jPtdg;gaph;fspd; nrkpg;g[ Kiwfs;

jPtdg;gaph;fis nrkpj;jy; - fodder preservation techniques

jPtd';fisr; nrkpj;J itg;gjw;F ,Utpjkhd gf;Ft Kiwfs; gHf;fj;jpy; cs;sd.
xd;W cyuitj;J nrkpj;jy; (Hay) kw;bwhd;W gRikahf nrkpj;J itj;jy; (Silage) .
----------cyh; jPtdk; (Hay) Hay making
jPtdg;gaph;fs; ,sikahf ,Uf;Fk;nghnj/ mjhtJ g{tpLk; nghJ mjid mWj;J
Nhpa xspapy; fhaitj;J cyh;e;j g[y;yhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,g;go cyh;j;jg;gl;l
g[y; rhpahd Kiwapy; bra;jpUg;gpd;/ ey;y kzj;Jld; rj;Jg; bghUl;fs;;
FiwahkYk; cs;s rpwe;jbjhU jPtdkhFk;.
cyh;j;jp fhaitf;Fk;nghJ xnu rPuhfg; gug;gp fhaitj;jy; mtrpak;. ,g;go
fhatpl;l g[y;iy kiHapnyh my;yJ <uk; glhknyh ghJfhf;f ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW

gf;Ftg;gLj;jpa g[y;ypy; <ug;gir 15 Kjy; 20 rjtPjj;jpw;F nky; ,Uf;ff;TlhJ.

Vbddpy; ,jidg; nghuhf;fp Ftpay; bra;a[k;

nghJ/ <uk; mjpfk; ,Ug;gpd;/

Nnlhp bfl;LtpLk;.
jPtdg;gaph;fs; KGikahf Kjph;r;rp miltjw;F Kd;g[ mjhtJ 50 rjtPjk;
g{f;fs; te;jt[ld; mWtil bra;J cyuitj;J nrkpf;f ntz;Lk;. cyh; jPtdk; ,iya[ld; kz;
kw;Wk;

fisr;brofs;

,y;yhkYk;/

g{";rhzk;

jhf;fhky;

ey;y

bky;ypa

thrida[ld; ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;.

cyh; jPtdk; jahhpf;f cfe;j
gaph;fs;
bfhGf;fl;ilg;g[y;/ mUfk;g[y;/
khh;ty;g[y;
Xl;!;
jPdhehj;g[y;
Fjpiikrhy;/ bgh;rPk;
Fwpg;g[

mWtil bra;a ntz;oa jUzk;

kiHf;fhyk; Koe;jt[ld; ghjp g{';bfhj;J
btspna te;jt[ld;
ghy;gpof;Fk; gUtk;
g{';bfhj;J btsptUtjw;F Kd;g[
50 rjtPjk; g{f;fs; te;j gpd;

fpdpahg;g[y; kw;Wk; fk;g[ neg;gpah; xl;Lg;g[y; nghd;w

jPtdg;gaph;fs; cyh; jPtdk; jahhpf;f cfe;jit my;y.

cyh; jPtdk; jahhpf;Fk; Kiw- methods of Hay making

Kjy; ehs; gdpj;Jspfs; cyh;e;jt[ld; kjpak; 1 kzp

tiu mWtil bra;J

taypnyna cyh;j;jt[k;. gpd;g[ khiy 4 kzpf;F jPtdg;gapiu jpUg;gp

tplt[k;

,uz;lhtJ ehs; kPz;Lk; ,uz;L Kiw taypnyna jpUg;gp tplt[k;.

