Thecnoeconomic Analysis Wind Fuellcells

Energy xxx (2014) 1e16
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy
Techno-economic analysis of wind turbineePEM (polymer electrolyte

membrane) fuel cell hybrid system in standalone area
Sahand Rahimi a, Mousa Meratizaman a, Sina Monadizadeh b, Majid Amidpour a, *
a
Department of Energy System Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, No. 15, Pardis St., MolaSadra Ave.,
Vanak Sq., P.O. Box 11365-4435, Tehran, Iran
b
Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, P.O. Box 19388-13646, Tehran, Iran
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 26 August 2013
Received in revised form
26 December 2013
Accepted 19 January 2014
Available online xxx
Providing reliable, environmentally friendly, and affordable energy has been a goal for many countries
throughout the world. Hydrogen is presented as new energy sources during the last years which can be
utilized instead of fossil fuel. One of the most promising clean methods of obtaining hydrogen is using
renewable sources like wind and solar energy via electrolysis. In present work, a techno-economic
evaluation of wind-hydrogen hybrid system (wind turbine, electrolysis, and PEM (polymer electrolyte
membrane) fuel cell) in household size will be considered. In order to save the extra energy of wind
turbine, electrolysis is used to convert this energy into hydrogen chemical energy. Generated hydrogen is
stored in hydrogen storage tank. PEM fuel cell is applied to convert chemical energy of hydrogen into
electrical power with high efciency when extra power is required. Results show that wind energy in
Manjil and Binaloud (two cities which have wind power plant in Iran) has greater wind speed in
comparison with other cities. Also result shows that in standalone application, the size of wind turbine is
bigger than the on-grid one to supply the full load consumption and it makes the standalone application
too expensive.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Windehydrogen hybrid system
PEM fuel cell
Exergy and economic analysis
1. Introduction
Solar and wind are considered as the most preferred renewable
energy sources for their availability and inexhaustibility [1]. But
because of periodic characteristics of natural resources, it has been
a challenge to generate a highly reliable power with PV (photovoltaic) modules or wind turbines. To solve this problem, intermediate energy sources can be used to reduce power production
uctuations. So when extra power is produced, it is converted to
intermediate energy sources. In power shortage condition, this
intermediate source is used to supply the energy consumers.
Hydrogen can be utilized as intermediate energy sources. Several
studies have been reported about hydrogen production from
renewable energies during the recent years.
C.J. Greiner et al. studied the hydrogen production from wind
energy in Norwegian case study. Results showed that for isolated
system, price of hydrogen is about 8.26 US$ per kilogram [2]. R.J.
Mantz et al. worked on a new idea which used idle electrical generation of wind turbine for hydrogen production [3]. D. Honnery
et al. worked on estimation of the global hydrogen production from
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 98 912 1055614.

E-mail address: Amidpour@kntu.ac.ir (M. Amidpour).
wind energy. Generated hydrogen is considered to export to energypoor regions [4]. B. Olateju et al. studied the hydrogen production
from wind energy in Western Canada. The generated hydrogen is
used for upgrading the bitumen from oil sands [5]. A.U. Chavez et al.
worked on a hybrid power plant (solar/wind/hydrogen) based on
articial intelligence in remote area in Mexico [6]. Most of these
researches focus on the hydrogen generation process. But one of the
important matters is converting the generated hydrogen into electrical energy when the extra power is needed.
As mentioned before, hydrogen can be generated as intermediate energy sources when extra power is available. When power
shortage takes place, stored hydrogen converts into electrical energy by using PEM (polymer electrolyte membrane) fuel cell with
high efciency. PEM technology was invented at General Electric in
the early 1960s. GE (General Electric) announced an initial success
in mid-1960 when the company developed a small fuel cell for a
program with the U.S. Army Signal Corps. The cell was compact and
portable, but its platinum catalysts were expensive.
NASA initially researched about PEM fuel cell technology for
Project Gemini in the early U.S. space program. Batteries were used
for the preceding Project Mercury missions, but Project Apollo
required a power source that would last a longer amount of time.
Unfortunately, the rst developed PEM cells had repeated difculties with the internal cell contamination and leakage of oxygen
0360-5442/$ e see front matter 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.072
Please cite this article in press as: Rahimi S, et al., Techno-economic analysis of wind turbineePEM (polymer electrolyte membrane) fuel cell
hybrid system in standalone area, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.072
S. Rahimi et al. / Energy xxx (2014) 1e16
Nomenclature
A
CO2
Cp
Eact,i
0
ECell
Eelec
EH2
Eheat; H2 O
Eheat,PEM
ENernst
F
g
H2,used
I
i
imax
J
J0,i
n
O2, used
swept area (m2) and active area of membrane

