Li gii thiu

Quan trc va phn tich mi trng (QT&PTMT) la m t hoat ng quan trong

cua cng tac quan ly nha nc v bao v mi trng. Tai cac iu 37 va 38 cua Lu t
Bao v mi trng a quy inh rng, B Khoa hoc, Cng ngh va Mi trng (nay la
B Tai nguyn Mi trng) chiu trach nhi m
trc Chinh phu v hoat n g quan ly
nha nc v bao v mi trng va m t trong nhng n i dung c ban cua cng tac nay
la: "T chc, xy dng, quan ly h thng quan trc, inh ky anh gia hi n trang mi
trng, d bao din bin mi trng."
thc hi n cac quy inh trn cua Lu t Bao v mi trng, t nm 1994, B
KHCN&MT ( nay la B Tai nguyn & Mi trng) a tng bc xy dng Mang li
cac tram QT&PTMT quc gia. Mang li nay c xy dng trn c s phi hp lin
b nhm t n dung c cac nng lc sn co v QT&PTMT tai m t s b , nganh, ia
phng va nhanh chong a c Mang li vao hoat ng phuc vu kip thi cac yu
cu cp bach v quan ly mi trng. Ngoai Mang li QT&PTMT quc gia thi vai nm
tr lai y, hang chuc ia phng trong nc cung bt u xy dng va bc u a
vao hoat ng cac tram QT&PTMT ia phng. Cung vi s phat trin cua hoat ng
QT&PTMT thi nhu cu v b tai li u phap quy hng dn vi c bao am va kim soat
cht lng cua hoat ng nay ngay cang tr nn bc xuc.
Ban hng dn nay c soan thao nh la m t trong cac n lc cua Cuc Bao v
mi trng, B TN&MT, trong vi c am bao va kim soat cht lng cua hoat ng
QT&PTMT nhm a ra c cac s li u quan trc co tin c y va chinh xac cao.
Ban hng dn y u se bao gm nhiu thanh phn mi trng khac nhau, ban
hng dn u tin nay soan thao cho quan trc mi trng nc luc ia bao gm 2
chng :
Chng 1 - Nhng vn chung, bao gm cac khai ni m c ban v quan trc
mi trng va hoat n g am bao va kim soat cht lng trong quan trc mi trng
Chng 2 - Hng dn cu th v am bao va kim soat cht lng trong quan
trc mi trng nc luc ia.
i tng ap dung Ban hng dn nay la tt ca hoat ng QT&PTMT c tin
hanh trong Mang li quc gia va cac tram QT&PTMT ia phng. Ban hng dn
cung co th c s dung nh tai li u tham khao cho hoat ng QT&PTMT cua cac
B /nganh khac.
Tai li u nay do Cuc Bao v mi trng chu tri bin soan vi s tham gia cua cac
chuyn gia v quan trc va phn tich mi trng thu c cac n vi sau:
1. Trung tm ky thu t mi trng thi va Khu cng nghi p, ai hoc Xy
dng Ha N i
2. Tng cuc Tiu chun - o lng - Cht lng, B KHCN
3. Vi n Khoa hoc va Cng ngh mi trng, ai hoc Bach khoa Ha N i;

Ban hng dn nay c coi nh c gng ban u nhng rt cn thit nhm nng
cao cht lng va a dn vao n np hoat ng QT&PTMT tai Vi t Nam. B tai li u
hng dn v QT&PTMT se con c tip tuc hoan thi n va b theo yu cu cua thc
t.
Do thi gian gp gap cng tac am bao va kim soat cht lng trong quan trc
mi trng tai Vi t Nam con rt mi me nn Ban hng dn chc chn con nhiu thiu
sot. Cuc Bao v Mi trng mong nh n c nhiu y kin ong gop cua cac chuyn
gia, cac nha khoa hoc trong linh vc QT&PTMT cung nh cac linh vc lin quan tip
tuc trin khai va hoan thi n b tai li u quan trong nay.

Chng 1

Nhng vn chung v bo m v kim sot cht lng

trong quan trc v phn tch mi trng
I.1. Mt s khai ni m:

1. Quan trc mi trng (QTMT) la m t qua trinh o ac thng xuyn m t ho c

nhiu chi tiu v tinh cht v t ly, hoa hoc va sinh hoc cua cac thanh phn mi trng,
theo m t k hoach l p sn v thi gian, khng gian, phng phap va quy trinh o
lng, cung cp cac thng tin c ban co tin c y , chinh xac cao va co th anh
gia c din bin cht lng mi trng
2. Bao am cht lng (QA: Quality Assurance) trong quan trc mi trng la m t
h thng tich hp cac hoat ng quan ly va ky thu t trong m t t chc nhm bao am
cho hoat ng quan trc mi trng at c cac tiu chun cht lng a quy inh.
3. Kim soat cht lng (QC: Quality Control) trong quan trc mi trng la vi c
thc hi n cac bi n phap anh gia, theo doi va kip thi iu chinh at c
chinh xac va t p trung cua cac phep o theo yu cu cua cac tiu chun cht lng
nhm bao am cho hoat ng quan trc mi trng at cac tiu chun cht lng nay.
4. K hoach quan trc mi trng la m t chng trinh quan trc c l p ra nhm ap
ng m t s muc tiu nht inh, trong o bao gm nhng yu cu v thng tin, cac thng
s, cac ia im, tn sut va thi gian quan trc, cac yu cu v trang thit bi, phng
phap phn tich, o, th; yu cu v nhn lc va kinh phi thc hi n.
Cac hoat ng QA/QC gn bo vi nhau, b sung cho nhau va m t s n i dung
ging nhau, cung din ra trong khun kh h thng quan ly cht lng cua t chc, vi
inh nghia h thng quan ly cht lng la c cu t chc, trach nhi m, cac thu tuc, qua
trinh va ngun lc cn thit thc hi n quan ly cht lng.
II.2. am bao cht lng va kim soat cht lng trong quan trc va phn tich
mi trng

1.2.1. QA/QC trong xac inh nhu cu thng tin

am bao cht lng chi co th thc hi n tt khi cac yu cu v san phm c xac
inh ro rang, cu th. Cac yu cu v quan trc va anh gia la nhu cu co tinh cht thng
tin (nhu cu thng tin). Nhu cu thng tin la im khi u trong chu trinh quan trc va
phn tich mi trng.
Nhu cu thng tin chung chung la khng co y nghia. Nhng co nhng yu t lam
phc tap vi c xac inh cac nhu cu thng tin, c bi t la trong hp tac quc t v quan
trc va anh gia mi trng. Vi du: thiu cac thu t ng, inh nghia cn thit; s go bo
do chuyn nganh cua cac chuyn gia; nhng thoa thu n phai at c...
Nhu cu thng tin phai phan anh chinh sach hi n hanh v quan ly mi trng va
phai bao ham c nhng cn nhc, xem xet co tinh cht lu dai. C s u tin xac
inh nhu cu thng tin la cac lu t va cac vn ban thoa thu n tm quc gia va quc t.
Ngoai ra, nhng yu cu phuc vu vi c soat xet cac quy inh, vi c xy dng m t chinh

sach mi, quan im cua cac nha quan ly hi n hanh, cung la nhng c s xac inh
nhu cu thng tin.
Hinh 1. Cac bc chu yu trong quan trc va phn tich mi trng
Quan ly mi trng

S dung thng tin

Nhu cu thng tin

Chng trinh quan trc

Bao cao

Thit k mang li

Phn tich s li u

Ly mu va quan trc tai

hi n trng

X ly s li u

Phn tich trong PTN

1.2.2. QA/QC trong xac inh chng trinh quan trc

T nhu cu thng tin, phai xac inh muc tiu va nhu cu quan trc cu th, tc la
phai xac inh m t chin lc cho vi c quan trc.
Chin lc quan trc phai quyt inh ro loai quan trc cn thit: v t ly, sinh hoc,
hoa hoc, thuy vn, cht thai ho c canh bao sm ... Phai qui inh cac thng s cn quan
trc, chinh xac va tin c y cn thit v.v... Con vi c thit k mang li se xac inh no
phai c quan trc nh th nao. Chin lc quan trc cung phai bao gm ca vi c phn
tich s li u va bao cao, vi nhng cng vi c nay co th co anh hng ti cac yu cu cua
vi c thit k mang li quan trc. Chin lc quan trc phai c lam thanh tai li u va
cn c nhng ngi hay c quan co thm quyn ra quyt inh ph duy t
Cac thanh phn cua m t bao cao chin lc quan trc la:
1. Cac nhu cu thng tin bao gm trong chin lc quan trc va phn nhu cu
thng tin se khng bao gm trong chin lc quan trc.
2. Khai ni m v h thng quan trc va i tng quan trc (v t ly, hoa hoc, sinh
hoc, thuy vn, cht thai...), cac thng s cn quan trc va cac iu ki n ban u la

chon ia im va tn sut ly mu i vi tng bin s (nh khoang cach ln nht/ be

nht tinh t ng bin; tin c y...).
3. Khai ni m v h thng anh gia, vi du nh cac phng phap tinh toan c s
dung ( tinh toan mc e doa ho c khuynh hng); cac tiu chun quc t phu hp
nht; vi c s dung thi, cng cu thng k va cac cng cu khac trinh bay s li u.
4. Cac khia canh v m t t chc: t chc nao se chiu trach nhi m v m t nao
cua h thng quan trc; nhng thay i cn thit trong t chc, nhng kho khn cho
vi c thc hi n h thng quan trc v.v... s hp tac gia cac b ph n, c quan thc
hi n.
5. K hoach thit k va thc hi n mang li quan trc; nhng iu ki n ban
u la gi, k hoach cua nhng bc tip theo va k hoach tai chinh.
6. S phn tich v cac rui ro; nhng vn co th dn ti cac tht bai cua h
thng quan trc va nu ln bi n phap khc phuc.
1.2.3. QA/QC trong thit k mang li
Thit k mang li phai c m t nhom chuyn gia co kin thc a nganh thc
hi n. Thit k mang li cn xac inh thng s nao phai quan trc, quan trc ia im
nao va vi tn sut bao nhiu. Trong thit k mang li cung cn c p ti vi c s
dung cac phng phap ly mu, cac phng phap phn tich trong phong thi nghi m va
cac phng phap x ly s li u.
Cn c bi t quan tm n vi c ng dung thng k trong thit k mang li.
Vi c s dung thng k hoc co th lam giam n mc ti thiu cac ia im thng qua
mi tng quan gia cac tram. Thng k hoc cung la c s chon la gia hai phng
an: nhiu ia im vi tn sut thp ho c it ia im vi tn sut cao.
M t vn quan trong trong thit k mang li la xac inh tinh hi u qua cua
thng tin nh n c t mang li. Cn co s hiu bit chi tit v chi phi va hi u qua
cua mang li a thit k.
Thit k mang li phai c tai li u hoa bng m t vn ban. Vn ban nay phai
chuyn ti nhng ngi phu trach va quan ly chin lc quan trc quc gia. T vn ban
nay ho se rut ra kt lu n la mang li quan trc co nm trong chin lc va muc tiu
quan trc chung hay khng.
Bao cao thit k mang li gm cac phn sau:
1. Giai thich phn chin lc quan trc c c p n trong thit k mang li
va phn cua thit k mang li khng co trong chin lc quan trc.
2. M ta mang li quan trc: cac bin s cn o; cac ia im ly mu va tn
sut; vi c s dung cac tiu chun, vi du TCVN; ISO...
3. Cach thc trinh bay va th hi n cac kt qua.
4. Cac khia canh v m t t chc. Vi du nh nhi m vu cua cac t chc tham gia
i vi tng bc khac nhau trong chng trinh quan trc: thu th p, x ly va v n
chuyn mu, phn tich trong phong thi nghi m; x ly s li u; phn tich s li u; bao
cao...