\d;whtJ

ehs;

bfhs;syhk;.

kPz;Lk;
gaWtifj;

jpUg;gp

cyuitj;J

jPtdg;gaph;fspy;

jahhpf;Fk; nghJ ftdk; njit.

mjpfk;.

tpl;L

nrkpj;J

itj;Jf;

cyh;

jPtdk;

,Ue;J

fhuzk; ,iyfs; cjph;tjw;F

tha;g;g[fs;

kiHf;fhy';fspy; ntyp kw;Wk; cyuitg;gjw;F vd;W cs;s

Fr;rp mLf;Ffspy; cyu itf;fyhk;. cyh;jPtdk; jahhpf;Fk; nghJ ,iyfs;

cjph;tija[k; Rkhh; 20 rjtPjk; g[ujr;rj;J Fiwtija[k; jLg;gJ kpff; fodk;.

1.CWfha;g;g[y; (Silage)- Ensiling

fhw;Wg;g[fhj

,lj;jpy;

gRe;jPtdj;ij

gy

ntjpapay;

khw;w';fSf;F

cl;gLj;jpa gpd; fpilf;Fk; jPtdkhFk;.

,ij jahhpf;f Jisapy;yhj; jz;ilf; bfhz;l jPtdg; gaph;fs; kpft[k; rpwe;jJ.
CWfha;g;g[y; jahhpf;f jPtdg;gaph;fspd; <uj;jd;ik mjpfkhfnth my;yJ kpff;
Fiwe;j msnth ,Uf;ff; TlhJ. mjhtJ <uj;jd;ik 70-75 rjtPjk; ,Uf;Fk;nghJ mWtil
bra;a ntz;Lk;.
gRe;jPtdj;ij irny$; Mf jahhpf;f jiu kl;lj;jpw;F nky; lth; irnyh (Tower
silo) \ykhfnth my;yJ jiuf;Fk; fPH; FHp btl;o mjd; \ynkh jahh; bra;ayhk;.
bgUk;ghYk;/ FHpfspy; gjg;gLj;Jk; Kiwiana ifahSfpd;wdh;.
Crops suited for ensiling and stage of harvesting
It is possible to ensile almost any plant material and by-products; the most
important crops for ensiling worldwide are whole-crop corn, alfalfa and various
grasses. Other crops include whole-crop wheat, sorghum and various legumes.
Ensiling is a sophisticated and costly operation which is mainly used in
developed countries. The silage quality is influenced by dry matter (30-45) and
soluble sugar content (8-10%). All these factors influence the development of

lactic acid and other organic acids, which act as preservative. Harvesting the
crop at 50% flowering to milk or dough stage can make good quality silage of
crops like maize, sorghum and pearl millet. For N-B hybrids 45-50 days after the
previous harvest is recommended. For natural grasses and Cenchrus, they
should be harvested at flowering stage.
2.

;
,
. ,

. (30-45)

(8-10%)

.
,

50
,
.

45-50

.
.

3.Methods of ensiling
Pit, trench, bunker and tower silos are used for ensiling the green fodder. Various
types and sizes are used depending upon the availability of green fodder and the

convenience of the farmer. The green fodder is filled in the silo either as such or
after chopping and it is well packed to reduce air. Better packing may be obtained
by trampling with tractor or bullocks. The top must be covered with dry straw and
then sealed with mud plaster or covered by polythene or alkathene sheets. The
silage will be ready after 4-6 weeks. A pit size of 20 x 20 x 20 feet is sufficient for
50-55 t of green fodder. One cubic foot of settled silage will weigh about 15 kg.
The rate of utilization of the ensiled material also has a bearing on the size of the
silo. Once is opened for feeding, then every day at least half a foot of the material
have to be removed to avoid spoilage if the silage.

, ,
.

.

. 4-6 . 20 x 20
x 20 50-55 .
15 .

.
4.The biochemical and microbiological events during the ensiling fermentation can be
divided into four distinct stages:
Aerobic stage
When air is still present between the plant particles and the pH is still
high, 6.0-6.5. During this stage plant respiration continues, as well as proteolysis

and the activity of aerobic microorganisms such as enterobacteria, fungi and

yeasts.
Fermentation stage
Which is carried out by a dynamic succession of LAB which changes
according to the conditions prevailing in silage, starting with enterococci and
leuconostoc, followed by lactobacilli and pediococci (Woolford, 1984). Lactic acid
and other organic acids accumulate and the pH decreases, below 5.0, depending
on plant composition and its buffering capacity.
Storage stage
When the silage is sealed and no air penetrates few changes occur.
Unloading stage
For feeding when the silage is re-exposed to air which re-activates aerobic
microorganisms, mainly yeasts and moulds, which might spoil the silage.

