LUMPED CAPACITY SYS:All solids have a finite thermal

conductivity and there will be always atemperature gradient

inside the solid whenever heat is added or removed.However for
solids of large thermal conductivity with surface areas thatare
large in proportion to their volume like plates and thin metallic
wires,the internal resistance {L/ kA} can be assumed to be small
or negligiblein comparison with the convective resistance {1/hA}
at the surface.Typical examples of this type of heat flow are:1.
Heat treatment of metals2. Time response of thermocouples and
thermometersThe process in which the internal resistance is
assumed negligible incomparison with its surface resistance is
called the Newtonian heating orcooling process. The temperature,
in this process is considered to beuniform at a given time. Such
an analysis is called Lumped parameteranalysis because the
whole solid, whose energy at any time is a functionof its
temperature and total heat capacity is treated as one lump.Let us
consider a body whose initial temperature is t i throughout
andwhich is placed suddenly in ambient air or any liquid at a
constant temperature to
Q=-VCp

dT
dt

dT

=hAT-Ta T Ta

hA
VCp

dt

ln(T-Ta)=

hA
VCp

dt

The

boundary conditions are t=0 T=Ti;C1= ln(Ti-Ta); Sub C1 in the above

equation
ln(T-Ta)=

hA
VCp

t+ ln(Ti-Ta);

T Ta
hA
t
=exp[
TiTa
VCp