC sin 0
I'AVEL
AC - x
0
(2--73a)
(2-73b)
AMcP 706-260
x
-j
04..
IZ
cr 0
A
(B) ACCELERATION DIAGRAM
AMCP 706-260
'bt
Tbc
A'
Oe
Ray
Rcy
Figure 2- 10. Dynamics of Bolt ai.d Linkage
AD J(Hin 0) i + (Cos 0)
(2--74a)
1 +- BC [(sin )-
r.C0
sinn0)
+ (cos 0 cos b
,
.B cog
(2--77a)
or
+ (cosO)
AB (cot )
AD [(cos )
(2-74b)
BC (cot 0)t0= oI
AB [) sin (0t)+
(2-75a)
BC [(cos 0)
- (sin 0)021 = 0
sin 40 sin 0) 64 =1
AB
cos
(2-76a)
x cos 8
(2-78a)
or
(2-77b)
(2-75b)
+ (cos 0 cos 0
cos (0 1 0)1
AD
+ BC 62 a x cos 0
sin(6 0)
%x'cos0
(2-78b)
0 and sin ,
or
AB 1P + BC
+ 62 cos(0 +
2-42
( 2 -79a)
8(7
(2--79b)
I sin (0 + )
)
x cosO
(2-'/6b)
sin (0 + 0) - . cos
AMCP 706-280
x cos 0
AL? sin (0 + @)
(2-80)
BC sill (0 + )"
________(2-81
$, respectively
:..
: ....
.I
r ...
I-.
an
FbI -
= x cos
B
AB
BC sill (0 +
61
cos (0
(2
Sin(0 +
2
x cos0 BCO
ABsin (6 + 4)
Ad
cos( 0-,)
sin (0+4)
(2-83)
1b,
K = spring constant
forces of
Fg. 2 10 shows the applied and inertial
the bolt ind li,ige. The inertial forces are functions
of the kinematicL of Fig. 2-9.
Nomenclature of symbols in Figs. 2-9 and 2-10,
and in the dynamic analysis follow'
Mb
M,
RaY
ab = acceleration of B
abnl
length of linkAB
velocity of bolt at A
BC x length of liik BC
acceleration of bolt at A
Ad
c during counterrecoil
2-43
AMCP 70*260
S angle of RC wit
horizontal
-F,
+ F
Fab -Mb
(2-84s)
Fb
(2-84b)
Fbf-
A.IbX
M~b(12"
(2- 8 4c)
T c
7T c-
-M c
-2
b~eb~
2,where
BC)
T~b - 'abe
/AC (2-85)
Tb, -
et -2C '
(2-86)
R0
-R
c
co
Rex '
TbC
F
-
(2-87)
c )s 0 - Fb, sin 0
en sin 0
(2-88)
(2-84)
E(Fo+ Ax)
=,
(2 - 84c)
M,
-bCM
=
-in
+
AD cos(-' + ) + 2
+ Fen cos 0
Fb u Mb
AB sin (0+)
(g? )~(2-84f)
(2-84g)
M.b + Mb
7be = b,
(2-84h)
AMCP 7t*2M
E6 .
-Y
C8; +CW
2-0b
C8
C'3 n c, os (0 4 )/sin (O + 0)
C9
E3 ,C7
E5 - C12 + E6 - C6
C5 -
BC/A B !,in (0 + 0)
C6 - C2 -C42 + C3 -C1
C7~
C
ICoO
~CI+C3C4-N~i
C7
RX
C8j-.+
-(291aC)(7.-
C6S/un
7 II+
C9~
'x)/i0(29a
C16 + C12X'2
RCX
(2-91b)
(2-89&,)
=C4
cl,
d =
/co
Co
*.
(2-89b)
47 C6i'
- Cklx + r-70
whee
,7Ii
(2-89c)
(2-89d)
CIO
BC
-
2
E5 -C1 2 X2 + E6(Clx + C6x )
where
approprisic
Rc~all Eq. 2-9?. solve for P &nJ hiuuewr
Coefficients.
E4.
(2 -90a)
FS
Mrx
eI
E
El =M~b -A812
E2 - Mb,
BC12
2
E I(C4x + C7X ) Sin~
C41 X* cos 0
+ E2 .CIx 2 coeB
E(F0 -K,x)
(2-92)
2-45
AMCP 'Poe-26O
Collect terms and solve for
ClIl,- Ft +Cl .3r + C4 + CI '%
x
(2-93)
(2-94)
where
CIIl =M" E! "4sln + E2CI sin
CV3 -
+ CI0
C14 a -EF,,
C15
EK,
Initial
spring characteristics are usually based on
those of a sii.silar gun. After trial computat.ons, the
values are altered to be moir compatible with
specifications. For instance. in the sample problem, ihe
initial values of Initial buffer force and spring constant
wore F.
200 Ihand K_ = 3F8 b/in. This resulted ir a
'
buffer travel ot almost twice the specified rtistance.
After changing the spring coristant to K S = 760 lb/in.
and F,6 u 800 lb,the compuled buffer stroke !qualled
that specified.
'fable 2-6 !sts the code for each
symbol, Table 2-7
lists the input data for the computer program, and Table
2-8 lists the computed dynamics. Four series of
computations are made for each licrement 1 and, since
Ihece aiealmost 2000 increments, only the results of the
fourth series of every 15th increment is printed. 'This
procedure is followed except at the ends of the recoil
and counterrecoil strokes where the results of each
terminal increment are printed. By elimi.iattng most of
the output from the record, Fable 2-8 is held to
reasonable size but still contains enough data to shc,
w
clearly, the trend in the dynamic behavior of the bolt
mechanism during the firing cycle.
The final time (at increment I
sec shews afiring iate of
' t
1889) of t- 0.067
895 rounds/min.
Code
Symboi
Code
Wb
Wb
1ob
x
6
0
WAB
W
WBC
X
EPS
THETA
PHI
STHE'IA
CTHETA
SPVI
CPHI
SUMSIN
SUMCOS
F.
FA
FZ
Fo
g
FG
FSO
lab
lb
KS
M~b
Mb
M,
t
EYEB
E'EC
SK
EMAB
EMB
EMR
T
DT
VEL
At
2-46
sin 0
cos 0
siu 0
cos
sin (0+ )
cos (O + 0)
AMCP 706-260
_,Cr
..
.......
:A
1 . 1
..
..
b.lt
,^.&
c
. l
Data
7.0
12.9985
Code
Data
NHEAD
NPO
630
15
96
BC
6.0
N9
DT
0.000025
SKI
DTFG
DTNEW
EPS
0.0000625
SK2
0.00026
0.50
TCHANG
0.045
WAB
0.85
WB
WBC
XLIM
8.0
1.5
9.0
XREC
XBATY
9.95859
0.010
FSI
63.0
FS2
G
N
800.0
386.4
3000
3.8
760.0
2-47
ANICP 705-250
0 w
-
i) n
I.
In)W W)'a
La4
'9,
0 10 :t CYJ
in
0 a W W)0
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0.*
4 S1
Q zN.44.4
N 0%r, $) &' In 0 -1 v In .
sit
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a~ '4
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ve
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cc
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z' w--00''OF
In) 0 a 0 W)
FN
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O
N .4
'-40
-4
0 -4 M NI if)
A .9 '
0 OCP Z -. 0 5 0 N .9)0
0.0 4 .4
tn 0
N"'
Nn
n N,
1-- 'a
0
.
N = Z -@
C
40 1-0 ) P)
-P - 0 a0 0In.4..4 NUNW FS'n inW'aN-OF
20.0-0NMS 0-090
X "
Z0 0 0 o )P0
Nt
0 r
r-0 'O -4
ONN0Q N 00V
QCUD
U
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U.
JQ
*'WP*0
0Q4-
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rW-N
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4:
00
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2-48
N 10 0 " tOQ'nF.4
SN
A
00,00a0a00
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0000a0
000 130 0 0
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Nf cm N0 Ma)'F'
0 a0
00f^
0 0
=0 000
0001
&:t 4
4A0N00"
0 00Q0
0 00
WI m %W1)
N
0 0
n 10
f0 In
AhPCP 706-260
n ..- .C.
..a
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q(1c.
1'
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555...0%
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(yeoo
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(N4
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I-Zo0
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a,
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00%
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-(3v4*W)9W)I*(C3.
(30%1010010
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OT'7
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0
SU .0 0Q
N N-(-0
1000 M%3
00
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4 4
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0 a41051 0
1010.Nw0w
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. 0'
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a-"V3 a,
Ni* r
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N N %NN CN04 y N N4 N N4 N kV V N N% Q N4 N CN Cy M 04
110 Z :
0~
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m
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410
0 In 0
.. 44 4 4
018
*
N
N 0
c0.
NM
C0C
0
4180
0"-0-44-.4-NINNN
-. 4..
444-44
M'41 a3y%?-t
% In r3%0 0
N 02 i')
41,
N03%
-4 4f
-4.4
.u0)
0 000
4 -6
1.4.-4
2-49
AMCP 706-260
I
40 fN
N-N-a
mu
t~
suNm
Y
Uz I
f-
cuW0 0or-f
W
Nr ty NW I
.40
NNNNN_4.4.4.
WC
nWaV "nC4n
m
CsuY
*g,
(4iN (YNC
gues YNNc
I I 11
II aI II I
yNNNc
0 0*)40,~F)40
.
e41,r-
**
1a
nqM q
)"in
N00
D
N3 00 N
,'4.4.
nn
NY
AtAv0Innn
vlCO.n4z
r-
564. 1
15 -
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lot
W;Q
n n o - -
z
uaw
'C
OX
0v
p-me6--.
O.Omty
00 CO00
aD CO
C
w
c
OQCFcNcoo
i-
U0-N0
~
~r-. Ow*0
000
0. - NO
N
r
)**f~l0*F
0o1-Q
vPcu .4 afl*N0
ovnr
* tf)n a'O-
V0*-
DD
n.10
NF
wmC
uc
-i
r- Nr-
0-1Pf
00 r- 1rn r- Vl
04N*Il'1
i-,0oi
ooP
L.i
x 0
s4
N10
")
fs..4 *
14 m in r-
-4
N.m
10
P. a.ciokh V&f
*01-0
I(O -4CAOIA P-000-in)
ir ).
kl
W 0 AnD 0 D
$190 -t * * 4
4
n )A 00I
w)
Ni
-l 4
.4-4-1.
. .4
4.4.4
.
.4 . .4
.. 4
NJ0 a, n) N = r-
1- -4*0
In
o..1M
' .4c.J*In1-F c c.4 ins
CC0000
r-f- 1- 10GO
ar- f-
C4
"1-0'
2-50
4 0
- 4
-. 4 .4
.4..4
-4
-4
AMCP 700-250
CHAPTER 3
RiCOIL-OPERATED WEAPONS
3-1 GENERAL
RecoIl-operated veapons art those weapons that rely
on recoil activity to operate the bolt and related parts.
The bolt, locked to the barrel during firing, Is released
during recoil after the chamber pressure has become
safe. Action is confined to two general types. long recoll
and short re, oll.
Long recoil has the barrel and bolt recoiling as aunit
for the entire distance (Fig. 3-;), This recoil distance
must be greate: than the length of the complete round
to provide space for loading. At the end of the recoil
stroke, the bolt is held while the barrei oounterrecolls
aloie. When sufficient spa develops between bolt and
breech, the spent case is ejected. Later, asthe barrel
reaches the in.battery position, the bolt is releabed to
reload the gun,
Short recoil has the barrel ind bolt recoiling as aunit
for a distance shorter than the length of the complete
round (Fig, 3-2). Te bolt is unlocked shortly before
the barrei negotiates its full stroke. As the barrel stops,
the momentum of the bolt carries it farther rearward
opening a space - between it and barrel - large enough
for extracting the spent case and reloading. The
returning bolt, while reloading, may push the barrel into
battery or the barrel may counterrecoil independently of
the bolt.
3-2 LONG RECOIL DYNAMICS
The dynarrics of the long recoil-operated gun are
similar to those of the blowback types xcept that the
barrel ard bolt units recoil together. Time of recoil may
be decreased by delaying energy of recoil absorption
until near the end of the recoil atroke, which can be
done with a heavy buffer spring operating over a short
stroke. The barrel spring sbould be stiff enough to hcld
the recoiling parts in battery while the bolt is returning
whereas the bolt driving spring should be capable of
closing the b)lt in minimal time. The stiffer the spring,
the less time needed for the return. However, since the
converse is not true, sonie compromise must be arranged
Wb
Wt
ANICIP 70&-280
COLNTERRECOILING
FULLY
IN BATTERY
RECOILED
I-B~-OLT OVERTRAVEL.
3OLT~~OLLCKRLES
LACH
UNLOCKING
CAM--
OTLC
BARRL LACH
ACELEAGiN
CAM
3-2
AMP 70-20
TABLE 3-1.
i.
At.
A,
rg,i.
lb-sec/in.
,.
lb-sec
in./sec
3.44
10.15
1.77
5.24
u.25
0.25
11.89
11.12
1.25
1.50
0.25
0.25
1.75
2.00
v 0 .,
in./ae
in./sec
in.
11.4
33.7
11.4
45.1
5.7
28.2
0.0014
0.0071
6.13
5.74
39.5
37.0
84.6
121.6
64.8
103.1
0.0162
0.0258
9.25
7.10
4.76
3.76
30.6
24.2
152.0
176.4
131.9
159.3
0.0330
0.0398
0.25
0.25
5.23
3.71
2.69
1.91
17.3
12.6
193.7
2063
185.0
200.0
0.0462
0.0500
2.25
0.25
2.58
1.34
8.6
214.9
210.6
0.0526
2.50
2.75
3.00
0.25
0.25
0.25
1.82
1.39
1 06
0.94
0.72
0.55
6.1
221.0
218.0
0.0545
4.6
3.5
225.6
229.1
223.3
227.4
0.0558
0.0569
4.00
1.00
2.34
0.97
C.2
235.3
232.2
0.2322
5.00
1.00
1.04
0.40
2.6
237.9
236.6
0.236S
6.00
1.00
0.40
0.09
0.6
238.5
238.2
0.2382
msec
macc
0.25
0.50
0.25
0.25
0.75
1.00
&( _4,
_1_L (
w,
I.
6.44 FtAI in./sec
(36.4 )F
) \'-60
barlt
Ax
Y At
at, in.
- =
56882
= 4416 in.-lb
where
2
g - 386.4 in./sec
AMCP 706-260
o 0. 2 5E,
Eb
Fmb
= 0.25 x 416 -
Fb
Co,
1104 iui.-lb
Fmb
Kb
= 0.0080 sec.
Mb
192i
.se
220 8
38
6.4
Fmb =
-0 Fs +
thc
The average force of the system which includes
d bingel, and buffer sprinbs ia
elb
Fa -
--
0.5 x 104
o
= 11041b
Ib 05
,b
Y
tb
084 sec.
T,
T -T =
0.0084
.8
388
- 0.0022 sec.
KbLb)
1037
Kb= -
3-4
Ld
-v
"V + b
j !o4
= 543.6 lb/in.,combined
spring constant
( KL b
1104
961 lb
14
tr
F,
F
Fob
KbL
2()
16.7
- 23-3.5 +--119.2
.2-s
where Ld - L-Lb-
= 238.5
acceleration
in./sec,
0.0467 sec
recoil
velocity
at
8.35in.
end
of
ta +t r +t
b =
0.006+ 0.0467+0.008
= 0.0607 sec.
re
T = _L,
0.o607
.-
0.160sec.
AMCP 706-260
The average combined force of the driving and barrel
spings, based on 75% recoil energy absorption, becomes
F
.
L---La
198.3 lb.
8.35
Ld+X
198.3 - 88,n
c 1094 lb
Fm
Fa+'( KLJ
=1037
1037
K =
21 j
Fre
Fo, = -
265.1 lb
131.51b
F. 1 = FO,0
F-F/
eK/,rV0
--
87948
296.6.
T,
ta + t r+tb = 0.006+0.0451
-i'
where Z
inF L",
KLb
= f, \
Kr
=vp~jK~
(,~"
25
84-A
-~)
16.7
167
3.8 lb/in.
=12.91b/in.
Fm = F. + KL = 25 + 3.8 x 10 = 63 Ib
0.008
= 0.0591 sec.
Repeating the above series of caiculations has the time
conver3ing to t,= 0.044 sec, or T,= 0.058 see and
K3 = 16.7 lb/in. buffing, the driving and barrel
AV40 7W0-26O
where
parts is
F
F , - 961 - 268
F.:.
F,
6931b,
The total energy of the counterrecoiling barrel at the
At eid ofbuffin,
illt u.Maxilnuill
.ff.......
,of
as
3.
spuugu
" 4Er
cb 'bc
20.6 in.b.
Ycrb
EC,b
521.2 x 386.4
Mr
50
8-
./'
- 63.5 in./aec.
d =0.27 ,
N
(Based on Eq
1. 2-67a)
ik,
d
, number of coils
8KD 3
" .static
\
2.5 flD
her
dynainic shear
(F.b, + Fobs)L
E w L2 (Fret + For)L 1*
(213.4 + 84.4) 10
220tn,.Ib,
2,d
440x 386.4
--
10
130.4 in/sec
The time elapsed from the propellant gas pcr:od until
the buffer is reached, obtained from Eq. 2-51, will be
- 744.5 in.-lb.
3-6
(63+25)10
Eed"7(Fm +F )L = j
'
for counterrecoil is
- 52.6 in,-lb,
742"
+F)Lb
50
121.3 in./sec.
(970.6 + 693)0.5
a 208 in.4b.
E v
crr=V
c\
-
~ 1905 x 386.4
[/Ec
rs
Ell, 0
E,,
shear s..,
7'~~~~~
T"
Td =
" 2-
(213.4
+207)0.5
_ .
F",
Z
Sin-
08Z
AMCP 706-260
--
whereM
-Si-
(-
0.8723)
'/
= 0.68s'ec
K/-,
673
where
301 lb
V eK,
K, f 16.7 Ib/in.
3
2 .38W.4
0.5[ , 12.9
,,
0; Y1 I
0. 1418 &ec
e , 0.5
=2E,
M '
b"'
mt
a 8832 in-lb
~rb
b -
Us-
F7
52 1
0.5
./0.5
x
COO
- 72x 386.4
== 0.0001357 Cos -
96
1247
0.7706 = 0.0116
5.3
Fro
Cos
10
,E5
. 3.8 x 386.4
- 0.008 sec.
The time elapsed for counterrecod at the end or buffer
activity is obtained from Eq. 2-27.
tcrb =
Aft
(Kbs+ Kt)
Th
s ob , +F.
Cos
0.1167
+Fmt
900
50
0.i x568.2 x 386.4 C o " 1184
+ t b + t crb
= 0.0151 sec.
Cos'
1 .
7
25
7"3
0.3968
0
= 0.1347ec.
= 0.0214 Cos'
237.3 lb
.6 - /56396
hos'
t c r t + tc,
...0
tc
. 195 round:,/min.
.
0,3075
3-7
ACP 7W6-260
eCC-
00
000't
00 ,
U.
own
0
:
o0 o
0% C;
0 vi
q,~
'
00
'A0
U.J
00
q Iu
W,
tA
3-4
Q0w
t:.m:n
AMCP 7W-2.SO
3-6.1
2(L
- 2 x.0743
23a 5
sec.
Tc
0.0803 sec.
0.0803
-
0.0211 sec.
KT
K(L- Xr)
10
1037
1037
2i.881 K - 41,6+4.425K
L w 10 in., minimum
~isance
bolt travel
-w41,6
17.456
, 2.4 ib/in.
wF +4.425K
41.6+ 10.6
.o'
FA42K
41.6- 10.6
.M.v
--
,
K
31.0lb
- 0,0735 x 0.935
=
31.0
0F
24 x 386,
-.
Eb
52.21b
Cos' T
0.0687 sec.
F.
L-x
0.5 x 736
r
10.0- 1.1S
41.61b.
T,
3.0687+0.006 = 0.0747sec.
3-9
AMCP 706-260
--.......
t_ ,
aav
. n .ra.
...
,.
................
r.a
.e-,2l
barrel s
* SIC*IU AIISUS.a US/IIVII5 S&JflItI
IU5A,'
.e1.fi
~rt
ipig
IS-
( so
/
53.1 lb.
e 41.6 + I1 . ,5
- F.+inK(L -x,)
2b
The !v..,L,,
,..............
(A-
E;,
'
fll,,
)A
nrn.I
!-f !-he
..
56882
a 3680 In.-lb.
-m/
--F Cos
301L
fr 0). 5 x
0.5669
-0.07D6(
( 57.347
KbT
27.1
10
0.5 x 2.6 x 386.4 Cos
Tc
0.0115
3.8- = - 3.8-=
Fmb
-- 1037
3-10
.1459 sec.
0.5104
0.011 ssec.
0.00302 sec.
KbLb)
Fab +'
=
1037
53.11338
Kb -T-
G.0199 Cos
"
Cos
Fm
2.75
210.30.1
cr
138b
r2
--
= 00683 see.
Fo'
-
0.510
75664976
eErr
0,5 x 3680
- : =" 1.375"
Fab
F
b
0.1411(
19-3
5 73j
F6 =
mb -
a_ 547 b/in.
338+ 0688 Kb
1338136
17141b
111
AMCP 70-20
/e_,
-,
Fob
g6The
0.3 x 35
V547386-4 Cs- 1714
K: , Kb - K, - 615-
35.4 - 579.6lb/in.
S0.0105 see
Kb - 615 lb/in.
~,,Kb)
-F~b-
1338 -423-
915lb.
Fmbs = Fmb- Fm
ob + Kb Lb n 915+846 = 1761 lb
Fmb
trt
The
C 8_
V
61
0.5 x50
x386.4 Cos
- .. r
0.00434 sec.
915
1761
7T
FMb
_'
70 1 2.525 K r
K,
K
4.5
7C22.
~~ -Slbi.-~
70
354Wn
7C
--2.525
1.975
..:,
(Fbm+
ob) Lb
a 920 in.-Ib.
3-11
AACP 706-?8O
bemmes
V "5
1T840 x 386.4
12E,,
-M
''b --
o( 42
= 119.2 in./sec.
