Astronomical Formulae (En Inglés)

Astronomical formulae
Formulas compiled by Frank Sorensen 2002-2003. Last changed 2004-10-19.

All page- or equation numbers refer to
Carroll & Ostlie: "An introduction to modern astronomy",
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc. 1996
Equations without numbers or references are from my own notes.
Side 1 af 36
Constants
Radiation constant
The speed of light
Gravitational constant
Plancks constant
Boltzmann's constant
Luminosity of the sun
Epoch correction
Mass of electron
Mass of Hydrogen atom
Mass of proton
Mass of sun
Absolute bolometric magnitude of the sun
Epoch correction
Period of the Earth
Universal gas constant
Rydberg constant
Stefan-Boltsman constant
Cross section for Thompson electron scattering =
Side 2 af 36
Variables
acceleration
Area
Average distance from the sun
Semimajor axis in ellipse
Semimajor axis of object 1 (known)
Semimajor axis of object 2 (unknown)
Centripetal acceleration
Interstellar extinction coefficient
Semimajor axis of reduced mass
Angle subtended by semimajor axis
Right ascension
Angle subtended by semimajor axis 1 (known)
Angle subtended by semimajor axis 2 (unknown)
Apparent blue magnitude
Semiminor axis in ellipse
Blackbody intensity at wavelength lamda at Temperature T
Bolometric correction
Specific heat at constant pressure
Specific heat at constant volume
Ionization energy
Aperture
Distance [cm]
Distance [AU]
Distance [pc]
Absorptionline spreading
Differential vertical optical depth
Differential optical depth
Declination
Full width of 21 cm line at half maximum
Change in right ascension
Proper motion
Change in declination
Change in wave length
Time interval
Differential intensity
Side 3 af 36
Differential Luminosity
Differential mass interval
Differential mass interval inside star
Differential pressure interval Luminosity gradient
Differential radiation pressure
Differential heat interval
Differential radius interval
Differential distance
Differential entropy interval
Differential temperature interval
Differential time interval
Differential speed interval
Differential volume interval
Differential hydrogen mass fraction
Eccentricity
Total mechanical energy of system
Energy of a photon
Energy generation rate
Energy generation rate due to gravity
Focal ratio
Force
Radient Flux
Flux of object 1 (known)
Flux of object 2 (unknown)
Focal length of eyepiece
Focal length
Focal length of objective
Radiation pressure
Flux at surface
Acceleration of gravity on the surface of star/planet
Ratio of specific heats
Adiabatic limit
Pressure scale height
Projection angle
Initial intensity at wave length lambda
Intensity at wavelength lambda
Emission coefficient
Kinetic energy
Side 4 af 36
Opacity
Opacity at wavelength lambda
Luminosity
Steplength
Luminosity of object 1 (known)
Luminosity of object 2 (unknown)
Maximum radiative luminosity
Approximate ratio of proton potential and kinetic energy
Wavelength
Wavelength of maximum intensity
Observed wavelength
Wavelength at rest
Angular magnification
Bolometric absolute magnitude
Bolometric apparent magnitude
Main quantum state number
Total mass of star/planet/atom/object
Bolometric absolute magnitude of object 1 (known)
Bolometric magnitude of object 1 (known)
Mass of object 1 (known)
Bolometric absolute magnitude of object 2 (unknown)
Bolometric magnitude of object 2 (unknown)
Mass of object 2 (unknown)
Average mass of gas particle
Absolute blue magnitude
Jeans mass
Mass inside radius
Absolute ultraviolet magnitude
Absolute visual magnitude
Mean molecular weight
Proper motion
Reduced mass
Number of atoms pr cm^3
Number of illuminated lines in the grating
Number of particles/atoms
Number of steps
Order of diffraction lines
Side 5 af 36
Time difference in years (Epoch)

