IV

6 , . 2011-12
, . ./ . .

:

. .,
. ., ,

ddeli@mail.ntua.gr

. , , 338

, ,

. , , 338

: F = G m1 m2 /

r2

. Newton (1 N = 1 kg m/s2)

. .
. , , 338

. , , 338

r = r

(

m/s),



,
r

T

m (=m2),
, r

1 gal = 1 cm/s
(=m1)
,
1 mgal = 10-5 m/s2

1 gal = 10-8 m/s2
.
. , , 338

,
,

, Laplace



19

,

r0 r
.
()

. , , 338

 ()

Poisson

/
.

.

,

.

,

(= )
.

(.
) =0, Poisson
Laplace 2V = V = 0.

,

.

. , , 338

. , , 338

xx =
= rr cos
cos sin
sin
yy =
= rr sin
sin sin
sin
zz =
= rr cos
cos

2V = V

x2 + y2
z

= arccos

x2 + y2 + z 2

y
x

= arctan = arccos

x
x2 + y2

= arcsin

1 2 V
1

V
1
r
+
sin
+
r r 2 sin
r 2 sin 2
r 2 r

x2 + y2
. , , 338

1 2 V
1

V
1
r
+
sin
+
r r 2 sin
r 2 sin 2
r 2 r

2V

=0

Laplace V


Green.
Fourier
( )

: V(r,,) = f(r) g() h()



. , , 338

=0

. , , 338

Laplace

Laplace
2V = V

2V

( .. )


Laplace
.

r = x2 + y2 + z 2
= arctan

Laplace

2V = V

1 2 V
1

V
1
r
+
sin
+
r r 2 sin
r 2 sin 2
r 2 r

2V

V(r,,) = f(r) (,)

Laplace

r

,

. , , 338

=0

 Laplace
2V = V

1 2 V
1

V
1
r
+
sin
+
r r 2 sin
r 2 sin 2
r 2 r

2V

=0

. , , 338

Radial base functions

Euler
f(r) = rn f(r) =r (n+1)

,

O n , n = 0,1,2,...
(degree)
V

. , , 338

h, g
V(r,,) = f(r) g() h() = f(r) (,)
h() h() = eim
h() = sin(m) h() = cos(m)
m = 0, 1, 2, 3, (order)

h, g
V(r,,) = f(r) g() h() = f(r) (,)
n(,) g() h()

g()
n(,)

Laplace

g()

h, g

Legendre

Legendre
1 ..
.. Legendre,

g() == PPnm(cos)
(cos)
g()
nm
1

g()
g() == Q
Qnm(cos)
(cos)

nm

Legendre

Legendre 1
O Legendre 2
( )

Andrien Marie Legendre
Legendre ,

.

. + a P ( x )
f ( x ) = a0 P0 ( x ) + a1 P1 (x ) + K
n n

 Legendre

Andrien Marie Legendre

Legendre

Legendre 1 ,
Legendre

Legendre

Adrien Marie
Legendre

Legendre
, Laplace
,

: Legendre,
Pn(t), n=0,1,2,
Rodrigues t=cos=sin=x

Legendre Pn

..

Legendre, n=2,4,6,8,10

Legendre Pnm

Legendre, n=1,3,5,7,9

 Legendre

Legendre n=0,1,10

Legendre
P6(cos)

P6(cos)

Legendre

Legendre
?
x = cos=sin

?
x = cos=sin

(b)

(a) Pn ( n= )

0 @ x = 0.
@ x = 1

Legendre

Legendre
?
x = cos=sin

?
x = cos=sin

(c)

(c)

Kronecker delta
0

Leopold Kronecker

:
:
(A1,B1) (A2,B2) = A1A2 + B1B2
= 0
Pn x

 n , Pn (x)
x n
, Pn(x) x=t=cos.

t=cos=x

Pn(t) n.
n , Pn (t)

t n
, Pn(t)
t.
tn Pn(t)
=

1 (2n)!
2n (n!) 2

.. P5(t)

xn-2 Pn(x)
(2n 2)!
2n (n 1)!(n 2)!
1

Pn (t ) =

Pn (t ) =

1 (2n)!
2n (n!) 2

(63/8) t5

n , Pn (x)
x n
, Pn(x) x=t=cos.

xn Pn(x)

( 1) j (2n 2 j )!

n
n 2 j! ( n j )! ( n 2 j )!
0 j
2

t n2 j

(1) j ( 2n 2 j )!

n 1 2
0 j
2

j! (n j )! (n 2 j )!

n =

t n 2 j n =

: (
) Legendre, Pnm(t),
n=0,1,2,Nmax, m=0,1,2,,n
Rodrigues
n-
m-

Taylor
=r/r (u=cos)

, x=t=cos

n=m

n=m+1 ( n-1=m),
, Pnn , Pn,n-1
..
P33 = ??
P32 = ??

n,m=n
n+1,m=n, . Pnn,
Pn+1,n
..
P33 = ??
(P44 = ??) P43 = ??

m < n-1

ni>n+1 m

P31 = ??

P53, P63, P73

Legendre

cos m
sin m

* C
*

..


Legendre


n

( )

* cosm sinm

n=?, m=?

n=3, m=0

n=2, m=0

n=4, m=0

n=5, m=0

n=6, m=0

..