Eq. 2-27, is
C
Fob
7
50
(crb
=Cos
Cos-'
915
176
61
587
V 62Cos-' 0.5196 -
10205
-"-)=001
(57.31
0.0855 [Sin'
(- 0.1854) - Sin
/c
(-
a+tr+tcr
1-
0,2934)1
, 35.4 x 38C..4
= 0.0855 sec
, -if
I b + - Mrb
e
10.7' +
1840
* 377.5 lb
The time elapsed for the complete barrel cycle is
+ t cr b + te rt
0.0060+ 0.0105 +0.0210+0.0095
'*cet a + ti
=
- 0.0470 sec.
3-12
60
t
___
r.5
--
)"3
6.__
60
7
0.2202 - 272 sound/min.
This rate is fatter than for long recoil (f, 195) but
slower than the recoil-operated deifyed blowback aun
, "420). The rate of the abort recoil gun can bc
improved by resorting to a softer driving spring and the
addition of a bolt buffer. The time of bolt travel will
then be less in both directions thereby incrcasing the
rate of fire. For example to Initiate the computations,
select a driving spring having these preliminary
characteristics:
F, - 12 lb (2 lb greater than the 10 lb bolt
weiglht)
K - 1.0 lb/in., preliminary spring constant
Lb
AMCP 706-260
", -- a
Fdb = F.
b = 0.0507 sec.
im. T
KXr = 12*
F=
,
1.15 , 13.15 lb
E
2 (F + F)Ld
_
T2x05
0.0133 sec.
3.8
KT
(34.65)8.35
g -13.79
13,2 + 8.35K
1037
F + KLd
1017
Fm
1037
13.2.
-9.1:,
- 289 in..lb
The spring forces at the limits of Ld are
where
Ld -L-
Lb
- Xr
= 10,0-
0.5- 1.15
8.35 In.
tdS
'
= 0.0735
v345
Id
2 x 8.35
P+ Vb
-'
Sin
238.5 + 185.9
l._
Si-
Fd\
0.7807- Sin
- 0.0735 (51.18-
F
fd
in-
-(i-
= 185.9 in./sec
emgb
.38
03318
where
V
eii1b
0.5 x 10
2.4 x 386.4
0.0393 sec.
JF. +eKMb
= V0,00539
0.0735sec
th
Lb
vb
2x0.5
-... i =0.0054 sec
185.9
sMbv
2Erb _ 1472in.-lb.
3-13
AMCP 705-26o
t
....--....
...e t.hblhat th.ia "I:,*% Tn
continue the analysis of the spring system, compjte the
energy to be absoibed by the buffer sys~en-
as
Fd+Fdh
ddb
Eb -Ed
n Fw Fa g-\LbKb
M
1037
&b
bI
/,Kb
0.25K
1037
232 lb/in,.
=,8-*
1.380
where
Fob , 322- 0.2 5 Kb = 264lb
Ld - 8.35 ins.
0.5
322
Fb 0
3221ia.
Fob
Yb a
-Mb
F.
1S7.7ln.sec."
10
2b
=
rcb
2 x 0.5
-1577
157.7
0.0063 sec.
Tesa m
T
The surge tine T = "j-"
0.0016
sec.
3-14
3--
V549
10
264
x 10
[644
38
- 0.0060 see
AMCP 706-280
A .lv,,t%
A fxlflf
0.0529 sr
tt tb + cr
sec.
=0.1565
0.
Mb
Cos-'
AU-u=
rb o
.6
.0149 x 0.803
383 rounds/rin.
Mfb
=
0.012 sec.
0
(380+
(Fb+ Fmb) Lb -
64)0.5
= 80.5 in.-lb.
The time elapsed for completing the bolt return, Eq.
2-26, becomes
tcr =
n i
2.A xc386.4
0.5 xc
S Fo
, "
(S
i
.db
-
Sin-'
- 12
44.54
0( .54
- 34.8)
Sn - 44.54 I
where
( M
-( )161
3--6 ACCELERATORS
Recoil-operated machine guns are relatively slow
firing oeciuse of their slow response to the propellant
gas forces This slow responue is due primarily to the
largc inertial resistance that must be overcome while
accelerating t6ie recoiling parts. The entire dynamics
structure depends or. the velocity of free recoil; the
higher the velocity, the higher the rate of fire, but the
velocity of free recoil can be influenceu only by the
mass of the recoiling parts which, for any given gun, is
usually limited by structural requirements High speeds,
the-efore, must be gained by other means. One of these,
as demonstrated in the preceding problem, involves the
arrangement of springs whereby somewhat faster action
1984
44.54 lb.
Myb -
where
Mb=
(3-1)
acceleration of gravity
,mass of bolt
3-15
AMCP 706-260
S OLT
ZFINAL
CONTACT
BATTERY
- 3ARREL
R .whoebt.
2(M +-4Mb)y
a 2 Mt)+j(~i~2
33
Wb - weight of bolt
N', = weight of barrel and components
At the instant of parting from the accelerator, the bolt
has acquired a velocity higher than the recoiling bmrrel,
Solving for Pb of Eq. 3-1
M(v - y)
b = MRcMb-)+
3-18
3
3-2)
AMCP 706-260
3-7 SAMPLE
3-7.1
PROBLEM - ACCELERATOR
SPECIFICATIONS:
Identical to long recoil
problem (seepar. 3-3.1)
rr
3-7.2 DESIGN DATA:
5'.
R3
Rc-
3.6
TABLE3-3.
P,
in./sec
3.44
1.77
11.4
10.15
11.89
5.24
6.13
33.7
39.5
11.12
9.25
5.74
4.76
37.0
30.6
0.25
0.25
7.10
5.23
3.76
2.69
2.00
0.25
3.71
2.25
2.50
0.25
0.25
2.58
1.82
2.75
0.25
3.00
0.25
3.263
4.00
5.00
6.00
t,
msec
,t,
msec
0.25
0.2f
0.50
u.75
0.25
0.25
1.00
1.25
0.25
0.25
1.50
1.75
Al,
lb-sec/in.
va
in./sec
in./scc
Ax.
in.
11.4
5.7
0.0014
45.1
84.6
28.2
64.8
0.0071
0.0162
121.6
152.0
103.1
131.9
0.0258
0.0330
24.2
17.3
176.4
193.7
159.3
185.0
0.0398
0.0462
1.91
12.6
206.3
200.0
0.0500
1.34
0.94
8.6
6.1
214.9
221.0
210.6
218.0
0.0526
0.0545
1.39
0.72
4.6
225.6
223.3
0.0558
1.06
0.55
3.5
229.1
227.4
0.0569
0.263
0.737
1.00
1.34
0.52*
0.40*
3.3
2.6
232.4
235.0
230.8
233.7
0.0607
0.1711
1.00
1.00
1.04
0.40
0.12$
-0.27*
0.8
-1.7
235.8
234.1
235.4
235.0
0.2354
0.2350
1.14 in.
3-17
AMCI' 706-2fl0
F,-
0:05--
~ainjq
02)
= 143 in..lb
2x 0 5
= 166in..lb
where
A=
F = F0 + Kx,
( 'VI +
b
386.4 /vt 2
60 x 54803
72
--772.8
425in.4b.
0.5 x 3936
d,
8.3
E'-
a.-
/E
25-13
143
= 4255
166
= 394ki in.-lI.
The corresponding velocity becomes
F
237 lb . 32E
7822 x 386.4
50824
!,60
37b
225.4 in./sec
where
Vb =f
Ld- X, - Ax b = 10.0-
Ld,
1 14-0.56
MRc~
t (v - vt)
39
= 538.5-
F= Fa -
KLdr
lf~To
,=
50 (225.4 - d
3.5
5)
225.4
3.-i x 10
8.3 in.7
+ v .-
1.
vt
equivalent energies
2 (
:w2iq b
KLd,
"
25 v2 + 5 (289982 - 1497 r
+ 1.932vt)
AMCP 706.20
v-
v,
-- 9.57 in./sec.
s the
535-.39v
-
- 538.5
where
-- L-()304483
Mb b
72. &
3940In.-b
U34
n.l
t
t, - 1b rb
Eb + E, - 3946 Ni.-Ib
C-s,
10
148.4
=.5x20x396 1 COO
320
2Ax6
Va+
225.4 + 551,8
1.12
777.2
0,00! 4 sec.
5729
62.3( 7
=O0.050c
= /0.002588
) = 0.0553 sec
FM
The energy of the bolt at this time is
V
-
0.5 x 10
O x-86
154
.4Cos- 32()2
3:
. 000647
-- Cos-' 0.4812 = 0.0254
_*F'L
.3
320+ 148.4
=- 0.58.58
= 0.0271 se.
1X-Aj
= 1004.7 in.-lb.
3
3-19
AC.P 70620
IC'."
/2009.4 x 386.4
.,
10
278.6 in./sec.
'VbVcrb
-464 i:i.sec.
. 101-'64-1,
r
Per
Ms
K, ,. K+
" '+
ih
F , 120lb.
According to Eq. 2-26, the timre
completing tbe recoiling part,; return is
z
t60
Sn
I
xVO.s220x386A.4
- 0.0376
--
3-20
343.02- 31
27.3
elpsed
for
z
Sin-,
12-
Sn--42.
- 20.Si
si"
)--
0.0239 sec.
AMCP 706-20,
where
Type
~/~~-~
432.42 +
420
(M~,)Blowbaclk
"j)2
6('
153
Rate of Fire,
rounds/min
Lawl Reoll
195
Short Recoil
272
383
Short Recoil
(with accelerator)
528
528 rounds/min.
3-21/3-22
AMCP 706-2 0
CHAPTER 4
GAS-OPERATED WEAPONS
4-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Gas-operated automatic weapons are those weapons
that have a gas driven mechanism to operate the bolt
and its associated moving components. Except for the
externally driven systems, all operating energy for
automutic weapons is derived from the propellant
gases. Nevertheless, gas-oparated weapons are only
those that draw a portion of the praptilant gai
through tie barrel wall after tl.e projectile has ppssed
and then "se this gas to activate a inechnnis.n to
retract the bolt. Timing and pressure are regulated by
the location of the port along the bnrrel and by
orifices restricting the gas flow. As soon as the
projectile passes the port, propellant gases pour into
the gas chamber and put pressure on the piston. The
piston does not necessarily move at 'his time. Motion
is delayed b) bolt locks which ate not relcased until
chamber pressur has dropped to safe levels for
ca:tridge case extraction.
4-Z TYPES OF GAS SYSTEMS
There are four basic types of gas systems:
impingement, tappet, expansion, and cutoff expansion.
a. Impingement System: has a negligible gas
volume at the cylinder; expansion depending cn piston
motion. As the piston moves, gas continues pouring
through the port until the bullet exits at the muule.
With the subsequent drop in pressure in the bore, the
gas in the cylinder may either reverse its flow and
retun to the bore or it may exhaust through ports in
the cylinder wal! as shown in Fig. 4-1. The duration
GAS PORT
-ACTUATING
ROD
--PIS
LBUSHING
A,)PC
(4-1)
k-CJc
, where Cp Is ihe specific beat at constant pressure
1
and c. Is the specific heat at constant volume. The specific
7
heats vary with the temperature' .
4--1
ANCP 706-260
OPER~ATING
BORE
FigAure.?rea
whr
GAS PORT
?. Cutoff E7aonSse
1- 7s7An
inr th
gan
at4ny
Substitrt
b1
Eq.e
time
7P2 7t \
PC ,P1P ,
0 P1so +5
Sustitte
for-
ds
ci/
4-4.
kEq.
(4-2)
whserecd
k -ratio
d\
ct
Acp, s
-"i
of specific heats
rk
(I - k)M0o (s + s)'
+,(45
(4-4)
AMCP 70I-260
Solve for C,
C,
+ (ACPIs
(4-6)
0 (k - 1)M,o
"---V('-ACP
ds
ds
\[K
de
0 bWfore
,+;)-'k
Iio
(4-7)
+V 2
+10
U.:
(4-8)
(So +s)k
- '
where
2AcP sk
(k- I)M,
dr .
(s-+-
k '-
k-
0 s -
q !--I
1 5 ) k I
~-' ~
ds
+l sk
(1-
(4-9)
S(k +1 )2
di
a-
k do
(4--10)
K-
a
4-3
AMCP 706-260
-,
00
(4-11)
da
k '
I__
dtmu~
3 3 5i
,31
+lx
X+
X
2j
1 3 5 7
6;X
x +A 2 x 2 +A 3 x3 +A 4 x' +
(412)
Now let at -k
a(,k)
+A2
0
B
/
S(k +I2-k)
I +A,
L)
K.
dt
+A 3
a3(1-k)
----3
B
+A 4
0(1-k)
f 4 - +..
da
(4-13)
Now integrate
A1. B -(2
La + AA
t .'
when t
C2
4-4
+A,+A,
B2 (32x)
k)
B'(4- 3k)
+A4 B4(
+
B4 (5
k
4/)
...
+C2
(4-14)
S(k+1)l2
- _ 2
_
4(2-
F
+
..
k)B
A3
A2
A,
(3 :
k)B
(4--
++
4(5
-,k-
(4-I5)
AMCP 706-200
Before
continuing
with
the
analysis
of
the
anu
coUatcoIA"..II
UiI
pUit
si*l
mIU
IULGIdUII.
36
(4-16)
(4-19)
Now
bc
b,
whe,-e
f firng rate, round/mirn
tc
or
Driving and 'buffer springs, whether single sprirga
nests of two or niore, a,-e generally installed in series.
The driving spring is the softer of the two and, dur'ng
recoil, seats before the buffer springs begin to move.
Its fully compressed load is less than the initial spring
load of the buffers. Deflections are consistent with
type, the driving spring has a large deflection whereas
the much stiffer buffer springs deflect approximately
15% of the total recoil travel. In counerrecoil, the
buffer springs complete their aution firit, then the
driving spring continues the accelerating effort th rest
of the way. Another proportion which must be
cosidered during the preliminary design characteristics
involves the ratio of counterrecoil energy contributed
by the buffer springs to the total counteritcoil energy.
A practical value is
. 0.40.
3.Vb
VbC
Vc,
*xhre
2he
(4-17)
Ld
1.225L d
V-2
7v+ V(
where
Ld
=b bc
'C' o the
+
+
.16Lb + 1.225L
'. '
(4-23)
42
ECrC
2 x
b4E
.E4
(4.-I1)
.16Lb + 1.2 2 5 Ld
(4-24)
4-i
AMCP 706260
LL.-
[
w
f-I
\R
CAP
\+
lb/sec
(4.-25)
where
Ao = orifice area, In.1
C
- orifice coefficient
(4-26)
(4-27)
A WC= war
(4-28)
(4-29)
AMCP 706-260
- C
-'
S'
K(Ld
where
k
- Sa
P,
initial prectuie
p2 a
final pressure
i",= final
volume of gas cylinder
(4--30)
Since
At any given poititon, the energy remaining to be
absorbed by the spring may be expressed generally as
eE,
P2 " P1
(M P,
(431
ItF P
(432)
I4= P-
F'-L-2
'
( ) Yi , Eq.
VF,
Solve for
2
(.3)
36-
so that
-L(
k-I
1- k
.1
(4-37)
(4-33)
Experience has indicated that k a 1.3 and that the
VC,
(4-34)
W = 0.473p) V,
(4-38 j
4-7
AM0P
06-260
where
0.473p, V,
1 1
.... = .
(4)*efv
par. 4-3 I.
pt V1
1.06M v2
(4-40)
bulhL
leaNt.s muzzle
Neither p, or Vi are known but gas volume and
corresponding dimensicns must be compatible with the
dimensions of die gun. Tihe initi?l pressure must be
low eno tgh to assure its at tainability and still perform
according to time limits. An initial pressure in the
neighborhood of 1000 to 1500 psi is appropriate.
On the a3saumptio, thet the preliminary design is
completed t0 the extent that tentative sizes have been
established and the gas pot in the bah'el located, the
pressure in the operating cylinder becomes the primary
concern. Note that before the bullet passes tf ; port,
the gas owcrating cylinder is empty. As soon as the
bullet pa.ss the port, gaser pour into the cylinder and,
when the pressure becomes high enough, the piston
begins to move. However, a finite time is iectuired,
however small, for the gas to fill the cylinder. Also,
the pressure In the bore is rapidly diminishing. For thii.
reson, the pressure in the operating cylinder does not
have sufficient time to reach bore pressure before cut
oWf when the port is closed. The gas pressure in the
operating cylinder is found by establishing a
relationship between the gas weight in the cylinder and
the total propellant gas weight, and between the
cylinder volume and the effective volume of the bore.
The 2ffective volume assumes the barreJ to be
extended beyond the muzzle to correspond with
pressure decay. V, is the effective bore volume after
the bullet leaves the barrel,
4-8
(4-41)
V., - chamber
volume
volume
Yb
(4-42)
where
We=
(4-43)
Pa
where
k
cylinder
Pa
V,
cylinder volume
AMCP 706-26t0
F, w Acpc
(
Pa
ilk)
(4-49)
F At
M,
,AV
(4-A5
where
M,
P=
U = vn _
A P
(4-46)
t Ap
t, ...
Pa
4-50)
+sn
(AV At) + ,
At4an
+
k )herae of flow is now stated as
(4-47)
t
- e +Acv.
-- --
(4-51l)
(4-48)
A,= .
.
XPa
KwAn
(4-52)
AMCP 706-210
on
locking
lug;
4-3).
N, - axial forc on cant and locking lug
To simplify the dynamics of cam operation, all
components are assumed to be igid so that transfer of
momentun or energy front translation to rotation is
made without considering the elasticity of the system.
Therefore, as soon as the can follower mcves under
the influen .
of the operating rod, the bolt
immediatelv assumes the atigular kinetics of the
moving system. Llneu velocity converted to angular
selocity be.rorns
tan 13,rad/unit ,ime
cov
(R)
(4-.-53)
R = bolt radius
Re . cam radius
R.. a radius of locking lug piessare center
w locking lug helix angle
where
w a angula. /eloclty
Front the geometry, the axial component of the
nonmal cam force eind the cam friction is
M~+ lb
4M
[M 0 la
y7R
tan 3
where
N(sin 0 +UC53
(45cos
IM.
iuiass
i
moment of inertia of bolt
jSsL').
(4-56)
4-10
Moa + N(siro + A,
ces)
(4-57)
AMP 706-200
00
00
AMCP 706-260
where
of the
oR transverse cam force
lb
two,h
com ponents of
N(cospI.sing)
e
Ne
cR
1 C' I' L +
(4-58 )
+ uIFL R
*n
$ArN CO~
min j9
;&rN~l
N,
Neo/
Ncii
A(co
trs)
Rj
t,R)
* M
-.
a tasi,3
LF
4-1R,
~'
, (sin
*N
X cosX)
(R
1
, /R)
(4-59)
AMCP 700260
N = Mba
(4.-61)
where
sin)-
mscosA
C"
oxljsn
M0 +Mbta~
(cosO+psmnU)
+
F= a
J (Rc(R
1(4-62)
+ CX (RL - juaR
sn - i
(4-65)
A.
Fc - M.a
(4-64)
P, = P,
+ an )
(4-66)
Eo = ,o +
E=
[
+AE
1-1.
As
(4-67)
2E,,
F, = Ac
(from Eq.4-44)
then
"
(4-68'
4-13
AMCP 706-260
S -,A
ra-'e/
jr~x
2AS
t
-
(4-70)
(4-71)
(4-72)
where
initial driving spring force as bolt
seats
F4-
spring constant
operating rod travel after bolt seats
s
AS
M,
Mo -%%
M 3 +Mb
k2 tan0
Re [(Rc;n---o
- pR)(ca ,- u,
R
sino)
'AR-":)
(4-73)
(4-73)
AMCP 70-260
Note that
lockinig or
,u, changes
Eq&. 4-62
YM- BXm
A
(4-77)
Xm
where
.....-+'
.. '
4-3)
The cam curves on the breech end of tl.c bolt are
helices, usually having identical slopes. The straight
slope merges smoothly with the parabolic curve which
may be expressed as
y = Ax
+Bx + C.
(4-74)
Ax3 + Bx
Ym
(4-75)
Re
gr
Th
when x = 0;jPO
dx
tan
(4-76)
RL
tan3
and B =tang,,,
WO
oosPo - 0.999972
sin 0, - 0.0074648
3 , slope of lug helix
4-15
AMCP 706-260
Me "386.4
Wbsi'
x+1(co
Si
070.
1032
2.50.
38.
C X (RL-
1 +ilcuso0
i
07.56 x 0.007465
0.383)j
x
0.24424.12x
(0.203
where
slnpo
cso, - pr_______==
sin 0j
0.99997 - 0.00025
sinA - #,cosA
0.05234 - 0.29959
CX = cos+P, sinX
0.99863+0.01570
- 4
24.12
0,00746 + 0.0340
gOoO
Pr
2.50001
= - 0.244
2
000647 lb-sec /n.
386.4
386.4
l0 - J
-4
+-
x 10
4.58
-
tanfi
1
0.115
Rj
AMCP 7M0-260
cr
xC =-
0.5in.
"
R c - 1.0397 x 0.32
0.3327in.
dp
Lb
Lbl
- 0.75
distance
of
Lb2
of
Ld
= 5.5
of
- 0.7465 x 0.5
Ym0.3327
X0.25
xM
= 1.316/in.
in., operatin
operating rod spring ,
Eq. 4-76, is
The slope of the curve,
s
PROBLEM
EXPANSION SYSTEM
FOR
sb
- 4.5
sc
sd
CUTOFF
sr
V,
Wb
60
[,
60
1000
0.060 sec.
4-3.2.1 SeIflcadon
tc
distance
gas
volume
of
mechanisra
W,
AMCP 706.260
701-~
60,
CEA
PRESSURE
30
,se
55
a5
40
I
V/
PRESUR/
'
I[/_
0---
5 03
20
t>:
ud
0 5.
0
--
230
20.
0.51.
18
AMCP 706260
BOLBORE
EXPANSION
Eq.
From
4-24 the
approximate
5.5 F
rximum
3.16
Cr
+ 1.228 La
cr
3.6 + 6.75
0.036
(75625 - 30276)
= 0-1 6se6.0.0092
--
1.3
1.8
LaF=
( 8
275 in./sec.
'
F +
KT = C-3-7
(037
1037
cr1037
' (Mrr)'Mvu
)
= 69.3 +2.75K
K = 10.2 lb/in.
KL d
= 69.3 + 28.1
97.4 lb
r
'=g
= Fm.
4- 19
AMCP 706260
/MT
is
fin-'V~
=-cVehI
'P
Kb = 60 Ibain.
2
22x3. 5
Lb .0in.