:
:
6-6.5
. , ,
.
:

.
, (Woolford,
1984). 5.0ku
, .

, .
:

,
.

5.Nutritional quality improvement

Nutritional quality of grass and cereal silage can be improved by mixing with
legumes like cowpea (4:1) or by spraying urea solution at the time of ensiling (1%
on fresh weight basis, sprayed with l:l matter). Often the green fodder is mixed
with molasses and salt to improve the quality of the silage. Commonly 20 kg
molasses plus 8 kg salt per ton of green fodder is recommended. The other
additives used include the addition of lime stone (0.5-1.0%), sodium
metabisulphite, organic acids like propionic and formic acids at 1% level and
bacterial cultures like lactobacillus etc.


(4: 1)
(1% , 1:1 ).
. 20
8 .
(0.5-1.0%),
1%

.

6.Silo pit size and capacity

Length (ft)

Width (ft).

Depth (ft.)

Capacity (q)

()
5
10
15
20
25

()
5
5
5
5
5

()
6
6
6
6
6

(q)
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.5

It is desirable to accelerate the fermentation step as far as possible in

order to minimize the activity of detrimental microorganisms and stabilize the
silage. It is also important to minimize the exposure of silage to air during storage
and unloading. Very moist crops (less than 30% DM) result in effluent which
leads to loss of nutrients and to environmental pollution. Therefore, if possible,

moist plants are wilted in the field to increase their DM content. If the crop is too
dry fermentation will be too slow, consolidation might be incomplete and spoilage
might occur by yeasts and molds.

.

.

(30% )

.
,
.
,

.
7.Characteristics of good silage
The golden brown or greenish yellow colour and the pleasant fruity odour
will speak more than the chemical parameters regarding the quality of silage. In
addition to that,
No mould growth.
Pleasant fruity odour/ an acceptable aroma.
Liked very much by animals because of mild-acidic taste and
pleasant aroma.
Free flowing and non-sticky texture.
3-4% increased palatability.
Increased nutritive value.
pH around 4.0-4.5.
Lactic acid is proportionately more than the other acids (3
Butyric acid is very low and is in the range of 0.2-0.5%.
In general nitrate-N decreases and ammoniacal-N upon ensiling.

 Ammoniacal N should not exceed 9-15 % of the total-N.

:

.
,
.
/ .

.
.
3-4% .
.
4.0-4.5 .
(3)
0.2-0.5% .
- N - N
.
l- N - N 9-15%
.
:


FHpfspy; nrkpj;jy;
njitf;F mjpfkhf fpilf;fpd;w gr;ir jPtdj;ij gjkhf gf;Ftk; bra;J mjpYs;s
rj;Jg; bghUs;fs; tPzhfhky; nrkpj;J itf;fpd;w Kiwfspy; irny$; jahhpg;gJk; xU
KiwahFk;.
gad;gLj;jyhk;.

,k;Kiwapdhy;
,k;Kiwapdhy;

epiyj;jpUf;fpd;wd.

