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Giao Trinh Quan Trac 1
Giao Trinh Quan Trac 1
Ban hng dn nay c coi nh c gng ban u nhng rt cn thit nhm nng
cao cht lng va a dn vao n np hoat ng QT&PTMT tai Vi t Nam. B tai li u
hng dn v QT&PTMT se con c tip tuc hoan thi n va b theo yu cu cua thc
t.
Do thi gian gp gap cng tac am bao va kim soat cht lng trong quan trc
mi trng tai Vi t Nam con rt mi me nn Ban hng dn chc chn con nhiu thiu
sot. Cuc Bao v Mi trng mong nh n c nhiu y kin ong gop cua cac chuyn
gia, cac nha khoa hoc trong linh vc QT&PTMT cung nh cac linh vc lin quan tip
tuc trin khai va hoan thi n b tai li u quan trong nay.
Chng 1
sach mi, quan im cua cac nha quan ly hi n hanh, cung la nhng c s xac inh
nhu cu thng tin.
Hinh 1. Cac bc chu yu trong quan trc va phn tich mi trng
Quan ly mi trng
Bao cao
Thit k mang li
Phn tich s li u
X ly s li u
2/ S li u o c x ly thng k
X ly thng k se chuyn i s li u ri rac thanh cac gia tri h thng thay i
theo thi gian va khng gian. Chung tao ra thng tin co th s dung ngay cho ngi oc.
3/ thi
thi giup cho ngi oc nhanh chong rut ra c nhng nh n inh tng quat.
Bng vi c nu ra cac tiu chun ho c cac tai li u tham khao trn thi, tinh hinh mi
trng c phan anh ung thc trang cua no. Cac thi co th la dang ng, dang
c t ho c biu phn trm (% )...
4/ Thng tin c trinh bay co tinh cht ia ly
Cach trinh bay nay giup hiu bit tt hn tinh hinh cht lng cua mi trng qua
phn b khng gian cua cac thng s lin quan.
5/ Thng tin tng hp
Vi c tng hp lai cac s li u la rt cn thit x ly nhanh m t lng ln s
li u. S dung cac phu luc la phng phap hay c dung ap ng yu cu nay.
Chng 2
anh gia din bin cht lng mi trng nc theo thi gian;
Theo cac yu cu khac cua cng tac quan ly mi trng va phat trin kinh t.
L p k hoach ly mu.
Cac vn am bao an toan con ngi, thit bi cho cac hoat ng quan trc nht
la quan trc trn sng, bao gm:
- Cac bi n phap, phng ti n bao am an toan (ngi va thit bi);
- Phng an cu h ;
- Li t k nhng vung nc xoay, bai cat ngm trong vung quan trc tau thuyn ne
tranh;
- Nhng yu t thi tit bt thng co th xy ra trong thi gian quan trc.
II.1.3. QA/QC trong thit k mang li
Thit k mang li la s la chon ia im ly mu, la chon tn sut ly mu, thi
gian ly mu va loai mu cn phai ly. am bao cht lng/kim soat cht lng trong
thit k mang li la l p k hoach ly mu ap ng c yu cu muc tiu cua chng
trinh quan trc va phn tich mi trng.
- B tri can b theo k hoach;
- Di n ly mu, ia im ly mu;
- Tn sut va thi gian;
- Cac dang ly mu; mu o tai hi n trng, mu mang v PTN.
- am bao tinh kha thi va an toan;
La chon vung/im ly mu, la chon tn sut,thi gian ly mu va dang ly mu
cho tng loai nc a c trinh bay chi tit trong cac tiu chun TCVN 5994-1995
(Hng dn ly nc h ao nhn tao), TCVN 5996-1995 (Hng dn ly mu nc
sng va sui), TCVN 5998-1995 (Hng dn ly mu nc thai), TCVN 6000-1995
(Hng dn ly mu nc ngm), ISO 5667-13:1993 (Hng dn ly mu nc, nc
thai va bun) cac tram quan trc nn nghin cu trc khi l p k hoach thit k mang
li bao am tinh khoa hoc, phan anh c muc tiu cht lng, ap ng nhu cu thng
tin trong cng tac quan ly mi trng.
II.2. am bao cht lng va kim soat cht lng tai hi n trng
Chng minh c rng cac sai s ly mu a c kim soat m t cach thich hp.
Chun bi cng tac thc ia chu ao: dung cu, thit bi, hoa cht thuc th bao
quan mu phai y u va phu hp.
am bao rng cac phng phap ly mu u c ph bin ti tt ca cac nhn
vin trong nhom quan trc.
am bao rng mi m t bc ly mu hi n nay va qua trinh ly mu trc y
u tun theo m t vn ban.
am bao rng dung cu ly mu va may moc o ac hi n trng phai c bao
tri va hi u chun inh ky, s sach bao tri cn phai c lu gi.
Quy inh thng nht v nh n dang mu c ly bao gm dan nhan ln tt ca cac
mu c ly, trn o ghi chep chinh xac ngay thang, ia im, thi gian ly mu va tn
ngi ly mu, s ma hi u cua mu bng mc khng thm nc.
Quy inh v ghi chep lai tt ca cac chi tit co lin quan n vi c ly mu vao
bin ban/nh t ky ly mu, nhng iu ki n va cac bin n g bt thng t ky thu t ly
mu thng thng n nhng yu cu c bi t.