oxygen concentration
power coefcient, a function of tip speed ratio and
pitch angle
activation energy for electrodes
open circuit voltage
exergy rates of Qelec
exergy content of hydrogen
exergy rates of Qheat; H2 O
exergy rates of Qheat,PEM
thermodynamic potential of the cell (V)
Faraday constant
gravity constant (m/s2)
molar hydrogen usage per second
current of the cell
current density (A/cm2)
maximum cell current density (A/cm2)
current density
exchange current density
number of cells in the stack
molar oxygen usage per second
through the membrane. GE redesigned their fuel cell and the new
model performed adequately for the rest of the Gemini ights. The
designers of project Apollo and the Space Shuttle ultimately chose to
use alkali fuel cells. Special characteristics of PEM fuel cell make it
possible to commercialize PEM fuel cell in vehicle industry, household application and distributed power generation instead of
aerospace application [7].
In present work, a techno-economic evaluation of winde
hydrogen hybrid system (wind turbine, electrolysis, and PEM fuel
cell) in household size will be considered.
Windehydrogen hybrid system has been addressed by many
researches. Most of them considered the reliable power supply in
remote areas.
K. Agbossou et al. studied the renewable energy systems based
on hydrogen for remote applications. Experimental analysis had
been investigated in mentioned study [8]. M. Ni et al. considered
the potential of renewable hydrogen production for energy supply
in Hong Kong. Solar, wind and biomass were introduced as
hydrogen sources [9]. J.G. Carton et al. presented the wind/
hydrogen hybrid system as an opportunity for Ireland sustainable
energy supply. Hydrogen engine and PEM fuel cell were installed in
experimental set up to evaluate the proposed system [10]. T.
Niknam et al. considered a microgrid containing wind/PV and fuel
cell from probabilistic energy and operating management points of
view [11]. They investigated the self-adaptive charge system in a
renewable microgrid with hydrogen production [12].
The presented study has some unique aspects in comparison
with available literature.
Most of available literature focused on components modeling or
consumption section, but in this article, both of energy producer
and consumer are investigated thermodynamically (energy and
exergy analysis) and economically simultaneously.
Each component is simulated exactly and commercial codes are
not used.
Proposed system is suggested for residential and standalone
area.
P0
standard sea level atmospheric pressure (pa)
PH2
pressures of the hydrogen
PO2
pressures of the oxygen
Qelec
rate of electrical input energy
Qheat,PEM rate of thermal input energy
Qheat; H2 O rate of thermal input energy of the heating the input
water
R
specic gas constant for air (J/kmol) and maximum
rotor radius (m)
Rohm
ohmic resistance of a cell
T
temperature (K)
V
wind velocity (m/s) and voltage of stack (V)
Vcell
voltage of the cell
Vr
local wind velocity
z
altitude above sea level (m)
Greek letter
efciency
activation voltage drop (V) of the anode and cathode
ohmic voltage drop
air density (kg/m3)
air density as a function of altitude (kg/m3)
h
hact
hohm
r
r(z)
A kilowatt range wind turbine is chosen for obtaining wind