,t;thW

gRe;jPtdk;

fpilf;fhj

nfhilfhy';fspy;

gRe;jPtdj;jpy;

kpFjpahd

czt[r;

gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l

jPtdk;

Urpahft[k;

rj;Jf;fs;
ed;F

brhpf;fg;gLtjhft[k; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ek; ehl;oy; gRe;jPtd';fis nrkpj;J itf;Fk;

,k;Kiw muRg; gz;izfspy; ifahsg;gLfpwJ.
kz;zpd; jd;ikiag; bghUj;J Rkhh; 1.8 2 kP MHj;jpw;Fk;/ 3-4.5 kP
mfyj;jpw;F FHp njhz;l ntz;Lk;/ FHpapd; ePsk; fpilf;Fk; gRe;jPtdj;jpd;
mst[f;F Vw;wthW xU fd kPl;lh; ghfj;jpy; Rkhh; 500-600 fpnyh fpuhk;

gRe;jPtdk; bfhs;Sk; vd;w

mog;gilapy; mikj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;.

,g;go

mikf;fg;gLfpd;w FHp jz;zPh; nj';fhj nkl;Lg; gh';fhd ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.

FHpapd; moj;jsKk; gf;f';fSk; <uf;frptpd;wp ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
bgUk;;ghYk; vy;yh gRe;jPtd';fisa[k; irny$; Mf jahhpf;f Koa[k;.
vdpDk; jPtd kf;fhr;nrhsnk mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

irny$; jahhpf;fg;

gad;gLk; gRe;jPtdk; mjpfkhd rh;f;fiug; bghUisa[k; 25-30 rjtPjk; fha;e;j

bghUisa[k; bgw;wpUj;jy; mtrpak;.
jahhpf;f Koa[k;.
gpd;

<ug;gir mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; mg;gRe;jPtdj;ij rpwpJ fhaitj;J

cgnahfg;gLj;jyhk;.

rkkhfg;gug;g[jy; ntz;Lk;.
ey;yJ.

mg;bghGJ jhd; ey;y jukhd irnyi$

gRe;jPtdg;

gaph;fis

FHpapy;

nghl;L

gRe;jPtdj;ij rpWrpWJz;Lfshf eWf;fpg; nghLtJ

,g;go eWf;fpg; nghLtjhy;/ FHpapDs; fhw;wpl';fs; milf;fg;gLtjhy;

tPzhFk; rj;Jg; bghUs; tPzhtij Fiwf;fyhk;. xt;bthU thpiriaa[k; gug;gpa

gpd;g[ kdpjh;fisf; bfhz;nlh fhy;eilfisf; bfhz;lnlh ed;F kpjpj;J mKf;f ntz;Lk;.
rh;f;fiur; rj;J gRe;jPtdj;jpy; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fkhdhy; Rkhh; 2-3 rjtPjk;
bty;yg;ghfpid ePhpy; fiuj;J bjspf;fyhk;. ,jdhy; Vw;gLk; rpy ,urhad
khw;wj;jhy; rpy mkpy';fs; njhd;wp jukhd Urpa[s;s irny$; fpilf;[fpwJ. jiu
kl;lk; tiu epug;gp khLfis tpl;L ed;F kpjpf;f ntz;Lk;. gpwF jiu kl;lj;jpw;F
nky; 1-1.5 kP cauk; rhpthf mLf;fp nky; ghfj;ij ehd;F gf;fKk; rhpt[s;sgo
bra;jy; ntz;Lk;. gpd; cyh;e;j jPtdk; kw;Wk; itf;nfhy; Kjypaitfis nkny
gug;gp <u kz;izf; bfhz;L Rj;jkhf fhw;W/ jz;zPh; g[fhky; mij g{rpg; ghJfhf;f
ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpjk; gjk; bra;j jPtdj;ij 3 khj';fSf;Fg; gpd; njitg;gLk;nghJ vLj;J
cgnahfpf;fyhk;.
nrkpj;J itj;jpUe;j fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wj;jpdhy; gRe;jPtdk; gr;irf;
fye;j bghd; epwkhft[k; ntfitj;j ,iyiag;

nghyt[k;/ ey;y kzj;JlDk; ,Uf;Fk;.

,t;tif jPtdj;ij 2 ehl;fs; jpd;W gHf;fg;gl;lt[ld; khLfs; tpUk;gp cl;bfhs;sj;

bjhl';Fk;.