5. K hoach thc hi n cua mang li quan trc.

6. Cac kt qua phn tich chi phi- hi u qua; m ta cac tranh lu n ra quyt inh.
7. Phn tich cac rui ro. Cai gi se xy ra nu co sai sot va cac bi n phap nao co th
thc hi n tranh ho c giam thiu cac thi t hai.
1.2.4. QA/QC trong hoat ng
tai hin trng
Hoat ng tai hi n trng bao gm ly mu va quan trc hi n trng. Tuy thu c
vao thanh phn mi trng ma co cac phng phap tin hanh khac nhau.
1.2.5. QA/QC trong hoat ng
phong thi nghim

QA/QC phong thi nghi m chinh la vi c xy dng va ap dung h thng quan ly

cht lng trong o co s an xen, kt hp cac hoat ng QC, theo yu cu cua
ISO/IEC Guide 25 TCVN 5958: 1995, Yu cu chung v nng lc cua phong th
nghi m/hi u chun hi n nay a c chuyn thanh m t tiu chun quc t mang tn
ISO/IEC 17025: 1999, tng ng vi TCVN ISO/IEC 17025: 2001.
1.2.6. QA/QC trong x ly s liu
Trong m t chng trinh quan trc, s li u thu c s dung thng la rt ln.
thu n li cho s dung, hu ht cac s li u ngay nay u c lu gi trong cac file
s li u cua may tinh. Co hai loai s li u c lu gi. M t loai a c lu gi sn
trong may tinh va m t loai la nhng s li u o c cua chng trinh quan trc hi n
hanh. Phai am bao cho cac loai s li u nay c phn bi t ro rang, khng nhm ln
vi nhau va an toan.
Khi s dung phn mm cua may tinh, cn phai c bi t quan tm n vi c kim
tra, phat trin va duy tri h thng may tinh. Phn mm cua may tinh cung co th thc
hi n cac chc nng kim soat khac nhau, nh cac phep phn tich tng quan va vi c s
dung cac c p gii han.
1.2.7. QA/QC trong phn tich s liu
Phn tich s li u la giai oan chuyn s li u th thanh thng tin s dung c.
nhng thng tin nh n c t s li u th co th so sanh va truy nguyn ngun gc,
phai trin khai cac bin ban phn tich s li u.
Phai co phng phap t li u hoa chun mc nhm bin cac s li u a co thanh
c s d li u truy c p va x dung khi cn thit.
1.2.8. QA/QC trong lp bao cao
Muc tiu cui cung cua m t chng trinh quan trc la chuyn thng tin a thu
th p c ti ngi s dung thng tin. Co th thc hi n cng vi c nay bng nhiu cach
khac nhau: truyn toan b cac phep phn tich s li u ho c chi la nhng kt lu n ngn
gon bng vn ban, li noi ho c bang s... M t s ky thu t trinh bay s li u c s
dung r ng rai la:
1/ Cac bang s li u o
Cach li t k s li u o vao trong cac bang tao iu ki n khng lam mt s
li u. Tuy nhin, t cac s li u trong bang, ngi oc s li u phai t tao thanh cac thng
tin cn thit cho minh.

2/ S li u o c x ly thng k
X ly thng k se chuyn i s li u ri rac thanh cac gia tri h thng thay i
theo thi gian va khng gian. Chung tao ra thng tin co th s dung ngay cho ngi oc.
3/ thi
thi giup cho ngi oc nhanh chong rut ra c nhng nh n inh tng quat.
Bng vi c nu ra cac tiu chun ho c cac tai li u tham khao trn thi, tinh hinh mi
trng c phan anh ung thc trang cua no. Cac thi co th la dang ng, dang
c t ho c biu phn trm (% )...
4/ Thng tin c trinh bay co tinh cht ia ly
Cach trinh bay nay giup hiu bit tt hn tinh hinh cht lng cua mi trng qua
phn b khng gian cua cac thng s lin quan.
5/ Thng tin tng hp
Vi c tng hp lai cac s li u la rt cn thit x ly nhanh m t lng ln s
li u. S dung cac phu luc la phng phap hay c dung ap ng yu cu nay.

Chng 2

Hng dn am bao cht lng/kim soat cht

lng (QA/QC) trong quan trc va phn tich mi
trng nc luc ia
II.1. Tng quan v bao am va kim soat cht lng trong quan trc nc luc
ia

II.1.1. Muc tiu

Cac hoat ng quan trc va phn tich mi trng nc din ra ngoai hi n trng
(ly mu, bao quan mu, o ac m t s thng s khng bn) va phn tich trong phong
thi nghi m. thu th p c thng tin cn phai tin hanh m t loat hoat ng bao gm
t khu l p k hoach, thit k chng trinh, thit k mang li, ly mu, phn tich trong
phong thi nghi m va x ly s li u.
Muc tiu cua chng trinh am bao cht lng/kim soat cht lng (QA/QC) trong
hoat ng quan trc va phn tich mi trng nc (bao gm nc luc ia va nc bin)
la cung cp nhng s li u tin c y va a c kim soat v hi n trang mi trng nc
bao gm cac thng s chu yu nh: nhit , pH, DO, kim loai n ng, c n l lng,
uc, COD, BOD5/TOC (vi nc bin), clorua, amoni, tng P, tng N, tng coliform,
trm tich, phu du, vi sinh v t... thoa man yu cu thng tin cn thu th p, theo muc tiu
cht lng t ra, :

anh gia hi n trang cht lng nc khu vc/ia phng;

anh gia din bin cht lng mi trng nc theo thi gian;

Canh bao sm cac hi n tng nhim ngun nc;

Theo cac yu cu khac cua cng tac quan ly mi trng va phat trin kinh t.

II.1.2. QA/QC trong l p k hoach/thit k chng trinh

Khi l p k hoach quan trc phai bao ham cac n i dung chinh nh sau:
Xac inh n i dung nhi m
vu t quan trc: ia im/tram vi, cac thng s cn
o ac, cac loai mu cn ly, thi gian thc hi n .

Xac inh yu cu v nhn lc tham gia (s lng, linh vc chuyn mn).

Yu cu v trang thit bi.

L p k hoach ly mu.

Phng phap ly mu va phn tich.

Kinh phi cho chng trinh quan trc va QA/QC

Cac vn am bao an toan con ngi, thit bi cho cac hoat ng quan trc nht
la quan trc trn sng, bao gm:
- Cac bi n phap, phng ti n bao am an toan (ngi va thit bi);

- Phng an cu h ;
- Li t k nhng vung nc xoay, bai cat ngm trong vung quan trc tau thuyn ne
tranh;
- Nhng yu t thi tit bt thng co th xy ra trong thi gian quan trc.
II.1.3. QA/QC trong thit k mang li
Thit k mang li la s la chon ia im ly mu, la chon tn sut ly mu, thi
gian ly mu va loai mu cn phai ly. am bao cht lng/kim soat cht lng trong
thit k mang li la l p k hoach ly mu ap ng c yu cu muc tiu cua chng
trinh quan trc va phn tich mi trng.
- B tri can b theo k hoach;
- Di n ly mu, ia im ly mu;
- Tn sut va thi gian;
- Cac dang ly mu; mu o tai hi n trng, mu mang v PTN.
- am bao tinh kha thi va an toan;
La chon vung/im ly mu, la chon tn sut,thi gian ly mu va dang ly mu
cho tng loai nc a c trinh bay chi tit trong cac tiu chun TCVN 5994-1995
(Hng dn ly nc h ao nhn tao), TCVN 5996-1995 (Hng dn ly mu nc
sng va sui), TCVN 5998-1995 (Hng dn ly mu nc thai), TCVN 6000-1995
(Hng dn ly mu nc ngm), ISO 5667-13:1993 (Hng dn ly mu nc, nc
thai va bun) cac tram quan trc nn nghin cu trc khi l p k hoach thit k mang
li bao am tinh khoa hoc, phan anh c muc tiu cht lng, ap ng nhu cu thng
tin trong cng tac quan ly mi trng.
II.2. am bao cht lng va kim soat cht lng tai hi n trng

II.2.1. QA/QC trong hoat ng ly mu

II.2.1.1. Muc tiu cua chng trinh kim soat cht lng ly mu
Muc tiu chng trinh kim soat cht lng ly mu la:
Cung cp c nhng phng phap giam sat va phat hi n cac sai sot do ly mu
va do o co cac bi n phap loai tr cac d li u khng hp l ho c sai lac.

Chng minh c rng cac sai s ly mu a c kim soat m t cach thich hp.

Chi ra c cac thay i cua vi c ly mu va t o truy nguyn cac ngun gc

gy sai s.
Muc tiu cua vi c ly mu la ly c m t th tich mu u v n chuyn va x ly
trong phong thi nghi m nhm phn tich chinh xac cac thng s cn thit tai vi tri ly
mu.
Tuy thu c vao muc ich ly mu la phn tich cac chi tiu (thng s) ly hoc, hoa
hoc hay vi sinh ma la chon phng phap ly mu thich hp.
Mu c ly phai ai di n cho khu vc quan trc v khng gian va thi gian va ap
ng c cac yu cu cua chng trinh quan trc va phn tich mi trng.