energy in ve given different points in Iran. In order to save the
extra energy of wind turbine, electrolysis is used to convert this
energy into hydrogen chemical energy. Generated hydrogen is
stored in hydrogen storage tank. When extra power is needed, a
PEM fuel cell is applied to convert chemical energy of hydrogen into
electrical power with high efciency. Finally by using simulation
results, the energy, exergy and economic analysis are carried out.
The proposed system conguration is shown in Fig. 1.
2. Modeling and simulation
2.1. Wind energy in ve given points
Wind is the second source of renewable energies for power
generation in Iran [13]. Based on studies carried out, Iran is a
country with 6 m/s average wind speed. In some regions, there are
more appropriate and consistent wind for power generation. In this
study, real wind data of many cities of Iran have been collected and
analyzed. Five cities are chosen which have suitable wind potential.
Fig. 2 shows the monthly average wind speed from 2007 to 2012
in these ve cities. Average wind speed of selected cities is presented in Table 1. Most of the installed wind turbines of the country
are located in Manjil and Binaloud.
2.2. Wind turbine modeling
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into
electrical energy by rotating the blades. Greenpeace states that
about 10% of required electricity can be supplied by the wind until
2020 [14].
The fundamental wind-power equation is used for estimating
extractable power from any moving uid e.g. air [15]:
Pw
1
rAV 3
2
(1)
Fig. 1. Proposed system conguration.
The density of air depending on the temperature and altitude

above sea level can be computed from equation (2) [16].
rz P0 =RTexp gz=RT
(2)
The instantaneous power produced from wind is [17]:

=
Pw
rACp V 3
(3)
The theoretical optimum for utilizing the power of wind by

reducing its velocity was rst discovered by Betz, in 1926. According to Betz, the theoretically maximum power that can be
extracted from the wind is:
=
rAV 3 CP:Betz
PBetz
rAV 3 0:59
(4)
Hence, even if a power extraction without any wastes would be

possible, only 59% of the wind power could be utilized by a wind
turbine. Betz did not consider the impact of unavoidable swirl

waste [18].
There are lots of complex formulas that are used to nd the
relation between wind speed and height, as these are too complicated to have any usage for general engineering. The most common
of these simpler expressions is power law and is exhibited as [19]:
V2
V1
h2
h1
(5)
where V2 is the known wind speed measured at height h2; h1 is the

height at which the wind speed is estimated. a is the friction coefcient of the surface and available from Ref. [20]. From Equation
(5), it is clear that wind speed is dependent on the height of turbine
hub and varies by the terrain condition.
Tip speed ratio is a factor that presents the ratio of tip speed of
the wind turbine to speed of the wind as expressed in equation (6).
The tip speed is used instead of the rotational speed of rotor [21].
The tip speed ratio, l of a rotor is dened as:
l UR=Urmax
Fig. 2. Monthly average wind velocity from 2007 to 2012.
a
(6)
To make optimal use of the available wind power, it is necessary

to change the rotor speed U in proportion to the wind speed Urmax to
hold the maximum value of Cp as the wind speed varies [22]. Tip
speed ratio has a major effect on turbine performance because it
controls the angle of attack of the blades. For turbines with a low tip
speed ratio, e.g. the American farm windmill with l z 1, the swirl
wastes reduce the maximum power coefcient, CP,max to approximately (0.42).
There are many formulas and denitions to determine the power coefcient based on different simplications and methods.
Here, the more prevalent one is explained. In this study, the power
Table 1
Annual average wind speed (m/s) in selected cities during the last ve years.
Table 2
Parametric coefcients for fuel cell model.
Cities
Annual average wind speed (m/s)
x1
x2
x3
x4
Binaloud
Hendijan
Manjil
Zabol
Tehran
6.60
4.36
6.40
6.82
4.36
0.948
0.00312
7.6e5
1.93e4
The maximum value of wind speed which is appropriate for

wind turbine is determined 20 m/s in this paper.
Finally the new power output is presented by equation (11).
coefcient (Cp) is a function of the pitch angle (q) of rotor blades and
the tip speed ratio (l). The determination of the power coefcient
requires blade element theory and blade geometry science. These
complicated issues are empirically involved. In this paper, the numerical approximation is followed, so the power coefcient is
dened by equation (7) [23]:
P P1 TC