CWfha; g[y;ypd; Fzhjpra';fs;

,sk; gGg;g[ epwkhf ,Uf;Fk;. tpUk;gj;jf;fg; gH thrida[ld; 3-4 rjtPjk;
TLjy; Rita[ld; ,Uf;Fk;.

bghybghybtd;W xd;nwhL xd;W xl;lhj epiyapy;

,Uf;Fk;. fwit khLfSf;F md;whlg; gRk;g[y; njitapd; ehd;fpy; xU g';fpid gjd

g[y;yhf mspj;jy; nghJkhdJ.
fwit mst[
5 ypl;lh; tiu
5 - 8 ypl;lh;
tiu
8

gRe;jPtdj; njit
(xU ehisf;F)
(fpnyh)
25
30

gjdg;g[y;
(xU ehisf;F)
(fpnyh)
6
7.5

35

ypl;lUf;F

nky;
bghJthf gjdg;g[y;iy 6-10 fpnyh tiuf; fwit khLfSf;F mspf;fyhk;.
kPjpj; jPtdj; njitia cyh; jPtdk; \yk; rhpbra;a ntz;Lk;. 125 fpnyh gjdg;g[y;
xU gRtpw;F 13-21 ehl;fSf;F nghJkhdJ.
CWfha;g[y; jahhpf;Fk; nghJ ftdpf;fntz;oait

kiH ehl;fspy; jahhpf;ff; TlhJ

jf;f gUtj;jpy; mjhtJ <ug;gjk; 70-75 rjtPjk; ,Uf;Fk;nghJ mWtil bra;a

ntz;Lk;.

mWtil bra;j gpd;g[ taypnyna cyutpl ntz;Lk;

4 my;yJ 5 br.kP ePsKs;s Jz;Lfshf cyh;e;j jPtdj;ij btl;l ntz;Lk;

CWfha;g;g[y; jahhpg;gjw;bfd;W jahhpf;fg;gl;l rpbkz;l; bjhl;oapy;

my;yJ kuj;jpdhy; Md ghj;jpuj;jpy; (Silo) btl;oa jPtdj;ij mLf;fLf;fhf
epug;g ntz;Lk;.

15

br.kP

cauj;jpw;F

btl;oa

kw;Wk;

rhg;ghl;L

bty;yg;ghF

jPtdg;gapiu
cg;g[

epug;gp
rjtPjk;

mjd;

kPJ

bjspf;fntz;Lk;.

gpd;g[ epug;gpa jPtdg;gaph;fspd; ,ilna ,Uf;Fk; fhw;W KGtija[k;

,ae;jpuj;jpd;

\ykhfnth

my;yJ

btspnaw;WtJ

kpft[k;

mtrpak;.

epug;gpaJnghy;

kw;w

ntiyahl;fisf;

mLf;Ffisa[k;

bjhl;oapy; epug;g ntz;Lk;.

btspnaw;WtJ kpf kpf Kf;fpak;.

bfhz;L

mjd;gpd;/

kpjpj;njh

KjyhtJ

CWfha;g;g[y;

mLf;F

jahhpf;Fk;

xt;bthU mLf;ifa[k; kpjpj;Jf; fhw;iw

bjhl;oia epug;gpat[ld; ghypjPd; ngg;giu tphpj;J mjd; nky; kz;izf;

bfhl;o fhw;Wg; g[fhky; g{r ntz;Lk;.

kiHePh; bjhl;oapy; glhky; ,Uf;ff; Tiu mikj;jy; mtrpak;

,il ,ilna g{rpa kz;zpy; tphpry; Vw;gl;L fhw;W cs;ns g[fhky; ghh;j;Jf;
bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.