Total number density pr volume
Column density of neutral hydrogen (in unit 1/cm)
Number of atoms in ionization state i
Index of refraction at wavelength lambda
Number of particles moving at the speed v
Frequency
Momentum
Paralax in arcseconds
Period
Pressure
Pressure of free electrons
Radiation pressure
Nuclear energy generated pr particle
Orbit radius
Radius of/inside star/planet
Distance to center of mass of object 1 (known)
Radius of curvature of surface 1 (known)
Distance to center of mass of object 2 (unknown)
Radius of curvature of surface 2 (unknown)
Distance at aphelion
Jeans radius
Distance at perihelion
Density
Distance traveled
Synodic period
Cross section for bound-free photoionization
Collision cross section
Temperature / Effective temperature (Kelvin)
Free-fall time for a homologous collapse
Optical depth of 21 cm line center
Optical depth
Incident angle
Smallest angular seperation
Apparent ultraviolet magnitude
Inclination of rotational axis
Internal energy
Potential energy
Side 6 af 36
Apparent visual magnitude

Orbital velocity
Speed
Speed of stellar wind
Speed of star 1 (known) in binary system
Speed of star 2 (unknown) in binary system
Velocity at aphelion
Rotational speed at equator
Escape velocity
Most probable speed
Velocity at perihelion
Radial velocity of object 1 (known)
Radial velocity of object 2 (unknown)
Radial velocity
Root mean-squared speed of particles
Tangential velocity
Hydrogen Mass fraction
Helium mass fraction
Metal mass fraction
Redshift
Partition function
Side 7 af 36
Formulas
acceleration
Eq. p0034 Newtons 2nd law
Area
Eq. p0074 (3.13) Radiation pressure (absorption)
Eq. p0073 (3.14) Radiation pressure (reflection)
Eq. p0077 (3.16) Stefan-Boltsman equation
Average distance from the sun

Eq. p0052 (2.35) a Keplers 3rd law
Eq. p0050 (2.30)
Orbital velocity at perihelion
Eq. p0051 (2.31)
Orbital velocity at aphelion
Semimajor axis in ellipse

Eq. p0028
Phythagorean theorem
Eq. p0030 (2.5) Distance at perihelion

Eq. p0030 (2.6) Distance at aphelion
Eq. p0206
Semimajor axis of object 1 (known)

Eq. p0206 a Angle subtended by semimajor axis 1
Eq. p0206 c Semimajor axis of reduced mass
Semimajor axis of object 2 (unknown)

Eq. p0206 b Angle subtended by semimajor axis 2
Side 8 af 36
Centripetal acceleration
Eq. p0039 b Radial acceleration
Interstellar extinction coefficient

Eq. p0438 (12.1) Effect of interstellar extinction
Semimajor axis of reduced mass


Eq. p0206
Eq. p0206 (7.2) Mass ratio of double stars
Right ascension
Eq. p0016 (1.2) Change in right ascension by epoch
Eq. p0016 (1.3) Change in declination by epoch
Angle subtended by semimajor axis 1 (known)

Eq. p0206 a
Angle subtended by semimajor axis 1
Angle subtended by semimajor axis 2 (unknown)

Eq. p0206 b Angle subtended by semimajor axis 2
Apparent blue magnitude

Eq. p0083 a U-B Color index
Semiminor axis in ellipse

Eq. p0028 Phythagorean theorem
Side 9 af 36
Blackbody intensity at wavelength lamda at Temperature T

Eq. p0081 (3.20)
The Planck function
Eq. p0083 b Bolometric correction
Specific heat at constant pressure

Eq. p0354 (10.72) Ratio of specific heats
Specific heat at constant volume

Ionization energy
Eq. p0234 (8.7) Saha
Aperture
Eq. p0166 (6.6) Reyleigh criterion
Eq. p0173 (6.7) Focal ratio
Distance [cm]
Eq. p0277 (9.23) Random walk displacement
Distance [AU]
Eq. p0064 a Distance in AU from parallax in arc seconds
Distance [pc]
Eq. p0019 (1.4)
Proper motion
Side 10 af 36
Eq. p0064 (3.1)
Distance from paralax in arcseconds
Eq. p0067 (3.2)
Radient Flux
Eq. p0068 (3.6)
Distance modulus
Eq. p0206
Eq. p0206 a
Eq. p0206 b
Absorptionline spreading
Eq. Additional 1 Absorptionline spread due to rotation
Differential vertical optical depth

Eq. p0286 (9.36) The radiation field
Differential optical depth

Eq. p0266 (9.13) Optical depth
Declination
Full width of 21 cm line at half maximum

