1.6.

2 Unit Normal Vector

Unit normal vector is denoted by

n
.
~

Example 2.9
Calculate the unit normal vector at (-1,1,1) for 2yz
xz xy 0.
1

Solution
Given 2yz xz xy 0. Thus
( z y ) i ( 2 z x ) j ( 2 y x ) k .
~

At (-1,1,1), (1 1) i (2 1) j (2 1) k
~

2 i j k
~

and 4 1 1 6 .
The unit normal vector is

2 i j k
~

(2 i j k )
6 ~ ~ ~
2

1.6.3 Directional Derivative

Directional derivative of in the direction of a is
~

d
a . grad
ds ~
A
where a %,
~
A
%
which is a unit vector in the direction of A.
%
3

Example 1.10
Compute the directional derivative of x 2 z 2 xy 2 yz 2
at the point (1,2,1) in the direction of the vector
A 2i 3 j 4k.
~

Solution
Directional derivative of in the direction of

d
a . grad
ds ~

a
~

where grad
i
j
k and a ~ .
~
x ~ y ~ z ~
A
~

Given x 2 z 2 xy 2 yz 2 , hence
(2 xz 2 y 2 ) i (4 xy z 2 ) j ( x 2 2 yz ) k .
~

At (1,2,-1),
(2(1)(1) 2(2) 2 ) i (4(1)(2)
~

(1) 2 ) j ((1) 2 2(2)(1)) k .

~

6 i 9 j 3k .
~

Also, given A 2 i 3 j 4 k , then

~

A 2 2 32 (4) 2
~

29 .
6

Therefore, a
~

A
~

2
3
4
i
j
k.
29 ~
29 ~
29 ~

d
Then,
a .
ds ~
3
4
2

i
j
k .(6 i 9 j 3 k )
~
~
~
~
29 ~
29 ~
29
4
2
3

( 6)
(9)
(3)
29
29
29

51

9.470462.
29
7

1.6.4 Divergence of a Vector

If A a x i a y j a z k , the divergence of A is
~

defined as
div A . A
~

i
j k .(a x i a y j a z k )
~
~
~
x ~ y ~ z ~
a x a y a z
div A . A

.
~
~
x
y
z
8

Example 1.11
If A x 2 y i xyz j yz 2 k ,
~

determine div A at point (1,2,3).

~

Answer
a x a y a z
div A . A

~
~
x
y
z
2 xy xz 2 yz.
At point (1,2,3),
div A 2(1)(2) (1)(3) 2(2)(3)
~

13.

1.6.5 Curl of a Vector

If A a x i a y j a z k , the curl of A is defined by
~

curl A A
~

i
j k (a x i a y j a z k )
~
~
~
x ~ y ~ z ~
i

curl A A
~
~
x
ax

j
~

y
ay

k
~

.
z
az
10

Example 1.12

If A ( y 4 x 2 z 2 ) i ( x 2 y 2 ) j x 2 yz k ,
~

determine curl A at (1,3,2).

~

11

Solution

curl A A
~

y4 x2 z2

x2 y2

k
~

z
x 2 yz

2
2
2

( x yz ) ( x y ) i
z
y
~
4

2
2 2

( x yz ) ( y x z ) j
z
x
~
2
4
2
2 2

( x y ) ( y x z ) k
y
x
~
x 2 z i (2 xyz 2 x 2 z ) j (2 x 4 y 3 ) k .
~

12

At (1,3,-2),
curl A (1) 2 (2) i (2(1)(3)(2) 2(1) 2 (2)) j
~

(2(1) 4(3) 3 ) k
~

2 i 8 j 106 k .
~

13

1.7 Polar Coordinates

Polar coordinate is used in calculus to
calculate an area and volume of small
elements in easy way.
Lets look at 3 situations where des Cartes
Coordinate can be rewritten in the form of
Polar coordinate.
14

1.7.1 Polar Coordinate for Plane (r, )

y
ds
d

x r cos
y r sin
dS r dr d

x
15

1.7.2 Polar Coordinate for Cylinder (, , z)

ds

x cos
y sin
zz

dS d dz
dV d d dz

z
dv

x
16

1.7.3 Polar Coordinate for Sphere (r,

z

x r sin cos
r

y r sin sin
z r cos
y

dS r 2 sin d d
x

dV r 2 sin dr d d
17

Example 1.13 (Volume Integral)

Calculate F dV where F 2 i 2 z j y k
V ~

and V is a space bounded by z 0, z 4

and x 2 y 2 9.

z
4

3
x

y
18

Solution
Since it is about a cylinder, it is easier if we use
cylindrical polar coordinates, where

x cos , y sin , z z , dV d d dz
where 0 3, 0 2 , 0 z 4.

19

 Fdv 0 0 0 2i 2 zj sin k d d dz
%
% %
%
4 2

4 2

4 2

0 0

0 0
4

sin k d dz
i zj
%
%

0
% 3

9 i 9 zj 9sin k d dz
%

%
2
9 i z j cos k
dz
0
% %
%0
4
9 2 i 2 zj k k dz
0
%
%% %
4
2
9 2 zi z j
%
%0
72 i 2 j
% %