Legendre


n

( )

..
m=n


(
)

n=?, m=?
n=4, m=4



n=5, m=5

..
mn m0
n-m
0
cosm
sinm 2m

02



(
)

n=?, m=?

n=6, m=2

n=6, m=1

n=6, m=3

Ynm(,) = Pnm(cos) eim

h()
g(),

Laplace

n=1

m=0

V(r,,) = f(r) g() h() = f(r) (,)

m=1

Y(,) = Ynm(,) = Pnm(cos) eim

.

Legendre Pnm(cos)

cos(m)

sin(m)

Pnm(cos) cos(m)

Pnm(cos) cos(m)

Pnm(cos) sin(m)

n=2

Pnm(cos) sin(m)

Ynm(,) = Pnm(cos) eim

n=3

m=0
m=0
m=1
m=1
m=2

Pnm(cos) sin(m)

Ynm(,) = Pnm(cos) eim

Pnm(cos) cos(m)

Pnm(cos) sin(m)

n=3

n=4

Pnm(cos) cos(m)

m=0

m = 20
m=1
m = 31

Pnm(cos) sin(m)

Pnm(cos) cos(m)

m=2

n=4

n=5

Pnm(cos) sin(m)

Ynm(,) = Pnm(cos) eim

Pnm(cos) cos(m)

m=0

m = 30
m=1
m = 41

m=2

Pnm(cos) cos(m)

Pnm(cos) sin(m)

Pnm(cos) sin(m)

n=5

Pnm(cos) cos(m)

Pnm(cos) sin(m), Pnm(cos) cos(m)

m=3

m=4

Pn (m=0)

m=5

Pnm(cos) sin(m),

rn

Pnm(cos) cos(m)

Pnm, n=5
m=0,1,, 5

Pn (m=0)

Pnm (m0)

Pnm (m=n)

rn

Pnm (m0)

m=0

m=1

m=2

m=3

m=4

m=5

Pnm (m=n)

P50

P53

P55

Pnm, n=5, m=0,1,, 5

Pnm, n=20, m=0

Pnm, n=20, m=9

Pnm, n=20, m=20

Pnm, n=50, m=20

 Stokes

n
V(r,,) = R(r) [AnmCnm(,) + BnmSnm(,)]
n=0 m=0
n
= R(r) [Anm cosm + Bnm sinm] Pnm (cos)
n=0 m=0

nm nm

.

1/r
:
G
G
VV ==

dv
dv

(
)

1/r
Pn(cos)

Legendre ',' ,

n
1
P (cos)
= r'
n+1 n
r
r
n=0

G
G

VV ==

dv
dv
rr

:
V=

V=

P
dM

r'

n
1
= r'
n+1 Pn(cos)
r
r
n=0

rr

GM
r

GM
r

n=0

a
r

m=0

[Cnm cos m + Snm sin m] Pnm (cos)

a n
[Cnm cos m + Snm sin m] Pnm (cos)
1+ r
m=0
n=1

GM = G(MEE+Matm
)
atm

Cnm
= nm
a nn/GM Snm
= Bnm
a nn/GM
nm
nm
nm
nm

Cnm Snm

Stokes

aE

Stokes

:
V=

GM
r

a n
[Jnm cos m + Knm sin m] Pnm (cos)
1- r
m=0
n=1

GM = G(MEE+Matm
)
atm

Cnm
= nm
a nn/GM Snm
= Bnm
a nn/GM
nm
nm
nm
nm
Jn0
= Jnn = - Cn0
= - Cnn,
n0
n0
Jnm
= - Cnm
, Knm
= - Snm
nm
nm
nm
nm

Stokes

C20 = C2
C22 , S22

: C30
Polynomials: Degrees 2-5; Order 0

C30
1

Stokes

P (t)
30
0.8
0.6

A30

Legendre Function

0.4

39o

0.2
0
-0.2

C33

TextEnd

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

-39o

0o

39o

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

-0.8

0
Cos(theta)

0.5

-1
-1

30

P2 b, P3 g, P4 r, P5 m

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

cos

,



Stokes
.

Stokes

C00 = 1

C10, C11, S11 = 0

C21, S21 = 0 (3)

,
Cnm , Snm
n m


_
_
Snm = nm Snm
Cnm = nm Cnm
nm = [(n+m)!] / [k (2n+1) (n-m)! ],
m=0 k=1, m0 k=2

a
Legendre



Legendre :
_ _
_ _
Pnm Cnm = Pnm Cnm
Pnm Snm = nm Snm
_
Pnm = Pnm / nm
nm = [(n+m)!] / [k (2n+1) (n-m)! ],
m=0 k=1, m0 k=2

Cnm ( JGM-2) 10-6
n=0,1,2, , 9 m =0,1,2, , 9

Snm ( JGM-2) 10-6

n=0,1,2, , 9 m =0,1,2, , 9

Cnm Snm ,
, ..
, , g, g, ,

(EGM96, n,m=360)

EGM96 (n,m=360)

:
:
:

N
N, S =S -S N
N
Cnm
=C nm-Cnm
nm
nm
nm
nm nm
nm
nm
nm
nm

N
N, S =S -S N
N
Cnm
=C nm-Cnm
nm
nm
nm
nm nm
nm
nm
nm
nm

(EGM96, n,m=360)