Quy inh v iu ki n,
ni cac dung cu tranh lam nhim bn mu, lam sach dung cu ly mu, kim tra
sach va hi u qua cua dung cu (bng cach phn tich mu trng va mu so sanh thich
hp).
Quy inh v tin hanh bao quan mu cho tng thng s cht lng nc, trm
tich, phu du, vi sinh v t ... theo cac chi dn trong cac tiu chun tng ng.
Tiu chi kim soat cht lng ( nghia la gii han chp nh n);
Phng phap ly mu va cac tai li u cn phai xem xet thng xuyn va khng c
qua 1 nm/m t ln. Phng phap cn phai c ph duy t lai theo inh ky c bi t co
s thay i v thit bi ho c con ngi.
Khi tai li u c lu gi trong cac file may tinh, nhng thay i v phng phap ly
mu cn phai c phan anh bng cach thay i cac ma s may tinh co lin quan.
Nguyn nhn gy ra sai s do ly mu:
Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra sai s do ly mu co th la:
Nhim bn:
Nhim bn do cac thit bi ly va cha mu gy ra; do dung cu cha mu bn; do s
ly nhim gia cac mu; do cach bao quan, lu kho va b tri v n chuyn mu khng
thich hp.
Tinh khng n inh cua mu:
- Ban cht cua mu
- Tng tac cua mu vi dung cu khac
- anh hng cua nhi t , anh sang
Ly mu khng chinh xac:
- Quy trinh ly mu khng phu hp,
- Khng tun thu ung quy trinh ly mu.
V n chuyn mu:
- Do thi gian v n chuyn mu qua gii han cho phep,
-
Dung nc ct trang ho c vao dung cu ly mu. Sau o nap vao chai cha mu.
Mu c bao quan, v n chuyn va phn tich cac thng s tng t nh mu cn ly.
Mu loai nay nhm kim soat mc nhim trong qua trinh bao quan, s dung dung
cu ly mu.
c, Mu trng thit bi loc mu
Nu mu nc cn loc ngoai hi n trng xac inh cac hp phn hoa tan thi
cac b loc mu se c ra, bao quan va v n chuyn ngoai hi n trng. Tin hanh ly
mu trng dung cu loc mu bng cach: cho nc ct hai ln loc qua dung cu loc mu.
Phn loc c nap vao dung cu cha mu va c bao quan v n chuyn v phong thi
nghi m tng t nh cac mu a ly phn tich cac thng s mi trng.
d) Mu trng vn chuyn va mu trng hin trng
Mu trng v n chuyn: cho vao dung cu cha mu m t lng nc ct tinh khit
ho c nc a kh ion, y kin np, chuyn t phong thi nghi m ra ngoai hi n trng
va c v n chuyn cung vi mu th t. Mu trng v n chuyn dung xac inh s
nhim bn co th xy ra khi x ly, v n chuyn va bao quan mu.
Mu trng hi n trng: cho vao dung cu cha mu m t lng nc ct tinh
khit/nc kh ion va chuyn t phong thi nghi m ra ngoai hi n trng. Tai hi n
trng np dung cu cha mu c m ra va x ly ging nh cac mu th t. Mu trng
hi n trng dung xac inh s nhim bn gy ra t cac dung cu ly mu, dung cu x
ly mu (cac loai mang loc) ho c do cac iu ki n khac cua mi trng trong qua trinh
ly mu (do bui bc ln chng han).
Co th m ta cach thc chun bi mu trng theo s nh sau:
Nc ct tinh khit
Mu trng hi n trng
(X ly nh mu th t)
Mu trng v n chuyn
(Khng x ly)
Yu cu trong qua trinh v n chuyn: thi gian v n chuyn va nhi t cua mu,
yu cu nay da theo tiu chun (TCVN, ISO) i vi tng thng s quan trc va
cach bao quan mu (bang 2.1).
Tn mu
Cac yu cu khi v n
chuyn
Ghi chu
Tn mu
kim soat cht lng trong qua trinh v n chuyn mu, mu kim soat cht lng
thng c s dung:
Mu trng v n chuyn: m t mu nho v t li u sach cua i tng nghin cu c
v n chuyn cung vi mu th t trong cung m t mi trng, c bao quan, phn tich
cac thng s trong phong thi nghi m nh mu th t. Mu QC loai nay c s dung
kim soat s nhim bn trong qua trinh v n chuyn mu.
II.2.4. QA/QC trong o, phn tch tai hi n trng
M t s thng s khng bn nh nhi t , pH, DO, cht rn l lng, uc cn c
xac inh tai ch ho c ngay sau khi ly mu cang sm cang tt.
Khi o, phn tich tai ch cac thng s khng bn, cn phai chu y:
La chon phng phap phn tich phu hp khng ho c it bi anh hng cua
iu ki n bn ngoai ho c tao cac iu ki n mi trng thich hp (nh phong thi
nghi m di ng, b tri bung lam vi c trn tau ...) bao am kt qua phn tich.
Toan b thuc th va hoa cht bao quan mu phai at tinh khit theo yu cu cua
mc phn tich va co nhan dan ro rang
Hoa cht va thuc th bao quan co th c ong o trc va cho vao cac lo nho
ho c ampul va han kin tranh phai pha ch ngoai hi n trng.