121
2:14
Cp 0:73
0:58q :002q
13:2 e18:4=li
Producing hydrogen via a water electrolyzer provides a promising and clean way to store and better utilize the renewable energy
resources [24]. One advantage of electrolysis is producing high
purity hydrogen (especially in fuel cell-vehicle applications) [25].
The modeling of the electrolyzer consists of the relationship
between electrical energy consumption and the produced
hydrogen. In general, electrochemical cells operate at low voltage.
Even when they are connected in series in typical industrial applications, the total voltage across the stack would normally not
exceed 50e100 V direct current [26]. The current, however, can
range up to several hundreds of amperes depending on the actual
size of each cell.
The electrical input power is known as:
li
(7)
Here, li is a variable which is dened in order to simplify the

equation (7) [23].
li
1

0:003
3
1
l0:02q
(8)
q 1
The output power increases by growing wind speed. Therefore,

a control system is required in order to control the tip speed of
turbine that is vital factor of safety. Many control systems are used
around the world, but a concise model is presented here. One of the
methods to control the wind turbine is changing the pitch angel of
the blades. The calculation of pitch angel is complicated and difcult and often is obtained by experimental methods. Fig. 3 shows
pitch angle variation of blades with the wind speed which is between 13 m/s and 25 m/s in order to avoid over-rated power of the
turbine.
A creative function equation (9) is used to correct the output
power. In this method, TC correction function is used instead of
changes in the value of pitch angel.
8
<
TC 0

2
: TC tanq V10:6
0:55
V 0:2
V < 10:6m=s
V 10:6m=s
(9)
2.3. Electrolyzer
P V I
(12)
Pcell Vcell I
(13)
Therefore, by determining the value of input voltage, current

will be calculated. In order to omit the area effect, using the current
density is recommended. It is expressed as:
J I=A
(14)
where
The cell voltage that should be prepared is dened as [27]:
0
Vcell Ecell
hact;a;c hohm
where V is the wind speed and q is derived from equation (10).

V
q p 1
Vmax
(11)
(10)
(15)
The model takes various open circuit voltage into account in the
calculation of cell polarization. It is calculated by using Nernst
equation which considers the effect of temperature and species
concentration on the cell. Mostly, the value of E0 is assigned 1.23 V,
which is only true at standard temperature and pressure [28].
0
Ecell
0
Erev
3
0:9 10
p2H2 ,pO2
RT
ln
T 298
4F
pH2 O
(16)
T is the temperature of the electrolyzer. The reversible potential
reects the thermodynamic effect of electrochemical reaction,
Table 3
Different terms of exergy.
Physical exergy
Chemical exergy
ePh
h0 T0 si s0
xi h
Pi
P
eCh
xi;j ~i;j RT0
xi;j Lnxi;j
xi
Work exergy
Heat exergy
eW W
eQ Q(1 T0/Tb)
Fig. 3. Pitch angle variation with wind speed.
Table 5
Input data for cooling and heating load calculation.
Parameter
Assumption
Type of windows
Height from oor to ceiling
Filtration of air-circulation
Appliance
Double pane, W strip

8.9 ft
1.5
For bedroom: 400 W
For hall: 500 W
2300 Btu/h
From walls: 0.094 Btu/h ft3
From partitions: 0.5 Btu/h ft3
Latent and sensible heat gain for kitchen

Heat transition coefcient
Fig. 4. Scheme of hydrogen production system.
where PH2 ; PO2 ; and PH2 O are the partial pressures of hydrogen, oxygen and water vapor respectively. In this study the effect of
pressure is disregarded and a temperature dependent value of
reversible cell voltage is used.
0
Erev
1:229 0:9 10
3
Tel 298
hact;i
J0;i

Eact;i
RT
Jiref exp
(21)
JA
cell
N_ H2
2F
(22)
And the produced hydrogen by the stack:
nJA
N_ H2;in N_ H2;out
2F
(23)
nJA
N_ H2
2F
(24)
(17)
Although, the reversible potential of water electrolysis at 25 C

is 1.229 V, the water dissociation potential is inuenced by the
catalyst activity of electrodes [29].
The activation overvoltage is based on electrode kinetics at the
reaction site. In other words, the activation overvoltage is a measure of the electrodes activity. This overvoltage can be presented by
ButlereVolmer equation [24].
v3
!2
u
u
RT 6 J
J
7
t
ln4
15
F
2J0;i
2J0;i
JA
cell
cell
N_ H2;in N_ H2;out
2F
i a; c
Similarly, at the anode side, oxygen is the only gas which is