386.4 x60
bc
- 0.01675 [Sin'
1, .060.- 285
285
Sn
/2
(- 0.78947) - 4.7124]
[35.
20,276+ 1
(60) 1.0
From Eq. 2-24, the buffer counterrecoil velocity is
expressed In terms of spring energy.
Fmb "2(127.3
+ 15)
Fob
0.25
0.25
ror
KbL)
c 3K2
M,
0.75
80 Win,
4-20
with the
Crst computed
AMCP 706260
Sir'_
3.25
0.5 x 0.
/86.4
0.04061
Is;n,
Ks,-F-
FM
-Sil0972
0.4944
0.0201 sec
where
F,
- 97.4 lb
10.2 lb/in.
3125
386.4
+-(F
1 2C
bM, +2e
be
lb-sec'/in.
Cr
4.5 in.
sh.
0.50
for the
8 -2 Kb l
jmsI(Ks2\
386.4
3,25
= 30318
+ 39832
= 70150 in.'/sec
d_
[Sin-
K (L
- Sin-
1in
7
-..-
4-21
AMCP 706-260
= .
x.S.
10[2
Sin
Sin'-_- 4
1 36
)xO.
S1
= 0.03562 Sin
(-
0-3784)- Sin-
(3W?.77- 331.85)/57.3
= 0.03562
,f2652 +9258
0.4719)!
= 0 O03 sec
where
Fm
' 51.5 lb
F,
a 10.21b/in.
MI,=
41.3 lb
33 6.4
lb-sec hi-.
Th = 4.5 in.
o
Ld - 5.5 in.
70147 ir.
Isec
0.50
tcr
I~2c
+ F. (Ld sb)
Kd )IM,
-3
= 278 in./sec
AMCP 706-260
Fla
= 41.3 +Ksa
MI
- 3.25.12, lh.ecin.
= 2.0 in.
VO
(Ld
0.02~4
5. +10
Lb-
eM
c~~~F
11
Ld-)c =
8 + (97.4 x 3.5
this
position is
2/M 11+
2K(,
K(L~
2[F
s)2l,17.4
10.2 x 12.25/2)386.4/3.25
61.7
i~C+
12.2
121.2
0.008, sc.
4-3.2.5.1
= 251.8 in./sec.
cr
eKMv 2
K12+
',
Si -
gas.
v0 =S 1
f
- 0.5. efficiency of spring system
The working distance of the drive spring during the
= 0.0166 sec
251.8
0.55-
503.6 in./sec.
V2
b
V2
(2
+ KL)L,
CHI
Vb
V253613 - 132410 =
/11203
= 348.1 in./sec.
4-23
AMCP 706-260
P,
5.53
expression for
23C.I lb/in?
1O.5 x 3.25
Fb F
S
C295
_22
66o x386.4
2perating
a 0.00837 Cos
\57.31
Pm
32 531
-386.4,)
4/ 253613
V/
PC likp(tlkb
0.00629(1.8
- ijk1"tk
241x 1.66
=0.00132 lb.
1970
"
1250 lb/in.
V1 _
2261
1250
V1
P'
-P
3.0 in
of
.4
V2
volume
Wi
= 2261 in.lb
Select Pt
initial
opcating cylinder
Vm = 1.74 in.', chamber volume plus bore
volume
in
1.3,
Yea = VI = 1.8
- 1.06M,s,
heats
pV,
ratio of specific
cylinder
Wc
=
wA pt
0.00132
0.00192 X
=002i~
= 0042 in.
AMCP 706-250
,.(
2
-+-
(k + i )/(k -
i)
= 0.00192/sec
C
is
1.3
TABLE 4-1.
4
I X 1o
pA,
w,
In.
lb/sec
36.31
26000
19000
14800
11400
9600
6600
4500
3200
2400
1800
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.037
0.025
0.007
2.096
1.531
1.193
0.919
0.774
0.532
0.363
0.227
0.115
0.024
t X 104
PC.
F104
psi
Ib
lb.aec
114
202
294
354
425
717
934
1069
1128
1134
69
121
176
212
255
430
560
641
677
680
0.0069
0.0121
0.0176
0.0212
0.0255
0.2150
0.280
0.321
0.339
0.225
sec
9
10
11
12
13
18
23
28
33
sec
9
10
11
,2
13
18
23
28
33
36.31
psi
W, X 104
o,
b,
V,,
lb
!n.3
In.3
2.096
1.531
1.193
0.919
0.774
2.660
1,815
1.135
0.575
0.088
2.096
3.627
4.820
5.739
6.513
9.173
10.988
12.123
12.698
12.786
0.837
0.942
1.147
1.366
1.600
2.255
3.120
4,130
5.240
6.650
0.0278
0.0543
0.0879
0.12416
0.1657
0.329
0.545
0.796
1.058
1.350
1.8000
1.8002
1.8003
1.8006
1.8011
1.8080
1.8236
1.850
1.888
1.920
Ay,
$2X 10 4 ,
in.
SX 10
in./sec
V,
in./sec
0.82
1.44
2.09
2.52
3.03
25.56
33.29
38,17
40.31
26.75
0.82
2.26
4.35
6.87
9.90
35.46
68.75
106.9
147.2
174.0
lb
X I t,
in.
0
1
1
1
2
64
83
95
101
44
n
1
2
4
7
50
177
344
535
487
n.
4,
in.
0
2
5
10
19
133
393
832
1468
1999
4-25
AMCP 706-260
na,,t hat
,.sff.
nf tho
!,,, ,,o,
iwn,
E =127.3
3i86.
S2
-I2V 2
k- i
907.6 in.Ib
The rate of flow by Eq. 4-27 is computed to be
where
1134
(L
0.227 lb/sec.
V,
+A s
E,
2E,
"
at the
2098xZ8.
/ 206.88 .
end of the
- a) +
c Wtn
= (10.988 + 1.135)10
-4
1C
=
.0012123 lb.
496.07 In./sec.
3.25
= -
LvAt +
40- (0.0005)
2\
Although the weight of reco!ing parte does not
become 3.25 lb until tne bolt is picked up after " inch
of travel, the bolt weight is included to compenstate
for whatever losses are experienced during the
accelerating stroke.
_I
4.-
+ 68.75
.0005W+0.0393
= 0.0837 in.
4-26
Ve =
O + As
1.850 in. 3
AMCP 70e-260
Ac crding to Eq 4-41,
s1
Vb - Pa
41ASt+"t)
320
2
= 1.7 4x 2.37
0.0005 +0.0393
4.13 in.'
=
0.00629
6completing
W9
P,= )k
PC= V
+ 68.75)
At +"
P"
3
V . VC
0 + Acs = 1.8 + 0.6 x 0.0832 - 1.850 in.
.3
(0.796)
1.850/
-1
20'al
20Tbe4I
te
-0.0036 sec.
v = vn-
I+
FAt
-
- 68.75+-
0.321 x 386.4
3.25
M,
3.25
386.4
lb-sec3
of recolguni
in.
p,
2
= 1134 lb/in. , initial pressure
AMCP 706-260
5tk +
O)i2
3.81 (4658
t=1563
468
I"
1+2;"42)i'
2.763)
.6)=004 0.0046 sc
where
I
K 2A
0So 2x 0.6x 1134 x 4.53 x 386.4
(k - I A , (1.3- 1)3.25
Ka
2,443,000 in.2!sec
1.562
= 1+
I'
I1-
=
60
-
1058 rounds!iein.
4-3.3
S1,563 In./sec
DIGITAL
COMPUTER
ROUTINE
FOR
CUTOFF EXPANSION
30276 x 1.418
11.
B
5 (k
+-
+
y
K2
= 3.2 1.s=
2 44300
2443000
1.018
3.81
1, 2,3 ...
z =(+l)-yk
.0- 0.3y,
AMCP 706-260
TABLE 4-2.
y
Ay
BY
aZ
zBY
Ay/zBY
Ayaz/zBy
0.5000
1.018
0.7
1.366
0.713
0.7013
0.3750
1.036
0.4
1.195
0.414
0.9058
1.0824
0.3125
1.055
0.1
1.045
0.106
2.9481
3.0808
4
5
6
0.2134
0.2461
0.2256
1.074
1.C93
1.113
-0.2
-0.5
-0.8
Il 093
111.25
1/1.428
-0.215
-0.547
-0.890
-1.2716
-0.4490
-0.2535
-1.1634
-0.3599
-C.1775
0,2095
1.134
-1.1
1/1.634
-1.247
-0.1680
-0.1028
0.1964
1.154
-1.4
1/1.868
-1,615
-0.12i6
-0.0651
9
10
0,1855
0.1762
1.175
1.196
-i.7
-2.0
1/2.14
1/2.44
-1.998
-2.392
-0.0928
-0.0736
-0.0434
-0.0302
11
0.1682
1 217
-2.3
1/2.79
-2.799
-0.0601
-0.0215
12
0.1612
1.238
-2.6
!/3.19
-3.219
-0.0501
-0.0157
13
14
15
0.1550
0.1495
0.1445
1.261
1.284
1.307
-2.9
- ".2
-3.5
1/3.65
1/4.17
1/4.76
-3.657
-4.109
-4.574
-0.0424
-0.0364
-0.0316
-0.0116
-0.0087
-0.0066
16
0.1400
1.331
-3.8
1/5.45
-5.058
-0.0277
-0.0051
17
18
0.1359
0.1321
1.355
1.380
-4.1
-4,4
1/6.22
1/7.11
..5.556
-6.072
-0.0245
-0.0218
-0.0039
-0.0030
19
20
21
0.1286
0.1254
0.1224
1.404
1.429
1.455
-4.7
-5.0
-5.3
1/13.12
1/9.30
1/10.65
-6599
-7.145
-7.712
-0.0195
-0.0176
-0.0159
-0.0024
-0.0019
-0.0015
22
0.1196
1.481
-5.6
1/12.2
-8.294
-0.0144
-0.0011
2= 1.7631
0.9580
Z =3.0959
4-3.3.2.
APACP 706-260
Cod,
Sym&lI
Code
Symbol
Cod
A0
AO
P,
PA
VC
AC
AC
PC
PC
V1.
VCYL.
Ay
a
AY
A
p,
R
PI
R
Ve
v
VE
V
a
By
AZ
BY
Rc
RL
RC
RL
Vbc
FM
VBCR
VMAX
CL MDA
Vo
VO
DX
EB
EBCR
sa
sc
sm
SA
SCYL
hMAX
Vic
Wb
VSCR
DELV
WB
sO
dx
Eb
EbC
W,
WC
",
ER
Sr -x m
HELIXI
aW e
DELY.
E,
ESCR
S()
W.
WO
F
Fmb
F
FBM
SI
SI
S2
IV
Fob
FBO
AF
DELF
G
tbc
tbr
TEP
TBRC
TBr
xm
y
2
IIELIX2
Y
Z
DRK
tcr
TDCR
K.
Kb
SKA
BK
tdr
I.(1)
TDR
T1
EPS
DLAMDA
RADGYR
At
Lb
BL
*aSn
Io
M,
EM
TLT
TANBO
VB
s2
Ur
Ym
dI
- Ax 2 + Bx = 1.316x2 + ).07465x
(Eq. 4-75)
dx
width
EMUR
EMUS
+Ax
of
the corresponding length of the gas cylinder Is
tangi
4-30
dx
+x = 3.5 +x ,in.
P
S--
,s
AMCP 706-260
r=
/4
.06S
35-
3.5
+ a21i.sc
'
ksO3
xsec;
Va
r = IAt, sec
where
5, =--
va
2.5 v o
=
3.25
i.sc
in/sec.
Traveling
Bolt
With
Mr
Po
Data
0.60
60.0
Code
Data
RL
0.5
SA
2.0
DELV(I)
0.5
SCYL
3.0
DLAMDA
SMAX
5.0
SO
3.5
S()
TANBO
0
0.007465
0.3
0.5
'"(l)
VCYL
0.8
1.8
G
HELIX i
386.4
0.5
VMAX
V(i)
HEIIX2
0.5
WE
0.75
R
RADGYR
0.39
0.275
WCI
M)
RC
0.32
DRK
DX
EMUR
EMUS
EPS
10.2
0.05
0.034
350
0
2.5
4-31
AMCP 706-2e0
...
PRLSS
Pb1
PORT
AREA
SU-IN
uAS
FLOW
iNATE
Lu/SEC
GAS
IN
CYL
LB
EQUIV
bORE
40L
CU-IN
EGUIV
CYL
V,VL
CU-IN
t
b
1.00
I.UU
i.2uu
,3LU0
19UO0.
1)4UUO,
114u0,
96U
o
,U580
,U58
,U580
0580
2,116
1.648
1,270
1.U69
.O00bO
.00067
u0079
.00090
.932
1.147
1.366
1.600
.0743
.1214
e1722
,2289
iaUU
6od0.
.058U
4735
.00177
2.256
o4543
.iL.
MSLC
T.--.u 90.U530
.326
2.800
2(00
10
3.3U0
2400.
,o410
.189
.00178
5.240
1.4788
11
3-
Its0u.
.U23U
.079
.00160
6,650
1,9074
ut
l APULSE
LB-SEC
VLL
IN/SEC
VEL
IN/SEC
TRAVEL
IN
VUL
CU'-IN
PHLSS
P51
FORC
LB
1.6u80
1.tuuz
175,)
105.4
15
301.1
160.7
.011
.018
1.63
2.79
1.6
4.4
.0001
.0004
b
6
168U13
1,-U23
b5808
65b.*4
323.3
393.9
e032
.039
5.00
6%09
13.5
19.6
:0021
.0038
7
B
1.d157
1,6.4i6
IU09.8
1401.8
653.9
641.1
.327
.421
50.53
65,00
70.2
135,9
.0262
1.68'i
15810.
948o6
.474
73.31
208,5
.1635
--76 54
----7F -- 75- --
28.-0
,216V
55.81
340.8
.4011
10
l.7721
ii
2.0406
-148.7
989s2
,361
4-32
.0776
and rod to
2 A.',v
in.-b
AMCP 706260
AT
BY
QUOT2
QUOTI
ZBY
AZ
1.0
2.0
.5000
.3750
1.0335
1.0681
.7
.4
1.0203
1.01i5
.7235
.4273
.6911
.8777
.7051
.8878
4.0
500
0sO
7.0
8.0
.2734
.2461.225b
.2095
.19b4
1.1409
1.1792
1.2187
l.i595
1.3017
.2
-.5
-.8
-1.1
-1.4
.9943
.9558
.9773
.9690
.9607
-.2282
-.5896
-.9749
-1.3855
-1.8224
1
-1.1982
-.4174
-.2314
-.1512
-.1078
-1.1913
-.4115
-.2262
-.1465
-.1035
-. 0634
-.0509
-.0417
-.0348
-.0295
.0598
-.0476
-.0367
-.0320
-.0269
-a0217
-o0189
-.0195
-.0168
9.
-l.r
.155"--1934'.3
- * util1
952q-- -2-o
-.0773
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
91762
.1682
.1612
.1550
.1495
1.3904
1.4370
1,4851
1.5349
1.5863
-2.0
-2.3
-2.6
-29
-3.2
.9443
*9362
.9282
.9202
.9123
-27808
-3.3051
-3.8614
-4.4512
-5.0763
16.0
17.0
.1400
.1359
1.6944
1.7512
-3.8
-4.1
.8968
.8891
-694389
-7.1800
18.0
.1321
1.8099
-4.4
.8815
-7.9636
-. 0166
-.0146
19.0
20.0
.1286
.1254
1.8705
109332
-4.7
-5.0
.8739
.8665
-8.7916
-9.6661
-.0146
-.0130
-.0!25
-.0112
22.0
.1196
2.0650
-5.6
.8517
-11.5638
-. 0103
-.0088
TOTALS
1.8603
-VXAI5ZOq
ILML DUINOI
.L1'X--AV!REr
(TEH,
--.
9540
*00022 SECOJNDS.
S =-3i00O-1N.
EQUIV
EoUIV
.
I
PARAU
DIST
IN
.050
13
_100
4
,150
15
.....200
16
.250
17
.330
18
,!b0
19
e,400
-o_9450
21
. 500
22
CYL
LENGTH
IN
3o550
3.600
3.b50
3;7u0
3.750
3.500
3.850
3.900
3.950
4.15O0
CYL
PRESS
PSI
RECOIL
MASS
W/6
ROD
VEL
IN/SEC
TIME
MSEC
1559
7s917
1531.3
15.145
1504.1
219913
1477.7
28.096
1452.1
43.643
38. 5" 00B5
L403.3
42,812
1379.9
46.676
1357.3
50e003
1335.3
52.926
.006529
.006689
o006974
*007419
.008072
008Y99
.01003
.012142
.014778
.018676
400.05
416.71
431s83
445.33
457.19
467,39
475s98
483.03
488,66
492.99
.1279
.2503
.3682
64822
.5930
@7011
.8071
,9114
1:0143
1.1161
CAM
SLOPE
DE6
4-33
AMCP 706-260
CUTOFF
TABLE 4-8. uMrPUTED D''NAiCS AFTrER
BOLT AND ROD UNIT RECOILING AFTER CAM ACTION
ZBY
AZ
HY
AY
Y
1.0
..
SOUO
.37b0
1.0566
1.1164
.7
.4
1.0859
1.0482
.7396
.4466
.6760
.8397
,1341.
.8802
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
3.0
.2734
.2461
.2256
.2095
.19b4
1.2464
1.3170
1.3916
1.4704
1.5536
-.2
-.5
-. 8
-1.1
-1.4
.9767
.9428
.9101
.8785
.8480
-. 2493
-. 6585
-1.1133
-1.6174
-2.1751
-1.096.
-.3737
-o2026
-. 1295
-. 0903
-1.071
-. 352.
-. 1844
-. 1138
-. 0766
10.0
11.0
12.0
15.0
14.0
.17b2
.1682
.i612
.15b
.149b
1.7345
1.83.7
1.9365
2,0461
2,1620
-2.0
-2.3
-2.6
-2.9
-3.2
.7901
.7627
.7362
.7107
.6860
-3,4690
i-4.2152
-5.0348
-5.9337
-6.9183
-.0508
-.0399
-.0320
-.0261
-. 0216
-.0401
-.0304
-.0.56
-.0186
-. 0148
.14UO
e1359
.1321
.1285
a1254
x,2
2.4137
205504
2.6947
2.8473
3,0085
3 78ig
-15.8
-4.1
-4. 4
-4.7
-5.0
--Do.)
.6392
.6170
.5956
.5749
.5549
:,'7
-9.1720
-10.4564
-11.8569
-13.3824
-1M*0426
-l.T"
-.0153
-.0130
-.0111
-.06....
0083
-.
".U)
-.0C98
-o0080
-.0066
-. 0055
0046
-..UU0.9
.1196
3.3588
-5.6
.5171
-18e6095
-.0064
:.0033
16.U
17.0
18.0
19.0
i0.0
-'
-2","--22.0
"
.260
'ir
DUJINO
MlEIX
I(FIVER.!E
E0~
tIfJ-.U.L
1-
S-.
PC = 1145.7 PSI
V =481.66 IN/SEC
VI.I
.O
VELLrV
where
Y
b .7 lb (par.
force at s, is Fa
The driving spring
4-3.2.5.1). Since the spring "orce when fully
compressed is Fm -97.4 lb (par. 4-3.2.4), the energy
ah.-c)rbed by tile driving spring is
Ed
4-34
(Fra+Fm)Le
557 in..Ib
Eb
=E
E - 557 n .b .
AMCP 706-260
'eM
Eb
(Fb+ Fb)Lb/E
Fob
b
Fos-'
VKb
6r
where
Fob
= 0.00837 Cos"
Fb
sec
"mn
= L
F ob
/2KbL
a 0.5E r
- 309, lb
M%
r
"
-f
0.0203
Sin '
Cos-'
- 0.0167SCo
" Sin-'
Sin"
61
,&c
Ebc
.b
ob .b
where
Z - VF
Fmb
+eKMrV
= (Fbb+ Fb)/4
3807+ 10.2-
Vbc
M Y'
I EbIM,
VEOCITY
-TMc
MILSEC
BETA
DEGREF.
KASS
1000y
50.99
509003
.01582
.1963
254.,41
1963
504W 8
46.6/6
.1219
.1958
255.00
3'21
15
.20
.25
49,97
49.46
48.95
42 882
38.557
33.643
*U1006
.1;0871
,U0783
.1954
.1950
1915
255,59
25-.-6
256,73
o5875
.30 .
4.-44
28.09b
.00725
.14
i .
27.0
1.1,
,3b
.40
,.45
47.93
47.'2- T
46.91
21.9i3
1_5_f4'
7.917
u0687
*00664
257.85
258.,"
258,94
193649
1.5581
1.7510
.50
46-40
.t,28
..00652
.00647
.1937
e1933
#1929
.9.
25q, 4
1.,0
4110
9.8
*00647
-TRAVELINCH .
.05
---FORCEPOUND
DELTiTV__
M ILSEC
18730
IN/SEC
264, '5
:9770
3.8166
4-35
AMCP 106-260
TH
n
O,~.,,,,~n
,.rn.,
,tinn
SkSin
-0.04061
-,
(Str-
~time
/'r~
Sill
sill
-,
-z
40i
z0.203
where
.04ta1
(eoso 0.3 silfl
sil0+0.3 cosfi
.00647 +
e~b
in
F1 ~
'L d"
~the
551.5 lb
The total work done by. all springs umil locking ston
P', b,
(+ m 2
dbe
be
i'sn
y:(in
.42
where
Fc I = 3pring force
increment
2c
at
begin ning
of
force at enld of
increment
PSC, i./sc.
r ~ - SIA~
-_=-
imcrement
The energy at the end of eah increnment is
+c
+ c
_0.1 l49)
A1 + 0.25 (F
+,,F)
F, 2 As
-- 'C )As
in-lb.
AMCP 71)e.-Ma
The c imlerrecoil
cenrle| n
vC:lcity
at
the
enid
of
T
-
each
Since 1, > 25 ft/sec, select
=2,
= I 8; therefore
0 .0163
0016- = 0.0906 see, surge time
T.