II.2.6. Nc ct
Nc ct s dung ngoai hi n trng cn phai chu y:
Phu hp vi tiu chun,
Trong nhng trng hp khi phn tich nhay cao phai s dung dung cu cha
mu hoan toan mi.
II.2.8. Kim sot cht lng v khc phuc sai sot
Cac ky thu t kim soat cht lng phai c ap dung cho tng mu c ly,
cho m t loat mu va cac o ac c thc hi n tai hi n trng.
Cn co s trao i thng tin gia ngi ly mu va ngi phn tich giai thich
s li u va co bi n phap khc phuc sai sot.
Phat
La chon
trin phng phap
Trang thit bi; quan ly, bao dng, kim chun va hi u chun thit bi,
iu ki n, v t cht, ti n nghi va mi trng,
Quan ly mu th,
Phng phap phn tich va hi u lc cua phng phap,
Cht chun, mu chun,
Nh v y ngoai yu t quan ly, con ngi, phong thi nghi m phai co u c s v t
cht tin hanh cac phep th co cht lng, thoa man muc tiu cht lng s li u.
Phong thi nghi m phai tin hanh cac thu tuc kim soat cht lng, bao gm:
Thng xuyn s dung cht chun c chng nh n trong cac phep th,
Tham gia cac chng trinh so sanh lin phong ho c th nghi m thanh thao,
T chc phn tich mu QC theo k hoach va duy tri thng xuyn .
II.3.2. Qun ly mu
Phong thi nghi m
phai t chc v n chuyn, tip nh n , bao quan, lu gi ho c thanh
ly mu theo cac quy inh cn thit va thng nht nhm bao am tinh tron ven cua mu
trc va sau khi phn tich theo:
Bao quan mu nc trong thi gian ngn: 40C
Bao quan mu nc trong thi gian dai: -200C
Vi cac mu sinh v t, tissue: -200C
Vi mu trm tich: Tuy vao i tng phn tich ma s dung mu t hay kh.
Nu s dung mu kh phai lam kh mu trong khng khi, nhi t phong.
Co th bao quan mu bng cach thm hoa cht vi nhng lng thich hp. Nhng
hoa cht c chon phai khng anh hng n vi c kim tra tip theo ho c anh hng
n kt qua.
Ghi chep lai tt ca cac bc bao quan trong bao cao kt qua.
II.3.3. La chon v cng nh n phng php phn tch
Phong thi nghi m phai s dung nhng tiu chun/phng phap phu hp vi thit bi
sn co nhng phai ap ng cac muc tiu cht lng va theo cac vn sau:
Thng s phn tich,
Yu cu gii han phat hi n,
chinh xac cua phng phap ( chinh xac, chun xac),
Yu cu v kha nng so sanh s li u,
Su phu hp cua phng phap vi cac iu ki n phong thi nghi m.
Phong thi nghi m phai tin hanh cac thu tuc chp nh n/ph duy t phng phap
II.3.4. Kim sot cht lng
Kt qu
II.4. QA/QC trong tinh toan kt qua, ghi chep s li u phn tich
Cac kt qua phn tich trc khi ghi chep vao s phai c kim tra i chiu vi cac s
sach gc nh: nh t ky thc ia, s ghi kt qua phn tich. Vi c kim tra c thc hi n
bi it nht 1 ngi co trach nhi m trong phong thi nghi m. Kt qua phn tich c ghi
vao biu kt qua phai cha ng c m t s thng tin quan trong di y:
Ngay thang phn tich, phng phap phn tich.
Ky hi u mu phn tich.
Ky hi u va kt qua phn tich cua mu kim tra.
Cac gii han kim tra va canh bao.
Cac sc , thi (nu co).
Ho tn ngi phn tich, ngi tinh toan va ngi kim tra.
Sau khi s li u c i chiu, kim tra, luc o mi co gia tri va c s dung vao cac
muc ich khac nhau.
II.5. QA/QC trong bao cao kt qua
Ban bao cao kt qua phn tich am bao cht lng phai bao gm cac thng tin sau:
- Tiu
- Tn, ia chi phong thi nghi m tin hanh phn tich
- Tn, ia chi khach hang
- Ngay, thang ly mu
- Ngay, gi phn tich
- Ky hi u mu.
- Tinh trang mu khi a vao phn tich
- Phng phap phn tich a s dung
- Sai s cho phep
- Kt qua phn tich mu trng thit bi, mu trng phong thi nghi m, mu up va mu
l p
- Kt qua phn tich mu
Ti li u tham kho
1. APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th
Edition, 1995
2. Britsh Columbia Field Sampling Manual, 1996 Edition
3. Canadian Executive Agency, CPMS-II, Pollution Monitoring and Baseline
Studies- Environmental Monitoring Workbook 1997.