Eq. p0445 (12.4) Optical depth of 21 cm line center
Change in right ascension

Proper motion
Eq. p0018 Proper motion
Side 11 af 36
Change in declination
Change in wave length

Eq. p0110 (4.39) b Redshift
Eq. p0126 (5.1) a
Doppler shift
Eq. p0130 (5.2)
Grating resolution
Time interval
Eq. p0018 Proper motion
Differential intensity
Eq. p0280 (9.26) Pure emission
Eq. p0280 (9.27) Emission and absorption
Differential Luminosity
Eq. p0342 (10.45) Luminosity gradient
Eq. p0341 a
Differential mass interval

Eq. p0319 (10.8) Mass conservation equation
Eq. p0341 a
Eq. p0409 (11.4) Mass loss rate
Differential mass interval inside star

Eq. p0384 a Mass conservation (10.8)
Differential pressure interval Luminosity gradient

Eq. p0318 (10.6)
Radial acceleration
Side 12 af 36
Eq. p0318 (10.7)
Hydrostatic equilibrium
Constraints:
Eq. p0352 (10.26) Pressure scale height

Eq. p0360 (10.87) Condition for convection
Differential radiation pressure

Differential heat interval

Eq. p0366 (10.95) Energy generation rate due to gravity
Differential radius interval

Eq. p0318 (10.6)
Radial acceleration
Eq. p0318 (10.7)
Constraints:
Eq. p0319 (10.8)
Mass conservation equation
Eq. p0351
Temperature gradient

Eq. p0356 (10.81) Adiabatic temperature gradient
Eq. p0384 a
Mass conservation (10.8)
Differential distance
Side 13 af 36

Differential entropy interval

Differential temperature interval

Eq. p0351

Differential time interval

Eq. p0318 (10.6)
Radial acceleration

Eq. Additional 2
Hydrogen depletionrate
Eq. p0409 (11.4)
Mass loss rate
Differential speed interval

Eq. p0225
(8.1)
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
function
Differential volume interval

Eq. p0384 a Mass conservation (10.8)
Differential hydrogen mass fraction

Eq. Additional 2 Hydrogen depletionrate
Side 14 af 36
Eccentricity
Eq. p0028
Eq. p0030 (2.5)

Eq. p0030 (2.6)
Eq. p0050 (2.30) Orbital velocity at perihelion

Eq. p0051 (2.31) Orbital velocity at aphelion
Total mechanical energy of system

Eq. p0056 (2.46) Total mechanical energy of system
Energy of a photon
Eq. p0131 (5.3) Energy of a photon

Eq. p0341 a
Eq. Additional 2
Hydrogen depletionrate

Focal ratio
Force
Eq. p0034 Newtons 2nd law
Radient Flux
Side 15 af 36
Eq. p0067 (3.2)
Radient Flux

Flux of object 1 (known)

Eq. p0067 (3.3) Flux ratio
Flux of object 2 (unknown)

Focal length of eyepiece

Eq. p0174 (6.9) Angular magnification
Focal length
Eq. p0161 (6.2) Lensmakers formula
Focal length of objective

Radiation pressure
Side 16 af 36
Eq. p0287 (9.37) Radiative flux

Flux at surface
Eq. p0077 (3.18) Surface Flux of a star
Acceleration of gravity on the surface of star/planet

Eq. p0039 (2.12)
Acceleration of gravity
Eq. p0318 (10.7) Constraints:
Ratio of specific heats

Adiabatic limit

Projection angle
Eq. p0211
(7.8)
The mass function of a binary system m1

comparable to m2
Side 17 af 36
Eq. p0210
(7.7)
Sum of masses in a binary system
Eq. p0210
(7.8) a
Mass function assuming m2 << m1

Constraints:
m2 << m1 - m2 is negliable compared
to m1
Initial intensity at wave length lambda

Eq. p0267
(9.16)
Intensity of ray travelling through gass from an optical

depth
Intensity at wavelength lambda

Eq. p0267
(9.16)
Eq. p0280
(9.27)
Intensity of ray travelling through gass from an

optical depth
Emission and absorption
Emission coefficient
Kinetic energy
Eq. p0056 (2.45) The virial theorem
Opacity
Eq. p0266 (9.13)
Optical depth
Eq. p0351
Eq. p0463 (12.19) Maximum radiative luminosity
Opacity at wavelength lambda