II.2.1.2. am bao cht lng ly mu

M t k hoach am bao cht lng ly mu cn phai c thit l p, bao gm:

Cac nhn vin ly mu u a c ao tao va t p hun.

Chun bi cng tac thc ia chu ao: dung cu, thit bi, hoa cht thuc th bao
quan mu phai y u va phu hp.
am bao rng cac phng phap ly mu u c ph bin ti tt ca cac nhn
vin trong nhom quan trc.
am bao rng mi m t bc ly mu hi n nay va qua trinh ly mu trc y
u tun theo m t vn ban.
am bao rng dung cu ly mu va may moc o ac hi n trng phai c bao
tri va hi u chun inh ky, s sach bao tri cn phai c lu gi.
Quy inh thng nht v nh n dang mu c ly bao gm dan nhan ln tt ca cac
mu c ly, trn o ghi chep chinh xac ngay thang, ia im, thi gian ly mu va tn
ngi ly mu, s ma hi u cua mu bng mc khng thm nc.
Quy inh v ghi chep lai tt ca cac chi tit co lin quan n vi c ly mu vao
bin ban/nh t ky ly mu, nhng iu ki n va cac bin n g bt thng t ky thu t ly
mu thng thng n nhng yu cu c bi t.

Quy inh v iu ki n,
ni cac dung cu tranh lam nhim bn mu, lam sach dung cu ly mu, kim tra
sach va hi u qua cua dung cu (bng cach phn tich mu trng va mu so sanh thich
hp).
Quy inh v tin hanh bao quan mu cho tng thng s cht lng nc, trm
tich, phu du, vi sinh v t ... theo cac chi dn trong cac tiu chun tng ng.

Bao am chinh xac cua cac phep o, phn tich ngoai hi n

trng khi cac iu ki n mi trng khng c am bao. Cac thng s hi n trng
(nhi t , m, ap sut...) cn phai ghi chep khi ly mu chuyn i cac gia tri o
c v iu ki n tiu chun khi l p bao cao, thi du: s li u pH phai chuyn v iu
ki n 250C.
Cn phai m ta chi tit:
Qua trinh trao i chi tit cho nhng ngi cha co nhiu kinh nghi m vn co
u kha nng hoan thanh vi c ly va x ly mu;
Qua trinh chun bi thuc th va bao quan;
Hng dn s dung dung cu ly mu, may o hi n trng ... b xung cho cac tai
li u v n hanh cua nha san xut;
Phng phap chun bi mu QC;

Tiu chi kim soat cht lng ( nghia la gii han chp nh n);

Phng phap ly mu va cac tai li u cn phai xem xet thng xuyn va khng c
qua 1 nm/m t ln. Phng phap cn phai c ph duy t lai theo inh ky c bi t co
s thay i v thit bi ho c con ngi.
Khi tai li u c lu gi trong cac file may tinh, nhng thay i v phng phap ly
mu cn phai c phan anh bng cach thay i cac ma s may tinh co lin quan.
Nguyn nhn gy ra sai s do ly mu:
Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra sai s do ly mu co th la:
Nhim bn:
Nhim bn do cac thit bi ly va cha mu gy ra; do dung cu cha mu bn; do s
ly nhim gia cac mu; do cach bao quan, lu kho va b tri v n chuyn mu khng
thich hp.
Tinh khng n inh cua mu:
- Ban cht cua mu
- Tng tac cua mu vi dung cu khac
- anh hng cua nhi t , anh sang
Ly mu khng chinh xac:
- Quy trinh ly mu khng phu hp,
- Khng tun thu ung quy trinh ly mu.
V n chuyn mu:
- Do thi gian v n chuyn mu qua gii han cho phep,
-

Do iu ki n v n chuyn khng phu hp.

II.2.2. Kim sot cht lng hi n

trng
Kim soat cht lng hi n trng yu cu phai tin hanh ly cac loai mu trng,
mu up nhm kim tra mc tinh khit cua hoa cht dung lam cht bao quan, kim
tra mc nhim bn cua dung cu ly, cha mu, giy loc hay cac thit bi khac co lin
quan n cng vi c thu, bao quan va v n chuyn mu. Mu l p cung c thu nhm
kim tra mc tai l p cua vi c ly mu. Thi gian va tn xut ly mu trng, mu up
va mu l p c xac inh khi thit k chng trinh. Noi chung khoang 10 ln thu mu,
tin hanh thu 1 ln cac loai mu trng, mu up, mu l p. Cach thc va y nghia thu cac
loai mu nh sau:
a, Mu trng dung cu cha mu
Ly m t dung cu cha mu m t cach ngu nhin, sau o nap dung cu bng nc
ct mang ra hi n trng. Mu nay c bao quan, v n chuyn va phn tich cac thng
s trong phong thi nghi m tng t nh cac mu thng thng. Mu trng loai nay
nhm kim soat s nhim bn do qua trinh ra, bao quan dung cu.
b, Mu trng dung cu ly mu

Dung nc ct trang ho c vao dung cu ly mu. Sau o nap vao chai cha mu.
Mu c bao quan, v n chuyn va phn tich cac thng s tng t nh mu cn ly.
Mu loai nay nhm kim soat mc nhim trong qua trinh bao quan, s dung dung
cu ly mu.
c, Mu trng thit bi loc mu
Nu mu nc cn loc ngoai hi n trng xac inh cac hp phn hoa tan thi
cac b loc mu se c ra, bao quan va v n chuyn ngoai hi n trng. Tin hanh ly
mu trng dung cu loc mu bng cach: cho nc ct hai ln loc qua dung cu loc mu.
Phn loc c nap vao dung cu cha mu va c bao quan v n chuyn v phong thi
nghi m tng t nh cac mu a ly phn tich cac thng s mi trng.
d) Mu trng vn chuyn va mu trng hin trng
Mu trng v n chuyn: cho vao dung cu cha mu m t lng nc ct tinh khit
ho c nc a kh ion, y kin np, chuyn t phong thi nghi m ra ngoai hi n trng
va c v n chuyn cung vi mu th t. Mu trng v n chuyn dung xac inh s
nhim bn co th xy ra khi x ly, v n chuyn va bao quan mu.
Mu trng hi n trng: cho vao dung cu cha mu m t lng nc ct tinh
khit/nc kh ion va chuyn t phong thi nghi m ra ngoai hi n trng. Tai hi n
trng np dung cu cha mu c m ra va x ly ging nh cac mu th t. Mu trng
hi n trng dung xac inh s nhim bn gy ra t cac dung cu ly mu, dung cu x
ly mu (cac loai mang loc) ho c do cac iu ki n khac cua mi trng trong qua trinh
ly mu (do bui bc ln chng han).
Co th m ta cach thc chun bi mu trng theo s nh sau:
Nc ct tinh khit

Phn A(Gi lai trong phong TN)

Phn B (Chia lam hai

phn)

Mu trng hi n trng
(X ly nh mu th t)

Mu trng v n chuyn
(Khng x ly)

Cac thng tin v mu trng hi n trng, mu trng v n chuyn cn phai c th

hi n trong bao cao cung vi mu th t. Khi cac cht gy nhiu a c nh n bit cn
phai iu tra tng nguyn nhn va kip thi khc phuc.
e) Mu up (mu chia i)

Mu up c thu bng cach chia m t mu thanh 2 hay nhiu mu ging nhau.

Mu nay s dung anh gia cac sai s ngu nhin va h thng do co s thay i trong
thi gian ly va v n chuyn mu v phong thi nghi m.
f) Mu lp theo thi gian
Ly hai ho c nhiu mu tai m t ia im. Mu loai nay anh gia s bin ng
theo thi gian cua cac thng s mi trng trong khu vc.
g) Mu lp theo khng gian
Ly hai ho c nhiu mu cung m t luc trn m t lat ct ngang a c xac inh
trc trong thuy vc. Mu loai nay dung anh gia s bin ng theo khng gian cua
cac thng s mi trng.
h) Mu chun i chng hin trng:
Mu chun i chng v n chuyn la m t lng nc tinh khit co cha cht
phn tich (cht chun) bit trc nng c chuyn t phong thi nghi m ra hi n
trng sau o quay tr v cung vi mu th t. Tai hi n trng khng m np y mu.
Mu chun i chng v n chuyn dung xac inh ca s nhim bn va s mt mat cht
phn tich co th xay ra khi x ly mu, v n chuyn va bao quan mu ng thi cung
xac inh sai s phn tich.
Mu chun i chng hin trng la lng nc tinh khit co cha cht phn
tich (cht chun) bit trc nng c mang t phong thi nghi m ra ngoai hi n
trng. Tai hi n trng, np y c m ra va tin hanh x ly nh mu th t. Muc
ich cua vi c tao mu chun i chng hi n trng la xac inh s nhim bn ho c s
mt mat cht phn tich xay ra do dung cu ly mu, dung cu x ly mu va anh hng cua
iu ki n mi trng trong sut qua trinh ly mu cho v n phong thi nghi m.
Cac kt qua phn tich mu chun i chng hi n trng cn phai c a vao bao
cao cung vi mu th t. Khi xy ra s sai l ch vi gia tri thc khng c chinh sa s
li u ma cn phai tin hanh iu tra va khc phuc kip thi.
i) Mu lp hin trng
La hai (ho c nhiu hn) mu c ly tai cung m t vi tri, s dung cung m t thit bi ly
mu va c cung m t can b tin hanh, c x ly, bao quan, v n chuyn va phn
tich cac thng s trong phong thi nghi m tng t nh mu th t. Mu QC loai nay
c s dung kim soat chum cua vi c ly mu ngoai hi n trng.
k) Mu thm
Vi c thm cht phn tich (cht chun) a bit trc nng vao nc ct hay nc
kh ion cung thi im ly mu ngay tai hi n trng xem xet s phn huy cac thng
s k t khi ly mu.
Mu thm c s dung khi bt u m t ky thu t mi ho c thit bi mi bao am
rng phng phap ho c thit bi la thich hp cho cac mu ang c ly co tinh phc
tap nh v y. Vi c thm cht chun vao mu phai do nhng can b phn tich co kinh
nghi m thc hi n.
II.2.3. QA/QC trong v n chuyn mu

II.2.3.1. am bao cht lng

V n chuyn mu: cn phai co quy trinh v n chuyn mu phu hp nhm bao toan
mu v m t s lng va cht lng. Trong quy trinh cn nu ro m t s im chinh
nh sau:
-

Mu khi v n chuyn phai co nhan (ky hi u) tranh nhm ln.