.8
IT.8
where
Table
Operation
Time, sec
0.003665
0.000220
0.001116
0.001100
0.000553
0.00(192
0.012190
0.021407
0.003817
0.0501 W)
Before Gs Cutoff
Bolt Un!ocking, Ilelix
Bolt Ui iocking, Ilaral' fla
Gos ixpunsion Alter ('am Action
Driving Spring Recoil
Buffer Recoil
Buffer ('onterrecoil
l)rivinFr Spring ('omiterrecoil
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Bolt Lockiog
4 9
5
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
711KT
0..7
=0.27 x 0.322
J0.0333
= 0.27
0.087 in.
11 5 x 106 x 57.3 x 10
--
152 coils
8 x 0.0527 x 10.2
SWK
Firing tate
m 1 196 rounds/aini.
0.0501
8968'
r ..
8. 97.4
x 0.375 ]0 0
x 0.659
\3.14
4-3.4 SPRINGS
141,0N
/,u
F,;
= 97.4 lb.
height
load at
fully
T'
lb/in.'
14
= 157,000 lb/in.
compressed
The solid height is
I'd
1b
tr
Vi
13.22 in.
velocity
par.
4-37
ANICP 70Ft-260
T,
= 1* l.8
0.0o55
1.8
T8-
--
U.UUUU
-- 13 grains = G.00186 Ic
propellant
.
where
Te - tbr
eight of
buffer spring.
4--4.1.2 Preliminary Design Data
A nest of two springs is used in both primary and
seconday systems. The inner spring has 40% of the
load and spring constant of the system. The assigned
Lnd computed data are listed in Table 4-10. Design
data are also listed for single primary and secondary
springs and for a single buffer spring to offer
comparative values.
The single buffer 3pring is obviously, too highly
stressed to b acceptable. Of the two other types, the
stresses are .,tisfactory; this leaves the choice to
available space, depending on which is the more critical
length or diameter. The nested sprng requires less
losrgitudinal space whereas the single units require less
diametral space.
d,
= 0.40, efficiency
mechanism
automatic
of
60
60
=O.ioose.
2L
Cr
Vr
2L
Vr
2eL
Vcr
Ab
4Lb,
4-33
2
, bore area
0.0732 ink.
GSPR
ZSRE
PSO
00
C's '0!
U,
w
-j
U,
p0o
0x
4-39
AMCP 71-280
S-
PRESSURE
0-225TM,
TIME, ms
~g
-*--
----
---.
~V- 1 -1-..-j-VE
oo
.
*--~---V
_j
0 0,25
LOCITY
0.50
07
-TAVEL~
NT
I
hT1
_j
4-40
-i------------------------PRESSURE
.$e
00.25
1.11111
0.50
0.75
1.00
4-40
1.25
AMCP 708-260
4icr
171
0.1257
C,
""
where
A, - 0
tc,-0.071 sec
d'
2
0.1257 in.
,tappet area
4'1
i,
. 1360 lb/i..
"
0.029sec
d,
2Assume
0.071
0.4 in./sec,
001bore
VCr
r
= 2526 lb/ins.
2 x 2.5
0.029-
21,
"
172 in./se'.
1"= .I ( Ir
g
-. '6 ) 29600
386.
t = 2566 x 0.00:7S
Apt '
-4.5 lb-sec/in.
13
= 25.65 in.-lb.
V.l4
= .5
171 lb.0.15014 1
is
0.29
FU
171
lb =0.00175 sec-
000186, 0.0189
.016r1.728
1.245
10- ' lb
where
pc
My r,
b,~
Vc = AL t = 0.0189 in.
displacement
volume of tappet
AMCP 106-260
1.92 x 10-
beyond
the mozzle
must bc consid-rd
to compensate
f.- *.
! !c!!,,
h,! -. tr.t
f the n-rt The firtt cet
2
W102 M.
x 4.5
where
K w = 0.00192/sec (see par. 4-3.2.5.2)
The orifice diameter d6 = 0.0505 in.
If we. proceed with the above computed parameters
and with the assumed critical pressures, data similar t,.
those in Table 4-11 were computed for the period of
time startirig at 0.53 msec and extending to the muzzle
at 1.15 msec. The area under the pressure-time curv.
within these time limits equals the 4.5 area con,-plted
earlier. Although the required tappet velocity cf 172
in./sec was obtained, the tappet travel of 0.072 in. was
far snhort of the required 0.15 ir. The iequired tkavel
could fe obtained by merely shifting the gas oort
toward the moize. However, the computed equivalent
volumes V., Eq. 4-42, were always lavger than the
computed chamber volume V, Eq. 4--48. This creitd
the
Illusion
tappet that
cylinder
Eq*
4-43,
was that
muchthe higher
the pressure
availableP., bore
pressur, wapysimchl ighr
tt s
atiae boe
presature, a physical impossibility substantIated by the
rate of pressure decline in the bore, so that pressure in
nlimtits
11.0 x 0-
Far -ATaAt
- 0.0195 lb-sec
where
Now that the gas port has been moved closer to the
nuzzle, some of the area of the pressure time curve
4-42
A,
ALCP 70W-2 0
TABLE 4-11.
t,
AtX 10,
msec
0.876
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.65
2.13
t,
tinsec
sec
.;
5
5
5
5
5
5
50
4P
AS2 x 10s,
in.
Pa.
DYNAMICS OF TAPPET
in.
psi
4800
4300
3900
-3500
3100
2800
10.4
11.5
12.7
13.9
15.1
16.2
1630
730
V x 10o,
in. 3
s x IO,
in.
10 4
t,-Sec
111
302
270
246
220
195
176
inisec
6.4
6.4
23.8
39.4
53.6
66.3
77.6
67.7
5
44
39
36
32
28
25
146.6
172.0
1472
610
17.4
15.6
14.2
12.7
1 .3
10.2
1022
440
5S.9
25.4
V1,,
AWX 306,
lb
As x 101,
Ai,
ni~sc
W,X Io,
in. 3b
n.
1o3
n.3
0.976
0.90
0.95
0
32
119
5
81
239
0.0063
0.102
0.300
0.340
0.924
0.826
(.759
0.819
0.899
0.34
1.264
2.09
0.131
0.556
1 0310
1.00
1,05
I.10
1.15
197
268
332
388
472
772
1132
1545
0.590
0.970
1.42
1.95
0.750
0.62
0.595
0,538
0.987
1.075
1.165
1.245
2.A4
3.462
4.06
4.60
1.505
2.00
2.54
3.08
1.65
2.i3
4385
7047
7402
1S059
3.130
1,344
3.67
6.24
7.72
9.07
9.34
18.9
s=
15.26
30.4
At+ x
A~~
+ 0.0195 x 386.4
0.67
6.).005
+ 0.00712
VC
AMCP 70C-260
lb.
+ AW
-
- 4.057 x 10
lb.
4.057 x 10
8 x1
S
\W
165
Pc
= 0.53
O.0'3p 0
K3100
= 16401lb/in.
- 0.00254 in
(
PC/
1860
( 0.9.)2
lb/in. 2
Vb
where
where
=
Ab =
V
Sb
r/2.4) '.3
PC
)L
= 2.13
4-44
a w
1.42
3100 = 6600ib/in.2
3100
2
Ape = pc, - pe = 1640- 1135 --505lb,..
AMCP 7W3S-260
V "
()
P,
- 1.1b2
(M,2)
2 \b
_
E=
= 1.90in.,
X--
k04'
0.001S6
W -
386.4
YT =.L-..
1037
."
ICe
w
(L )
1037
where
4.36
x 1037- 1,175
4.36
6.188
lb.
W31
Ot D01t unit
10-6
505
1 4()"0.0071
\'
"
= 4.28 x IO
AW
r.
in.-.b
5
where
3100'71
256
T
3.8
T =
-7
4.28 x 10
.. 6.0119
xl0 7
Er
'Fa=
a
0.040 x 25.65
-4-= 4 .36
2.35
Ld = L - L, = 2.35 in.,
spring
AMCP 706-2W0
kn
Cfl)
z
LU
ILI
in
r4
-l
0io
4-46
AMCP 706-260
The driving spring force when the bolt is fully retracted
is
I
m-
+-/'
~'
\
k235)
4-
2~"~'/
1a + f, +
tc
0.70)
- 0.0948 sec.
+2
.........
fr
= 633 rounds/ini
tr =
Cos'
Fm
3.54
T386.4
Spring data
counterrecoil
and
.18
are
time
0
O.0021
+ 0.0258
3.8
3.1
0.00734 sec.
0the
d = 0.27
ta
--
'I
now
Vi.0286
- 0.27
comput,.d
" 0.27
for
The number of coils, Eq. 2-41, is N.
Gd4
8D 3K
104 coils
Mb
Cos
V0.4
0.67
86.
T '
FmD
8 x 5.18 x 0.25
-3
=
nd
3.14 x 25.4 x IO -
- 130,000 lb/in.'
F.
F.
.70
7
5.18
= 137,000 lb/in.'
3.06 in.
4-47/4--48
AMCP 706-260
CHAPTER 5
-RAMMER
SPRING
FEEDER
RECEIVER
-DRIVING
Z /-SLIDE
RU
CPERATING
MECHANISM
i-ADAPTER
AIMCP 700-M6
5-1 .1 PRELIMINARY
DYNAMICS
CF
FIRING
CYCLE
The normal approach to the tudly of the dynamics
during the firing cycle is to consider the various
operctlons in their operational sequence. By
(M39) Fun.
Performingl an analysis similar to that defined in
Eqis. 2-45 through 2-49, with due atteption to tht
F.
(5- 1)
RA MME
SPRING
/ - - RUM UNROLL ED )
A SSEMB LY
AA4CP 706-260
(FAi), - FgAt - F A1
(5-2)
wher:
F,
At
(FAt)r
0.42
6237 lb
(F At F At) = 0
FS
- adeptez force
f'e)
Fg - F -F(
"
M, + M-
FtF
AMCP 706-260
wiicre
F,
a -
+ I i-
"
(5
5-4
1.0
5)
(-6a)
Ma - mass of drum
M,
w mass of slide
When M, = 3M,
a - 1.732 b.
(5--6b)
Ifi
=
(j
"b
(Ref. 14)
(5--7a)
.ar(i
(5-7a)
= a-+,
Lc = aC
o,
(5 -8)
0.6
ac-=
(5-9)
"ret
Ld
- L, drum length
(5-15a)
Dd
(5- 15b)
h
= 0.75
br
(5-10)
where
1
0.5
L2-- -
(5-1l)
The
)b
mass
- bore diameter.
of
the
drum
and
rotating
feeder
ecc
.
= 1.5
(5-12)
Lc
rCr,
ca
length
(5-13)
1 r = length of round
=
/3 Md .
(5 16)
where
C,
M
=s
wc =I /:+bc =
N-
IV,
(5-14).
where
Ne
After the
Operations
thar
require
energy
include
feeding,
be
nc
i.,
__[
_..-
_
r.
..
AMCP 706-26O
Eyd
(5-17)
)(.01M)"d
EpG + EpS + Ee + Ee
E.
(M(
(M-)
A Ed
where
- natsof drum
Md,
= effective
M,
(5-18)
- mass of slide
where
Md
(5-23)
M"s P
"
Y,,, 50
-
mass
ammunition belt
of
drum
and
P "u-Es
:-4
tj-24)
0, the frictional
(5-19)
EI
(l
e2)
Ed
E, - energy transferred
driving spring
efficiency of
(5-25)
(5-20)
whe.re
(5-72)
fro
slide to
ipring
system
tr
(-i;
\
/J
(5-26)
where
E
(M,)
(5-21)
where
5-6
M,
= correction factor
AMCP 706-260
\dm 'ucr/
where
-t
"
b, + b
1.75
ber
= 3.77-
s,
of .iido
counterrecoil velocity
YSc
r "
Based on operating gun,, the empirical 'v-0,935 (Ref.
9).
= So + 2
3.i.
-ar
t2 .- + .7
4.40
.0,
.7i.in..
6.07
fr "
SorC
+
Cr
W,
We
ocr
3.0+2.86
S.86In.,
30 lb,weight of drum
W,
Ia+L
,,
(5-28)
ve 840
In./soc,
maximum
recommended
Rd
to drum axis
L,
2 (s
sr
sm
.Ox
10 360000
2 x 386.4
- 4658.4 in.-lb,
maximum slide energy of recoil
5 chambers
arec "
Select p - 0.25
Ed
4658.4
1.25
LEr
+p
to drum
E= E
-E
931.7 in.-Ib,
5.-7
AMCP 706-260
At the end of slide r.dil, the energy iii the drum, Eq.
5 - Is, becomes
=
/dC , \ ""-,lUd
I .....
3U
0O723)
'
fd '33
M-e)
2~..
= -E.\(MV! f
00
182.6 ,n.-b.
1644.1 in.-lb
111801
1211.8n.-lb.
where
Aide
fE
+sarHVM+
x 1211.8 x 386.4
.
' -3,f8
289 in./sec.
"Idt) = 2 (Mdk
Ec
2s
time becomes
= -ZMd '2I'a
Ax
27y (r+~'
Q/Rd
1.87
891
1, = radius of gyration
Ed r
dm
_where
386.4.;. 1644.1
30
Md
-291
in.sec, maximum
5.86
580/
4
4F]Bder
6.07/ +
0.935.
1898 roundr/miin.
1 4 4 .1 = 798.1 in.-lb.
2706
AMC? 706-2W0
foi both the recoiling and counterrecoiling slide.
Blecause the slide and drum are~ fons(rained ini the
i.~pcui'ivcy, El u ticris are
~
restricted to axial and peripherrl travel, respectively.
Other foices 3te also presoent; on the slide, the driving
spring force and track reactions; on the drum, the
thrust and rjdiu! bearng reactions. The accelerating
forces on either slide or drum are a.ffected only to thc.
extent of the frictional vesistances provIded by thes:
reactions.
NMN
NM
DRUM FORCES
RECOIL
N
NN
COL'NTERRECOIL
RECOIL
SIDE
SIDE
DRUM FORCES
COUNTERRECOIL
Np
-T
MLN
SLIDE
Rr
DRUM ROLLER
FORCE
DIAGRAMr
FORCE
DIAGRAM
5-9
AMCP 706-Z180
NOR, -
(5-29)
NRP
N,,
N'
N'IANN -
IA
MN
FI
-Nfcos
(530
(-
(5-31)
N cos 3 - NA tin
-A )sinI
NKY .
(5-34)
FP
;N - N a N
RN((-
FY
- N osP+;
in]
NK
5-36)
-Nsin
N
+No Cos 0
;i?5]3)R
X
F,
gFX
(Li
5-Ya
AMCP 7W41280
whete
Observe
the
'i
" F
(5-37b)
where
Ta
re
TO- TjM
' dad
-'.
(5-38)
+
juRFY +[Rf+d
(Rh
E+
(5-41)
pRb)F, 1
taRb)Fg -
fI
Rd
+
)K
Rc
+,resistingtorque
r,
t trgiven
(5r40)
r.(See Eq.
a
P2
" r
n
R
(5-43)
,z--ROLLER
Vd
,,
Is
+T
(5-42)
FY
v
NcosB.
RbKY
-IiLVd
-. \
,,
SURFACE
Rd
CAM
DRUM
AMCP 706-260
Ud - a,, cus
R,
(5--41)
Cos
'd=
-R
-
RcR
(545)
Coro
N~X-~
+R 4
Kx +RbKY
v2 cosO
d c
N
d(~~Is
(5 46)
+ To
(5-47)
------
d'
(S-48)
(5-49)
or
b
where
a
5-12
AMCP 700-260
dv
bi
2
d y
ab
dx 2
(a2 _x
1.0 + (d)
[a2-
(a - b )
ab
dy
dx2
2R'dE~A+~~~
+~(Y~
'd (i~
Ax
x+E(5-53)
where
W' = differential driving spring energy
Ed = drum energy at end of inciempnt
F.
= inpi
t energy of each increment
E,
E,
Ax
1,
= spring efficiency.
(5-54)
5-13
AMCP 70b-26O
,
sin
0.4364
Cos
-F\10
Y+
(5-55y
di
ab
(a2 -_
(5-5)
terms of N.
Write FY in
0.8998
3.33 x 2.!5
18.88
)/
(5-56\
Y(\1.0
\ "+Rr/
-uNX
EI
(p
2I
15
(5-S7)
+ F,)Ax.
(a -
11a]
ab
I11.097.16
E~d -
+ TMI)AO.
EA o E A + Ep5
-4.62)
(5-58)
13/2
(5-59)
Lx = so, +X
Eq. 5-49.
b a7;-
2 .31
1.Jj.0-
tana
-. 14
2.5
3.33
2.0)
( 2.6627/
E'.
Ed,e-
(Ref. 14)
(!-6
6)
AMCP 700-260
wherf
20
- 7.23x0.1
"1
SM.
'*
0.025
2-
b.0
a
d2 y
,
ay -
2S7in.b
=1.4
0.434 .
--02-
tan 2
18.7
2
W
[2
3/a3
11
ab
0.00833 tad
,_ 3 .33 x 2.15
213/2
Id,
2576 x 396.4
1.94+5.0
6.4
6.7-
. -143,425
.20
i.2/sec
3. 55 in.
7.16
378.7 in./sec
v,
propellpnt
'000
lb.
(residual)
force
ps
F,
R&
Rch
Rp
R
-025i.,rduofolepn
radius of roller pin
- 1.94/g
W2
in.,
R,
R,
1.25 in.,
radius
thrust
beaing
preauire
Y1,
3.3r
10n
423
1 Eq. 5-42,
p~
(-ch -~)
a 0.6456 x 2.6243 = 1.694 In,
o'ficient of friction
I
140 in.-lb
4
tan P,tanp~~
2.15 x 2.05
x
-
3.33 x2.6243(R)
Id dd
4.4075
= 0.5044
8.7389
260 4(,' 0.4672 rad
0,
3 ()
386.4
2
2
0.35 lb-in.-sec
, mass moment
of inertia of drum
During slide recoil wher: the nmmundtion must also be
accelerated, the effective mass moment of inerti'de
sin
= 0.4504
cos
"
0.8929
changes from Id to
a (1.1)/d - 0.385 lb-in.-secO.
Ude
5-15
AMP 706-260
K,
sin 0, + u
P)cs3z
R
= sin P.2 + p
K,
cos3 2,
K.v I
1y2
= cos
cusp,
(i
sin
sin
= 0.8929
- 0.10
-RR
0.385 x 143423
+ 140
Id e v'2
-_RRdcos/
NRd- pRb)KY2
0.385 v2
0.85v2
3.55 x 3.0 x 0.8929
Tg
Rt +Rd
+ 140
6-15
5651 + 140
=2.S46-- 0.132
:..
0.0405v
+140
5791 w 2399 lb
2.414
AMCP 106-260
e/E
5
0.8 x 931.7
...-----
-_
149 lb
, 6,
?; + 2F,
= 99.3;
= N, (0.275K,
T.
= 149
'2.;2
= I'w.7 lb.
+0.IK.)+
lb-in.
)+
-i
I.
19.88 b/in.
99.3 + 73.0 =
FX, = F +3.67K 0./t
'
-F
F + 3.72K
= 315.9 lb
172.3 lb
0. 15K
-MN= 0.i
1 x 0.8704 (0.016961,' + 59)
0.0022h's2 + 7.7 lb
7.7 +U
0221
v'
05
E i =E'
" = 2576 il.-lb
= 8.1 + 5.525 x 10-svP
I'= "2(Ms'
2x35'4
-(
"19
0.029
ta
Y0,2544
0.3852x9
s2Ax
F.8
= 10.8 in.-lb.
/,
R2
a=COS4
=
0.00544 v9
!2
.+733
x
0.05
.0
S2
Insert
computed values in Eq. 5-53 and solve fov slide
velocity vs and the energy E.
tI
2576 = (1294 + 544+ 5.525 + 1.574)1,:2
x 10-5
AMCP 706-260
1845.1 x
-10-Y= 2553.7
3Vf8,412 = 372in./sec
llS,
09x0
Gd4
8D 3K
11.5+9.9
1
2.
ol
= 21.4 in.-lb
H1
E= E
L()
E- E U
2543.8 in.-lb
F +F
Since F
5- 1. 1.2.2 Driving Slying
2 x 3.33
,nd F
F. +
ra
- F.- K,
- 111.9 + 33.3
145.2 lb
"-......
nd3
2.78 x 10 -3
133,200 lb/in.
where
" 3.33 h., slide
deceleration
E,
rd
1.8
d - 0.27
5-18
1.?)
T,
-KT
0.27
f0,1412"
0.1406 in.
, 133,200
148,000 lb/in.2
OF
THE
COMPLETE
i(, +-1Mg)dv
AMrP 7n6-290
-- ------PRESSURE DECAY]
Q. 2
50
"
TIME,
H---"
-T-
I II
435
.....
I
! I
0
Is
'
'\RS~'I,
I AE
._
II
-----J
35I
----
-!
h_
----
msec
/VELOCT
l~
-O
I\
1.
"1.0/
i . ..
J TRAVEL!2,
2.
.
3,.0
- -
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
TIME,
2.0
2.5
19
>
; :D/
PRESSURL
"'_ I
i
ct -- 0
I Ii I 0.
__ . ..
15 -
70
I /0
30
3.0
msec
-- 0
+0
AMP 706 20
...... ,.c
.
ha......
i""..
F > F
X W,+W
"
Thus
s ;parating the
t ilde from the recoiling parts and
the latter's weight from 96 to 86 lb tends to
increase .eroil accelerations, provided that the p;rs are
subjected to the same impulhes. The average impulsive
force coarccted for the change of weight is
F.
I
=-
.(
(1FA ) +I FF t -( ;
t
P
9'F
A
p-.ts
'
'2d2 I + 8.37
C%480l
1 96
16
470l
P
S
(t-F,
Fmt - For
Jr
- X00 + 593333t
300\
3560\
3
0 (~=F,4
006
AMGP 700-260
z
u
C4 t-Z-0 3-
-n %0 -
a
-
Lu
cc
E
0
-J
alW00
LU
Lii
IL
LU
-o
e-21
AMvCP 706-260
o6
D0
00000
o
IIn
--: n \
%cIn
0I
'r
0 6 G
10 t
Ul
<
%-
It
W)00
000
LU
0n
5-22
ItI
In
under tIh*
=,
(FgAt
FW~)
4-11
M, 1375 M,+,)+
1
M'
Mr
-.-
=-286,
Al
ar_0.2285
"ow-s.
i,
ct
io
v'm
A negative velocity of 7.5 in./sec at the end of 6 rcis elimlsiated by reducing the adapter force of Table
5-2 thereby permitting a larger portlun of the gas
Impulse to act on the iecofling parts. Compute theW,
monientumn for the negative velocity and solve for the
force of the equivalent impulse.