Eq. p0266 a
Mean free path for photons

Luminosity
Side 18 af 36
Eq. p0067 (3.2)
Radient Flux
Eq. p0068 (3.8)
Absolute bolometric magnitude of a star
Eq. p0077 (3.16) Stefan-Boltsman equation

Eq. p0077 (3.17) Luminosity of a spherical star
Eq. p0351
Steplength
Eq. p0266 a
Eq. p0266 b
Luminosity of object 1 (known)

Eq. p0068 (3.7) Ratio of luminosities
Luminosity of object 2 (unknown)


Eq. p0463 (12.19) Maximum radiative luminosity
Approximate ratio of proton potential and kinetic energy

Eq. p0411 a
Approximate ratio of proton potential and kinetic

energy at radius r0
Eq. p0411
(11.8)
Pressure structure of corona
Wavelength
Eq. p0081
(3.20)
The Planck function
Eq. p0081
Frequency
Side 19 af 36
a
Eq. p0130
(5.2)
Grating resolution
Eq. p0131
(5.3)
Energy of a photon
Eq. p0131
c
Frequency - wave length
Eq. p0135
(5.7)
Balmer lines
Eq. p0135
(5.8) a
Lyman lines
Eq. p0135
(5.8) b
Paschen lines
Eq. p0135
(5.8)
Generalized energylevels in the hydrogen

atom
Eq. p0166
(6.6)
Reyleigh criterion
Eq. p0270
Cross section for bound-free ionization of

hydrogen in the n'th quantum state
Wavelength of maximum intensity

Eq. p0076 (3.15) Wiens displacement law
Observed wavelength
Eq. p0126 (5.1) a Doppler shift
Wavelength at rest
Eq. p0126 (5.1) a
Doppler shift
Eq. Additional 1
Absorptionline spread due to rotation
Angular magnification
Side 20 af 36
Bolometric absolute magnitude

Eq. p0068 (3.6)
Distance modulus
Eq. p0068 (3.8)
Absolute bolometric magnitude of a

star
Eq. p0083 b
Eq. p0438
(12.1)
Effect of interstellar extinction
Bolometric apparent magnitude

Eq. p0068 (3.6)
Distance modulus
Eq. p0083 b

Eq. p0135 (5.8) Generalized energylevels in the hydrogen atom
Total mass of star/planet/atom/object

Eq. p0034
Newtons 2nd law
Eq. p0039
(2.12)
Eq. p0043
(2.17)
Escape velocity
Eq. p0050
(2.30)
Orbital velocity at perihelion
Eq. p0051
(2.31)
Orbital velocity at aphelion
Eq. p0225
(8.1)
function
Eq. p0229
(8.2)
Most probable speed of a particle
Eq. p0229
(8.3)
Root-mean-squared speed of
thermal particles
Eq. Notes 1
Number of particles
Eq. p0463
(12.19)
Side 21 af 36
Bolometric absolute magnitude of object 1 (known)

Bolometric magnitude of object 1 (known)

Mass of object 1 (known)

Eq. p0052
(2.35) a
Keplers 3rd law
Eq. p0046
Reduced mass
Eq. p0206
(7.2)
Mass ratio of double stars
Eq. p0210
Mass ratio of binary stars
Eq. p0052
(2.35) b
Keplers 3rd law assuming circular orbit

Constraints:
Circular orbit - Radius is constant
Eq. p0211
(7.8)

comparable to m2
Eq. p0210
(7.5)
Ratio of radial velocities
Eq. p0210
(7.7)
Eq. p0210
(7.8) a

Constraints:
to m1
Bolometric absolute magnitude of object 2 (unknown)

Eq. p0068 (3.7)
Ratio of luminosities
Bolometric magnitude of object 2 (unknown)

Side 22 af 36
Mass of object 2 (unknown)

Eq. p0052
(2.35) a
Keplers 3rd law
Eq. p0046
Reduced mass
Eq. p0206
(7.2)
Mass ratio of double stars
Eq. p0210
Mass ratio of binary stars
Eq. p0052
(2.35) b