Thu tuc sp xp mu nhm tranh v.

Yu cu trong qua trinh v n chuyn: thi gian v n chuyn va nhi t cua mu,
yu cu nay da theo tiu chun (TCVN, ISO) i vi tng thng s quan trc va
cach bao quan mu (bang 2.1).

Bng 2.1. Yu cu khi v n chuyn mu

TT

Tn mu

Cac yu cu khi v n
chuyn

Ghi chu

Phng ti n v n chuyn: c xac inh trn c s yu cu cua thng s quan trc

(Bang 2.2).

Bng 2.2. Phng ti n v n chuyn v ngi chiu trch nhi m

TT

Tn mu

Phng ti n Ngi chiu

v n chuyn trach nhi m

Thi gian Ghi chu

v n chuyn

Giao va nh n mu: co th c tin hanh hi n trng (nhom hi n trng ban giao

cho ngi v n chuyn, va phong thi nghi m (nhom hi n trng hay ngi v n
chuyn ban giao cho phong thi nghi m)) theo quy trinh vi n i dung c th hi n
trong bin ban ban giao:
- Ho va tn ngi ban giao:
- Ho va tn ngi nh n:
- Thi gian ban giao:
- S lng mu:
- Tinh trang mu khi ban giao:
- Ghi chu (nhng im bt thng cn quan tm):
Kim tra va loai bo cac mu khng at yu cu nh v, b t nut,... va tin hanh
khi phuc lai cac mu bi sai sot nu co th.
Khi tip nh n mu, phai ban giao y u v s lng, bao am cht lng, ghi chep
ro rang v tinh trang mu, nhng sai hong trong qua trinh v n chuyn
II.2.3.2. Kim soat cht lng

 kim soat cht lng trong qua trinh v n chuyn mu, mu kim soat cht lng
thng c s dung:
Mu trng v n chuyn: m t mu nho v t li u sach cua i tng nghin cu c
v n chuyn cung vi mu th t trong cung m t mi trng, c bao quan, phn tich
cac thng s trong phong thi nghi m nh mu th t. Mu QC loai nay c s dung
kim soat s nhim bn trong qua trinh v n chuyn mu.
II.2.4. QA/QC trong o, phn tch tai hi n trng
M t s thng s khng bn nh nhi t , pH, DO, cht rn l lng, uc cn c
xac inh tai ch ho c ngay sau khi ly mu cang sm cang tt.
Khi o, phn tich tai ch cac thng s khng bn, cn phai chu y:
La chon phng phap phn tich phu hp khng ho c it bi anh hng cua
iu ki n bn ngoai ho c tao cac iu ki n mi trng thich hp (nh phong thi
nghi m di ng, b tri bung lam vi c trn tau ...) bao am kt qua phn tich.

Nhng thay i bt thng khi ly mu

Tinh trang hoat ng cua thit bi

Ngn nga nhim bn mu:

- o ac hi n trng: Khi o ac cac thng s bng may moc ngoai hi n trng (vi
du pH, to, mn,...) khng c nhung trc tip cac thit bi o vao may ly nc ma
phai ly cac mu phu o, sau khi o, mu o phai i.
- Chai lo cha mu phai c ra sach theo ung yu cu i vi tng thng s.
Khng c t n dung cac loai chai lo a dung cha hoa cht trong phong thi nghi m
s dung cho vi c cha mu.
- Dung cu cha mu phai c bao quan trong mi trng sach se, tranh bui, khoi va
cac ngun gy nhim khac.
- Cac loai giy loc, b dung cu loc phai c ong goi cn th n, boc bng cac cht
li u thich hp.
am bao cac thit bi hoat ng quan trc ngoai hi n trng lam vi c chinh xac
n inh, cn phai inh ky hi u chun cac thit bi nay theo cac quy inh cua nha san
xut. Tt ca h s hi u chun phai c lu gi.
Trong trng hp khng co iu ki n hi u chun thi phai co cac bi n phap nh n
bit tinh trang lam vi c cua thit bi o. Thi du: so sanh thng xuyn gia cac thit bi
ging nhau ho c cung loai vi nhau theo m t chi tiu phu hp.
Trc mi t quan trc cn phai kim tra tinh trang hoat ng cua thit bi.
i vi nhng mu c phn tich tai hi n trng (cht rn l lng, uc ...) cung
phai tin hanh phn tich mu QC kim soat c cht lng s li u.
II.2.5. Thuc th ho cht bo qun mu

Toan b thuc th va hoa cht bao quan mu phai at tinh khit theo yu cu cua
mc phn tich va co nhan dan ro rang
Hoa cht va thuc th bao quan co th c ong o trc va cho vao cac lo nho
ho c ampul va han kin tranh phai pha ch ngoai hi n trng.
II.2.6. Nc ct
Nc ct s dung ngoai hi n trng cn phai chu y:
Phu hp vi tiu chun,

Khng s dung nc ct cha bit ngun gc,

Khng dung nc ct a qua han.

II.2.7. Dung cu cha mu

Dung cu cha mu phai c phong phn tich lam sach trc va y np. Nu co
iu ki n phai boc giy trang paraphin mong chng bui.
Dung cu cha mu phai c kim tra inh ky phat hi n nhim bn bng cach
ly mu trng ho c thm cht chun nng thp.

Khng c ng mu trong dung cu cha mu khng co np y .

Trong nhng trng hp khi phn tich nhay cao phai s dung dung cu cha
mu hoan toan mi.
II.2.8. Kim sot cht lng v khc phuc sai sot
Cac ky thu t kim soat cht lng phai c ap dung cho tng mu c ly,
cho m t loat mu va cac o ac c thc hi n tai hi n trng.
Cn co s trao i thng tin gia ngi ly mu va ngi phn tich giai thich
s li u va co bi n phap khc phuc sai sot.

S li u va kt qua QC phai c t p hp lai thanh bao cao.

L p biu kim soat l p kim soat cht lng s li u (ISO 5667-14). Nu

kt qua phn tich mu QC vt ra ngoai gii han cho phep cn tin hanh cac bi n phap
khc phuc.
II.3. am bao cht lng va kim soat cht lng trong phong thi nghi m

II.3.1. Cc yu cu chung v nng lc phong th nghi m phn tch mi trng

co th cung cp c nhng s li u tin c y , duy tri cac hoat n g kim soat cht
lng thng xuyn, m t phong thi nghi m phn tich mi trng (c inh ho c di
ng) phai ap ng c cac yu cu v nng lc quan ly va ky thu t theo chun mc
cua ISO/IEC 17 025: 2002.
Cac yu t quyt inh mc chinh xac va tin c y cua phep th do phong thi
nghi m thc hi n, bao gm:
C cu t chc phu hp (ngi quan ly va ngi thc hi n).
Yu t con ngi lam phn tich (cng tac t p hun, kim tra tay ngh),

Phat
La chon
trin phng phap

 Trang thit bi; quan ly, bao dng, kim chun va hi u chun thit bi,
iu ki n, v t cht, ti n nghi va mi trng,
Quan ly mu th,
Phng phap phn tich va hi u lc cua phng phap,
Cht chun, mu chun,
Nh v y ngoai yu t quan ly, con ngi, phong thi nghi m phai co u c s v t
cht tin hanh cac phep th co cht lng, thoa man muc tiu cht lng s li u.
Phong thi nghi m phai tin hanh cac thu tuc kim soat cht lng, bao gm:
Thng xuyn s dung cht chun c chng nh n trong cac phep th,
Tham gia cac chng trinh so sanh lin phong ho c th nghi m thanh thao,
T chc phn tich mu QC theo k hoach va duy tri thng xuyn .
II.3.2. Qun ly mu
Phong thi nghi m
phai t chc v n chuyn, tip nh n , bao quan, lu gi ho c thanh
ly mu theo cac quy inh cn thit va thng nht nhm bao am tinh tron ven cua mu
trc va sau khi phn tich theo:
Bao quan mu nc trong thi gian ngn: 40C
Bao quan mu nc trong thi gian dai: -200C
Vi cac mu sinh v t, tissue: -200C
Vi mu trm tich: Tuy vao i tng phn tich ma s dung mu t hay kh.
Nu s dung mu kh phai lam kh mu trong khng khi, nhi t phong.
Co th bao quan mu bng cach thm hoa cht vi nhng lng thich hp. Nhng
hoa cht c chon phai khng anh hng n vi c kim tra tip theo ho c anh hng
n kt qua.
Ghi chep lai tt ca cac bc bao quan trong bao cao kt qua.
II.3.3. La chon v cng nh n phng php phn tch
Phong thi nghi m phai s dung nhng tiu chun/phng phap phu hp vi thit bi
sn co nhng phai ap ng cac muc tiu cht lng va theo cac vn sau:
Thng s phn tich,
Yu cu gii han phat hi n,
chinh xac cua phng phap ( chinh xac, chun xac),
Yu cu v kha nng so sanh s li u,
Su phu hp cua phng phap vi cac iu ki n phong thi nghi m.
Phong thi nghi m phai tin hanh cac thu tuc chp nh n/ph duy t phng phap
II.3.4. Kim sot cht lng