=AFt
morVP
AiF
fnrep..tirno
_--r~
(- 7.5)
0.)-6
-intended
Wo
.,+-IV
.11.0 lb, combined weight
of components and slide
x1lbwegto
jd
1 b egto ld
sa~y, - 300 lb
The energy still needed to bring the slide to %peedis
E".
W~s
9
Vs
11x360
510 06.
10.140 in.-lb.
5-23
AMCP 70&26ft
Q, C2
n
d~
'
e~oooeookA
N 0
C-
14
wL
I-i
2.
C-24)
en%
.1z
Vt
C$I
q0q
AMCP 706-260
where
F,."
/:: 10140..
."-Y 6072 lb.
1.67
.. .. . .r..
. ...
V.
vujunire
W, - 500 gr - 0.07'4 lb, propellant pas
weight
2
A1 i 17 lb-sec/in.
003
W c
Al
At
0.00385
I/
0.002475
0.001375
0.00247
1.58 lbsec.
Ao
Awpa
1.58.120
1.58
.120 in,?
0.00192 x 6870
6870 lb/in.
a 3640 lb/in.'
.53pa
- Fca
P-
360
2
1.767 in.
time.
w a KwAoPa
where
The initial orifice area is estimated by finding the
quantity W, of gas flowing into the operating clyinder.
Eq. 4-49 serves the purpose by substituting Pa for Pm
since the muzzle pressure does not apply, hence
K,
;korifice
W
., I
Vm.
= 0.00391b
wAti
lb.
5-25
AMCP 706-20
Ir I*
C
,00-
r,~~
00
10f 10G
0,
-)
00 .E
ht
Ldm00
oo It0
ia
-(
00
r\
73
w
I0
x~
6-26
r,
O-0o
_~~-0e
LI
-J
00
-,cq
t-
~ 'a
ta
0O'
AMCP 706-260
I,
C4.
<
ccJ
I-In
--q
I0000
jn
r-
r r c
5-2
AMCP 706-260
946
en -n
060
W0
CS
oGm
qt
OlC4
m~(
aq
Wl-
(I
U.
mn
--
LU
-fn
AMCP 706-2WC
,,q
Qv
r,
oL
o!-o
U..
00
q4
"I, At
; -
0*r
'
O0
000m
nM0
omI
-J
~
Int~
(~(N~V~0I
r46~
-j
It
n-
m-
'
In-tg
2f
AMCP J06-260
"
...
I
l-
dtx...
...
. ,i ..........
..
..
Vb - Vm
3
= 67.5 in.
where
2
Pm= 4000 lb/in. , muzzle pressure
)c
Vb =
67.5
1884 in.3
u.0714
2nd Trial
3td Trial
1
30.9
2
!01.8
3
98.0
0.394
0.394
0.394
S,= - (At)
0.015
0.051
0.049
- 30.9
Not, that fox the fast trial AV,,I(
n .
UL
obtained from Table 5-7 for t - 0.003 sec.
5-30
AMCP 706-26
Ist
Trial
S
+IS
+s2
Vc = 0.50 + 1.767s
(Vt/VC)
PC
'
= P. ('/V)d
3rd Trini
0.812
0.648
0.846
1.93:
1.998
1.993
0.967
9.927
0.928
1640
IS80
2900
?790
2.90
1580
2,79
101.8
2nd Tral
98.0
- pcAC - F, - F
(5-61)
where
Ab - bore area
A
Ft - adapter for~e
F
pc
AMCP 706-280
During et~ch tifne increment At, the recoiling parts are
subjected to thl, impulse F.A: that induces a ihzrnae in
velocity defired by Eq ' *.5.SW
+I
P-r
(562
ArP
(-8
(5-6.2(-6)
Ay
kTe
slide travel with izspect to recoil travel ;s the
piston travel, thus
':A , -Vro
X,-
s-
(5 -69)
.X.
(-70)
(5-63)
+ .1 V,
5-1.2.
X-
x"
+X1 +X2
X" -
+ AlAV 1~n-5) +
At 6y
2\
(5--64
F Ar
V
Y - AV, +
MCI
(5-66)
h-32
- V.,1
ZF AtF
14
A
c
t0.006
2330 lb
(5-65)
F4
+ AV
(5-67)
(2330 )\ 80=121
46620
=125l
(33
4660
6260 - 31301lb
I
AMCP 706-250
Convert these limits to forces of a ring spring having a
conical angle a - 15
a coefficient of friction
0.4
A5
1425 - 640lb
Frat
F -P
1410 - 640
Kt
0.25
- 3080 lblin.
travel Ax is
F,
F,
- 0.80, efficiency
2
"F(Ks)J
- 0.80)
0o
I tFn
+2 0As
L.
~
FR/;'os- ~
K
/
/
.......
4 x 3080 x 386.4
Cos-,
640
141'
5-33
MCP 7Wiou
MV,
Fldt
+M Y, cos 0
M VAcr
(5-7 1)
F
e
]s
2 (M
/
;t
Mrr
2 Cc
2.
'I
2I
(5-72)
where
.
Mde
V.
Vie
r
(5-74)
where
VC r a counterrecoll velocity of the slide
The ejection velocity is assumed inmediately at
impact of the striker on the ejector cam, resulting in %
change of momentum of all involved moving parts.
According to the coniervation of momentum,
M11;Cr - MVscr+M,,ve
(5-75)
where
Ay, + v, - C -0
Paz. 5-1.1.2.2
5-34
(5-73)
Met
v',
AMCP 706.260
FIRING CIRCUIT
S"
.~
ELECTRIC CONTACTS
I
_ _,
EXTRACTORI
SIH A FT
--
AMCP ?~O
CAM PATH
LIMIT
STR I KER
LIMIT
IPATH~
EXTRACTOR
RETURN CAM
LX TRACTOR
CAM
STRIKER-"
AMCP 706-260
IV
CI,.
19IA
TthIU:
zC.d
'in
1%:
P;;i
az
Z&t 6.1W.
Code
Symbol
Code
A
F
FAt
Fc
FAt
AO
FD
FDT
FC
FCDDT
Vb
V,
Fee
V,
s
VB
VC
VCO
V'
V
F,
F,
Me
F
FA
EME
r,
6y
AV,
Pa
PA
PC
S
S1
s2
As
t
At
PC
S
SI
S2
US
T
DT
WC
AWC
w
x
x1
x2
xS
Ax
VS
DV
DVS
WC
DWC
W
X
Xl
X2
XS
DX
5-37
ANMCP 706-26P'
Code
Symbol
C043
CX
Rd
RD
Cy
CY
As
DSI
Ebt4
EBBL
sx
SX
AEbbj
Ed
DEBBL
ED
As,
D3X
TG
E,
Eu
Epd
E.
F
El
EMU
EMD
E1AS
FD
rP
TMU
TM
DELT
DTCR
V
Fx
FX
Vd
VD
Fy
Fu
/d
FY
FUS
DIE
V,
x
Ax
VS
'll
DXI
Ky
YK
Ax
M
N
Rc
XK
EMR
EMSL
EN
RC
6x,
y
(3
0
A0
Ft
At
Ato,
FA
VC
DXIO
DXI I
Y
BETAD
THETA
DTHETA
b-38
Data
0.275
2.9
0.15
0.385
0.22
0.025b8
3.0
140.0
Code
Data
FA(17)
FD (17)
S(17)
TM (17)
VC (17)
VS (: 7)
X(16)
X (17)
1278.72
151.8
1.67
6.0
478.8
478.8
0.224
0.224
AMCP 706-260
TABLE 5-11.
CY
CX
DF
D'I,
EMR
EMSLR
RD
TG
HETAD (2)
E (2)
EN (2)
FA (2)
Fl(2)
FUS (2)
2.9
0.275
0.15
O.3
0.22
0.029
3.0
140.0
90.0
848.01
333.0
1256.0
285.0
2.1
Code
Data
FX (2)
FY (2)
S (2)
SX (2)
TM (1)
TM (2)
TMU (2)
V (2)
VC (2)
VD (2)
VS (2)
X (1)
X(2)
1'(2)
333.G
14.25
5.0
0,0
18.6
19.5968
50.014
0.0
199.1
199.1
0.0
0.2112
0.2113
0.0
W,
recoiling parts
e
st
Wsr
F,
K1
K
VCr a
Vscr=
i8.91
in,/sec,*
velocity
231.6 in./sec,*
barrel counterrecoil
slide counterrecoil
W.,
W,
r = 12.2 1h,
operating unit
+ weight of gas
cr
s--
E~rK,
(sin
.sm 1
I~
-Sin
-(--
fI
-F.
f(.
where
velocity
'O-btaned from Table 5 -14.
+()
M2Y.
5-39
AMCP 706-260
i7 OF
III~e
i
I~~~i.
II
i')
1
:;..
II."
Cc~
0.1
61
C!
n~
Ih1
IC?
0
.44
CN
s-
.. 91
ewl
.S
InLL
ro
SY
it c,
.4
.4.4
It&
o~D
aa~~
rK1~~
I~~r
C;IIG
, .000
to
rID
Nt
In
4. vW
.4:I
In
o'04
NL
w00
Ito,U*
'A
;
I4
to
@c
I4
*VI
V.
hR*
Ip
004
I. I
I;~c
in
AMCP 706-260
5.1L
ri:
.. I.*
LET: LIL.:...:.:
1'. L
LE [".
IWlr..
ci'
'A
.4
..
..
0'
4r
co 4
.JZ
0'
(i
....
OOn0t
4. CKP
V0 n
S
CO0O
4 -4
0.4
C.
.4
toc
.,0
#0, a
N
.4.4.s.4.4
cm
11
Wm
00
CL F
IE 4
00
N-4-(-I-4
04
0InC0
0
.4.4
do
0
a .4 .4
4 "4 4n
4.4
04 N P1
4.4N
~~
N
N
c .4 .
'0; .4,r-
N,
.4
0 .
u
N.
.4
.4 At
cN
It)
S*
4 IV m
~ ~P
) F4
14,
At
.4.
C,
.4
V) ICCO0
.4 4l
%
N
*1t
10
.4
.A .
*l
C4 ynW
.. 000000
i
..
N N4
49
N A~c*
0,
N
L"
-f N
04
MN
r- C4.4.1 04 ,
I
r0
I O.*
O . N
in
:
N
M
4
000~~~
.0
.NV*.
'A
.4 4.4 4.4
.4 . . .)
' .0 )
GO
Lf
11
4-4,4
.I* 1
in
0
!".
in P
z.
.4r
4MA
N
U) 10
N
N49 NI'
-A
9')
.4
4.
W A44
.N. ANNN4)
NN
2.
PI
wIi
.4..4U.4
P- Nn 0% (C
0'
.4.4CU1L NN
N
0.01*
40.0'(f.'0C
.44-4-4-...
'4~~~
O
00.'LO
N
U
t~x Wlc4
~~~ W
00n
NI~~~NP-N
A .4 .4 .
IN .
40
N
0. N . N.'C
.I
.
.
4 N
.4
0 0..
NN. ( Mi
i NN
qi
44JiIIN
.%INn N
.......
g
nIz
gIEN
I* ri(Itf
(5 -a1
~0cogo,1
0-,
, I D10' 0
:-J
0Q
0
No
No
~~~
000Np.
X4-4-
mm
44
4-
N1
P. o * 0
N 01 Nyt
t. go Dl
in
.4aC
fw i. Am
I F-I
in AI C'
n-.0.
. '.'*
0 Ion
co
0w
No lN
do
It-W 0. 0a,
opc3
~ 440 ~ 0= ~ 0 ~00 ~
L4.44
2!41
. 444444
'MNNWI**im. ..
.
1PN1
0
0 n
4N.V4Ye
AMCP 706260
CK I
L4
N10 0
,~.
Vi~
'V PN N10
,uJ
O~O
4.4'
.. 4 1
-'~
ICC
Inr10 .4
a4
.10
N4
0'
z~
5~
4 1
1c N -
cc .
'coy A C NI
-4
uI
NNN
c.cyv elN
'
C30
U400
NNNNN
mov In*21
-n
>yc
AMCP 706-260
For counterrecoil of the barel
S 2102
.22) 8.91'
1180
1238.2.
V 0.45 x 1780
1238.2
" 0.01657
/ 314,71 - 282.25
57.296
movaig unit at
~4(M'O~
0094 -ec
the end of
0+c ,
- 2
(0.1854)
0.1854
95.9 in.-lb.
The maximum counterrecoil velocity
E,
(/1.9
29.53 in./sec.
tf(F)
Sin
Ks
-F
- sin-
F
fi-(F
6-43
AMCP 706-260
where
86.4
0.8 xS401
40 x 386.4
AF) = "/
M" fr
=
S'
66906 - 0.0301
2042+
-0.029 x 231.6
64
0.8
345.5.
Therefore
40x 1.304-204
51
(-
0.0053sec.
03
E,
M" 0~
+ f
1K
rsS; S
S9
(-0-)
= 963.4 in.-ib.
19
8-8"
= 257.8 in.,sec.
g9
1.2
257.
3\.4)
scr
E-44
SCS
12-2
386.4
v,+(
/
V 2887- 169
12.2
0.2
\386.
222.9 in./sec
84
~ .330)
0.59045)
AMCP 706-260
where
(Sn-
'
Xs,
Sin-
whec
12.2
0.8 x 40 x 386.4
VeK
F
2+
-VF
0.0314
vV r
1 i.842 +
(0.0316) 222.92
318.
Thus
r'ie
.03
'= 4 (Sn
0.0314
-t
(Sin8
40 x 1.67
715 1.84
-
318.731.
0.0314 (344.52-331.5
-Si - -3171"8
]
Sin-,
0.0314 [Sin
(- 0.26683)- Sin
(- 0.47643)]
0.0071 sec.
and
velocity
at
the
E5 ~~~~1 =4M
~r)
S(.03 1)
a A
2E
jW_
end
of
F 12
+e (F -Ks0 2 . s0
222.92 +0.8
= 4=
887.6=
151.84 -
( 1.67)
244.4
1.67
943.8
,n.b.
54
6-45
AMCP 706-260
The drum Las eight elliptical cams cut into its outer
surface in the arrangement shown in Fig. 5-12.
Forward and rear cam followers, mounted on a
p;voting arm, engage alternately forward and rear cams
during successive rounds. Fig. 5-12(A) shows the gun
in battery with the forward cam follower engaged in a
forward cam. As the gun recoils, the follower moves
long the straight portion of the cam. The relative
motion between cam and follower is augmented by the
rocker arm which pivots about its fixed center. As its
lower end swings forward during recoil, it draws the
cam followers forward thus increasing th( relative
motion between cam and follower. Fig. 5-12(B) shows
the positions at full recoil. By this time the follower
has traversed half the curved distance and rotated the
drum 22-1/2 deg. All energy is now rotational energy
with only the drum and associated parts in motion. As
the drum continues to turn, it actuates the follower
which induces counterrecoil thereby reversing all
translrhtional motion that occurred during recoil. Fig.
5-1 2(C) shows the positions of the various
components after all rotation has r'verted to
translation. Fig. 5-12(D) shows the respectivw
positions after the return to battery. The f,-it
follower has been lowered to disengage it from the
cam whil- the rear follower has been raised to engage
the next cam which reaches this position after the
drum has completed the 45 deg of travel during the
firing cycle.
,teof fire
60Ic
1324 rounds/min,
AMCP 700-260
CD)D0
0
(A)
(C)
(B)
(P)
6-47
AMCP 706-260
*linas
*
*fircd.
~3
.*,
LEVER
DLCLUTCH
Oo~o-bu
SOLEN0I10ACTUATEO
VALVE
o~o
R IN
GEAR
00
ARLINE 6\-PA0CxET
CRANK
5-48
v1Yy
DRIVECRANK
MAG3AZINE
~..4Ja
AMCP 706-.60
FS
-
Mn1 +Fat
(5-76)
M.
where
)A t/2.
(5-78)
6-49
AMCP 706-260
(5-79)
6-2.2.1 C m
"f
'alym
s
cos
si+
(5-80)
(5 -81)
o( 0
and during counterrecoil, they are
K5 - sing - g
= cosg+
Y
KN
(R
R
cosp
(5-82)
sin 0
(5-83)
SN-
C.;cN
s.).
RECOIL
Srec
COUNTERIL -
COUNTER-
RECOIL|
Sor
$ocr
br
"
----
N/
AIC:P ,06-280
Rch
1%Y
Rt
vC
Vd
vj
Nco
CO
Rd
5-51
AMCP 706-260
The axial and tangential caim forces are, rcspectiv.-ly,
F.
NK.
MX,
15 -84)
Er
(5-85)
* E,
TS gR,h- AR,) F1
R.Rct
(5-89)
(5-86)
The individual energy lorso are expressed in terms of
the linear velocity of the recoiling parts as shown in the
net three equations.
_d
+T~O~d
(5-87)
where Y, is the axial relative velocity between camn
follower and camn which is also the slide veiocity. The
various parameters of the cair gemetty are exprered it,
thrugh55
E~s.~-4 ~where
E,
dk
;r(-0
-1
r/(9)
(N'sil v;
0
(5-92)
E, E, +Ed+ E+ EA(5S-88)
where
5-52
.AMC-5
70&10
between Lny !wo adjp.cent force. is u.ail enouOji so that
the corresponing portion of the curve approx lnates a
straight line; therefore, the asumptior is considered
accurate. The computed area under the curve Is the total
unpw. -116 force-time cuive isshown in Fig. 5-18.
achieveki.
Subwgqantly, the rimnintg impulse
determine- a a new recoil valocity. The Jynaz;cs of the
cam system :-a now com.p'.,ed and if the rusultinq
icity - 3fter te cam Nc ,aodted bv
counterrecol
orna walue, the
the cam follower - does not mntch ',a
wd
italt
coumtracoll is adjusted accordbW iai
piocess contirmusd.
The area id.j ch. fowo41me curve fci a even ti w
represents the cumulad impulse of the prcpellUnt .aa
fore to that term. The area iscomputed by employ',il
the trapezoid mule.
A,,
(5 .,1:)
+ FAt
An-
+F
t
2 IF,("- 1)F(n)jt
(.-94)
40
4
35
DECAY CURVE
30
65
TIME, ,vise
U;
U 25
-I.
.J
" 10
0.5
1.0
1.5
'..0
153.
TIME , msec
Figure 5-18. Forca-time Curve of 20 mir Revolver-type Gun
5-63
AMC.P 706-M
(5-95)
M_.- F&t.
egrc 1.il
(5-A6)
Mn - Mn - , + FA.
2 1(
IF
1)+FY(n)j
AX +
E UI
iS~
(NK
)(,-.)+ (NKy)(n1)JIj(-
i R
6 r
ax
(5-97)
(5-98)
= '
J/P
(5-99)
AMCP 706-260
rd
-'ECEIVER
LEVER
interval
x5 =sor +x
( Sor/P
- X~o
l le,
(5--103)
(5--0O)
counterrecoil velocity
where scr
where sor is the straight length of the cam. The
corresponding travel . r e1 the recoiling parts (drum and
barrel assemblies) is
" crounterrecoil
period
= xl.(5-101)
rd
rd(n
- 1).
2 1l r(n- l)
rn)
The ime interval after the impulse period and until catn
action begins during recoil is
I At
IAtn,
(5-102)
where XFd is used instead ofGxr to differentiate between
eInterval
dwell period and the activ heapi
the
where
ISrP)
- Xn
] /s'
(5-104)
"in=
recoil trav
duing im:,ul
period
5-55
AMCP 706-260
a
A"
b
C.
cy
E
Fg
A
FTAREA
B
CX
CY
E
FG
so
sof/p
t
At
tm
Sc
SR
T
DT
TM
TG
V
F1r
FAt
FGRES
FDT
vc
"d
VC
VD
VS
WA
'd
Dl
W.
Kx
XJ
W,
WR
Ky
Lc
YK
CL
L,
Ma
M,
M"
N
Rb
Rch
Rd
RP
Rr
Rt
RL
EMA
EMR
EMV
EN
RB
RCH
RD
RP
RR
RT
x
AX
xs
Xrd
4x,
X
DX
XC
XR
DXR
XREC
Y
DY
BETA
THETA
DTHETA
EMU
RHO
Ay
0
0
LO
lu
p
Value
Codt
1.5
1.276275
3.1?5
0.81
0.1
200.0
386A
).0
2.25
PRD
XHU)
RL
RP
RR
RT
SR
WA
WR
Value
3.25
2.5
1.25
0.25
0.5
1.25
0,65
12.256
120.0
AMCP 706.260
F(NK - )
1 + -B
(NK c--
)Ax/2.
- Cm(n _t - (.
R.
C. V?
Cr
(S--ilOh
5.-m
I
- I)
1)
AO.
+T
(5-111)
areknown so that
Y (n -05-16.
where
- ujK (.
R+Rp
+
-- VRb
2) R h
(5-105)
(5-112)
N(MIV p
+ C..,)+ T, - CN + 7,.
(S-i 13)
Y"
*Cm(n)N(n)AX/
.-.
(5-106)
(5- 1!5)
V+T,
(CYKY~(f
c~~
-107)
CvCI + T
(5-108)
=%
Cv
(5-109)
(516
T g.
E dj
I [& C ( - )N(C-
(S-17)
5-57
AMCP 706-260
C"
, V'
(5-118)
C,, 0
dX + Cf
('V)J1T,
( d +Cd)
E E
F I - E,- E. *+Ejd
d,*
2 CEjo
Afrs in 2
(Mae +de
C.,
%" +C.a + lCd+CfX
E;,
a+
AI.
'
l.
Cf +
C,
'
(5-119)
(5-122)
Compute the energy of the T. tetris of Eqs. 5-114 rnd
5-116.
T, + T) - a6 T.
(5-1 0)
v2
(5-124)
,+ ,,,g + E ,
,f +E d ..
(5-121)
,
=-2,p;
1+
EI
E-
Ei
Cf.,
Sy
(5-25
(5-126)
Ma.
a
1.
2M. ;
1,
Rd ad
+
(5-122)
5-58
AMCP 706-20
I I rir.
fl$bL%
(J.u11
.(1
4
5
6.1 9t
.341
4
b. 4t4
6.511
b.o
6.bL
6.94b
b.9tu
7
.19j
7.321
7. L .,
2500.0
7uu0.li
23uuO."