4. EPA Standard Methods, CD-ROM, Revision 1, July 1992
5. ISO 5667-14:1998, Water Quality- Sampling, Part 14: Guidance on Quality
Assurance of Enviromental Water Sampling and Handling
6. IUPAC, ISO, AOAC, Harmonised Guidlines for Internal Quality Control in
Analitycal Chemistry Laboratory, 1994
7. Jame P.Dux,Quality Assurance for the Anlytical Chemistry Laboratory, 2d
Edition, Van Nostrand Reihold, 1991
8. Lawrence H.K. et all, Principles of Environmental Analysis, Ana.Chem, 1983,
55, 2210-2218
9. TCVN 5993-1995, Cht lng nc-Hng dn bao quan va x ly mu
10. TCVN 5994-1995, Cht lng nc-Hng dn ly mu h ao t nhin nhn
tao
11. TCVN 5996-1995, Cht lng nc-Hng dn ly mu nc sng va sui
12. TCVN 5998-1995, Cht lng nc-Hng dn ly mu nc thai
13. UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring & Assessment, Guidelines on Water-Quality
monitoring and Assessment of Tranboudary Rivers, May 1996
14. UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring & Assessment, Volumn 4: Quality Assurance,
Jaunuary 1996
15. Villars M.T. Monitoring water quality in the future, Executive summary, Deft, the
netherlands, May 1995.
Phu luc 1:
H thng quan ly cht lng cua phong th nghi m/ hi u chun c quy inh
trong ISO/IEC 17025: 1999 gm hai nhom yu cu ln: cac yu cu v quan ly va cac
yu cu v ky thu t.
Cac yu cu v quan ly bao gm:
1. T chc.
2. H thng cht lng.
3. Kim soat tai li u .
4. Xem xet cac yu cu, nghi va hp ng.
5. Hp ng phu v th nghi m va hi u chun.
6. Cac dich vu mua sm va ngun cung cp.
7. Dich vu i vi khach hang.
8. Phan nan (hay kin nghi).
9. Kim soat vi c th nghi m va/ho c hi u chun khng phu hp.
10. Bi n phap khc phuc.
11. Bi n phap phong nga.
12. Kim soat h s.
13. anh gia n i b .
14. Xem xet cua lanh ao.
Cac yu cu v ky thu t bao gm:
1. Yu cu chung.
2. Nhn s.
3. Ti n nghi va iu ki n mi trng.
4. Phng phap th nghi m, hi u chun va ph duy t phng phap.
5. Thit bi.
6. Tinh lin kt chun o lng.
7. Ly mu.
8. Quan ly mu th nghi m, hi u chun.
9. am bao cht lng kt qua th nghi m
va hi u chun
10. Bao cao kt qua.
Di y hng dn thc hi n m t s vn then cht trong hoat ng QA/QC
cua phong thi nghi m.
I. T chc v qun ly phong th nghi m
S tay
cht lng
Cac thu
tuc iu hanh
Cac chi dn
cng vi c cu th
c/ PTN phai inh ky tin hanh vi c anh gia n i b theo cac thi han (thng la 1
nm) va thu tuc a inh kim tra xem hoat ng cua phong thi nghi m co lin tuc
tun thu cac yu cu cua h thng cht lng hay khng. Can b quan ly cht lng co
trach nhi m
l p k hoach va t chc anh gia theo chng trinh a inh.
Khi vi c anh gia phat hi n ra nhng nghi ng v hi u qua cua cac hoat ng
ho c v s ung n cua cac kt qua phn tich, o, th, phong thi nghi m phai tin
hanh cac hoat ng khc phuc kip thi, phai thng bao bng vn ban cho cac c s co
lin quan bit v nhng sai sot nay hi u chinh chung.
d/ Lanh ao phong thi nghi m phai inh ky, thng la 1 nm, xem xet lai h
thng quan ly cht lng va cac hoat ng phn tich, o, th cua phong thi nghi m
am bao s phu hp lin tuc va tinh hi u qua cua chung va a ra nhng thay i
ho c cai tin cn thit.
Tt
Khng tt
Tt
Khng tt
Phai ghi lai cac kt qua cua vi c ph duy t va thu tuc thc hi n vi c ph duy t
nay. Vi c ph duy t phai da trn cac thng s cua cac ky thu t phn tich a c
chon. Cac thng s va kt qua ph duy t phai c th hi n bng vn ban va phai c
lu tr.
S phu hp cua phng phap co th kim tra bng cach so sanh vi cac yu cu
c trng cho vi c s dung a inh nh khng am bao cua kt qua, gii han phat
hi n, chon loc cua phng phap, tuyn tinh, gii han l p lai ho c tai l p,
kha nng chng lai cac anh hng bn ngoai ...
Cac ky thu t c s dung ph duy t m t phng phap co th la m t ho c
m t s trong cac cach sau: s dung cac chun o lng ho c mu chun; so sanh kt
qua vi cac phng phap khac; so sanh lin phong; anh gia m t cach h thng nhng
yu t anh hng n kt qua; anh gia khng am bao cua kt qua da trn hiu
bit khoa hoc v cac nguyn tc ly thuyt cua phng phap va kinh nghi m thc t.
c/ anh gia khng am bao
PTN phai co thu tuc anh gia khng am bao cua tt ca cac phep phn tich,
o, th.
Phai quan tm n tt ca cac yu t gop phn vao khng am bao. Cac yu t
o la:
- Cac chun chinh, mu chun va trang thit bi s dung;
- Phng phap phn tich, o th c la chon;
- iu ki n mi trng;
- c tinh cua i tng phn tich, o, th;
- Ngi thao tac.
Tai li u c ban anh gia, trinh bay khng am bao o hi n nay la
ISO/TAG4/WG3 "Guide to expression of uncertainty in measurement", 1993 va b tiu
chun ISO 5725: 1994: chinh xac ( chinh xac va chum) cua phng phap o
va kt qua o (ISO 5725: 1994 Accuracy (truness and precsion) of measurement
methods and results).