Kim soat cht lng bng mu QC

Mu QC phong thi nghi m dung anh gia hi u qua cua phng phap trong phong
thi nghi m va mu QC hi n trng anh gia cht lng tng hp cua qua trinh thu
mu ngoai hi n trng va phng phap trong phong thi nghi m.
Cac kt qua mu trng hi n trng c so sanh vi cac kt qua mu trng phong
thi nghi m phn bi t s nhim bn ngoai hi n trng va s nhim bn trong phong
thi nghi m.
Mu thm hi n trng c so sanh vi mu thm phong thi nghi m phn
bi t cac vn bao quan va v n chuyn mu ngoai hi n trng va cac vn bao quan
mu trong phong thi nghi m.
Mu l p ngoai hi n trng c so sanh vi mu l p trong phong thi nghi m

phn bi t chun xac cua vi c thu mu ngoai hi n trng vi chun xac cua
phn tich trong phong thi nghi m.
kim soat cht lng s li u , phong thi nghi m
phai duy tri phn tich mu QC,
bao gm:
Mu trng thit bi (Blanks): s dung nc ct lam mu trng nhm anh gia
nhiu cua thit bi va xac inh gii han phat hi n cua thit bi. Gii han phat hi n cua
thit bi theo quy inh bng 3 ln nhiu ng nn.
Mu trng phng phap (Method Blanks): s dung nc ct + cac cht chun bi
mu (hoa cht tao mi trng, hoa cht che, thuc th hi n mau ...) nhng khng co
cht inh phn tich. Mu trng phng phap anh gia gi han phat hi n cua phng
phap, anh gia mc tinh khit cua hoa cht s dung.
Mu l p (Replcates/Duplicates): Do tinh phc tap cua cac phng phap phn tich
mu nc nn ta khng th lam c tt ca mu l p anh gia l ch chun cung
nh khng am bao cua phep o. Nn nh a c p trn chung ta chi lam m t s
mu l p/mu up cho m t nhom mu (15U20 mu) anh gia t p trung cua phep
th.
Chun thm tra (Control Standards)
Chun so sanh (Refrence Standards)
Mu chun i chng (CRMs): Vi mi trng nc, mu chun i chng thng
thng la cac mu ly tai hi n trng ho c cac mu t tao co thanh phn phc tap nh
ngoai mi trng, c a n nhiu phong thi nghi m co uy tin xac inh gia tri
trung binh va khoang tin c y . Mu chun i chng c lam song song vi mu thc.
Cn c vao khoang tin c y o cho phep ta anh gia kt qua phn tich mu thc. S li u
phn tich mu chun i chng cn phai lu trong h s di dang biu kim tra
anh gia hi u qua cung nh sai s h thng cua phng phap.
Mu ng hanh (Surrogate Compounds): mu ng hanh la cac mu co c im
nh mu th t, cac cht phn tich trong o cung co tinh cht v t ly hoa hoc tng t
vi cac cht trong mu th t nhng lai khng co trong t nhin, ho c s dung cac cht
ng vi phong xa trong thanh phn nguyn t cua cac cht phn tich ( 14C, 37Cl...). Mu
ng hanh thng s dung khi phn tich cac hp cht hu c nh PAHs, thuc tr su.

Kt qua thc hi n phn tich mu QC c i kem vi s li u chng trinh quan trc

va phn tich mi trng va trinh bay nh bang sau:
Mu
Mu trng thit bi:
Mu trng phng phap:
Chun thm tra:
Mu No.1:
Mu No.2:
............
Mu No.n :
Mu l p No.2:
Mu l p No.m (m n)
Mu trng phng phap:
CRM/Mu ng hanh:
Chun so sanh:

Kt qu

II.4. QA/QC trong tinh toan kt qua, ghi chep s li u phn tich

Cac kt qua phn tich trc khi ghi chep vao s phai c kim tra i chiu vi cac s
sach gc nh: nh t ky thc ia, s ghi kt qua phn tich. Vi c kim tra c thc hi n
bi it nht 1 ngi co trach nhi m trong phong thi nghi m. Kt qua phn tich c ghi
vao biu kt qua phai cha ng c m t s thng tin quan trong di y:
Ngay thang phn tich, phng phap phn tich.
Ky hi u mu phn tich.
Ky hi u va kt qua phn tich cua mu kim tra.
Cac gii han kim tra va canh bao.
Cac sc , thi (nu co).
Ho tn ngi phn tich, ngi tinh toan va ngi kim tra.
Sau khi s li u c i chiu, kim tra, luc o mi co gia tri va c s dung vao cac
muc ich khac nhau.
II.5. QA/QC trong bao cao kt qua

Ban bao cao kt qua phn tich am bao cht lng phai bao gm cac thng tin sau:
- Tiu
- Tn, ia chi phong thi nghi m tin hanh phn tich
- Tn, ia chi khach hang
- Ngay, thang ly mu
- Ngay, gi phn tich
- Ky hi u mu.
- Tinh trang mu khi a vao phn tich
- Phng phap phn tich a s dung
- Sai s cho phep

- Kt qua phn tich mu trng thit bi, mu trng phong thi nghi m, mu up va mu
l p
- Kt qua phn tich mu

Ti li u tham kho
1. APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th
Edition, 1995
2. Britsh Columbia Field Sampling Manual, 1996 Edition
3. Canadian Executive Agency, CPMS-II, Pollution Monitoring and Baseline
Studies- Environmental Monitoring Workbook 1997.
4. EPA Standard Methods, CD-ROM, Revision 1, July 1992
5. ISO 5667-14:1998, Water Quality- Sampling, Part 14: Guidance on Quality
Assurance of Enviromental Water Sampling and Handling
6. IUPAC, ISO, AOAC, Harmonised Guidlines for Internal Quality Control in
Analitycal Chemistry Laboratory, 1994
7. Jame P.Dux,Quality Assurance for the Anlytical Chemistry Laboratory, 2d
Edition, Van Nostrand Reihold, 1991
8. Lawrence H.K. et all, Principles of Environmental Analysis, Ana.Chem, 1983,
55, 2210-2218
9. TCVN 5993-1995, Cht lng nc-Hng dn bao quan va x ly mu
10. TCVN 5994-1995, Cht lng nc-Hng dn ly mu h ao t nhin nhn
tao
11. TCVN 5996-1995, Cht lng nc-Hng dn ly mu nc sng va sui
12. TCVN 5998-1995, Cht lng nc-Hng dn ly mu nc thai
13. UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring & Assessment, Guidelines on Water-Quality
monitoring and Assessment of Tranboudary Rivers, May 1996
14. UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring & Assessment, Volumn 4: Quality Assurance,
Jaunuary 1996
15. Villars M.T. Monitoring water quality in the future, Executive summary, Deft, the
netherlands, May 1995.

Phu luc 1:

H thng quan ly cht lng phong thi nghi m

H thng quan ly cht lng cua phong th nghi m/ hi u chun c quy inh
trong ISO/IEC 17025: 1999 gm hai nhom yu cu ln: cac yu cu v quan ly va cac
yu cu v ky thu t.
Cac yu cu v quan ly bao gm:
1. T chc.
2. H thng cht lng.
3. Kim soat tai li u .
4. Xem xet cac yu cu, nghi va hp ng.
5. Hp ng phu v th nghi m va hi u chun.
6. Cac dich vu mua sm va ngun cung cp.
7. Dich vu i vi khach hang.
8. Phan nan (hay kin nghi).
9. Kim soat vi c th nghi m va/ho c hi u chun khng phu hp.
10. Bi n phap khc phuc.
11. Bi n phap phong nga.
12. Kim soat h s.
13. anh gia n i b .
14. Xem xet cua lanh ao.
Cac yu cu v ky thu t bao gm:
1. Yu cu chung.
2. Nhn s.
3. Ti n nghi va iu ki n mi trng.
4. Phng phap th nghi m, hi u chun va ph duy t phng phap.
5. Thit bi.
6. Tinh lin kt chun o lng.
7. Ly mu.
8. Quan ly mu th nghi m, hi u chun.
9. am bao cht lng kt qua th nghi m
va hi u chun
10. Bao cao kt qua.
Di y hng dn thc hi n m t s vn then cht trong hoat ng QA/QC
cua phong thi nghi m.
I. T chc v qun ly phong th nghi m

 t chc va quan ly tt phong thi nghi m, cn thc hi n m t s yu cu sau:

a/ Xac inh ro c cu t chc cua PTN trong t chc ma PTN trc thu c. Phn
inh ro nhi m vu, trach nhi m cua tng can b , nhn vin trong PTN. Xac inh cu th
ngi la "can b quan ly ky thu t" chiu trach nhi m v cac hoat ng ky thu t va
ngi la "can b quan ly cht lng" chiu trach nhi m am bao cho cac yu cu a
c quy inh trong h thng cht lng c tun thu va thc hi n y u.
b/ Phong thi nghi m phai thit l p m t h thng cht lng c th hi n bng
h thng cac vn ban, tai li u, goi chung la "h thng tai li u cht lng". H thng tai
li u cht lng nay bao gm: S tay cht lng; cac quy inh, thu tuc iu hanh nhng
hoat ng, qua trinh co tinh cht chung cua phong thi nghi m; cac quy inh, tai li u co
tinh cht chi dn cng vi c cu th.
Co th hinh dung h thng tai li u cht lng trn bng s kim t thap di
y. trn cung la S tay cht lng, cang mc di, s lng vn ban, tai li u cang
yu cu nhiu hn.

S tay
cht lng

Cac thu
tuc iu hanh

Cac chi dn
cng vi c cu th

c/ PTN phai inh ky tin hanh vi c anh gia n i b theo cac thi han (thng la 1
nm) va thu tuc a inh kim tra xem hoat ng cua phong thi nghi m co lin tuc
tun thu cac yu cu cua h thng cht lng hay khng. Can b quan ly cht lng co
trach nhi m
l p k hoach va t chc anh gia theo chng trinh a inh.
Khi vi c anh gia phat hi n ra nhng nghi ng v hi u qua cua cac hoat ng
ho c v s ung n cua cac kt qua phn tich, o, th, phong thi nghi m phai tin
hanh cac hoat ng khc phuc kip thi, phai thng bao bng vn ban cho cac c s co
lin quan bit v nhng sai sot nay hi u chinh chung.
d/ Lanh ao phong thi nghi m phai inh ky, thng la 1 nm, xem xet lai h
thng quan ly cht lng va cac hoat ng phn tich, o, th cua phong thi nghi m
am bao s phu hp lin tuc va tinh hi u qua cua chung va a ra nhng thay i
ho c cai tin cn thit.

