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Γεωδαισία IV
Γεωδαισία IV
6 , . 2011-12
, . ./ . .
:
. .,
. ., ,
ddeli@mail.ntua.gr
. , , 338
, ,
. , , 338
: F = G m1 m2 /
r2
. Newton (1 N = 1 kg m/s2)
. .
. , , 338
. , , 338
r = r
(
m/s),
,
r
T
m (=m2),
, r
1 gal = 1 cm/s
(=m1)
,
1 mgal = 10-5 m/s2
1 gal = 10-8 m/s2
.
. , , 338
,
,
, Laplace
19
,
r0 r
.
()
. , , 338
()
Poisson
/
.
.
,
.
,
(= )
.
(.
) =0, Poisson
Laplace 2V = V = 0.
,
.
. , , 338
. , , 338
xx =
= rr cos
cos sin
sin
yy =
= rr sin
sin sin
sin
zz =
= rr cos
cos
2V = V
x2 + y2
z
= arccos
x2 + y2 + z 2
y
x
= arctan = arccos
x
x2 + y2
= arcsin
1 2 V
1
V
1
r
+
sin
+
r r 2 sin
r 2 sin 2
r 2 r
x2 + y2
. , , 338
1 2 V
1
V
1
r
+
sin
+
r r 2 sin
r 2 sin 2
r 2 r
2V
=0
Laplace V
Green.
Fourier
( )
: V(r,,) = f(r) g() h()
. , , 338
=0
. , , 338
Laplace
Laplace
2V = V
2V
( .. )
Laplace
.
r = x2 + y2 + z 2
= arctan
Laplace
2V = V
1 2 V
1
V
1
r
+
sin
+
r r 2 sin
r 2 sin 2
r 2 r
2V
r
,
. , , 338
=0
Laplace
2V = V
1 2 V
1
V
1
r
+
sin
+
r r 2 sin
r 2 sin 2
r 2 r
2V
=0
. , , 338
. , , 338
h, g
V(r,,) = f(r) g() h() = f(r) (,)
h() h() = eim
h() = sin(m) h() = cos(m)
m = 0, 1, 2, 3, (order)
h, g
V(r,,) = f(r) g() h() = f(r) (,)
n(,) g() h()
g()
n(,)
Laplace
g()
h, g
Legendre
Legendre
1 ..
.. Legendre,
g() == PPnm(cos)
(cos)
g()
nm
1
g()
g() == Q
Qnm(cos)
(cos)
nm
Legendre
Legendre 1
O Legendre 2
( )
Andrien Marie Legendre
Legendre ,
.
. + a P ( x )
f ( x ) = a0 P0 ( x ) + a1 P1 (x ) + K
n n
Legendre
Andrien Marie Legendre
Legendre
Legendre 1 ,
Legendre
Legendre
Adrien Marie
Legendre
Legendre
, Laplace
,
: Legendre,
Pn(t), n=0,1,2,
Rodrigues t=cos=sin=x
Legendre Pn
..
Legendre, n=2,4,6,8,10
Legendre Pnm
Legendre, n=1,3,5,7,9
Legendre
Legendre n=0,1,10
Legendre
P6(cos)
P6(cos)
Legendre
Legendre
?
x = cos=sin
?
x = cos=sin
(b)
(a) Pn ( n= )
0 @ x = 0.
@ x = 1
Legendre
Legendre
?
x = cos=sin
?
x = cos=sin
(c)
(c)
Kronecker delta
0
Leopold Kronecker
:
:
(A1,B1) (A2,B2) = A1A2 + B1B2
= 0
Pn x
n , Pn (x)
x n
, Pn(x) x=t=cos.
t=cos=x
Pn(t) n.
n , Pn (t)
t n
, Pn(t)
t.
tn Pn(t)
=
1 (2n)!
2n (n!) 2
.. P5(t)
xn-2 Pn(x)
(2n 2)!
2n (n 1)!(n 2)!
1
Pn (t ) =
Pn (t ) =
1 (2n)!
2n (n!) 2
(63/8) t5
n , Pn (x)
x n
, Pn(x) x=t=cos.
xn Pn(x)
( 1) j (2n 2 j )!
n
n 2 j! ( n j )! ( n 2 j )!
0 j
2
t n2 j
(1) j ( 2n 2 j )!
n 1 2
0 j
2
j! (n j )! (n 2 j )!
n =
t n 2 j n =
: (
) Legendre, Pnm(t),
n=0,1,2,Nmax, m=0,1,2,,n
Rodrigues
n-
m-
Taylor
=r/r (u=cos)
, x=t=cos
n=m
n=m+1 ( n-1=m),
, Pnn , Pn,n-1
..
P33 = ??
P32 = ??
n,m=n
n+1,m=n, . Pnn,
Pn+1,n
..
P33 = ??