III. Trang thit bi
a/ Trang thit bi cua phong thi nghi m phai ap ng cac yu cu cua tiu chun
ho c phng phap tng ng.
b/ Trang thit bi phai c anh du, dan nhan phn bi t va nh n dang c
d dang, trong o phan anh c tinh trang hi u chun, kim inh va thi han hi u
chun, kim inh tip theo cua no.
Phai duy tri va lu gi h s cua tng loai trang thit bi.
c/ Phai thit l p cac thu tuc bao dng va thc hi n vi c bao dng trang thit
bi thng xuyn hay inh ky.
Trang thit bi sai hong phai c dan nhan phn bi t vi cac trang thit bi
binh thng. Phai ngng s dung no cho n khi sa cha, hi u chinh xong va vi c
hi u chun ho c kim inh sau o chng minh thit bi a hoat ng tt.
Khi vi ly do nao o, trang thit bi vt ra ngoai pham vi kim soat trc tip cua
PTN trong m t thi gian nht inh, PTN phai tin hanh kim tra am bao rng thit
bi vn u tt trc khi a vao hoat ng tr lai trong PTN.
d/ Phai am bao tinh lin kt chun o lng cua tt ca cac trang thit bi cua
phong thi nghi m.
Thc cht cua yu cu am bao tinh lin kt chun chinh la vi c thc hi n m t
chui phep hi u chun k tip nhau i vi tt ca trang thit bi cua PTN, lam cho cac
trang thit bi nay u c so sanh (trc tip hay gian tip), va tip o la hi u chinh,
theo h thng chun o lng quc gia hay quc t, t o am bao cho trang thit bi o,
th, phn tich lun tin c y va chinh xac. Cu th phong thi nghi m phai thc hi n m t
s vi c sau:
+ PTN phai xy dng va thc hi n chng trinh hi u chun cho tt ca cac trang
thit bi co anh hng ro r t n gia tri va chinh xac cua cac kt qua phn tich, o,
th trc khi a chung vao s dung cung nh trong sut qua trinh s dung chung.
Chng trinh hi u chun phai bao gm ca cac phng ti n o dung cho cac phep o
phu tr, vi du o cac iu ki n mi trng.
+ i vi nhng trang thit bi khng th thc hi n c vi c hi u chun nu
trn, PTN co th ap dung cac bi n phap sau:
- Tham gia m t chng trinh so sanh lin phong ho c thi nghi m thanh thao
co bng chng v s phu hp cua cac trang thit bi lin quan.
- S dung cac mu chun ma cac gia tri v thanh phn va tinh cht cua no a
c chng nh n kim tra trang thit bi.
- S dung cac chun ho c cac phng phap a c cac bn lin quan thoa
thu n.
IV. Ti n
nghi v iu ki n
mi trng
a/ Yu cu chung la ti n nghi cua PTN, bao gm ca cac iu ki n v mi trng,
chiu sang va cac ngun nng lng, phai phu hp co th d dang thc hi n m t
cach ung n cac phep phn tich, o, th theo yu cu. Cn co s quan tm c bi t
khi vi c ly mu, ho c vi c phn tich, o, th c thc hi n nhng ni ngoai ia
im c inh cua PTN. Phai quy inh thanh vn ban cac yu cu i vi cac ti n nghi
va iu ki n mi trng co th anh hng n kt qua phn tich, o, th.
b/ PTN phai co cac thu tuc va thc hi n vi c giam sat, kim tra chc chn rng
mi trng khng tac ng xu ti vi c ly mu; vi c tin hanh phn tich, o, th.
Vi c thc hi n cac phep phn tich phai c dng lai khi cac iu ki n mi trng
khng phu hp. Cn c bi t kim soat s phu hp vi cac yu cu cua cac yu t nh
s v trung v m t sinh hoc, bui bn, nhng tin hi u i n t gy nhiu, cht phong xa,
vi c cung ng i n, nhi t , m, rung ng, ting n v.v...
c/ Trng hp co nhng hoat ng anh hng ln nhau, PTN phai phn l p m t
cach co hi u qua nhng khu vc nay tranh nhng anh hng xu qua lai.
d/ PTN phai thc hi n s kim soat i vi vi c s dung va ra vao phong thi
nghi m ma khng co nhi m vu han ch nhng anh hng xu n kt qua phn tich,
c bi t la nhng ni co anh hng trc tip n cht lng cac phep phn tich.
V. Nhn s
a/ Ban lanh ao PTN phai am bao rng tt ca ky thu t vin v n hanh trang thit
bi co u trinh va nng lc cn thit. Trong PTN cac ky thu t vin cn thng xuyn
c nng cao trinh ap ng yu cu thc t.
b/ Nhi m vu cua can b lanh ao va ky thu t vin phai c phn cng ro rang va
c th hi n bng vn ban.