transported in the porous electrode layer. At the anodeeelectrolyte
interface, the rate of O2 diffused away from the interface equals to
O2 generation rate in a steady state. The ow rate of H2O and O2 of
each cell at the electrolyzer outlet can be calculated as:
JA
cell
N_ O2;out
4F
(25)
JA
cell
cell
N_ H2 Oout N_ H2 Oin
2F
(26)
(18)
Then for the stack will be:
i a; c
(19)
The activation overvoltage is extremely affected for these values

which depend on the used electrocatalyst, electrode morphology,
age, pressure, temperature and other factors. Value of Jiref at reference temperature must be chosen from literature, from manufactures information or obtained empirically by polarization curve
tting from experimental data [30].
Ohmic overvoltage is the overvoltage because of ohmic resistance. These include the electronic wastes due to the resistance of
bipolar plates, electrode, current collector, etc. [31].
nJA
N_ O2;out
4F
(27)
nJA
N_ H2 Oout N_ H2 Oin
2F
(28)
Inlet water ow rate is assumed to be known parameter. In order to calculate the energy efciency, it is necessary to specify the
input and output energies. It is obvious that the output energy is
the chemical energy of the produced hydrogen, but the other side is
more complicated.
:
hohm J Rohm
(20)
According to Faradays law, the amount of produced hydrogen

(in mol/s) in electrolyzer for each cell in series is [32]:
Table 4
Climate and geographic specications of 5 selected areas.
(29)
where HHVH2 is the higher heating value of H2.
2.4. PEM fuel cell modeling
City
Climate
Latitude
Longitude
Tehran
Manjil
Binaloud
Zabol
Hendijan
Semi-arid
Mediterranean
Cold Semi-arid
Hot Semi-arid
Humid subtropical
35
36
35
31
30
51
49
59
61
49
N
N
N
N
N
hen
HHVH2 NH2
Qelec Qheat;PEM Qheat;H2 O
E
E
E
E
E
Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells convert the

chemical energy of H2 and O2 directly into electrical energy, with
water and heat as the only by-products. The low operating temperature allows for quick start-up and the high power density and
mechanically robust construction make PEM fuel cells an attractive
Replacement for the I.C. (internal combustion) engine [33].
Fig. 5. The plan of considered building.
In order to model a fuel cell stack some parameters are required

to t the model. Although, most of the parameters are obtained
from the manufacturers data sheet, a few are still required from
experimentation and from the available literature. The output
voltage of a single cell can be dened as the result of the following
expression [34]:
hohm 0:01605 3:5 105 T 8 105 i i
Vfc ENernst hact hohm Vcon
hcon B ln 1
(30)
ENernst is presented as following equation.
(31)
PH2 and PO2 are calculated via StefaneMaxwell equation. hact can be
calculated as follow [35].
The concentration polarization loss caused by the inability of the

oxygen and hydrogen gases to diffuse at a sufcient speed through
the porous components of the cell is given by Andujar [39].
i
imax
; B
RT
2F
(35)
For a stack containing N cells, the output voltage and power are
given respectively by:

ENernst 1:229 0:85 103 T 298:15

4:308 105 T ln PH2 1=2 ln PO2
hact x1 x2 T x3 T ln CO2 x4 T lni
(34)
(32)
Vstack N Vfc
(36)
Pstack Vstack I
(37)
To nd a relation between current density and hydrogen consumption, the following equations are used.
H2used 2O2used
NAfc I
2F
(38)
x is parametric coefcients and it has specic quantity for each fuel

cell. In this study, the following coefcients are used [36] (see
Table 2).
The oxygen concentration can be calculated by using the
following equation [37].
CO2
PO2
5:08
106

exp 498
T
(33)
hohm is a measure of the ohmic voltage drop associated with the

conduction of the protons through the solid electrolyte and electrons through the internal electronic resistances [38]:
Table 6
Economic data of considered system.
Component
Cost
Lifetime (years)
Wind turbine
Wind tower (more than 2 kW)
Wind tower (less than 2 kW)
Electrolyzer
Compressor
Hydrogen tank
PEM fuel cell
1100 $/kW [44]