2b4O0.)
a95uo.o
2b6uo.)
2b73.f,
24b0O.O
220U0.P1
lueoU .0
.1b
.7t,
2.J4
4.5t.
7.i'1
11.43
15.06
18. 'b
21 .U
'j.7e
27.11
7.b/1
7.0u%
7
.oI
7.94t
8.071
8.196
8.3?1
1i4(00.0
1uOu0
i"U0.U
7buo.p
bbuO.
b4UO.0
bU00.l
kb.9U
30.Z0(
31.41
32.40
3..34.17
34.rb
0
u
7
d
9
lu
11
le
I
14
b
1u
17
id
19
..kj
21
ie
?.3
24
2b
20
i7
20
k9
3u
8.44b
4.b71
8.bb
b.4
6.94b
9.071
9.a
Iu.,71
11.321
12., 11
I2.u?1
lb0uo.l
INPuLSE
Lfl-,EC
*bl0
bbu0.0
35.67
52o.()
43UO.O
36.34
36.96
37.54
38.L'9
38.!9
0.69
41.b9
41.93
4 .,1
4b00.0
4k00.0
39 0.0
17UU.0
7uo.i
2o0.t
.)
.0
.(.
RECOIL
VEL
I!J/SEC
AI AL
CAM
VEL
Ir/SC
RECOIL
TRAVEL,
IN
97.6
96.>
92.7
243.9
.n577
241o4
231.0
83.11
209.b
f8.2
;3.9
.6
.0
42.11
61.7
77. 11
170.4
118.1
59.)
1.4
.0
107.1
154.2
192. b
.0456
.0337
.02'7
.0132
.0060
.0015
.0O0a
-. 0000
.0053
.0118
.0205
.144z
*1139
.0843
.0567
.0330
.0150
.0038
.0000
-. 0000
.0132
.0295
.0b12
8Hi b
97.6
105.n
111.5
117.2
I2.5
127.5
132.1
13b.9)
140.5
1144*
147.7
151.0
164.5
170.3
172.5
173.11
173.0
221.4
243.9
262.6
278.7
293.0
306.318.0
330.4
341.1
351.2
360.6
36 q.3
377.5
411.3
425.8
431.2
432.4
432.9
.0308
.0425
.0551
.0687
n0830
.0979
.1136
.0771
.1062
.1378
.1717
.2074
.2449
,2839
.1298
.3245
.1o466
.1639
.1817
.1999
.2186
.3369
.4625
.5910
.7206
.6500
.3665
.4097
o4542
.4998
.5465
.8423
1.1b62
1.4775
1.8014
1.6250
47.2
AiXIAL
CAM
TRAVEi.
IN
5-59
AMCP 7W16260
CO -4 -t P.
.4. W
-I4
In41%NV
ON'
10 rf-r-COOD00CC 1710
NO
No- Oor
000
-4
0.40o-pe
4N
.q0P-
.OOzNfNP.
00
0
.
00
r10.4o
o'0-4N..40j
n<
ft
Nc
00U rC~ft
i-
4N;.ft
ft ft
00
-0
r-ONP C
0 w0
tt f At tt
Di
0 (000000r '
N%~fIn -
0
ft
Q-
NO
0
a'
c)
-j 61
l>
ft4u
Wcr
;ZDh
,P
7_
OOC
-r
rpN
-10Jr
4
LJ
Ca-i'd
r)
(Ii At
f0
0.
wt It
nII-
I
Z
Nftt01
n- n
:r M
nm
I,
C:
n -N
N N
)a
Ya
qc.I
naa 0aI
0N0
4,I-7
0z
np
44-
% N(-O--
~tnrcj
110
Y(j
n0 l
44,c nDNK
,I
r*
.'r
a-znttoN
-1 -4
-LJ
w0
m 10 0
w I
Nct- n
LN
Nx 4
-4-4
0,4
;E0f
a, 4' IV N
T-4Z.4
CO
Z 0
-w
4
all.f I lt.
e (X 4)
.1
'1DrN )
1-
4NN
N r- 0
~~~~~~4-4
t
fJ,
-f
Z'D[-
Nc
-t Z
CL,
:t
NIj
M M
, - 0 -
-J.4
0il .j 1 N
4 P,
IN 0
01
. . -:
, r.P
j
r)
n Z .'
N :rt J) N S) C1cjzf
-:P:)In-1Z^60
1\1 r,
.0
Pf
in
cJ
Nlf c.DI,.
-P0zc,
3' In
*)
N r' OD
nT.
L N K, uy
Z.
f r
4r
N1
7
11
O
10 Z
Jl
1 M .fn f 0 -;,70n
' )-
1N:>', 3.
,1
aC, r -
N I N.
mI
O f0
r
1. 1 r.Df0 .04'
D.
AMP 7W5260
CHAPTER 6
6I
The slope is
dX
dy
"'
Y
tan~3
(6-2)
DEVELOPMENT
Thr closing and opening of the bolts of a
multibarraled gun are regulated by a cam attached to
or cut into the inner housing wall. Each bolt has a canr.
follower equippe"* v~th a roller that rides in the cam.
As the gun rotates, carrying the bolts with it, the cam
followers foice these bolts into prexciibed directions.
Fig, 6-I1 iiows a cam contour, It has two dwell
periods, the rear when the bolt is fully retracted and
the front when the bolt is closed. The rear dwell
provid's time to compl'tte the cartridge case ejection
and to receiv-- a new round. The front dwell provides
firing time :ind holds tlhe bolt closed until propellant
gas pressures reduce to safe limits. The feeding andI
ejection periodk have three intervals: accelerating,
constant velocity, and decelerating. Because of thi;
diferences in cam force during the tw,) periods, the
accelerating distance is generally three times that of
the decelerating. The constant velocity period is not
absolutely essential but incorporating it has the
advantage of' distributing ?ower requirements.
The slope at P, is
dy
2X
Y
(6-3)
K(x5
-y)
v) .
(6-4)
Solve for X.
X
dx
(Y, - Y),
(6-5)
- v
146-6)
dv
0 x a 0, and T > 0, thereforeXK-
--
whenyY
0, is
2X~2~
(7
AMCP 706-260
Uf-FRON.I
UWLLI.f
r-
EJECT ACCELERATION
8,- EJECT CONST VELOCITY
Od- EJECT DECELERATION
4r
8- FEED ACCELERATION
OV- FEED CONST VELOCITY
91- FELD DECELERATION
EJECTFEED
-27r
CAM
~~CAM
FOLLOWERI
FX
jJ.F
N
Nslme
PrOS
d
IF
Fb+ FS
t
Rr
F-
Rfq
AMCP 706-260
where
-
The slope at
" -Y
0,
L--
(LI...
(6-14)
Equate the slops of Eqs. 6-2 atid 6-14, and solve for
X1.
P2 - 7
~LY,
I
'
Y1
X2
_2Y,
Y-
X ,
=
x
(6_9)
RcO
(6--5)
+Yl +Y2
Xt
= Reoot,
(6-10)
=RcO
Rett
(6--11)
R, n cam radius
)2y = -L (R
"
'c2 2r)
(6 -- 16)
l" t
(6-17)
( R'W2)
(6-18)
(6 - 2)
(6-19)
(6-20)
cain
Ya - 0aRe
(6-13)
(6-21)
Y.-(.Y2
x
x X
2
- Zy 2Rit+R w
(y 2when
(6-22)
y "0, x
(6-23)
RiO2t)
(yR,y,
2 R1-
x-
y
d
dy.
(6-26)
2~
(6 - 7
-7)
(6-34)
-~
0, x2 < 0
(6-35)
2y, +y)
'
(i-36)
)
2l-Y
when y =0,
dy
Y2
X1
(y2 - 2yR C
+ R~w~t
(6-37)
2 (R2 w t -yRcw)
K
d
"
, y"
2y, + 2y)
X "
wheny
(6-24)
)2
(6-38)
(R
2)
(6-39)
Y2
x2
K= Rew2 t)
- 2 ( Rca.t
(2
2)
(628)
(29
(6-29)
F = driving force
(6-30)
-R
x " 0.
6-4
F, -
ttang-
S -Retw tan PJ
(6-32)
(6-33)
AMCP 70W-260
IenlMLuiolulL r.,;
-MW +MJ)
(6-40)
M, = mass of round
The centrifugal force of the bolt I6
Mb a mass of bolt
Fb - MbRw'
Met - mass0case
P a
(6-4)
(6-41)
(6-43)
(iAtFb + pFs).
R, - cam radius
Rf, - frictional resistance due to tangential
inertia forces
Rf, - frictional resistance due to centrifugal
forces
-
r -
frictional
reactions
resistance
due to track
- MbR. + MRoa.
(6-44)
b
The frlctiona& resistance due o the tangential inertia
forces is
Rfa
+ (pFba +
F)
(6-45)
cos
Na -
IA
r N sin
(6-46)
(6--47)
F a A, - N(sili
;-'Ur
"
cos 13).
(6-48)
6-5
AMCP 706-20
cR, = dF"
Na-
R, "(!)F
(6-49)
(6-50)
Ia
Nsing
(6-54)
A'(sin
iN cos
,' r
cos
0).
(6-5_)
(6-56)
tt
(6-53)
bRI -dN.
F - NI
N=
2A&(R, + R,).
(1 lAt + 2
a'gebralc sign a .2
, , Ri, and Rf, havc the same
+ 2- d ;4,) sing
The normal fcrce on the cam roller Is found by
balancing the axlAI forces thus W., = 0
.
F.+ I*Lt+Rfc
N0 +-Rfr +Rf, = 0
(6-51)
terms in Eq.
Substitute all values containing N for the
6-51 and then solve for N. Note that N is always,
positive.
N "(Fa
-2
+Rf, +R,,)/ l
d
a, +M ,+2-At,
I
d2
)2 3
. bu
r t )sin1 +(OrPz
b
.0
2-9 t - 1.0) Cos~J
+ 2
C.expression
r-Pr
6-52)
(ns
(6-57)
FRc +I rs
(6-58)
;Ar
,U(
b.2+2
(6-59)
AMCP 705-200
CAM
IF.
LLOWER
,, -
N.l.o
-- _,
r o
Ar
.,nO
-b.
,,Ri
-
I Ncoo
II-Y
rRft
Rt
W = t
and the angular travel becomes
2-(a=
(6-63)
(6-64)
= +
(Re)
tanj =
02 ) . R
(R
6-1
a 2) tan .
(6-62)
Rat tan
x=
tI
!C (a 2 t+
(6-65)
(6-66)
(=2
(a
t
2
(6-67)
6--7
AMCP 701V2O0
.- 4Kt
6)
x - 0, x
(R aO-
2yR.r
(6-9)+
C
x
K at
3~~+2
+3,C)t
(-8
++
1,+(kO,+3,,t
(6-79)
(6-72)
+C
4.
)C
(4KC2 + 3C'
te
r'
Lr+
Wh
(tC
(6-71)
dwel Kt
g dsO
1. +
+3j)
"C"
12
+\
4 (6(60)
'2
R 02) the
d a e
mechanics fur feed and ejection appar. respectively,
of the cam,
dope
the Increaslans
trvermine
While
i
! ,,.tiw
-h u .a..! !...tn,.,
....
fls.'..-
K C
(6-73)
+C' t + C2
(Kor)
(I.(C,
C) t + C,
(6-74)
66
x
:! x
+-((7,12
(K4 .t)
+-2"
(~q' 2
-2
(6-S0)
+ C2
4.
C,
tan
~x
t" R c [ F(Kat)
(6-81)
(6-75)
=i
=RC[--
6-8
(K.(2)
R c (Ko(
+ Ct + Ctan,'
(6-76)
(6-77)
-'
(6-82)
F'(rct)
~'K~
J(-2
F"(Kct)I
(6-83)
AMCP 7O-29O
-L
Ka. % 3
R
- 2y'R
({2 c1)
wi+
200 rad/sec2 maxiinwn ac,;t1erat!on
F(c~
+cJ+~
of rotor
(6--84)
;,
R2 lF' (Kat)JJ
2y 2 R ,.,
K)
2 + c' t + C3
= K~
f2y
(6-85)
R, (Kct + C,)
R2
(6-86)
6-2.3 ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM
0,
F"(Kat)
Oa
120, deceleratig
direction
Of
distance in each
track reactions
d a 0.732 in., CG of bolt to center of cam
roller surface
-
52.36 rad/sec)
1d - 11.2 lb-in..sec 2 , moment 3f inertia of
all rotating parts
Velocity
The peripheral travel of the bolt while carrying the
total round via Eq. 6-10
,'= Rc~
0
/
3.375t4-"\10H
2
2.4740 in.
3.375
0.7069 in.
y2
R.
6-9
AMCP 7015-20
The periplral travel during constant velocity, Eq. 6- 13
y
..
E;.
o4i.
;.7
-.
LY,
xt
Ya Yi +
"
6.6x2.474
.1846tn.
13.7837
(")
(07069)
2.474
(YX,
2,
.
1.1846
a 0.3385 in.
2 2.643 x 2742
386.4
M1 RW1 -
2x
2
Tan
Tan-1
Pl= 0.69172
Rfa = 0
(s&nm,.
a
5.1665 in.
is found when y
0)
tV 9
For the decel-rating curve, K
Eq. 6-6
, 10.7 lb.
= 5 lb.
26lb
0.57 x 18.8
Fs
2y,
tan
0.677
0.7069
0.9577 - 430463
sin
1.15 x 8.8
where
R....
M.)x
58.8
09234 cosf3 - 0.3062 sin 1
0 in
The locking angle, Eq. 6-59, is
.9 57 7
n i " 01.4138
K" t ' ta2yj
in
.46 in.
1,4762
= T n t 0 .92 34
S-3 0.95.37-
K0Ri
'L
R w'
/
c
, 12089 in./sec2
6-10
.22.78 x 2742
5.1665
31.29g.
-22.78 x 2742
5.60
A
i1
522.36rad/sec.
Tan'
1.4762
42,313 in./sec2
109.5g
- - 188.3 lb.
AMCP 7M6280
By proper substitation of numerical equivalent%, Eq.
6-57 reads (x > 0)
i6 .3
1.0454 cos 3 + 0.3138 in
N - 6-
c
,
5
- 0.3062 sin 1
0.6668 - 0.2118
0.9234 cos
Rotor
ilib.
dt
Y, aRMc
yj = 0.7069 in.,y,
8"',-=2.2384 in.
\ 180,
CC
LYx
y,
+-
-.
04 in.
13.5481
+ Y2
x2 =
x, =
13
Tan'
' uanT
Tan
0.97426
4415'
2.2384
Y1
sin/1 - 0.69779
cos1 = 0.71630.
K
K1
For the deceletating curve, K, is found when
Eq. 6--6
K
2y,
4.4768
tan1
0.9743
',
-
4.4768
4.5944 in.
0 in
2Y 2
1.4138
. tan
.....
i9-43.
0.9743
1.4509 in.
6-11
AMCP 706-260
For the c.nstant slope poition of the cam whle x
.....
R.w
4.94
" -0.9234
= - i3595 ,n.ise
"
1.40 (- 35..:
lb.
= -49.3
3.7
3
0.4452
35.2
0,
,-
200tV 34.72
(6-87)
17.64
1-ce
reads
50
0.9234 cos - 0.3062 sin
3.7 lb.
Pfa -0
01764
1133.79.
dt
dO
0)= dt
"
Eq. 6-39,
The bolt deceleration with empty case,
becomes
(6-88)
-
-5685
76)
- 43,051 in./sec
(6-89)
22.78 x 2742
1.4509
Substltute tht proper values into Eq. 6-74 and inte 'ate
lI.4g.
188.965
t3 +
100
+ 34.72t +C,
(6-90)
156 lb.
N a
:.
152.3
1.0454 cos
+ 0.3138 sn
188.965(t-
6-12
- 13379
0.1764 sec
(6-91)
AMCP 706-261
20
(6-92)
when r 4 0.1736
(6-93)
t2
1 2I0t2
1
BOLT
NO.
10
_______
FEED ACCELERATION--
60
2
70
8 10
120
130
1EE0
ISW
10
120
250
240
310
r
4:ECVEL
Ii
T,
200
2IO
260
...-
170
IRING DWE,"
---
ISO
T2
340
LOADING
T3
240
290
300
350
360
280
VELOCITY-
330
"
230
EJECT
CONST VEL1
270
EJECT, CONSTANT
320
EJECT
DECEL-
220
__
. EJECT ACCELERATION
FD 4-...
To
t00
DECEL
IO
30
CONST VEL
90
FEED'I-
FEED
[CON VEL
50
FE-ED,
...
DWELL
T4
I
T
TIME BOUNDARIES
Figure 6-5. Bolt Position Diagram for Computer Analysis
6-13
Code
Symbol
Code
F
F.
FRC
ZFRC
HP
F
FA
TORKB
BTSUM
POWER
t (msec)
x
x
x
y
TIMEM
X
V
A
Y
Id
N
Rf.
Rfe
T
TOK
EN
RFA
RFC
TORK
6-14
6
0
ALPHA
B
BDEG
THETA
THETAD
OMEGA
AKICP 706-260
Q!;
zt-
LL
0
m0
v0%0e4g
, n- n z r o a
- - - -
AFCP 706-260
~~a * *N
we
t' ILU
LL
J -
0.I 0
n~
0
Uw
-Kz
-CJ
I.
2 zZ
b-is ,T. .9L-J
I-
AJ
w zr
ma
co -
MO'Dc
P-
m nnA
-0
71
. .0
. OD
ImN
!I.-J
492.U
>L
Fo
D
fn
.0
0J
6-1U6I
W)00
L,
0 -4 !
-U
nWC
1010 0
rrnqc
AMCP 706-260
I I I
t I I I1I1I I
6 1I
0 ne
4~
ON0"
m. 0ado4 F) N 010
*
0,
'CUM
p.
144. 4
ak al
(Y
CIOa
('
In
2c
.4
.4
ll
.1
a foe
an
II
't
.,
.-4..4
ba
.4
J.
P.4
4
00
ID
q.
a.
~~a
&0
a4
In
.~
F)
I-
CD
?I.
in
aD
'a an
ty0 aPO
aw
0s
ia.
r;
.0
0DD
050
F)
a.
a1
al
..
no
aI.
..
lP
a;
I,
CY*dan
0 00
a- *
1C
421
na
~
tP
aaa
4.
...
14.
~
CD0C
..
0wp.4
.1
2a
10
C;.;C~r
C;'01.
:2 aCM3
2.3jil
.j
0
M
2C3
D202
C* a 2 2 p
Z) C.)
6-12,
AMCP 706-280
0r0 o
A-4
C,.4 1)
.4
v4
-G
.
A
to
4 3.4
k)
4
,
4A4
'4 '4
Ow*
a..
CC
.4
#1
W)
p@
C4N
gy
a~C Y*,0P
C,
aq
O,
mi r n
14
a
LoC*
aCC
a. a
Ca
40-
12V
N fo- 2N
0. W .4 IVl
t1
. tl . . .
.-
0
;
.4
PC!
.4,4.4
.4 -M.
a4
.4 .4
-44.4.
Ar. nll
N4
0"04
18
4 C4. 44
? -0
*4 .4 iia"-a
'-4
0.
CV
.4fcP
a-~~~
Na
I~
4.
.4
.4-
.4
04
.4
4.4
'
.00
.00
a13.,
C4
@4
2,*4
M -
t*0i
)U
.. 44 4 - A-4 4 4
-4
cr
Ow
NP
0)no
no
o IV
."
'P'4I
no
.4
.0"Id
vu'M~
.4N JN
Al
W "
a.L....
MCP 70i0-260
.4
-.
'.4
.4 04.4.4
'1In
.4
0~
10
PUM N
.;.4
q .4.
U'
U'
.1~
DO
'4
0
32
0 a
w 0
~
c
I ~~~o
h)n0'6
0U-
V~b
Ove
01.
.F)40
.4
.4444
5;
2.
a."N~~f~
.[
~.!
P:U'
PL
4.
.N
,2
hI
a.
ZN.1
F)
Si
Io
a
h; DoL P
* yr* 4.
cm
11
'40
In
10
4~~0a
.) .))F
.. .~i
*
OIt4
0 M
0,"
4, '
at~~
* It
;;;
~ ~P*I91I~
qiW
0
F)
".V*At
F..
C!
.4.4 .4 *
1I
~At
~, l
.4
4.4
~ nmI
~ ~ n6 -
AMCP 705-20
-n
In
ft*
."w
P a.
. .
a C;a 4&
1o
..
I.
CC~.
'
o.
1;
J4
0
. .4
14
.4
P'j
.4 0
-4
"4
.4
-414.4
.4 ee
.4
Io
CL
0-
** . . a
12r00.
*** ****
Cd
"'*
C4
I.
At
** * ....
"2r
il s lo,n,010 "a,
"o
%"
1-1;N.
C,-%o'...
oS
Ioe g
a
.40eYnfa-
ii I
6-2
I 1 .
.40
;
~4 4 Cy ~
01
'n
6-2,00
,n 4.l
N
-CakA
,CI opt,4 u
'IAP-.
mg. n
99
AMCP 706-260
COMPONENT DESIGN
7-1 GENERAL
Automatic weapons are equipped with praclically the
same components that other weapons need to insure
effective and safe (to the operator) performance,
Differences lie only in application since the components
in the automatic weapon must be geared to automatic
performance. These components include feed
mechaism, breech locking systems, sars, firing
mechanisms, extractors, ejectors, and cocking
mechaniias. Characteristics of other components such
as muzzle devices which include silencers ale presented
in detail in other design handbooks 25 or published
reports 2". Each component generally has features
unique to automatic weapons.
-----
Woo,,
00 K--
7-1
AMCP 70WMZO
6.7
-&40LT
-HAN
jJ~.dOVERRl 01
&
Figure 7-2.
RAMP
Chamber-prqectile Contact
S:lOE
VIEW
jexercised
.
-.
- - ____,.,
_ -
___
-so
AMCP 706.250
ftii'
u,
Ag;
(7-1)
1.866 De + 0.005.
(7-2)
+ 1)
(7-3)
2- L)(N
h = depth
N = number of rounds
I
CHAMBER
CROUNDi~
C6
I SPRING FORCE
CHAMBER
CG ROUND
ISPRING FORCE
Figue 7-4. Lip Guides
7-3
AMCP 706-260
Do
RC
+
Rbthe
FIC
---------------
A/cI' 706-20
F
M (FL)(7-4)
=
6
F = spilng force
where
f = Mo + FL = -
l,
(7-5)
Loading Analogy
2iY
a
where
2F1 EI(7.2EI
E = nicdulus of elasticity
Me, W
where
(N -1)
K,
I. +Wf
Ig
(7-9)
g = acceleration of gravity
N - number of rounds in the box
Wf = weight of follower
Wg = weight of each round
)2Ay = N~y
(7-7)
,
IW
ght of sprinn
motion
y
..