VI. Qun ly mu phn tch, o, th
a/ PTN phai co cac thu tuc thich hp cho vi c quan ly mu i vi tng thng s.
b/ PTN phai co cac cach nh n dang va phn bi t mu. Nhng ky hi u nh n
dang phai c duy tri trong sut thi gian tn tai cua mu trong PTN am bao
khng gy ra s nhm ln cac mu khi phn tich o, th khi lun chuyn, k ca khi a
vao h s, tai li u.
c/ Khi tip nh n mu, PTN phai ghi lai moi s khng binh thng ho c sai l ch
so vi s m ta trong cac phng phap phn tich, o, th ma PTN s dung; phai tham
khao y kin cua cac b ph n lin quan ho cho cac hng dn cu th khi co s nghi
ng v s phu hp cua mu.
d/ PTN phai co cac thu tuc va ti n nghi phong tranh cac h hong i vi mu
trong qua trinh lu gi, x ly, chun bi va tin hanh phn tich, o, th. Phai tun thu cac
hng dn kem theo mu.
VII. m bo cht lng cc kt qu phn tch
PTN phai am bao cht lng kt qua phn tich bng cach theo doi lin tuc cac
kt qua. Vi c theo doi phai c l p thanh k hoach va co th bao gm cac cach sau:
Cac s kim tra cht lng n i b bng cach s dung ky thu t thng k.
Tham gia cac chng trinh so sanh lin phong ho c th nghi m thanh thao.
S dung u n cac mu chun a c chng nh n.
Tai tao lai cac phep phn tich bng cac phng phap ging ho c khac nhau.
Mu QC hi n trng
Mu QC thit bi
Mu QC phng phap
Mu QC thit bi
Cac mu QC thit bi dung anh gia va kim tra cht lng cua kt qua do thit
bi mang lai. Mu QC thit bi bao gm: chun kim soat (control standard); chun thm
tra (verification standard); mu trng thit bi (instrument blank).
Mu QC thit bi
Mu trng thit bi
+ Mu trng thit bi: m t mu nho dung mi, thng la nc ct, c cho trc
tip vao thit bi o s nhim do thit bi gy ra. Mu nay thng dung anh gia
n inh va nhiu cua thit bi.
+ Chun kim soat: la chun dung kim tra chinh xac cua cac chun c
dung chun hoa thit bi.
+ Chun thm tra: la chun theo doi n inh cua thit bi theo thi gian.
Mu QC phng phap:
Mu QC phng phap dung anh gia cht lng tt ca tinh nng s dung cua
phng phap trong phong thi nghi m. Mu QC phng phap phong thi nghi m gm:
mu trng phng phap, mu l p phong thi nghi m, mu thm phng phap, mu
chun c chng nh n.
Mu QC
phng phap
Mu trng
phng phap
Mu l p
phong thi ghi m
Mu thm
phng phap
Mu chun c
chng nh n
Mu chun c chng nh n:
Vi c phn tich mu chun trong phong thi nghi m trc ht la anh gia sai
s, ung, sai s h thng cua phng phap c s dung.
2. Tiu chi chp nhn cua kim soat cht lng va bin phap khc phuc
Kim soat cht lng c thc hi n thng qua vi c phn tich, o ho c th
nghi m m t s loai mu QC a nu trn nh n dang cac ngun sai s xac inh. Tuy
nhin kt qua phn tich, o, th cac mu QC se chi co y nghia khi a ra c cac gii
han so sanh vi chung. Vi du khi phn tich mu trng hi n trng, mu trng v n
chuyn, mu trng thit bi... cn co cac gia tri inh mc thich hp bit mc
nhim gy ra trong qua trinh ly mu, v n chuyn mu, ho c do thit bi gy ra con chp
nh n c hay ti mc nguy him, cn truy tim nguyn nhn loai bo no. Ho c
khi hi u chun thit bi bng cach so sanh vi chun, se xac inh c sai s s chi cua
thit bi nay. Nhng cung vi no phai bit sai s cho phep ln nht cua thit bi la bao
nhiu quyt inh xem co cn hi u chinh a sai s v pham vi cho phep hay
khng v.v...
M t vi du in hinh la s dung cac "gii han canh bao" va "gii han kim soat".
Nh khi phn tich"mu l p phong thi nghi m", ta xac inh c l ch chuns c
trng cho s phn tan ( t p trung) cua phng phap (thu tuc) phn tich c s dung.
Gii han canh bao c ly la 2s va gii han kim soat c ly la 3s. Gia tri 2s va 3s
goi la gii han canh bao va gii han kim soat trn (ky hi u la UWL va UCL). Gia tri
-2s va -3s goi la gii han canh bao va gii han kim soat di (ky hi u la LWL va
LCL). Khi s thanh thao cua PTN tng ln, gia tri cua cac gii han nay se nho xung.
Cac gii han 2s va 3s ng vi mc tin c y 95,45% va 99,73%. iu nay co nghia la vi
100 phep phn tich ta hy vong nhiu nht la chi co 5 phep phn tich co gia tri vt qua
gii han canh bao va c 300 phep phn tich hy vong chi co 1 gia tri vt qua gii han
kim soat. Vi m t gia tri nn xac inh ta co biu kim soat sau y:
3s
UCL
2s
UWL
Nn
-2s
LWL
LCL
-3s Khi gia tri thu c vt ra khoi gii han canh bao, nghia la bt u co nhng
vn phai quan tm xem xet va khi gia tri thu c vt qua gii han kim soat, co
nghia la vn a tr nn nghim trong va nguy him. Cac bi n phap khc phuc phai
c ra va thc hi n. Bang di y cho m t vi du v cac hanh ng khc phuc
trong m t tinh hung cu th.