250 $/m [46]
100 $/m
1500 $/kW [47]
400 $/kW [48]
500 $/kg [47]
2000 $/kW [47]
20
25
25
10
15
25
10
[45]
[46]
[47]
[47]
[48]
[47]
[47]
3.1. Exergy analysis of wind turbine

The exergy efciency of a wind turbine is usually characterized
by its power coefcient as given below. The maximum possible
value of CP is 0.5926 according to the Betz criterion.
CP
I,v
hmechanic ,halternative ,0:5rpR2 Vr3
Wu
Wa
(40)
The exergy content of the blowing air is equal to the kinetic

energy as equation below [41].
Exergy of kinetic energy availability ke1
Vr2
2
(41)
In general, the energy balance equation for a wind turbine can

be represented by:
ke1 wu ke2
(42)
To determine the available power, amount of air passing

through the rotor is required. Assuming standard atmospheric
conditions (25 c, 101 kPa) in this study, the density of air is 1.18 kg/
m3 and its mass ow rate is:
_ rAVr rpR2 Vr
m
(43)
The portion of incoming kinetic energy is not converted to

electric power and leaves the wind turbine as outgoing kinetic
energy. Noting that the mass ow rate remains constant, the exit
velocity can be determined by using equation (44).

_ 1 1 Cp /0:5mV
_ 2 mke
_ 12 1 Cp 0:5mV
_ 22 /V2
mke
q
V1 1 Cp
Fig. 6. Validation of wind turbine developed model.
O2used
Pstack
4F Vstack
(44)
(39)
Thus, the available power is calculated by using equation (45).
_ 1
available power Wa mke
3. Exergy analysis
Exergy can be dened as the quality of energy which combines
the rst and second law of thermodynamics. Therefore, it is more
appropriate measure for analyzing energy process.
Exergy is always evaluated with respect to a reference environment (dead state), a restricted form of equilibrium where only
the conditions of mechanical and thermal equilibrium must be
satised. This state of the system is called the restricted dead state.
In this article, the temperature T0 and pressure P0 of the environment are taken as standard-state values such as 25 C and
101,325 pa [40]. The exergy of a stream can be divided into different
terms. In the absence of nuclear, magnetism, electricity and surface
tension effects, the specic total exergy is the sum of four terms.
Table 3 shows these terms.
Only hydrogen production system is considered in exergy
analysis. Fig. 4 shows the scheme of hydrogen production system.
(45)
This is the maximum power available to the wind turbine.

Today, most of the wind turbines use about 20e40% of the kinetic
energy of the wind.
Exergy efciency, useful work (Wu) and exergy destruction
(losses) can be calculated by using the equations (46)e(48)
respectively. The exergetic efciency of a turbine is dened as a
measure of how well the stream exergy of the uid is converted
into inverter work output. Applying this to the wind turbines,
exergy efciency is obtained as:
We
We
_
_ Ex
Wu
Ex
1
2
(46)
Table 7
Specications of the GenHy1000.
Number of cells
Temperature
Membrane type
Membrane thickness
Membrane active area
12
50 C
NAFION N117
177.8 mm
250 cm2
Fig. 7. Voltage versus current density of GenHy1000 and the developed model.
Table 8
Parametric coefcients for BCS 500 W PEM fuel cell.
Table 9
Characteristics of hydrogen production system.
Parameter
Coefcient
Number of cells
Temperature
Area (cm2)
H2 pressure (atm)
O2 pressure (atm)
32
333
64
1
0.2095
where the useful work is:
Wu P1 P2 ,
_
m
19 m
104 kW
40 m
15 C
65 C
0.8
178 mm
0.25 square meters
20
(47)
The exergy losses are dened as:
_
Ex
dest Lex Wu We
Wind turbine
Rotor diameter
Nominal power
Height of tower
Electrolyzer
Inlet water temperature
Outlet water temperature
Hydrogen exchange factor
Membrane thickness
Area of each cell
Number of cell
_
_ Ex
Ex
1
2 We
_ 1 ex2 ex1
m
_
W
(52)
_ m
_ 1 ex2 ex1
E_ x;dest;C W
C
(53)
hexe;C
(48)
3.2. Exergy analysis of PEM electrolyzer