II. Cc phng php phn tch, o th.

Yu cu chung la PTN phai s dung cac phng phap va thu tuc phu hp vi
nhng yu cu a c xac inh trong cac chng trinh quan trc va phu hp vi cac
phep phn tich, o, th thu c pham vi hoat ng cua PTN, bao gm ca vi c ly mu,
x ly, v n chuyn, lu kho va chun bi mu.
a/ Chon la phng phap
Tt nht la s dung cac phng phap a tiu chun hoa, o la cac tiu chun quc
t, tiu chun vung, tiu chun quc gia. Phai s dung nhng n phm mi nht cua cac
tiu chun. Khi cn thit, PTN phai hi u chinh cac tiu chun nay bng nhng chi tit
b sung am bao s ap dung thich hp.
PTN cung co th chon cac phng phap thich hp a c cng b trong cac tap
chi, cac sach khoa hoc. Cac phng phap n i b (do PTN t xy dng) cung co th
c s dung nu phu hp vi yu cu quy inh va phai c th hi n thanh vn ban,
c ph duy t theo thu tuc quy inh. i vi cac phng phap cha c tiu chun
hoa nay cn phai co s thoa thu n cua c quan quan ly chng trinh quan trc. S thoa
thu n nay c th hi n bng m t vn ban quy inh ro rang v cac yu cu va muc
ich cua phep phn tich, o, th.
b/ Ph duyt phng phap
PTN phai kim tra lai cac phng phap tiu chun, khng tiu chun va cac
phng phap mi khng inh cac phng phap nay la phu hp vi muc ich s dung.

Muc tiu cht lng

Xy dng phng phap

La chon phng phap

Bin soan phng
phap
Chp nh n phng phap
- Kim tra hi u qua
- anh gia hi u qua

Tt

Khng tt

Kim soat cht lng

(bao gm bao tri thit bi)

Soat xet/chp nh n lai

- Kim tra hi u qua
- anh gia hi u qua

Tt

Khng tt

Hinh 1. Hoat ng QA/QC trong phong th nghi m

Phai ghi lai cac kt qua cua vi c ph duy t va thu tuc thc hi n vi c ph duy t
nay. Vi c ph duy t phai da trn cac thng s cua cac ky thu t phn tich a c
chon. Cac thng s va kt qua ph duy t phai c th hi n bng vn ban va phai c
lu tr.
S phu hp cua phng phap co th kim tra bng cach so sanh vi cac yu cu
c trng cho vi c s dung a inh nh khng am bao cua kt qua, gii han phat
hi n, chon loc cua phng phap, tuyn tinh, gii han l p lai ho c tai l p,
kha nng chng lai cac anh hng bn ngoai ...
Cac ky thu t c s dung ph duy t m t phng phap co th la m t ho c
m t s trong cac cach sau: s dung cac chun o lng ho c mu chun; so sanh kt
qua vi cac phng phap khac; so sanh lin phong; anh gia m t cach h thng nhng
yu t anh hng n kt qua; anh gia khng am bao cua kt qua da trn hiu
bit khoa hoc v cac nguyn tc ly thuyt cua phng phap va kinh nghi m thc t.
c/ anh gia khng am bao
PTN phai co thu tuc anh gia khng am bao cua tt ca cac phep phn tich,
o, th.
Phai quan tm n tt ca cac yu t gop phn vao khng am bao. Cac yu t
o la:
- Cac chun chinh, mu chun va trang thit bi s dung;
- Phng phap phn tich, o th c la chon;
- iu ki n mi trng;
- c tinh cua i tng phn tich, o, th;
- Ngi thao tac.
Tai li u c ban anh gia, trinh bay khng am bao o hi n nay la
ISO/TAG4/WG3 "Guide to expression of uncertainty in measurement", 1993 va b tiu
chun ISO 5725: 1994: chinh xac ( chinh xac va chum) cua phng phap o
va kt qua o (ISO 5725: 1994 Accuracy (truness and precsion) of measurement
methods and results).
III. Trang thit bi
a/ Trang thit bi cua phong thi nghi m phai ap ng cac yu cu cua tiu chun
ho c phng phap tng ng.
b/ Trang thit bi phai c anh du, dan nhan phn bi t va nh n dang c
d dang, trong o phan anh c tinh trang hi u chun, kim inh va thi han hi u
chun, kim inh tip theo cua no.
Phai duy tri va lu gi h s cua tng loai trang thit bi.

c/ Phai thit l p cac thu tuc bao dng va thc hi n vi c bao dng trang thit
bi thng xuyn hay inh ky.
Trang thit bi sai hong phai c dan nhan phn bi t vi cac trang thit bi
binh thng. Phai ngng s dung no cho n khi sa cha, hi u chinh xong va vi c
hi u chun ho c kim inh sau o chng minh thit bi a hoat ng tt.
Khi vi ly do nao o, trang thit bi vt ra ngoai pham vi kim soat trc tip cua
PTN trong m t thi gian nht inh, PTN phai tin hanh kim tra am bao rng thit
bi vn u tt trc khi a vao hoat ng tr lai trong PTN.
d/ Phai am bao tinh lin kt chun o lng cua tt ca cac trang thit bi cua
phong thi nghi m.
Thc cht cua yu cu am bao tinh lin kt chun chinh la vi c thc hi n m t
chui phep hi u chun k tip nhau i vi tt ca trang thit bi cua PTN, lam cho cac
trang thit bi nay u c so sanh (trc tip hay gian tip), va tip o la hi u chinh,
theo h thng chun o lng quc gia hay quc t, t o am bao cho trang thit bi o,
th, phn tich lun tin c y va chinh xac. Cu th phong thi nghi m phai thc hi n m t
s vi c sau:
+ PTN phai xy dng va thc hi n chng trinh hi u chun cho tt ca cac trang
thit bi co anh hng ro r t n gia tri va chinh xac cua cac kt qua phn tich, o,
th trc khi a chung vao s dung cung nh trong sut qua trinh s dung chung.
Chng trinh hi u chun phai bao gm ca cac phng ti n o dung cho cac phep o
phu tr, vi du o cac iu ki n mi trng.
+ i vi nhng trang thit bi khng th thc hi n c vi c hi u chun nu
trn, PTN co th ap dung cac bi n phap sau:
- Tham gia m t chng trinh so sanh lin phong ho c thi nghi m thanh thao
co bng chng v s phu hp cua cac trang thit bi lin quan.
- S dung cac mu chun ma cac gia tri v thanh phn va tinh cht cua no a
c chng nh n kim tra trang thit bi.
- S dung cac chun ho c cac phng phap a c cac bn lin quan thoa
thu n.
IV. Ti n
nghi v iu ki n
mi trng
a/ Yu cu chung la ti n nghi cua PTN, bao gm ca cac iu ki n v mi trng,
chiu sang va cac ngun nng lng, phai phu hp co th d dang thc hi n m t
cach ung n cac phep phn tich, o, th theo yu cu. Cn co s quan tm c bi t
khi vi c ly mu, ho c vi c phn tich, o, th c thc hi n nhng ni ngoai ia
im c inh cua PTN. Phai quy inh thanh vn ban cac yu cu i vi cac ti n nghi
va iu ki n mi trng co th anh hng n kt qua phn tich, o, th.
b/ PTN phai co cac thu tuc va thc hi n vi c giam sat, kim tra chc chn rng
mi trng khng tac ng xu ti vi c ly mu; vi c tin hanh phn tich, o, th.

Vi c thc hi n cac phep phn tich phai c dng lai khi cac iu ki n mi trng
khng phu hp. Cn c bi t kim soat s phu hp vi cac yu cu cua cac yu t nh
s v trung v m t sinh hoc, bui bn, nhng tin hi u i n t gy nhiu, cht phong xa,
vi c cung ng i n, nhi t , m, rung ng, ting n v.v...
c/ Trng hp co nhng hoat ng anh hng ln nhau, PTN phai phn l p m t
cach co hi u qua nhng khu vc nay tranh nhng anh hng xu qua lai.
d/ PTN phai thc hi n s kim soat i vi vi c s dung va ra vao phong thi
nghi m ma khng co nhi m vu han ch nhng anh hng xu n kt qua phn tich,
c bi t la nhng ni co anh hng trc tip n cht lng cac phep phn tich.
V. Nhn s
a/ Ban lanh ao PTN phai am bao rng tt ca ky thu t vin v n hanh trang thit
bi co u trinh va nng lc cn thit. Trong PTN cac ky thu t vin cn thng xuyn
c nng cao trinh ap ng yu cu thc t.
b/ Nhi m vu cua can b lanh ao va ky thu t vin phai c phn cng ro rang va
c th hi n bng vn ban.
VI. Qun ly mu phn tch, o, th
a/ PTN phai co cac thu tuc thich hp cho vi c quan ly mu i vi tng thng s.
b/ PTN phai co cac cach nh n dang va phn bi t mu. Nhng ky hi u nh n
dang phai c duy tri trong sut thi gian tn tai cua mu trong PTN am bao
khng gy ra s nhm ln cac mu khi phn tich o, th khi lun chuyn, k ca khi a
vao h s, tai li u.
c/ Khi tip nh n mu, PTN phai ghi lai moi s khng binh thng ho c sai l ch
so vi s m ta trong cac phng phap phn tich, o, th ma PTN s dung; phai tham
khao y kin cua cac b ph n lin quan ho cho cac hng dn cu th khi co s nghi
ng v s phu hp cua mu.
d/ PTN phai co cac thu tuc va ti n nghi phong tranh cac h hong i vi mu
trong qua trinh lu gi, x ly, chun bi va tin hanh phn tich, o, th. Phai tun thu cac
hng dn kem theo mu.
VII. m bo cht lng cc kt qu phn tch
PTN phai am bao cht lng kt qua phn tich bng cach theo doi lin tuc cac
kt qua. Vi c theo doi phai c l p thanh k hoach va co th bao gm cac cach sau:
Cac s kim tra cht lng n i b bng cach s dung ky thu t thng k.
Tham gia cac chng trinh so sanh lin phong ho c th nghi m thanh thao.
S dung u n cac mu chun a c chng nh n.
Tai tao lai cac phep phn tich bng cac phng phap ging ho c khac nhau.

 Phn tich nghi m lai cac mu c lu gi.

Xem xet s tng quan gia kt qua vi cac c trng khac nhau cua mu.
VIII. Kim sot cht lng trong phong th nghi m
QC phong thi nghi m chinh la m t chng trinh anh gia an xen vao cac hoat
ng tai hi n trng va trong phong thi nghi m anh gia chinh xac va ung
n cua cac phep phn tich o th (goi vn tt la cac phep o).
Cac qua trinh QC c thc hi n bng vi c phn tich u n mu kim soat
cht lng (mu QC) sau khi m t phng phap a c chng minh la thich hp cho
vi c s dung thng qua s ph duy t phng phap.
Cac mu QC c dung trong phn tich mi trng gm hai loai: mu QC phong
thi nghi m
va mu QC hi n trng.
Mu QC

Mu QC hi n trng

Mu QC phong thi nghi m

Mu QC hi n trng xem muc 1.4

1. Mu QC phong thi nghim

Mu QC phong thi nghi m gm hai loai: mu QC phng phap va mu QC thit

bi.
Mu QC
phong thi nghi m

Mu QC thit bi

Mu QC phng phap

Mu QC thit bi
Cac mu QC thit bi dung anh gia va kim tra cht lng cua kt qua do thit
bi mang lai. Mu QC thit bi bao gm: chun kim soat (control standard); chun thm
tra (verification standard); mu trng thit bi (instrument blank).