(P44 = ??) P43 = ??
m < n-1
ni>n+1 m
P31 = ??
Legendre
cos m
sin m
* C
*
..
Legendre
n
( )
* cosm sinm
n=?, m=?
n=3, m=0
n=2, m=0
n=4, m=0
n=5, m=0
n=6, m=0
..
Legendre
n
( )
..
m=n
(
)
n=?, m=?
n=4, m=4
n=5, m=5
..
mn m0
n-m
0
cosm
sinm 2m
02
(
)
n=?, m=?
n=6, m=2
n=6, m=1
n=6, m=3
h()
g(),
Laplace
n=1
m=0
cos(m)
sin(m)
Pnm(cos) cos(m)
Pnm(cos) cos(m)
Pnm(cos) sin(m)
n=2
Pnm(cos) sin(m)
m=0
m=0
m=1
m=1
m=2
Pnm(cos) sin(m)
Pnm(cos) cos(m)
Pnm(cos) sin(m)
n=3
n=4
Pnm(cos) cos(m)
m=0
m = 20
m=1
m = 31
Pnm(cos) sin(m)
Pnm(cos) cos(m)
m=2
n=4
n=5
Pnm(cos) sin(m)
Pnm(cos) cos(m)
m=0
m = 30
m=1
m = 41
m=2
Pnm(cos) cos(m)
Pnm(cos) sin(m)
Pnm(cos) sin(m)
n=5
Pnm(cos) cos(m)
Pnm(cos) sin(m), Pnm(cos) cos(m)
m=3
m=4
Pn (m=0)
m=5
Pnm(cos) sin(m),
rn
Pnm(cos) cos(m)
Pnm, n=5
m=0,1,, 5
Pn (m=0)
Pnm (m0)
Pnm (m=n)
rn
Pnm (m0)
m=0
m=1
m=2
m=3
m=4
m=5
Pnm (m=n)
P50
P53
P55
Stokes
n
V(r,,) = R(r) [AnmCnm(,) + BnmSnm(,)]
n=0 m=0
n
= R(r) [Anm cosm + Bnm sinm] Pnm (cos)
n=0 m=0
nm nm
.
1/r
:
G
G
VV ==
dv
dv
(
)
1/r
Pn(cos)
Legendre ',' ,
n
1
P (cos)
= r'
n+1 n
r
r
n=0
G
G
VV ==
dv
dv
rr
:
V=
V=
P
dM
r'
n
1
= r'
n+1 Pn(cos)
r
r
n=0
rr
GM
r
GM
r
n=0
a
r
m=0
a n
[Cnm cos m + Snm sin m] Pnm (cos)
1+ r
m=0
n=1
GM = G(MEE+Matm
)
atm
Cnm
= nm
a nn/GM Snm
= Bnm
a nn/GM
nm
nm
nm
nm
Cnm Snm
Stokes
aE
Stokes
:
V=
GM
r
a n
[Jnm cos m + Knm sin m] Pnm (cos)
1- r
m=0
n=1
GM = G(MEE+Matm
)
atm
Cnm
= nm
a nn/GM Snm
= Bnm
a nn/GM
nm
nm
nm
nm
Jn0
= Jnn = - Cn0
= - Cnn,
n0
n0
Jnm
= - Cnm
, Knm
= - Snm
nm
nm
nm
nm
Stokes
C20 = C2
C22 , S22
: C30
Polynomials: Degrees 2-5; Order 0
C30
1
Stokes
P (t)
30
0.8
0.6
A30
Legendre Function
0.4
39o
0.2
0
-0.2
C33
TextEnd
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-39o
0o
39o
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
-0.8
0
Cos(theta)
0.5
-1
-1
30
P2 b, P3 g, P4 r, P5 m
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
cos
,
Stokes
.
Stokes
C00 = 1
C10, C11, S11 = 0
C21, S21 = 0 (3)
,
Cnm , Snm
n m
_
_
Snm = nm Snm
Cnm = nm Cnm
nm = [(n+m)!] / [k (2n+1) (n-m)! ],
m=0 k=1, m0 k=2
a
Legendre
Legendre :
_ _
_ _
Pnm Cnm = Pnm Cnm
Pnm Snm = nm Snm
_
Pnm = Pnm / nm
nm = [(n+m)!] / [k (2n+1) (n-m)! ],
m=0 k=1, m0 k=2
Cnm ( JGM-2) 10-6
n=0,1,2, , 9 m =0,1,2, , 9
Cnm Snm ,
, ..
, , g, g, ,
(EGM96, n,m=360)
EGM96 (n,m=360)
:
:
:
N
N, S =S -S N
N
Cnm
=C nm-Cnm
nm
nm
nm
nm nm
nm
nm
nm
nm
N
N, S =S -S N
N
Cnm
=C nm-Cnm
nm
nm
nm
nm nm
nm
nm
nm
nm
(EGM96, n,m=360)