The exergy balance of the system is shown in equation (49). Ein
and Eout represent the input and output rate of exergy while, Edis
and Edes express the exergy dissipation and exergy destruction
rates respectively. The rate of exergy loss is expressed in equation as
well:
Ein Eout Eloss
(49)
Eloss Edis Edes
(50)
Edes is associated with the destruction of exergy due to irreversibilities and exergy loss Edis represents the exergy of streams which
are thrown to the ambient. The exergy efciency of a PEM electrolyzer can be expressed as:
:
hex
EH2 N H2
Eout
Ein
Eelec Eheat;PEM Eheat;H2 O
(51)
4. Sizing and economic

4.1. System sizing
The size of the system is considered in this stage. The products of
system are electrical energy (kWh) and hydrogen (kg). This part of
the study deals with sizing of considered system and its economic
analysis.
For this purpose, ve different climate areas are chosen. The
variety of the climate and high potential for wind energy are the
main reasons for choosing these ve points. The climatic and
geographic specications of selected points are shown
in Table 4.
The energy consumption in a one-hundred square meters residential unit is calculated in this section. Cooling and heating load of
the building and required hot water are calculated for four people
consumption. The standard hot water consumption per capita
could be found in literature [43]. Cooling and heating load of the
3.3. Compressor
To calculate the exergy efciency and destruction of compressor
the following equations are used [42].
Fig. 8. Comparison between BCS 500 W and the developed model.
Fig. 9. Exergy analysis of wind turbine in various wind speeds.
Table 10
Size of wind turbine in selected cities.
City
Tehran
Manjil
Zabol
Binaloud
Hendijan
Turbine diameter (m)
31
24
19
16
27
the fteenth day of each month. Now by using this wind speed, size
of wind turbine is calculated for each month to supply the
maximum power requirement. Size of wind turbine is determined
by the length of rotor blades. Now, average of blade length plus 30%
(as the safety factor) is chosen as nal size of blade in selected cities.
In rated wind speed of 13 m, the nominal power production of wind
turbine is calculated.
4.1.2. Size of PEM electrolyzer

Maximum of extra energy consumption in each month is chosen
as an electrolyzer input energy. Working time for electrolyzer is
assumed to be 8 h a day.
Fig. 10. Exergy analysis of electrolyzer in various wind speeds.
building are computed by Carrier Commercial software. Input data

and other assumptions are shown in Table 5.
To calculate the energy consumption for lighting according to
geographic characteristics of each selected area, time of darkness
during 24 h is considered. Overlapping index (0.75) is used to
achieve the real time of lighting per day. To determine other
required energy consumptions such as refrigerator, television, etc.,
the commercial catalogs are used.
It is supposed that this building is in a standalone area so it is not
possible to receive electrical energy from the grid power. It is assume that extra electrical energy is converted into hydrogen and
can be sold to local consumer. According to these assumptions, the
power system should be designed for maximum load. Fig. 5 shows
the plan of the considered building.
The size of proposed system is chosen by attention to maximum
required energy of each selected city. The effect of climate characteristics on size of system can be explained as follow:
Average monthly temperature is used in energy requirement
calculation
Cooling and heating loads are different in each climate
4.1.3. Size of compressor

Maximum hydrogen production on the fteenth day of each
month is chosen as the mass ow of compressor. Working time of
compressor is assumed to be 8 h a day. It should be noted that the
hydrogen compressor needs electrical power for compression so it
is considered as an electrical consumer. Try and error method is
applied to consider the electrical power consumption of
compressor in size of wind turbine.
4.1.4. Size of hydrogen tank

Maximum produced hydrogen in a day is calculated for
computing the size of hydrogen storage tank capacities. Double of
computed capacities is chosen as nal capacities of hydrogen
storage tank in each city.
4.1.5. Size of PEM fuel cell