Mu QC thit bi

Mu trng thit bi

Chun kim soat

Chun thm tra

+ Mu trng thit bi: m t mu nho dung mi, thng la nc ct, c cho trc
tip vao thit bi o s nhim do thit bi gy ra. Mu nay thng dung anh gia
n inh va nhiu cua thit bi.
+ Chun kim soat: la chun dung kim tra chinh xac cua cac chun c
dung chun hoa thit bi.
+ Chun thm tra: la chun theo doi n inh cua thit bi theo thi gian.
Mu QC phng phap:
Mu QC phng phap dung anh gia cht lng tt ca tinh nng s dung cua
phng phap trong phong thi nghi m. Mu QC phng phap phong thi nghi m gm:
mu trng phng phap, mu l p phong thi nghi m, mu thm phng phap, mu
chun c chng nh n.
Mu QC
phng phap

Mu trng
phng phap

Mu l p
phong thi ghi m

Mu thm
phng phap

Mu chun c
chng nh n

Mu trng phng phap: La mu bng v t li u sach c trai qua cac bc x

ly ging nh vi mu phn tich, o, th. Mu nay c dung anh gia s nhim
tao ra trong toan b m t thu tuc phn tich, o, th.
Mu l p phong thi nghi m: Hai ho c nhiu hn cac phn cua cung m t mu t
nhin c chun bi va phn tich ring re bng cung m t phng phap. Mu nay dung
anh gia t p trung cua kt qua phn tich , o, th trong phong thi nghi m.
Mu thm phng phap: Mu, v t li u sach ho c thuc th c cho thm vao
m t lng a bit cua m t hay nhiu yu t phn tich va c x ly ging nh khi phn
tich, o, th. Mu thm anh gia mc sai l ch gy ra do anh hng cua nn va
sai s cua phong thi nghi m, cac sai s hi u chun, sai s chun bi muv.v...

Mu chun c chng nh n:
Vi c phn tich mu chun trong phong thi nghi m trc ht la anh gia sai
s, ung, sai s h thng cua phng phap c s dung.
2. Tiu chi chp nhn cua kim soat cht lng va bin phap khc phuc
Kim soat cht lng c thc hi n thng qua vi c phn tich, o ho c th
nghi m m t s loai mu QC a nu trn nh n dang cac ngun sai s xac inh. Tuy
nhin kt qua phn tich, o, th cac mu QC se chi co y nghia khi a ra c cac gii
han so sanh vi chung. Vi du khi phn tich mu trng hi n trng, mu trng v n
chuyn, mu trng thit bi... cn co cac gia tri inh mc thich hp bit mc
nhim gy ra trong qua trinh ly mu, v n chuyn mu, ho c do thit bi gy ra con chp
nh n c hay ti mc nguy him, cn truy tim nguyn nhn loai bo no. Ho c
khi hi u chun thit bi bng cach so sanh vi chun, se xac inh c sai s s chi cua
thit bi nay. Nhng cung vi no phai bit sai s cho phep ln nht cua thit bi la bao
nhiu quyt inh xem co cn hi u chinh a sai s v pham vi cho phep hay
khng v.v...
M t vi du in hinh la s dung cac "gii han canh bao" va "gii han kim soat".
Nh khi phn tich"mu l p phong thi nghi m", ta xac inh c l ch chuns c
trng cho s phn tan ( t p trung) cua phng phap (thu tuc) phn tich c s dung.
Gii han canh bao c ly la 2s va gii han kim soat c ly la 3s. Gia tri 2s va 3s
goi la gii han canh bao va gii han kim soat trn (ky hi u la UWL va UCL). Gia tri
-2s va -3s goi la gii han canh bao va gii han kim soat di (ky hi u la LWL va
LCL). Khi s thanh thao cua PTN tng ln, gia tri cua cac gii han nay se nho xung.
Cac gii han 2s va 3s ng vi mc tin c y 95,45% va 99,73%. iu nay co nghia la vi
100 phep phn tich ta hy vong nhiu nht la chi co 5 phep phn tich co gia tri vt qua
gii han canh bao va c 300 phep phn tich hy vong chi co 1 gia tri vt qua gii han
kim soat. Vi m t gia tri nn xac inh ta co biu kim soat sau y:
3s

UCL

2s

UWL

Nn

-2s

LWL

LCL
-3s Khi gia tri thu c vt ra khoi gii han canh bao, nghia la bt u co nhng
vn phai quan tm xem xet va khi gia tri thu c vt qua gii han kim soat, co

nghia la vn a tr nn nghim trong va nguy him. Cac bi n phap khc phuc phai
c ra va thc hi n. Bang di y cho m t vi du v cac hanh ng khc phuc
trong m t tinh hung cu th.
K hoach khc phuc cc sai sot cua QC
A. Cc gi thit:
1. Trung binh co 1 trong 20 im o vt qua gii han canh bao (WL) 2 l ch
chun (2SD) va 1 trong 300 im o vt qua gii han kim soat (CL) 3 l ch
chun (3SD).
2. ng trung tm la x ln gii han phat hi n cua phng phap (MDL) vi x it
nht la 20 ln MDL.
3. Tiu chun va cac hanh n g x ly ap dung cho cac im o nm trn va di
gii han cua tham s va khng ap dung nu cac im o nm trn hai c n cua
tham s.
B. Bi n
php khc phuc
Tham s thng k
Gii han kim soat
(CL) la 3SD (3s)
Gii han canh bao
(WL) la 2SD (2s)

Tiu chun
1. M t im o vt qua CL
2.a. Cac phep phn tich l p lai < CL
2.b. Cac phep phn tich l p lai > CL
1. 2 ho c 3 im o > WL
2.a. im o tip theo < WL 2. b.
im o tip theo > WL

l ch chun
(SD)

1. 4 ho c 5 im o > 1 SD
2.a. im o tip theo < 1SD
2.b. im o tip theo > 1SD

ng trung tm
(CTL)

1. im o trn CTL
2.a. im o tip theo di CTL
2.b. im o tip theo trn CTL

Hanh ng
1. L p lai phep phn tich
2.a. Tip tuc phn tich
2. b. Dng lai va hi u chinh
1. Phn tich mu khac
2. a. Tip tuc phn tich
2. b. Dng laiva hi u chinh
1. Phn tich mu khac
2. a. Tip tuc phn tich
2.b.Dng lai va hi u chinh
1. Phn tich mu khac
2. a. Tip tuc phn tich
2. b. Dng lai va hi u chinh

C. Sau khi tin hnh cc hoat ng khc phuc

Phn tich lai m t na s mu nm gia im cui cung trong gii han kim soat
va im ngoai cung ngoai gii han kim soat.
IX. So snh lin phong th nghi m v th nghi m thnh thao
M t trong cac bi n phap kim soat cht lng PTN co hi u qua la vi c t chc
va tham gia so sanh lin PTN va th nghi m
thanh thao.
So snh lin phong th nghi m (Interlaboratory compairison)

La vi c t chc va thc hi n anh gia cac phep phn tich i vi cac mu ho c

v t li u th hoan toan ging nhau ho c tng t nhau bi hai hay nhiu PTN theo s
thoa thu n vi nhng iu ki n c xac inh.
So sanh lin PTN nhm cac muc ich: xac inh nng lc cua PTN i vi cac phep
phn tich, o, th nghi m; kim tra s tng thich va nht quan cua s li u i vi tng
ca nhn ky thu t vin cua PTN; thit l p cac phng phap phn tich; o, th mi; giai
quyt s khac nhau gia cac PTN; xac inh gia tri cac mu chun c chng nh n
v.v...
Th nghi m thnh thao (proficiency testing)
La vi c xac inh cht lng thc hi n vi c phn tich bng cach so sanh lin PTN.
Muc ich cua vi c th nghi m thanh thao chinh la nhm xac inh nng lc cua
PTN i vi cac phep phn tich do cac PTN cng b.
Th nghi m thanh thao c thc hi n bng chng trinh th nghi m lin PTN.
Chng trinh th nghi m lin PTN (interlaboratory testing programmes)
La vi c so sanh lin PTN trong o cac mu cua m t v t li u th ng nht c
phn phat thc hi n cac phep phn tich thich hp tai cac PTN tham gia.

Phu luc 2.

X ly s liu theo phn b chun

(phn b Gauss)

1. l ch chun cua phng php a bit

Kt qua cua phep o 1 ln c trinh bay nh sau:
Q= X ts; vi P = 95%
Trong o: Q la gia tri thc cua ai lng;
X la gia tri thu c t phep o 1 ln, c coi la kt qua o (la gia tri
cua ai lng o);
P la xac sut (mc tin c y );
t la h s phu thu c P (bang 1 va bang 2 cua phu luc).
iu trn co nghia la vi xac sut tin c y P a chon, sai s cua kt qua o (X)
nm trong gii han ts, cung co nghia la gia tri thc Q cua ai lng se nm trong
khoang t X - ts n X + ts. Trng hp P c ly bng 95% (0,95), khi o h s t = 2,
co nghia la nu ta tin hanh 100 phep o theo phng phap y se hy vong chi co 5 ln
o co sai s vt ra ngoai gii han 2s. Chon P bng bao nhiu la tuy thu c vao yu
cu cu th.
V du: Sai s cua phep o m t ln co th bng bao nhiu nu phng phap o a
cho co s =0,01 n vi va c 100 ln o thi trung binh co 5 ln sai s vt qua gii han
quy inh. Bai toan nay cung co nghia la tim gii han sai s cua phep o vi s =0,01 v
va P = 95%.
Bang 2 Phu luc I phn b chun cho ng vi P=95%, ta co t=2. Sai s cua phep
o 1 ln trong trng hp nay la:
ts = 2 x 0.01v = 0,02 v
2. Trng hp cha bit l ch chuns cua phng php
Thc hi n n ln o (th, phn tich) lin tip cung m t ai lng. Tinh gia tri
trung binh c ng ( x ) va l ch chun thc nghi m nh sau:
n

x1 x 2 ...x
n

x
i 1

trong o: x1, x2 ....xn la gia tri thu c tng ln o;

n la s ln o l p lai.
n

x x
i 1

n 1
Gia tri trung binh x c ly lam kt qua o. l ch chun s c trng cho s
phn tan cua cac gia tri o ring re x i xung quanh gia tri trung binh x . Gia tri s ln co
nghia la cac gia tri o ring re xi phn tan nhiu quanh x , tc phep o co t p trung
thp va ngc lai.
Kt qua cua phep o c trinh bay nh sau:

Q= x

ts
s Vi P = ....
n

Trong o: Q la gia tri thc cua ai lng;

x la gia tri trung binh;
ts la h s phu thu c s ln o l p n va xac sut tin c y P a chon c tra
theo bang 1 va bng 2 phn b Student (phu luc)
s la l ch chun thc nghi m;
P la xac sut tin c y.
iu trn co nghia la vi xac sut tin c y P a chon sai s cua kt qua o ( x )

nm trong gii han

ts
n

ts
s , co nghia la gia tri thc cua ai lng se nm t
n

s n x s s .
n

V du: xac inh chinh xac khi lng m t mu th, ta cn lin tip 6 ln mu
o, c cac kt qua sau (n vi g):
72,631
72,344
72,357
72,346
73,352
72,340
Khi lng thc cua mu bng bao nhiu vi xac xut tin c y la 99%.
Tinh: x =

= 72,350 g

x
n

i 1

72,350

8,06 x 10-3g

6 1
Tra bang 1 phu luc I, ng vi n = 6 va P = 99%, co ts = 4,03. Ta co:
ts
4,03
x 0,86 x10 3 g 13 x10 3 g
s=
6
n

Kt qua o cui cung c th hi n la:

m =(72,350 0,013)g, vi P = 99%
3. Lm tron s
Khi lam tron tri s cua kt qua o, ngi ta cn c vao b c co nghia cua sai s. Tri
s cua kt qua o phai t n cung bng con s cung b c vi tri s cua sai s. Vi du, khi
sai s la 5, con s t n cung se la con s ng vi hang n vi, khi sai s la 0,02, con
s t n cung se la s le phn trm...
lam tron s, ap dung cac quy tc sau y:
a. Nu k tip con s cui cung cn lai khi quy tron la cac con s nho hn 5 thi
khi quy tron, con s cui cung se khng thay i (quy tron xung hay giam).
Vi du:
2,12 2,1
6,343 6,34

b. Nu k tip con s cui cung cn lai khi quy tron la cac con s ln hn 5 thi
khi quy tron, con s cui cung se tng thm 1 (quy tron ln hay quy tron tng).
Vi du: 3,14159 3,1416
8,248 8,25
c. Nu k tip con s cui cung cn lai khi quy tron la con s 5 va sau con s 5
co it nht m t con s khac khng thi khi quy tron con s cui cung o se tng thm 1
(quy tron tng).
Vi du:
4,3501 4,4
d. Nu k tip con s cui cung cn lai khi quy tron la con s 5 va bit ro con s
5 nay a c quy tron nh th nao thi con s 5 o se c quy tron xung theo quy tc
a nu nh no a c quy tron ln va se c quy tron ln theo quy tc b nu nh no a
c quy tron xung.
Vi du: 6,3149 a c quy tron thanh 6,315 nu tip tuc se c quy tron thanh
6,31.
4,1852 a quy tron thanh 4,185, nu tip tuc se quy thanh 4,19.
e. Nu k tip con s cui cung cn lai khi quy tron la con s ung 5 (sau no chi
toan la s 0) thi co th tuy y quy tron ln hay quy tron xung. Nhng nu cn s dung s
quy tron trong khi tinh toan thi nn quy tron nh th nao con s cui cung la con s
chn. Nh v y, con s cui cung o se khng thay i nu no a la con s chn va se
tng thm 1 nu no la con s le (quy tc s chn).
Vi du:
1
0,0625 0,062
16
3
0,75 0,8
4

f. Nu k tip con s cui cung cn lai khi quy tron la con s 5 nhng khng
bit no la con s ung 5 hay a c quy tron, thi xem con s 5 o la con s ung va
quy tron theo quy tc e.
4. Loai bo kt qu o bt thng
Kt qua cua m t ln o ring re trong day n phep o cung m t ai lng c
coi la bt thng nu no l ch m t cach ang k so vi nhng gia tri con lai. Bang phn
b chun va phn b Student cho thy xac sut a = 1 - P m t kt qua o ring re
l ch so vi gia tri trung binh 3s ho c 4s la rt nho (a ng vi xi - x > 3s la 0,3% va
ng vi xi - x > 4s la 0,01% ). V y co kt qua nao l ch vi x qua gii han 3s ho c
4s (tuy theo P c chon) co th coi la mc sai s th va loai bo chung trong qua trinh
x ly kt qua o.

Bang 1
Gi tri tch phn xc sut (t)

2
2

t2
2

dt theo cc gi tri t cho trc

F(t)

F(t)

F(t)

F(t)

0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,55
0,60
0,55
0,65
0,60
0,75
0,80
0,85
0,90

0,0000
0,0399
0,0797
0,1192
0,1585
0,1974
0,2358
0,2737
0,3108
0,3473
0,3829
0,4177
0,4515
0,4843
0,5161
0,5467
0,5763
0,6047
0,6319

0,95
1,00
1,05
1,10
1,15
1,20
1,25
1,30
1,35
1,40
1,45
1,50
1,55
1,60
1,65
1,70
1,75
1,80

0,6579
0,6827
0,7063
0,7287
0,7499
0,7699
0,7887
0,8064
0,8230
0,8385
0,8529
0,8664
0,8798
0,8904
0,9011
0,9109
0,9199
0.9281

1,85
1,90
1,95
2,00
2,05
2,10
2,15
2,20
2,25
2,30
2,35
2,40
2,45
2,50
2,55
2,60
2,65
2,70

0,9357
0,9426
0,9488
0,9545
0,9596
0,9643
0,9684
0,9722
0,9756
0,9786
0,9812
0,9836
0,9857
0,9876
0,9892
0,9907
0,9920
0,9931

2,75
2,80
2,85
2,90
2,95
3,0
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,5
3,6
3,7
3,8
3,9
4,0
4,,5
5,0

0,9940
0,9949
0,9956
0,9963
0,9968
0,99730
0,99806
0,99862
0,99904
0,99932
0,99954
0,99968
0,99978
0,99986
0,99990
0,999936
0,999994
0,9999994

Bang 2
Gi tri t theo gi tri tch phn xc sut cho trc
F(t)

1- F(t)

F(t)

1- F(t)

0,50
0,60
0,70
0,75
0,80
0,85
0,90
0,95
0,96
0,97
0,98
0,99
0,991

0,50
0,40
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
0,009

0,675
0,842
1,036
1,150
1,282
1,440
1,645
2,960
2,054
2,170
2,326
2,576
2,612

0,992
0,993
0,994
0,995
0,996
0,997
0,998
0,999
0,9995
0,9999
0,99999
0,999999
0,9999999

0,008
0,007
0,006
0,005
0,004
0,003
0,002
0,001
5.10-4
1.10-4
1.10-5
1.10-6
1.10-6

2,652
2,697
2,748
2,807
2,878
2,968
3,090
3,219
3,481
3,891
4,417
4,892
5,327

Bang 3.
Gi tri ts ng vi xc sut tin c y Ps v s ln o n khc nhau
Ps
0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

0,95

0,98

0,99

0,999

1,000
0,816
0,765
0,741
0,727
0,718
0,711
0,706
0,703
0,700
0,697
0,665
0,694
0,692
0,691
0,690
0,689
0,688
0,688
0,674

1,376
1,061
0,978
0,941
0,920
0,906
0,896
0,889
0,883
0,879
0,976
0,873
0,870
0,868
0,866
0,865
0,863
0,862
0,861
0,842

1,963
1,336
1,250
1,190
1,156
1,134
1,119
1,108
1,110
1,093
1,088
1,083
1,079
1,076
1,074
1,071
1,069
1,067
1,066
1,036

3,08
1,886
1,638
1,533
1,476
1,440
1,415
1,397
1,383
1,372
1,363
1,356
1,350
1,345
1,341
1,337
1,333
1,330
1,328
2,282

6,31
2,92
2,35
2,13
2,02
1,943
1,895
1,860
1,833
1,812
1,796
1,782
1,771
1,761
1,753
1,746
1,740
1,734
1,729
1,645

12,71
4,30
3,18
2,77
2,57
2,45
2,36
2,31
2,26
2,23
2,20
2,18
2,16
2,14
2,13
2,12
2,11
2,10
2,09
1,960

31,8
6,96
4,54
3,75
3,36
3,14
3,00
2,90
2,82
2,76
2,72
2,68
2,65
2,62
2,60
2,58
2,57
2,55
2,54
2,33

63,7
6,92
5,84
4,60
4,03
3,71
3,50
3,36
3,25
3,17
3,11
3,05
3,01
2,98
2,95
2,92
2,90
2,88
2,86
2,58

636,6
31,6
12,9
8,61
6,86
5,96
5,40
5,04
4,78
4,59
4,49
4,32
4,22
4,14
4,07
4,02
3,96
3,92
3,88
3,29

n
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Bang 4
Gi tri xc sut tin c y Ps tng ng vi cc gi tri ts v n khc nhau
ts
n
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

2,5

3,5

0,705
0,816
0,861
0,884
0,898
0,908
0,914
0,919
0,923
0,927
0,929
0,931
0,933
0,935
0,936
0,937
0,938
0,939
0,940
0,955

0,758
0,870
0,912
0,933
0,946
0,953
0,959
0,963
0,966
0,969
0,970
0,972
0,974
0,974
0,975
0,976
0,977
0,978
0,976
0,988

0,795
0,905
0,942
0,960
0,970
0,976
0,980
0,983
0,985
0,987
0,988
0,989
0,990
0,990
0,991
0,992
0,992
0,992
0,993
0,997

0,823
0,928
0,961
0,975
0,983
0,987
0,990
0,992
0,993
0,994
0,995
0,996
0,996
0,996
0,997
0,997
0,997
0,998
0,998
0,9995