CWfha;g;g[y;ypd;

bjhl;oia

\oa

khj';fSf;Fg;gpd;

fhy;eilfSf;F

bfhLg;gjw;F cfe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

CWfha;g;g[y;

jahhpf;Fk;

nghJ

jhdpa

tif

my;yJ

g[y;tifj;

jPtdg;gaph;fSld; gapWtifj; jPtdg;gapiua[k; 3 f;F 1 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;

fye;J jahhpg;gjd; \yk; mjd; rj;jpd; msit mjpfhpf;fyhk;.
o.vd;.V.a[. irnyh Fjph;
gjdg;g[y;

my;yJ

CWfha;g;g[y;

jahhpg;gpy;

gy;ntW

Kiwfs;

ifahsg;gl;lhYk;/ me;j KiwfSf;F njitahd gRe;jPtdj;jpd; mst[ kpft[k; mjpfkhf

cs;sJ. vdnt CWfha;g;g[y; vd;gJ rpy fhy;eilfs; kl;Lnk itj;J/ Fiwthd gRe;jPtdk;
cw;gj;jp bra;J guhkhpj;J tUgth;fSf;F xU fdthfnt ,Ue;J te;jJ. vdnt tpiuthd
tp";"hd tsh;r;rpapYk;/ ,e;j bjhHpy;El;gk; tptrhapfSf;F fpilf;fhj vl;lhf;
fdpahf ,Ue;jij fUj;jpy; bfhz;L/ jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy;/ Fiwe;j
mst[ gRe;jPtdj;ijf; bfhz;L/ Fiwe;j brytpy; CWfha;g;g[y; jahhpg;gjw;fhd xU
bjhHpy;El;gk; tFf;fg;gl;L jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; irnyh Fjph;
totikf;fgh;l;lJ.

,e;j

bjhHpy;El;gj;ij

tptrhapfs;

j';fsplk;

cs;s

vspjpy;

fpilf;ff;Toa bghUl;fshd ghypjPd; kw;Wk; rzy; igfis bfhz;nl cUthf;fpf;

bfhs;syhk;. ,ij itg;gjw;bfd;W xU jdpahd ,lk; njitapy;iy. v';F ntz;LkhdhYk;/
(tPl;ow;Fs;nsna / tPl;od; gpd;g[wj;jpnyna) itj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;.
o.vd;.V.a[. irnyh Fjph; vd;gJ/ ghypjpd; igia rzy; igf;Fs; ,Wf;fkhf
,Uf;FkhW mikf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;. mjd; nkw;gFjp fhw;W kw;Wk; ePh; g[fhjthW
milf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;. o.vd;.V.a[. irnyh Fjphpd; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;l totkhf fp!hd;
irnyh (mjhtJ rzy;igf;F gjpyhf/ ghypjPd; igia itj;J) cUthf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;.
o.vd;.V.a[. Kiwapy; CWfha;g;g[y; jahhpf;Fk; Kiwfs;

Kjypy; gRe;jPtdj;ij taypy; mWtil bra;J 25-30 rjk; <ug;gjk; ,Uf;Fk;

mst[ cyu tl ntz;Lk;.

gpd;g[ kpfr;rpwpa mst[s;s (1-3 br.kP) Jz;Lfshf btl;l ntz;Lk;.

btl;oa jPtdj;jpd; kPJ cg;g[ (1%) kw;Wk; bty;yk; (m) fUk;ghiy

fHpt[ (1%) gRe;jPtd mstpy; 1 rjtPjk; g{hpj fiuryhf jahh; bra;J
gRe;jPtdj;jpd; kPJ bjspj;J ed;whf fyf;f ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW jahh; bra;j gRe;jPtdj;ij/ mLf;fLf;fhf (15-20 br.kP) ed;whf

mGj;jp o.vd;.V.a[. irnyh Fjphpy; nghl ntz;Lk;. gpd;g[ filrpahf fhw;W
g[fhtz;zk; ed;whf rPy; bra;J \o tpl ntz;Lk;.

30-35 ehl;fSf;Fs; cWfha;g;g[y; jahuhfptpLk;. ,e;j cWfha;g;g[y;iy 36 khj';fSf;F gad;gLj;jyhk;.