12l "
NO
(7-8)
Not only must the spring exert enough force to hold the
ammunition in poition but it must also provide the
acceleration to advance the ammunition and the other
moving parts over the distance of one cartridge space in
time for the bolt to feed the next round. The equivalent
mass of all noving parts in the ammunition box iz
1,
Cos-'
o
"7
q
m
7-10)
7-5
AM P 708-260
where
bT1
ctr!!!a dkiolacement)
abF
"
._-r
K w (Eq. 7-5)
M, v (Eq. 7-6)
aT,
,bF
JG
2IG
G % to-sicnal modulus
O
(7.15)
where
a sinO 2 ,
(7-17)
But, according to Eqs. 7-i4 and 7-15, 01 - 02, and if
we let this anrglc be equal to 8, the deflection of two
adjacent segments of sacoil is
(7-11)
=--l(a)
where
(,
bF)
u7-2.1.3
(7-12)
7-6
pring force
= (Ay +Ay~i)
= (a 4 b) sin 0
(7-16)
(7-18)
='
(7-20)
Example Problems
Fa
b sin&.
(7-13)
AMCP 706-250
= 200,000
spring
0,4822
Dc(N+ 1) = -2 (20+ 1)
N = 20 rounds.
12x30x 10'
12E
0.8 x 14 x 1.75 3
Sine I =
1
wr1.
-3
121 =
xI810'.
(FL)
( )
2
x 8 K1.75
= 7 lb-in.
5.04in.
where
F = Ky
0.8 x 10 = 8 lb.
7-7
AMCP 706-260
7x 0.007
-
0.1667 x 10"
l/n
294,000 Iblin.]
-, 05 w0.301
where e = .- in.
1 F-
0/0502
x 0.
a 0.0172sec
The
of than
the two
is equivalent to 1500 rouidsfmi
whichslower
is more
adequate.
K a 0.2 ib/In.
is - 0.00874i ..
1.75 lb-in.
M -
4.0
.8
Y1
high whi.h
The bending stress is still uncomfortably
almost rules out this type spring for the abovo
application. However, a time analysis will give additional
data, The time will be computed for spring action after
the first and next to the last round are removed. If th,
spring weighs 0.063 lb and the follower 0.044 lb, the
equivalent moving mass for 19 rounds, according to Eq.
7-9, is
Me
F, - 4.0 lb,
initial spiing load
a = 183,000 lb/in. 2
1.952
_ /0-612
y
Y y, = 10.04 in.
The deflection for two adjacent segments
ol a coil f:oun
Eq. 7-19 is
C2"-N 2.0
\/x0312Cos-' 0.976
0.1765 x0.22
0.039 s
0 - Ay
sit-,
0.06
0.044 + 0
/386.4
.
'
.
25
. 0.2868
= 0.291 rad.
J
0.000323 lbsec/in.
7-8
0 = 16'40
.
OS-,
abF
2GO
4
0.75 x 17S x 8.032
i,509 x 10.6 in.
2x 12x 10
.291
AMCF 7 i6-21K
F -Ky
where
-0.8
--
~32
Icourdir'ation
j4= 15.37 x 0
d a 0.0)626 in., say, 0.0625 in.
In
F
36x021
8.0)lb.
,1.125
The aximm --12
toqueEq.
*2JGO
F0 b
T
'2
2 \
bF1.75I 8.
/jamming.
~pawl
7.0lb-imid
where c
T2c
I
14,Y~hn
16(YOIhm
4 -- )003125in
2
: accp!
ale.the
Thisstres
~s aerplble.effcrt,
0 44
prip,
he 0036lbandthefolowe
If
eigs
If
e~gs
he prli~
0036lb.andthefolowe t)044
lb, the moving ss lcr 20 r:,unds, according to Eq. 7-9
This tres
is
M, -
364as
3864
0.031 l-sec/in.one
lbsec2
0.001
/in.components
(A).
Fr 4.9 caiadges
(5141108
y, W,
z4.8it.
(50 +4.8
an
784l.T
0.8-- .84lb.in
TNe time to move this mass through the Fpace left by the
departed projectile is computed by Eq. 7--0.
eidfrtesiea
wl
hr
order to pri
4
Cos
Co
7.8
the end ofeta shart dwcell periodtior the slidesat
mpss
8.0ofehhafcceShtighe
between the upper and tow-.r illustrations of l'lg. 7 -1l
provides the opportunity of ouiiting the whole
=0.088 x 0.201 = 0.018 se
loading arnd firing c. .1~c, Assurie that tse bolt is in
batteiy and firing is iminent. The upper picture
where e n 0.5, the efficiency of the system.
shows, in phantomn, Round 1 of Fig. 7- 10 (A) ready
io be strippeO. The extractor lip is in the extractor
Thi timne of IS mscc is far less shari iieedled to operate
groove of the cartridge case. At this sanie tins, the
uider any existing conditions,
eK
Cos'
'
4h;
~ i
/1___
0.03
JmO/.S X0.8
7-I;
AP
?06-265
N~~~j'vLU
PAWL
PAWL
A~
,CHAMBER
(A
EE
SLIDE(B
~5EOHOLDING
PAWL-~
align theh!ve round wit the chamber and eject the spent
caie. TLie cam oat the bolt is now casusing t!~e feed lever
to pivot clockwise and push Lhe first rou-nd into positiona
where the e2,tractor. as the bolt reaches the inbattery
position, will be lowerted into the extractor groove to
COM 'Ote this Cycle.
7-2.3 ROTATING FEED IYECH'ANISM
AMCP 706-200
7.-1
AMCP 706-260
the other engages the projectile just ahead of the
rotating band. As the belt and ammunition move with
tho tarwho.I.
frinet cAs
wedae between the
cartridge case and the clamps of the belt links and pry
the links off the case. The freed single end of the link,
w.ttt;*
iq
Just
prioror
to entering the feed mouth, ile found
csthe
contacts the lower edge of the spring-locurd cartridge
control pawl (Fig. 7-12 (C)). Continued round travel
radss the pawl which in turn lifts the holdin dog.
This action removes the 'obstruction that the normal
position of the dog provides and ives free access at
the feed mouth entrance to the preceding round. This
process is continuous for the entire length of the
anmunition belt except for the last found. Beciuse no
7-12
AMC 70&-280
(B)
7-13
AMCP 706-280
FEE--\
)
L.OAOI .J
LEVER
0~
-OPERATING--
LEVE.R
SUPPORTREANN
0
FINGER
LOADING/
ROUND
OU
(A) POUND ENrERING
FEED MOUTH
'%B)ROUND POSITIONED AT
00TTOM OF FEED MOUTH
contines
to push the round downward, forces
transmitted through the round rotate loading le-ers and
retaining finser outward until the round moves free of
stage, bein&free of the influence
the feed wheel. At this
of the feed wheel, the loading levers swe ready to return
to the'r orligial poition meanwhile holding the round
against the top of the bolt. As soon as the bolt recoils,
the loading levers m.sap the round downward to the ways
where it is held in proper alignment by the levers and
retaiing finger until pushed forward and chambered by
the bolt. (This series of events is illustrated in parts (D),
(E), (F) of Vikg. 7-14.) Unlike the recoil-operated feed
chn , the last round in the belt may be fired
without fear of jam-pming because of the position control
on the round exercised by the loading levers and
relnning fingor.
While each sound is resting on top of the bolt waiting
for recoil, the loading mechanism stops. Although these
intervals are short, a ftiction clutch slips a short distance
dring each interval to prevent the motor from
overloading.
7-14
AMCP IM1260
(A)
(B)
jAP
IC)
(E)()
AMC1
70b-26o
s;ngle end. The double end system hcs all the f"-sures
defined above whereas th sinale end system has only
those components that operate with live amnmnition;
all spent cases and unfired rounds that pass the
tmn ,fn t.!-no th. min ar. diimned from the system
by the gun.
Figure 7-15.
7-IS
Outer Drum
Figure 7-16.
AMCP 706-2M
AMP 706.260
W-TAINERPARTITION
DRUM-
INNER DRUM
EXIT
UNIT
EMTRANCE UNIT
R4ETURN CHUTE
SCOOP
DRUM PARTITION
CYPASS
FEED CHUTE
h'Y
CHUTE
.
CONVEYOR ELEMENTS
TRAISFER UNIT
GUN LOOINGAFT
TRANSFER UNIT
- FIRING BARREL
AMCP 701-20
AMCP 706-260
=.
-,
I.th^
5.
wene-al
g
term for linear velocity
(PL'(P---\
L
(P
(P)
_)
ar
d u drum, inner
retainer partition
'
r
(L
(L
ar
t a transfikr unit
The peripheral acceleration and velocity atthe chamber
axis are
-JP- Pd
N-4
(7-23)
Y-WR,
(7-25)
(.-)
=a
)
PC
7-20
(7-26)
)
/
-
(7-27)
(7-32)
Pdl2vRd
(7-33)
ac =a t
7-1
(7-31)
(7-22)
a-a R
a1
(7--29)
Pc
P /
c(f,
v"
'P,
(7-28)
van
Id
(d
tin
(7-34)
tano
(7-35)
T, "(7-43)
Pa ,Nd$
where
(7 36)
V + Te R
Pe=
g , acceleration of gravity
(7--44)
In the chutes
,"
N,. W(i
- +)
('7-45)
p u -coefficient of frictioV
The corresponding power rcquired is
P." -Ean",
(7-37)
Rdtoy,
Idd+FaRd
(--38)
a
a
The expression for p 'vey is
F, - N
(7-46)
- /
Pd a Td -d = Td
((
7-47)
3)anT(
(7--39)
( 7 -47)
T,t - It
The torque required to turn the retainer partition will
tlso include that necessary to turn the ammunition In
half
the part~iions since this number of rounds is never
exceeded,
(7-40)
IFtt
T.R-
(48
(7-48)
(7--41)
) ae
(7-42)
= 2.54 1b-ir.-sec'
=
0.095 lb-in-sec2
N = 32 partitions
N, = 45 feed; 35 bypss;25 :eturn
7-21
AOICP 706-260
Al.
10.809a \ / 7 \
%-\ 2Ji- \ 10/
= 0.0153 a, in.isec 2 ; v
,mnat
3 iounds. 3 cases
e*
...
0.0153 Y, Jn./sec
N1 = 2 rounds; 2 cases
p - 2.77 in.
(a . +
=
1.62 in.
PC .
Pd - 2.S4 in.
d'ag
P= 2.09 in.
2.24 in.
pr
150.40 + 0.027 a, lb
P1 a 2.09 in.
FaVa "(2.302+
2.643 In.
A .0 in .
R .
R4
2D in.
R. -
10.C in.
+aJ
Td"Z
S0.04/
da .
R w 2.0 in.
0,13
- (131.7 + 0.3946a) (0)053)
Pd -Tdwd
0.404
7-48 are
AD data vwmputed from Eqs. 7-22 through
put in torms of the gun kinematics.
a
S
a
~2.77
-2a
( 2-)0
(.)2-2
2(32
5+
=f (0.2055 + 0,!.002)a
7-22
54
i4
0.585 a
0.755a
.1c
= 0.585w
where
.0.755v
V - 4)
=2.143
14
= 10.0 in.
03C57)(
1.
0.02 $73 ap, in.-lb/sec
6.0
6.
Y' "0.809v
0.809,
f 0.05775
0.809a
0.3057a, lb-'n.
2.43.54
tan
7-
.7
_
0.755 v
a " 0.755a
\2.77,N
.1
0.809 a
1--64
T , 2.54
AMVP 706.250
The combined data in the entrance and exit units
according to Eqs. 7 -42, 7-41, and 7-"4 are
F, - N,
where ZW
u =
3(0.37+0.69)
386.4
0.755a
0.00621 a. lb
T, - 2(,
PC
+ 0.00912av
2x0.032x0.755a/2.0
0.024160a,lb-in.
0.00469a,
~+
W)JA
CI$c~)N~
~ ~ ~ I+NXi~
F~~
386.4
+0.22
a 9.79 +0.06737a, lb
whe
fwN,-45;Nj,
Pc
Nc=35;N,=N -25.
0"585YF a (5.727 + 0.03941 a)p, in.-lb/sec
"FcYc
T. - I,
P,
Fv,+ T, (2.
+ 0.0!353av =
.Ol59Sar, in.-lb/sec.
2.~'0 )00242r,
Inkless
fed
16.804v +OAO93av
Pv +P,, in.lb/sec
7-23
AMZP "/06-20
2.643a
nprot
--
t
. .
..
...
--
Affl.r
. . .
v= 2.643w
P,
O.!
Py
7-
16.8C4v
',
7-3.1 EXTRATORS
Extractors ao machined components that pull the
cartridge case from the chamber as the bolt recoils.
Assembled near the breech face of the bolt, they are
generally spring loaded to tilt toward the longitudinal
axis ,f the bolt and thus direct a continuous clamping
effort on the certridge case. This clum;ing effort is
sometimes supplemented by the restraining wal ct, the
receiver or by thu induced moment of the axial forces
needed for extraction. The source of whatever effort is
applied is determined by the type extractor.
", ,,
rad/sec
44
58
60
73
88
100
120
130
140
150
162
200.0
173.6
164.6
144.8
118.2
98.7
62.1
51.0
34.3
J6.1
1.9
a,
"V
',,
Pd,
rad/sec
in./sec
it./seo
in.-lb/sec
in.-lb/sec
in.-ibisec
HP
34.72
39.07
40.41
43.12
46.20
48.07
50.66
51.21
51.84
52.25
52.36
528.6
458.8
435.0
382.7
312.4
260.9
164.1
134.8
40.6
42.6
5.0
91.8
103.3
106.8
114.0
122.1
127.0
133.9
13'.3
137.0
138.1
138.4
1643
1737
1795
1916
2052
2134
2250
2274
23(j2
2321
2326
5304
5180
5078
4168
4169
2622
2402
1993
1357
643
76
6847
6917
6873
6684
6221
5756
4652
4267
3659
2964
2402
1.04
1.05
1.04
1.01
0.94
0.87
0.70
0.65
0.55
0.45
0.36
Si-ice
the maximum power required to operate the gun is 14.4 HP., at increment i
power for gun and feed system totals 15.45 HP.
7-24
Pf,
AMCP 7U6-260
EXICO
PIG
EXTRACTOR
-PUGI
8O~rCARTRIDGE
CASE-tM)EXTRACTUiR WITH PLUNGER AND AXIAL SPRING
EXTRACTOR SPRING
EXTRACTOR
SOLT
/EXTRACTOR
90ILT
SPRING
S
-EXTRACTORCS
VCEXTRACTOR WITH AXIAL SPRING
RECEIVR-
7-26
ACIP 7W24&'
CA3
~~~~~
2AO
..
-
(A'
13
,-,-.o.
-
L01
- "
.22
"...
Ha
'
I
(B)
'
INTrGIQIAL SPRING
LOAD
F, + 0-346 V,
2.70 * 1,96
0.622
-0.622
0 7.' 1U.
F~Ftan 0
E F. represents the force that the new round must exert
on the extractor for ptoper engagemenrt during loading.
In the present example0 47', thercfore,
F,
&Y
d!splacement
YYe +Y
Lee+LeOm
12.66F
' E
AMC' 7W61-10
where
Flo
5.832F,
Y.
1.944F,
shear eeflerO-n
0.2 x 3.24F
LeFeL
2E/
0.32.44'
E 'moment deflection
!h=
..
-J..
:;i
....
U.in,
ulic Ln ihe
El
F*L2
2E
6,
MeL
E1
O
-
3.24Ff
2E
1 g.62edeetoand
aular &hear deflection
0.2 x 1.8F,
f= = El
E
0.36F,
E1l ,angular moment deflection
where
The differential deflection from F,, to F,
2.66
29 x 10'!
(7.5 - 5.0)
Mcc
But 1
= 7.16
(7-49)
0.032 in
M:(
cIc-M
(F, -F,,)
S2.66
'.
S+Mej 4
4
x 10-6 in.
, thurefore
1- (bt'
12 X2 Idiagram
= 0.06n., required spring thickness
CG of case
The equivalent man of the case involves its mas
moment of inertia since it :srotating. Fig. 7-23 shows a
of the pertinent dimensions. The equivalent
mass may now be used in the appropriate formulas to
dete.mioe the dynamics, Eq. 2-27 for the time, and the
conv.'ntional equations for energy and velocity.
7-3.2 EJECTORS
7-3.2.2 Sample Problem of Eje-tor Dynamics
Ejectors are simple mechanisms that force the
cartridge case from the .receiver. They usually are
smring-operated but may derive their energy from other
sources such as small quantities of the propellant gas.
There are perhaps as many kinds of ejectos as there are
AMCP 706.260
CARTRIDGE
LEJECTOR
"7=T
SPRING-ACTUATED
RETAINER
4-EJECTOR
ACTUATING PLATE
-EJECTOR
RECOIL-ACTUATED
CAM_\
CARTRIDGE CASE--
EJECTOR SPRING
BOLT-
EJECTOR
L--RETAINER
SPRING
0BL
EJECTOR
r-CAM
CAS
(C) EJECTOR,
BOLT-ACTUATED
EJECTOR
RECEIVER-
~~~~j-ASE
CA
FIRING
___
____
____
___
___
___PIN
(D) EJECTOR,
RECEIVER-ACTUATED
7-28
CASE
-\
AMCP 706-.20
yC
R,
0.473
0.49
..
In
,._
-__
__
F.
Figure 7-23
.46x_I 0
0.9gx
'
"
14.5
24
-3
- 2.005 - iO Cos ' 0.604 = 0.002905 (2. 7.
57.3I
= 0.00184 sec.
F.
"
during
ve=
2.46x 10-
140 in./sec
From Eq. 7-49,
I(I~
g 3 S+
1
386.4
kiw2w
+
'7+
r
CC
0.0013 + 0.0492
0.63+121.
1.21
2
* 2.46 x 104 lb.sec /in.
0.0293
whre 0 = Tar
0.14
0.473
Tan'
0.296 - 16030
'.
7--29
AMCP 706-260
1.
.493
locity is
,
73resistance
AMCP= 706-M2
EXTENSION
~BEC
ED)UNLOCLCED
UNLOCKING
BARREL ASSEMBLY
STARTS
ULLY RECOILED
S
S
AMCP 70W-260
t.yp.e
of I.,
BODVING-
CARRIERSPRING
f~\
(A) LOCKED POSITION
OPERAMING
ROD
,
AMCP 7M6250
aQ
7-3
AM~P 706.260
~
it~ j'
ut
'~'
'~1
*1~
U-
7....3i
AMCP 706.290
A.CP ?00-260
cr7-77-BOLT
SPRING
SAFETY
SEAR-/
SEARIT
ACTUATCR
(A)
ON
SAFE
(C) SEMIAUlOMATIC
POSITION-BOLT RECOILIN
7-36
SPRING
SPRI
RISELECTOR
AMCP 70.20
(.)
AUTOMATIC
POSITI
HELD DEPRESSED
SEAR
J.28R
(2 of 2)
where
F,'
Fiv
, 0.23.R
+ T+ 0.63 F
7-37
AMCP 7M*260
KC
44
wrl
1C
IL,
/9
7-38
AMCP 706-20
1.12
x =length of travel
c-srn
10.9 lb
(~o)
(,5)
Me
where
E-energy
available
equivlent
ass o theiype
Afe- eqivlen mss f hemoving parts
Wwequivalent weight of the moving p'arts
l-fcec
o'(-2
AMCP 706-260
X,
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
1'0
1.5
2.0
K.
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.()0
13.5
13.5
us.S
13.5
3.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
F.,
ibjzi
oz
6.604
6.00
6.00
6.00
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
2.;4
2.94
2.94
2.94
F,,,
lb
ic.
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
9.25
9.25
9.25
9.25
6.44
6.44
6.44
6.44
0.00296
0.00418
0.00513
0.00592
0.00445
0.00629
0.00771
0.00890
0.00590
.3.00834
0.01022
0.01180
S.C
304
215
175
152
304
215
175
152
304
215
M7
'52
AMCP 706-260
2. 95
RETAINING
ARM-Iii
CONNECTING
-___
LOOP--
10
P!TCH
RE TAINI NG
LOOPS
ALL DIMENSIONS
IN INCHES
-0.60
Figure 7-30 Ammranition Link, Cal .60 Round
a magazine or storage container (Fig. 7-35), little space
is wasted sinet the belt can be stacked In horizontas
rows. Whscn the connector does not wrap around the
case but instead merely joins the re~taining loops of
adjacent links, the rotation of one round about itsi
neighbor is so-erely limited since the rotation center is
near the case surface instead of being at the axii of the
round. Ammuniton belts made of lik with this type
connector will have some waste space when storud (see
Fig 7-36 for 7.62 mnm links). Another type connector.
caslled a connecting memnber, operates rimilarly to a
universal joint, i.e., it permits rotation between links
about two perpendicular axes. All beltp so equipped,
have unlimited free flexilblity.
Initial link design is based on past experience. Belt
strength is the most important requirement, to be
followed closely by retention eapvbility. Forces imposed
on tht: belt are determilned by the type of feed system
(drum, chute, magazine) and the feed accelerations.
Deflctions in the 'links and, therefore, in the belt r-re
not necesss'rily objectionable provided that roulnd
AMCP 706-M6
aim.
II
U2
7-42
AMCP 706-280
21
1%
1ILI /,
i~
77")
C'
*
1
AMCP 706-260
.itablished
"
/
I
IDQ/2
p/p
R =
od
S
pilut
lots are made to determine accep'.ibility. 7he links
arc stamped out in the annealed ,tate, then heat treated.
Extreme care must be exercised to hold the small
tolerances. The pilot lots are tested in accordance with
operating requir.ments. One of these is the catenary test
to
check
tnde; shock
loads. If
a freeofspan
belt
existsretentin
in the installation,
ftsimilar
length
belt of
is
Rid
Figure 7-33.
im nrin.arily a around
!'..