Constraints:
Eq. p0211
(7.8)

comparable to m2
Eq. p0210
(7.5)
Eq. p0210
(7.7)
Eq. p0210
(7.8) a

Constraints:
to m1
Average mass of gas particle

Eq. p0323 (10.13) Mean molecular weight
Absolute blue magnitude

Jeans mass
Eq. p0449 (12.7) Jeans mass
Mass inside radius

Eq. p0318 (10.6)
Radial acceleration
Side 23 af 36
Eq. p0318 (10.7)
Constraints:
Absolute ultraviolet magnitude

Absolute visual magnitude


Eq. p0323
(10.13)
Eq. p0323
(10.14)
Ideal gass law

Constraints:
Ideal gas - The ideal gaslaw applies
Eq. p0325
(10.19)
Mean molecular weight for neutral gas
Eq. p0326
(10.21)
Eq. p0328
(10.26)
Mean molecular weight for completely

ionized gas
Total pressure (gas + radiation)
Constraints:
Eq. p0356
(10.81)
Adiabatic temperature gradient
Eq. Notes 1
Number of particles
Eq. p0353
(10.65)
Internal energy
Constraints:
Nonreletavistic gass
Eq. p0449
(12.7)
Jeans mass
Eq. p0449
(12.8)
Jeans radius
Proper motion
Side 24 af 36
Eq. p0019 (1.4) Proper motion
Reduced mass
Eq. p0046 Reduced mass

Eq. p0135
(5.7)
Balmer lines
Eq. p0135
(5.8) a
Lyman lines
Eq. p0135
(5.8) b
Paschen lines
Eq. p0135
(5.8)
Generalized energylevels in the hydrogen

atom
Eq. p0270

Number of atoms pr cm^3

Eq. p0266 b Mean free path for photons
Number of illuminated lines in the grating

Eq. p0130 (5.2) Grating resolution
Number of particles/atoms
Eq. Notes 1 Number of particles
Number of steps
Order of diffraction lines

Eq. p0130 (5.2) Grating resolution
Side 25 af 36
Time difference in years (Epoch)

Total number density pr volume

Eq. p0225
(8.1)
function
Eq. p0409
(11.4)
Mass loss rate
Column density of neutral hydrogen (in unit 1/cm)

Number of atoms in ionization state i

Eq. p0234 (8.7) Saha
Index of refraction at wavelength lambda

Number of particles moving at the speed v

Eq. p0225
(8.1)
function
Frequency
Eq. p0081 a
Frequency

Eq. p0131 c
Frequency - wave length
Momentum
Side 26 af 36
Paralax in arcseconds
Eq. p0064 (3.1) Distance from paralax in arcseconds
Eq. p0064 a
Distance in AU from parallax in arc seconds
Period
Eq. p0009a
Synodic period of an inferior planet
Eq. p0009b
Synodic period of superior planet
Eq. p0052
(2.35) a
Keplers 3rd law
Eq. p0039 c
Tangential speed
Eq. p0052
(2.35) b

Constraints:
Eq. p0211
(7.8)

comparable to m2
Eq. p0210
(7.7)
Eq. p0210
(7.8) a

Constraints:
to m1
Pressure
Eq. p0323
(10.14)
Eq. p0328
(10.26)
Ideal gass law

Constraints:
Ideal gas - The ideal gaslaw
applies
Constraints:
applies
Eq. p0352
(10.26)
Eq. p0352
(10.63)

Constraints:
Eq. p0360
(10.87)
Condition for convection
Side 27 af 36
Internal energy
Constraints:
Eq. p0353
(10.65)
Eq. p0411 (11.8) Pressure structure of corona
Pressure of free electrons

Eq. p0234 (8.7) Saha
Radiation pressure
Eq. p0261 (9.9) Radiation pressure
Nuclear energy generated pr particle

Eq. Additional 2 Hydrogen depletionrate
Orbit radius
Eq. p0028
Eq. p0039 b
Radial acceleration
Eq. p0039 c
Tangential speed
Eq. p0052 (2.35) b Constraints:

Radius of/inside star/planet

Eq. p0039
(2.12)
Eq. p0043
(2.17)
Eq. p0077
(3.17)
Eq. p0318
(10.6)
Escape velocity
Luminosity of a spherical star
Radial acceleration
Side 28 af 36
Eq. p0318
(10.7)
Constraints:
Eq. p0319
(10.8)
Eq. p0351
Eq. p0356
(10.81)
Adiabatic temperature gradient
Eq. p0384 a
Eq. p0409
(11.4)
Mass loss rate
Eq. p0411 a
Approximate ratio of proton potential and

kinetic energy at radius r0
Eq. p0411
(11.8)
Pressure structure of corona
Distance to center of mass of object 1 (known)

Radius of curvature of surface 1 (known)

Distance to center of mass of object 2 (unknown)

Radius of curvature of surface 2 (unknown)

Eq. p0030 (2.6) Distance at aphelion
Jeans radius
Eq. p0449 (12.8) Jeans radius
Side 29 af 36
Eq. p0030 (2.5) Distance at perihelion
Density
Eq. p0266 (9.13)
Optical depth
Eq. p0266 a
Eq. p0267 (9.15)
Optical depth
Eq. p0280 (9.26)

Eq. p0280 (9.27)
Pure emission
Emission and absorption
Eq. p0318 (10.6)
Radial acceleration
Eq. p0318 (10.7)
Constraints:
Eq. p0319 (10.8)
Eq. p0323
(10.14)
Eq. p0328
(10.26)
Ideal gass law

Constraints:
Constraints:
Eq. p0351
Eq. p0352
(10.63)

Constraints:
Eq. p0342
(10.45)
Luminosity gradient
Eq. p0384 a
Eq. p0409 (11.4)
Mass loss rate
Eq. p0449 (12.7)
Jeans mass
Eq. p0449 (12.8)
Jeans radius
Eq. p0451
(12.16)
Free-fall time for a homologous

collapse
Distance traveled
Side 30 af 36
Synodic period
Eq. p0009a Synodic period of an inferior planet
Eq. p0009b Synodic period of superior planet
Cross section for bound-free photoionization

Eq.
p0270

Collision cross section

Eq. p0266 b Mean free path for photons
Temperature / Effective temperature (Kelvin)

Eq. p0076
(3.15)
Eq. p0077
(3.16)
Eq. p0077
(3.17)
Eq. p0077
(3.18)
Wiens displacement law

Stefan-Boltsman equation
Luminosity of a spherical star
Surface Flux of a star
Eq. p0081
(3.20)
The Planck function
Eq. p0225
(8.1)
function
Eq. p0229
(8.2)
Most probable speed of a particle
Eq. p0229
(8.3)
Eq. p0287
(9.37)
Eq. p0261
(9.9)
Eq. p0323
Root-mean-squared speed of thermal

particles
Radiative flux
Radiation pressure
Ideal gass law
Constraints:
Side 31 af 36
(10.14)
Eq. p0328
(10.26)

applies
Constraints:
applies
Eq. p0351
Eq. p0360
(10.87)
Condition for convection
Eq. p0353
(10.65)
Internal energy
Constraints:
Eq. p0366
(10.95)
Eq. p0411
a
Approximate ratio of proton potential

and kinetic energy at radius r0
Eq. p0445
(12.4)
Eq. p0449
(12.7)
Jeans mass
Eq. p0449
(12.8)
Jeans radius
Eq. p0234
(8.7)
Saha
Free-fall time for a homologous collapse

Eq. p0451 (12.16) Free-fall time for a homologous collapse

Optical depth
Eq. p0267
(9.15)
Eq. p0267
(9.16)
Optical depth
Intensity of ray travelling through gass from an optical
depth
Incident angle
Side 32 af 36

Smallest angular seperation

Eq. p0166 (6.6) Reyleigh criterion
Apparent ultraviolet magnitude

Inclination of rotational axis

Internal energy
Internal energy
Potential energy
Eq. p0056 (2.45) The virial theorem
Eq. p0056 (2.46) Total mechanical energy of system
Apparent visual magnitude

Orbital velocity
Eq. p0039 c Tangential speed
Speed
Eq. p0039 b
Radial acceleration
Eq. p0129 a
Speed relative to the sun
Side 33 af 36
Eq. p0225
(8.1)
function
Speed of stellar wind