K hoach khc phuc cc sai sot cua QC
A. Cc gi thit:
1. Trung binh co 1 trong 20 im o vt qua gii han canh bao (WL) 2 l ch
chun (2SD) va 1 trong 300 im o vt qua gii han kim soat (CL) 3 l ch
chun (3SD).
2. ng trung tm la x ln gii han phat hi n cua phng phap (MDL) vi x it
nht la 20 ln MDL.
3. Tiu chun va cac hanh n g x ly ap dung cho cac im o nm trn va di
gii han cua tham s va khng ap dung nu cac im o nm trn hai c n cua
tham s.
B. Bi n
php khc phuc
Tham s thng k
Gii han kim soat
(CL) la 3SD (3s)
Gii han canh bao
(WL) la 2SD (2s)
Tiu chun
1. M t im o vt qua CL
2.a. Cac phep phn tich l p lai < CL
2.b. Cac phep phn tich l p lai > CL
1. 2 ho c 3 im o > WL
2.a. im o tip theo < WL 2. b.
im o tip theo > WL
l ch chun
(SD)
1. 4 ho c 5 im o > 1 SD
2.a. im o tip theo < 1SD
2.b. im o tip theo > 1SD
ng trung tm
(CTL)
1. im o trn CTL
2.a. im o tip theo di CTL
2.b. im o tip theo trn CTL
Hanh ng
1. L p lai phep phn tich
2.a. Tip tuc phn tich
2. b. Dng lai va hi u chinh
1. Phn tich mu khac
2. a. Tip tuc phn tich
2. b. Dng laiva hi u chinh
1. Phn tich mu khac
2. a. Tip tuc phn tich
2.b.Dng lai va hi u chinh
1. Phn tich mu khac
2. a. Tip tuc phn tich
2. b. Dng lai va hi u chinh
Phu luc 2.
x1 x 2 ...x
n
x
i 1
x x
i 1
n 1
Gia tri trung binh x c ly lam kt qua o. l ch chun s c trng cho s
phn tan cua cac gia tri o ring re x i xung quanh gia tri trung binh x . Gia tri s ln co
nghia la cac gia tri o ring re xi phn tan nhiu quanh x , tc phep o co t p trung
thp va ngc lai.
Kt qua cua phep o c trinh bay nh sau:
Q= x
ts
s Vi P = ....
n
ts
n
ts
s , co nghia la gia tri thc cua ai lng se nm t
n
s n x s s .
n
V du: xac inh chinh xac khi lng m t mu th, ta cn lin tip 6 ln mu
o, c cac kt qua sau (n vi g):
72,631
72,344
72,357
72,346
73,352
72,340
Khi lng thc cua mu bng bao nhiu vi xac xut tin c y la 99%.
Tinh: x =
= 72,350 g
x
n
i 1
72,350
8,06 x 10-3g
6 1
Tra bang 1 phu luc I, ng vi n = 6 va P = 99%, co ts = 4,03. Ta co:
ts
4,03
x 0,86 x10 3 g 13 x10 3 g
s=
6
n
b. Nu k tip con s cui cung cn lai khi quy tron la cac con s ln hn 5 thi
khi quy tron, con s cui cung se tng thm 1 (quy tron ln hay quy tron tng).
Vi du: 3,14159 3,1416
8,248 8,25
c. Nu k tip con s cui cung cn lai khi quy tron la con s 5 va sau con s 5
co it nht m t con s khac khng thi khi quy tron con s cui cung o se tng thm 1
(quy tron tng).
Vi du:
4,3501 4,4
d. Nu k tip con s cui cung cn lai khi quy tron la con s 5 va bit ro con s
5 nay a c quy tron nh th nao thi con s 5 o se c quy tron xung theo quy tc
a nu nh no a c quy tron ln va se c quy tron ln theo quy tc b nu nh no a
c quy tron xung.
Vi du: 6,3149 a c quy tron thanh 6,315 nu tip tuc se c quy tron thanh
6,31.
4,1852 a quy tron thanh 4,185, nu tip tuc se quy thanh 4,19.
e. Nu k tip con s cui cung cn lai khi quy tron la con s ung 5 (sau no chi
toan la s 0) thi co th tuy y quy tron ln hay quy tron xung. Nhng nu cn s dung s
quy tron trong khi tinh toan thi nn quy tron nh th nao con s cui cung la con s
chn. Nh v y, con s cui cung o se khng thay i nu no a la con s chn va se
tng thm 1 nu no la con s le (quy tc s chn).
Vi du:
1
0,0625 0,062
16
3
0,75 0,8
4
f. Nu k tip con s cui cung cn lai khi quy tron la con s 5 nhng khng
bit no la con s ung 5 hay a c quy tron, thi xem con s 5 o la con s ung va
quy tron theo quy tc e.
4. Loai bo kt qu o bt thng
Kt qua cua m t ln o ring re trong day n phep o cung m t ai lng c
coi la bt thng nu no l ch m t cach ang k so vi nhng gia tri con lai. Bang phn
b chun va phn b Student cho thy xac sut a = 1 - P m t kt qua o ring re
l ch so vi gia tri trung binh 3s ho c 4s la rt nho (a ng vi xi - x > 3s la 0,3% va
ng vi xi - x > 4s la 0,01% ). V y co kt qua nao l ch vi x qua gii han 3s ho c
4s (tuy theo P c chon) co th coi la mc sai s th va loai bo chung trong qua trinh
x ly kt qua o.