T i-
loading,
am~munition
breaking
- --- connecting,
during Effective
prevalent belts.
is most
one orwhich
.....
a..,
u,
tion iaavasrus...
~ ~~~~~prote:
-L114Khandling
,
1
'
7--8
MOUNTS
Rb "
IDr (W + ?,
sin 0) - HF r cos0 I IL
(7-53)
AMCP 706260
7-45
AMCI' 706-260
ALMCP 706O-260
//-SH IELD --
Figure 7-37.
.........
Of
Dr
--
Ra a
R!
where
D,
F, =recoil force
H=command helg Il
L =distance between froait and rear leg
supports
0=aiigle of eleva~ion
SC
+C
s
frM~;~Cs
F
(7-54)
7-47
AMCP 706260
where
F - stina
r
force at beginning of recoil
a spring constant
0,
e a efficiency of spring
L,
The impulse on the recoiling parts induced by the
propellant charge may be obtained by measuring the
area under the propellant gas force-time curve or by
computing the velocity of free recoil and then the
momentum of the recoiling parts which is equal
numerically to the impulse. The momentum of recoil
~vf
(7-58)
(Ref. 23)
where
/D
(7-59)
h,
where
HF
DIf w ----
L[
weight of projectile
td
d(.M!
tc
I
(7-56)
the tpade
The length of the rear .egs extending 1rom
to the intersection of leg and pintle iscomputed by first
equating the weight and force moments about A at zero
elevation.
D ,W atHF,
7-48
(7--60)
VM
WP
D,
(7-57)
2 4j
*(H -_h)2.
(7-61)
AMCP- 70-200
F, = Ff.
(2000
KL - 1773--1
0.5
OA lb.(
h weigeht
nf"nrArn~nI eh
W.
a
raa
Fm
F + KL
~3
2273 ib
LL1U i
0.2 lb,
weight of projectile
Wp
W,
CIos-
0.2 x3000
If "
Er =
386.4
0.0246 seC.
Fr "
f
c
9.3
32.210xx0.0246
1023
t1292 lb.
0.9
0.56005
isCo
00.707 /2000
E,= 147.73x12
. 35461b.
0.5
Since the efficiency of the spring, e = 0,50, assists in
stopping the recoiling parts, the actual average spring
force is
Fas eF",1773 lb.
22-----1"D,
8. n
2-25
W
The length of this rear leg, Eq. 7-59, is
L,=
+(H h)
6-
/s
893in.
But
n
I (F.4
- FO
)
KL
(F + F,+KL)
/D+(H- h,)'
16 7' .0
41.2 1.
7-49/7-60
AMCP 7O-21O
CHAPTER 8
LUPR!CAT!ON
OF MA HINF GUNS
AMCP 70(-260
AME'P 706-260
APPENDIX A
A-1. FLOW CHAR" FOR DELAYED BLOWBACK
NO
Df
~F~
CONSTANTS
DO 100, 1-2, 30
Oll
C01NPUTE:
Al,
NDKJCT,
B, FK,
A2, A3,
N-c
L-O
DT. .002
42YE
(TI-
DTSQ-DT2N
-
<'>
NO
*K+l
LAA/(Al*A3WIYQ
4
rAA(A2+A2
tBEL21
Fooiu1:
E(IS,
E
6nrI
r)
Xa 1 -10.0COUE
rM
DII,
DXDTJ
4cA
A-i
AMCP 706264
A-i1.
(Can't.)
IDXCI')
I.
DIXT(I)i
XT(I-1
No
YE
NO'
12
B(I1)-ST1
31
1
PBL1-B=. * FB(I..)
9
IFBBL1-BUF
EXu10XU
0 00o~
_7
*-]3-lT
14No
NO
MXDTXT(I
<DDX!V 1<
YES
)r
_
2 .0j
1.0
DZTMf-DXTDT2
L>2
A2NO
(26)
NO
n':s
AW- M'
.OO-0
A-1. (ContI.'
22
YE-13
L i"ri"i
3-4
Ea.Q)
M4>2
NO1
LEL
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lF(XT(I-1).LT.I.(j)(,5 To 4
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nXTGTI=0XTbT2
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23
24
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IF((1/NHEAUiI'NHEAO+1.NE.I)G0 TO 75
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7017 F0MMAY(1II/22X144H TABLE 2-8 CONTD. RETARDED BLObBACK DYNAOICS/1
75 1ItT.6T.TI4ANOIQT=TNEW
DO 300 .1:1.4
CALL FACOEF(2I
F = 0.0
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AK(3MF(ACIS.23)..$24/C11
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IA
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015215
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3 ORp4AMH1N/25X.37H TABLE 2-8 RETARDED BLOWBAC. lTY-IAMICS/I
0021.ft
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708 FORMAT43OX.25.0APPL!E0
DISTANCE/a5X0,4NTINC,12XS7FOCE
00220
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1
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VELOCITY
ACCELE1PATION/aom
I
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50 tNuHPo
to TO sQ
bi ft
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0.0
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CALL. FACQUM~l
FA 2 P(1'C3(2473
lF(2(34,@T.O.IG0 lii 14/
IF(ZW4.LT.XATYJSTO9'
100 CONdlINUC
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72
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736
73c
730
75E
74
75
71
71
7A
77A
77
76
7
so
AMCP 706-280
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IF IlGr .Ir (NJ) (u TO 20
Do I 1:rN
IFI1.E . l(l-1I)(,0 TO 2
IFII.LI.1l(l)300 10 47
I CQUlriUL
FKf4
4
31
S
7
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F:-AI-FF'.J 12.fF(K-IJ
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10OF:FF(N')
1.9
1t.
LI.
I
-
RETURWN
E140..
00101
00103
00103
09003
00104
00105
00106
00107
00
00101
00113
00114
00115
00116
00117
00120
0(121
00122
00123
00124
00125
00126
00127
00130
00131
00132
00133
0013*
00135
00136
00l17
001*0
00141
001142
001*3
00104
00145
00146
00147
00150
00152
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00155
00156
00117
00160
00061
00162
00163
ki0
1t*
1.
2.
'J.
4.
5.
b,
7.
6.
9.
Ia.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
10.
17.
16l.
19.
2u.
21.
a2.
23.
246.
it5.
26.
27.
26.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
36.
39.
40.
41.
42.
4.
44.
4b.
4b.
'47.
4,V.
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So.
SsW400IINL FACOCP(Z)
COMMON AZ*ABC .ASSQAOBflC'YEb*L1,PE2EYEC rL7.EMM.EPS.XLIM.SM1.FSO.
1SK2.FSk.E3.ES.L5Eh.C1.C.C3.C4C.C6C7CAC9,COO,CLII2.C3.C14
2.C)B.AC.AU.Sfl,CO,FSO,S;USN.SIJMCOS.SPZ,CPIII PSTHETA.CTNETA
DIMENSION e01)
AC:AZ-Z(V!
O:IAdC*Afl*s2)/(2.OOAC)
BRAC:ADSQ-AO**2
4jIJ0.
JFIBRAC.(iT.0.)bJ0Rr(RRAC)
CD zAc-AU
$P
00ZS/Afi
CPHIi = AU/AS
SYHETA =:f)W
CIHETA =cD/gC
SUMSOI4= STMLTA*CPHI + CTM.jJAt.VIPH
T
SUMCOS$Z CTHEIA"CPJ41 - S HETAOSPI1
bCWM
bC*SUSSIN
ABat);4 A$34SUIN
E3
(LYLI, * L1.1A,2.0)'AC
EiE1'SPI/WAC
ES:E24ASSUM/AC
CYEC)h'AC
E6zIL2'IAB.SUMCoS * gC/2.0i
CL = CPHI/bCSUM
C2a -A0/BCSUM4
C3
-SUMCOS/$UMSIN
C4 =CTHEIA/AbSUM
C5 = -BC/ABSUN
C450 =C4'b2
CIsoz CI042
C6 =C2*C4504C3*COST45
CS.C150403.C450
C?
cI:E3.C4#E6.CI-E4
CY=E3OC?4EfieC6-CS.C150
C10(4Cd*CIHETA4E7.CII/STHETA
C;Ik4C9CTHETn4E7*CS)/STHETA
C11:EMR.E2*C1*STHETA-E1.C4.3!N404C10
C13ZE16C414*CPHI4CI*CJSSPNI0Z4*CISOMCIHEA-E2MCbSSTNCTA-CI2
EPSIL =ol
F.P
IFCZI3?.101..)EPSlL=IO0/EPS
IP(Z121.0T.XLIM(5o TO 4
SKz SKI
F50 Z FSI
00 TO 5
4 SK0 SK1*SK2
FSO0 FS1+FS2-SK2&s.Llw
5 C15S -SK'EPS;L
-FSO*CPSIL
CAM
RETURN
END
SI
52
3
54
5?
24
29A
2"0
ale
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
30
39A
39i,
39C
390
40
41A
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42
'.3
4
454A
4*6
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40
49
50
51
.
54
55
57
so
b9
60
61
62
63
S1.0
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700
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Tm 3, FAM '7BETAD,
Ims
SX, ; BETAD,
VD, Vp X, VS,
A-37
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II
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DATA2
CO=CONSTANTSN
INDICATE
~I!IAL~
VALUES
DTP01
TT +00D2
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L
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125
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25
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A-13. (Con't.)
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70-70,
A308:0
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74
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70-
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X(1), DT(l)
T()uDT(1
72.70
CC)NFUTK
1-31, 7
YES
DO300 1-2p 29
WD
ns
A-4=y
Imn
>60
IR
A&~CP 7(*260
A- 13. (Cor'!.)
DX-X( So)
coi
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X~
cOMPUTE:
COMPWUTE:
HCOEFT%,
CrTINUJE
co " RU
is
18
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COMPUTE,
ntE, 73QR 2
COM7
1-0
TAM=R,
TANBS
COMUTE
COSB
~ YES
____
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I, TK, EN, -%-AD
1,nS
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22
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COMPUTE: MO(M,
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(0.0
pN
>0.0
LFIYES
YES
COEFA,
COEFID, RC
<
COMPTE:
Y, D
CEVpT,
L.
D-D1x,
41J.
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COXMPT: 711
23
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E
61ND
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A-45
AMCP 706-260
LU
2. 3.,
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CONSTANTS
COMPVTE:
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70
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IJ-2
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78
DT
YES
YES
N
DTHTAAI
AMCP 7WM
A-15.
(Con't.1
732
t2
so
Ti-Ti
+IZLTI
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YES
73
72"
IJ>5
cw=
No
726
li>9
T3-TI+
735JID
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ISM
(70
ii >1
HD
31-10
727?
737
I COMPUnt
No
ro
Tj
=14
TT j
D
728
CONT
T-Tnm
TA6TAMTT
COMPUTEs
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YES
731
li>l
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NO
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A-15. (Con't.)
7637h
YES
739
___
_______
commlUTs Y, fi,
VP, TUETAD,
TOaKI., TIMX
NO
1.
TIM~a
TOG-TIE
t06, j.1, 6
44
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20
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THETAO
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A-o5
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104
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21
NO
334.
19
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~
YES
A-AD
1u
1I33
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YiET1>LQ
AMCP 706-26
A-lb. (Con't.)
J-4
304i
ThETAl
2n G
110
YE
Tn=A
j-
331
BB
COMDE
AJ, TANBt
N
THETA>
NO
YES
N
333
CopurnsJtAu
L10
o~pT33 T7-fl
33
-.
A-57
AMV 7M263
A- 15. (Con't.)
A
35.1
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AL
MAD OFA
I-A
T~s HEADIN
Y*L5
A(0
WRIT EI TIlNE% .,
DV
, X, VI, RF, O
NWD < 35
0 R C-NFB
YESE
FCONWIU
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3j5
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'OI91
NO
7~
OFFRNi1
A-bB
OX,
ETD
AMOP 706-2W0
6
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ei'
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t l
ma
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-9 A C.44 4
cysr
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4-
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1 1- 11
A-62
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AMCP 706-280
SI I I
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g R,.I
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.~nif
if
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in
In
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Il
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14
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11~~~I
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~~
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on
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LL~WC
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twNNI'd8J~
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ILI
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+ .
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in a
12
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kaW
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+
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AMCP 706-M6
Ii
I I .
I
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Ned N .N.#r
# 2I)#2#
2#
I'D
*gvu
do-
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ZmeZ
A-68E~
AMCM 706.260
APPENDIX B
AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF ROUL
BURST FO.
2n
WEAPON EFFECTIVENESS
!N
-rLS
dn/
Extensive studies to date with plotied curves for veaous values of n have shown that, in terms of (Pr)EA, a
tight control of n should reduce an excess use of
ammunition. Since the value ofn Is generally under the
trigger control of the gunner who cannot concentrate on
or control diacrete number of iounds in most circurnstances, it appears log.al !hat considiratiou should be
given ^o the evaluation anJ design of a capability In the
trigger or ear area to eazily preselect an automatic
number of rounds ;.na burst. Fig. B-i illustrates the
nature of(P)eA in relation to the number ofroundsn in
a burst. In interpretng this figure
21ro 2d
-A
(B--I)
where
cr
a variance of bias
n a number of rourds in burat (each round
assumed independent)
X
CX
I'L 2 /
b.
AMCP 706-260O
bursts of 10: 30, 60, and 100 rourdq. Tlhese were later
reduced to 10 and 60 bccause of operational difficulties,
b. A second type which performed successfully is a
!nr-.tRl nn the side of the wun cradle. which
counts -jit number of rounds and then cams the trip
lever down on Viaclast roi'nd fired to end the burst. As
the gun returns to fill] b~ttery position, atorsion spring
is activated which aets the circuit for the next burst. Tliz
number of rounds per burst is manually set only .ince.
On the asunption that the circuit isset for a 10-round
burst and the trigger isMekased after 6 rounds have beets
bt.r. civrsIt
fi:ed, the lug wilt, cam the lever down and the seat will
move over the trp lever, The gun will now settle~ into
full itte-iy position, and the circuit re~et anil reizoy to
count 10 rounds. The trigger must be pulled and released
for eaci, burst.
c. A third type, more applicable to self-powered
guns, consists of an escapement rnech~~nism which Is
preset to some Jesit.d number of rounds up tc mexi.
mum capacity. As each round is fired, the escapement
rotates closer to zero or to stopping the gun through
holding of the scar or 'rigger control.
07-
00
SUMBER OF ROUNDS
B-2
AMCP 7U6-260
GLOSSARY
accelerator. A cam arrangement that converts barrel
momentum to bolt momentum thereby increasing bolt
velocity and decreasing time.
automatic weapon. A rapid, self-firing weapon.
barrel spring. Tie driving spring equivalent for the
barcl.
belt, amomunltion. Fabric or metal band with icopF for
carrying cartridges that prc fed front it to an automatic
weapon.
belt, disintegrating. An ammunition belt wlhc;e empty
links are detached as the individual rounds are removel
blowback. The Jlass of automatic weapon that uses the
propellant gau;pressure on the cartridge case base to
f 'ce the bolt open, barrel and receiver remaining rela.
tively fixed,
blowbaek, advanced primer ign.ison. A blowback gun
that fres beowe thiround isfully chambered.
AMCP 70)&2(10
tlexlb'.ity, helical. 'inc fixiiiiiy il-;
nvervide.
pnp-t., gm neiod. The time that propellant gas pressures av! effective.
gas filling period. The time of gas activity in th-e operattog cylinder.
semiautomatic.
closed position.
G-2
that
AMCP 705-280
trigger puii.
ui*-h*'-
trigger,
G-3/G-4
AMCP 70G.260
REFERENCES
1. Thoma J. Hays, Elements ofOrdnance, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., N. Y., 1938, page 632.
15. AMCP 706-342, Engineering Design Handbook, Carrlages and Mounta Series, Recoil System . page 62,
Fig. 41.
16. OP-2719, Gun Pod MK 4 ModO, Description, Operatton, and Maintenance, Bureau of Nx.al Weapons,
Dept. of Navy.
28. NRL Report No. 4278, Dry Lubricants and reservative Coatings for Ammunition, November 19S3.
(AMCRD-TV)
AC
0-6
lP70-0
0!Y9A~iLEO
CheAdministrative Office
ISTRIBU1TION:
Special
JONES
MajorB. General, USA
Chief of Staff
Title
to.
Title
1
Engineering, Part Two, Detai
*Rotorcreaft
202
*Dessfn Guidance frr Producibility
Design
'Value Engineering
*Rotorcraft Engineering. Part Three, Quallli203
Elements of Armament Cngineering, Part One,
cation Assurance
Sources of rnerRy
'Timing Syatem and Conponenti
205
Elemints of '.rrwent Engineering, Part Two,
107
Fuzes
210
Ballistics
Fuzes, Proimity, Electrical. Part One (U)
211(t)
' ,neering, Part Three,
Elements of Arimaee.t
108
Faps. Prooinity, Electrical, Part flo (U)
212(S)
Weapon Systems ano Cneonents
Fezes, Proximity. Electrical. Part Three (U)
213(S)
Eperimental Statistics, Secvlon1, Baic ConIO
FtZes. Proximity, Elertrizal, Part Four U)
214(S1
Data
cepts and Analysis of Measuremenit
Fuzes, Proximity, Elect'ical. Part Fiv. U
215C)
of
2,
Analysis
Section
(-perlmental Statistics.
Ill
*Hardeing Weapon Systemb Against RF Energy
235
Enumerative and Classificatory Data
ens Armenitlon (U)
*Small
239)S)
Experimental Sttlistics, S "tinn3. Plannlng
112
Grenades (U)
2W1(C)
and Analysis of Comp.ratlve Experiments
-Land Mines (U)
24115)
Eurrimntal Statistics, Section4, Special
lii
Design for Controlof Projectile Flight
242
Topics
Characteristic
Experimental Statistics. Section 5, Tables
114
Section I, Artillery Arusnitlon-Anmunition,
244
Concepts
Basic Enuironeiontal
115
General,w'th Table of Contents, Glosnary
Factors
'Basic Envlronmiental
116
and Indey for Series
Deui,. Criteria for Environmental Controlof
12U
Auesnitlon, Section 2, Design for Terminal
245(C)
Mobile System
Effects (U!
Packaging and Pack Engineering
121
tAmnunitiun, 5,.tion 3, Design for Control of
246
'Hydraulic Fluids
123
Flight Characteristics
Electrical Wire and Cable
125
Srction 4, Design for Projection
Acrunitlion,
247
'Infrared Military Systems, Part One
127
Section 5, Inspection Aspects of
tAnemunitlon,
248
(U)
Part
Tw,
oystenns,
Military
'Infrared
128(S)
Design
Artillery Npnnunition
Design for Air Transport and Airdrop of
130
An.nition, Section 6, Manufacture of Metallic
249
Materiel
Components of Artillery Ammniition
Maintainability Goide for Design
i34
Guns--Genera,
250
Inventions, Patents, and RelstedMatters
135
Muzzle Devices
251
Servomechanisms, Section 1, Theory
136
Gun Tubes
252
Servomechanisms, Section 2, Measurement and
137
Characteristics of MNzzle Flash
Spectral
255
SiVnal Converters
Automatic Weapons
260
Servomechanisms, Section 3, Amplification
138
Propellant Actuated Devices
270
Section 4, Power Elements
Servoinechanisms,
139
Design of Aerodynamically Stabilized Free
280
and System Design
Rockets
Tra ioctories, DifferentialEffects, and Oata
140
Weapon System Effectiveness (U)
"3(S-RD)
for Projectilea
tPropulsion and Prnpellants
282
*Dynamics of a Tracking Gimbal System
145
Aerodynamics
283
Interior Ballistics of luns
ISO
Tr Jcctorles (U)
284(C)
Elements of Terminal bailitics, Part One.
*ol s)
Elements of Aircraft and Missile Propulsion
285
Kill Mechanisms and Vulnerability (U)
Structures
2TS
Two.
Pait
Ballistics.
Elementsof Terminal
161(S)
Warieads--eoeral (U)
290)C)
Collection and Analysis of Data Concening
Surface-to-Air Missiles. Part One, System
291
Targets (U)
Integration
162(5-R0) Elementsof Terminal Ballistics, Part Three,
Surface-to-Air Missiles, Part Two, Weapon
292
Application to Missile and Space Targets (i)
Control
I
gn
EProjectile
Liquid-Filled
lS
Surface-Lo-Air Missiles, Part Three, Computers
293
Aror and Its Apnlicatlon to Vehicles (IJ)
170(C)
surface-to-Air Missiles, Part Four. Missile
294(S)
Solid Prop 'lants,Part One
115
Armament iU)
Solid Propellants, Part Two (U)
176(C)
Surface-to-Air Missiles. Part Five, Counter295(5)
Properties of Explosives of Military Interest
177
measures (U)
Interest,
Military
of
Explosives
of
tProperties
178(C)
Surface-to-Air Missiles, Part Sin, Structures
296
Section 2 (U)
and Power Sources
Explosive Trains
179
Surface-to-Air Missiles, Part Seven. Saenple
297i5)
*Principles of EaplasiovBehavior
IBO
Problem (U)
Military Pyrotechnics, Part One. Theory end
185
Fire Control Systems--General
327
Application
*Fire Control Conputing Syste-s
329
Military Pyrotechnics, Part Two, Safety,
186
Elements
Cor.pensatir.g
331
Procedures and Glossary
335(5-RD) 'Nuclear Effects on Weapon Systems (U)
ilitaryPyrotechnics, Part Three, Properties
187
Carriages and Munts--Generel
of Materials Used in Pyrotechnic Compo~itionc 340
Cradles
341
'Military Pyrotechnics, Part For, Design of
188
Recoil Systems
342
Ammunition for Pyrotechnic Zffects
Top Carriages
343
Bibliography
Prrt
Five,
Military Pyrotechnics,
189
Bottom Carriages
344
*Army Weapon System Analysis
190
Equilibrators
345
*'eveloprment Guide for Reliability, Part One
195
Elevating echanisrs
346
Guide for Reliability, Part Two
fDevelopment
196
Traversing Mechanisms
347
"Development Guide fur RellabilIty, Prrt Three
197
Amphibians
'Wheeled
350
Four
Part
for
Reliability,
Guide
*Development
198
The Autonotive Asse, bly
355
'Development Guide for Reliability, Part Fine
199
Suspensions
Autonotive
3b6
*Tvnop.ment Guide for Reliability, Part Six
200
Dooies and Hills
'Autoiliotive
357
'Rotorcraft Engineering. Part One, Preliri201
Design
nary
___
100
104
106
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