Eq. p0409 (11.4) Mass loss rate
Speed of star 1 (known) in binary system

Eq. p0210 Mass ratio of binary stars
Speed of star 2 (unknown) in binary system

Eq. p0210 Mass ratio of binary stars
Velocity at aphelion
Eq. p0051 (2.31) Orbital velocity at aphelion
Rotational speed at equator

Escape velocity
Eq. p0043 (2.17) Escape velocity
Most probable speed

Eq. p0229 (8.2) Most probable speed of a particle
Velocity at perihelion
Eq. p0050 (2.30) Orbital velocity at perihelion
Radial velocity of object 1 (known)

Eq. p0211
Side 34 af 36
(7.8)
comparable to m2
Eq. p0210
(7.5)
Eq. p0210
(7.7)
Eq. p0210
(7.8) a

Constraints:
to m1
Radial velocity of object 2 (unknown)

Eq. p0210 (7.5) Ratio of radial velocities
Eq. p0210 (7.7) Sum of masses in a binary system
Radial velocity
Eq. p0110 (4.39) a Redshift
Eq. p0129 a
Root mean-squared speed of particles

Eq. p0229 (8.3) Root-mean-squared speed of thermal particles
Tangential velocity
Eq. p0018
Proper motion
Eq. p0019 (1.4) Proper motion

Eq. p0129 a
Hydrogen Mass fraction

Eq. p0325
(10.19)
Eq. p0326
(10.21)

ionized gas
Side 35 af 36
Helium mass fraction

Eq. p0325
(10.19)
Eq. p0326
(10.21)

ionized gas
Eq. p0325
(10.19)
Eq. p0326
(10.21)

ionized gas
Metal mass fraction
Redshift
Eq. p0110 (4.39) a Redshift
Partition function
Eq. p0234 (8.7) Saha
Side 36 af 36

Astronomical Formulae (En Inglés)

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Astronomical Formulae (En Inglés)

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Astronomical formulae

Formulas compiled by Frank Sorensen 2002-2003. Last changed 2004-10-19.

The speed of light

Luminosity of the sun

Mass of Hydrogen atom

Absolute bolometric magnitude of the sun

Period of the Earth

Universal gas constant

Cross section for Thompson electron scattering =

Time difference in years (Epoch)

Apparent visual magnitude

Average distance from the sun

Orbital velocity at perihelion

Eq. p0051 (2.31)

Orbital velocity at aphelion

Semimajor axis in ellipse

Eq. p0030 (2.5) Distance at perihelion

Angle subtended by semimajor axis

Semimajor axis of object 1 (known)

Semimajor axis of object 2 (unknown)

Interstellar extinction coefficient

Semimajor axis of reduced mass

Angle subtended by semimajor axis

Angle subtended by semimajor axis

Eq. p0206 (7.2) Mass ratio of double stars

Angle subtended by semimajor axis 1 (known)

Angle subtended by semimajor axis 1

Eq. p0206 (7.2) Mass ratio of double stars

Angle subtended by semimajor axis 2 (unknown)

Apparent blue magnitude

Semiminor axis in ellipse

Blackbody intensity at wavelength lamda at Temperature T

The Planck function

Specific heat at constant pressure

Specific heat at constant volume

Eq. p0064 (3.1)

Distance from paralax in arcseconds

Eq. p0067 (3.2)

Eq. p0068 (3.6)

Angle subtended by semimajor axis

Angle subtended by semimajor axis 1

Angle subtended by semimajor axis 2

Eq. p0438 (12.1) Effect of interstellar extinction

Differential vertical optical depth

Differential optical depth

Full width of 21 cm line at half maximum

Change in right ascension

Change in wave length

Eq. p0130 (5.2)

Energy generation rate

Differential mass interval

Energy generation rate

Eq. p0409 (11.4) Mass loss rate

Differential mass interval inside star

Differential pressure interval Luminosity gradient

Eq. p0318 (10.7)

Eq. p0352 (10.26) Pressure scale height

Differential radiation pressure

Differential heat interval

Differential radius interval

Eq. p0318 (10.7)

Eq. p0319 (10.8)

Mass conservation equation