Bang 1
Gi tri tch phn xc sut (t)
2
2
t2
2
F(t)
F(t)
F(t)
F(t)
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,55
0,60
0,55
0,65
0,60
0,75
0,80
0,85
0,90
0,0000
0,0399
0,0797
0,1192
0,1585
0,1974
0,2358
0,2737
0,3108
0,3473
0,3829
0,4177
0,4515
0,4843
0,5161
0,5467
0,5763
0,6047
0,6319
0,95
1,00
1,05
1,10
1,15
1,20
1,25
1,30
1,35
1,40
1,45
1,50
1,55
1,60
1,65
1,70
1,75
1,80
0,6579
0,6827
0,7063
0,7287
0,7499
0,7699
0,7887
0,8064
0,8230
0,8385
0,8529
0,8664
0,8798
0,8904
0,9011
0,9109
0,9199
0.9281
1,85
1,90
1,95
2,00
2,05
2,10
2,15
2,20
2,25
2,30
2,35
2,40
2,45
2,50
2,55
2,60
2,65
2,70
0,9357
0,9426
0,9488
0,9545
0,9596
0,9643
0,9684
0,9722
0,9756
0,9786
0,9812
0,9836
0,9857
0,9876
0,9892
0,9907
0,9920
0,9931
2,75
2,80
2,85
2,90
2,95
3,0
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,5
3,6
3,7
3,8
3,9
4,0
4,,5
5,0
0,9940
0,9949
0,9956
0,9963
0,9968
0,99730
0,99806
0,99862
0,99904
0,99932
0,99954
0,99968
0,99978
0,99986
0,99990
0,999936
0,999994
0,9999994
Bang 2
Gi tri t theo gi tri tch phn xc sut cho trc
F(t)
1- F(t)
F(t)
1- F(t)
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,75
0,80
0,85
0,90
0,95
0,96
0,97
0,98
0,99
0,991
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
0,009
0,675
0,842
1,036
1,150
1,282
1,440
1,645
2,960
2,054
2,170
2,326
2,576
2,612
0,992
0,993
0,994
0,995
0,996
0,997
0,998
0,999
0,9995
0,9999
0,99999
0,999999
0,9999999
0,008
0,007
0,006
0,005
0,004
0,003
0,002
0,001
5.10-4
1.10-4
1.10-5
1.10-6
1.10-6
2,652
2,697
2,748
2,807
2,878
2,968
3,090
3,219
3,481
3,891
4,417
4,892
5,327
Bang 3.
Gi tri ts ng vi xc sut tin c y Ps v s ln o n khc nhau
Ps
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
0,95
0,98
0,99
0,999
1,000
0,816
0,765
0,741
0,727
0,718
0,711
0,706
0,703
0,700
0,697
0,665
0,694
0,692
0,691
0,690
0,689
0,688
0,688
0,674
1,376
1,061
0,978
0,941
0,920
0,906
0,896
0,889
0,883
0,879
0,976
0,873
0,870
0,868
0,866
0,865
0,863
0,862
0,861
0,842
1,963
1,336
1,250
1,190
1,156
1,134
1,119
1,108
1,110
1,093
1,088
1,083
1,079
1,076
1,074
1,071
1,069
1,067
1,066
1,036
3,08
1,886
1,638
1,533
1,476
1,440
1,415
1,397
1,383
1,372
1,363
1,356
1,350
1,345
1,341
1,337
1,333
1,330
1,328
2,282
6,31
2,92
2,35
2,13
2,02
1,943
1,895
1,860
1,833
1,812
1,796
1,782
1,771
1,761
1,753
1,746
1,740
1,734
1,729
1,645
12,71
4,30
3,18
2,77
2,57
2,45
2,36
2,31
2,26
2,23
2,20
2,18
2,16
2,14
2,13
2,12
2,11
2,10
2,09
1,960
31,8
6,96
4,54
3,75
3,36
3,14
3,00
2,90
2,82
2,76
2,72
2,68
2,65
2,62
2,60
2,58
2,57
2,55
2,54
2,33
63,7
6,92
5,84
4,60
4,03
3,71
3,50
3,36
3,25
3,17
3,11
3,05
3,01
2,98
2,95
2,92
2,90
2,88
2,86
2,58
636,6
31,6
12,9
8,61
6,86
5,96
5,40
5,04
4,78
4,59
4,49
4,32
4,22
4,14
4,07
4,02
3,96
3,92
3,88
3,29
n
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Bang 4
Gi tri xc sut tin c y Ps tng ng vi cc gi tri ts v n khc nhau
ts
n
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2,5
3,5
0,705
0,816
0,861
0,884
0,898
0,908
0,914
0,919
0,923
0,927
0,929
0,931
0,933
0,935
0,936
0,937
0,938
0,939
0,940
0,955
0,758
0,870
0,912
0,933
0,946
0,953
0,959
0,963
0,966
0,969
0,970
0,972
0,974
0,974
0,975
0,976
0,977
0,978
0,976
0,988
0,795
0,905
0,942
0,960
0,970
0,976
0,980
0,983
0,985
0,987
0,988
0,989
0,990
0,990
0,991
0,992
0,992
0,992
0,993
0,997
0,823
0,928
0,961
0,975
0,983
0,987
0,990
0,992
0,993
0,994
0,995
0,996
0,996
0,996
0,997
0,997
0,997
0,998
0,998
0,9995