Maximum energy shortage on fteenth day of each month is
calculated. PEM fuel cell should supply this energy shortage in
about 8 h.
4.2. Economic analysis

Size of each component is calculated according to below.
4.1.1. Size of wind turbine
From wind speed data during ve last years, monthly average
wind speed is calculated and considered as average wind speed on
Economic analysis for proposed system is examined in this

section. The economical approach according to the concept of ACS
(annualized cost of system), is developed in this study. ACS is
composed of annualized capital cost Cacap, annualized replacement
cost Carep and annualized maintenance cost Camain. Then ACS of the
system can be expressed accordingly by:
ACS Cacap Wind Turbine Wind Tower Electrolyser

Compressor Hydrogen Tank PEM fuel cell
Carep Wind Turbine Wind Tower Electrolyser
Camain Wind Turbine Wind Tower Electrolyser
(54)
Fig. 11. Exergy destruction and exergy efciency in hydrogen production system.
Table 6 shows the economic data which is used in this section

[44e48].
10
Table 11
Average energy production and consumption on the fteenth day of each month (kWh).
Cities
Tehran (31 m)
Month
Consumption
Production
Consumption
Manjil (24 m)
Production
Consumption
Zabol (19 m)
Production
Consumption
Production
Consumption
Production
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
140
104.47
57.41
28.44
349.71
365.45
362.56
345.38
30.34
65.11
110.56
142.74
2102.17
250.4368
354.0148
418.237
490.9605
419.0261
335.0744
241.3969
186.1158
185.5036
234.8958
241.944
195.145
3552.751
105.6
69.67
36.81
321.54
344.31
355.55
349.86
332.08
30.64
57.21
96.46
115.74
2215.47
61.24003
105.3673
399.0595
489.9202
973.4682
1311.513
1311.513
1311.513
1276.82
351.3676
55.12079
43.7098
7690.611
127.5
96.27
52.31
27.44
364.21
379.35
377.26
361.58
26.74
53.41
97.96
131.74
2095.77
80.25528
139.4617
141.821
257.1018
509.5364
821.9723
821.9723
821.9723
815.0725
247.8099
103.2594
71.40439
4831.639
139.6
103.77
57.41
28.34
339.21
355.15
352.16
334.58
31.24
66.41
111.96
142.64
2062.47
230.1232
269.1134
267.0159
270.0987
206.8164
483.5548
582.8945
471.0465
440.2887
166.9964
150.5681
132.335
3670.852
92.4
61.87
34.41
344.74
368.61
378.65
373.66
357.68
27.14
42.81
81.46
102.94
2266.37
147.0381
217.4284
198.8465
349.2633
436.1889
470.8948
377.7102
280.0441
197.0986
167.587
156.6609
170.9611
3169.722
(55)
i0 f
1f
(58)
1 iYrep 1
where Crep is replacement cost of the component in US$, Yrep is

component lifetime in year and SFF is sinking fund factor which is a
ratio to calculate the future value of a series of equal annual cash
ows.
4.2.3. Annualized maintenance cost
System maintenance cost is deemed to be constant every year
and it is related to the lifetime of components. In this study, it is
assumed as 2.5%e6.66% of each component capital cost.
where Ccap is initial capital cost of each components, Yproj is the

project lifetime, CRF is capital recovery factor which is the ratio to
calculate the present value of an annuity (series of equal annual
cash ows). The annual real interest rate i is related to the nominal
0
interest rate i and the annual ination rate f. Annual interest rate is
calculated according to:
Hendijan (27 m)

Carep Crep ,SFF i; Yrep Crep ,
4.2.1. Annualized capital cost

Annualized capital cost of each component (wind turbine, wind
tower, electrolyzer, compressor, hydrogen tank and PEM fuel cell
unit) is [48]:

i,1 iYproj
Cacap Ccap ,CRF i; Yproj Ccap ,
1 iYproj 1
Binaloud (16 m)
4.2.4. NPV (net present value)

Net present value is the present value of installing and
operating the system over its lifetime in the project and it is
referred to lifecycle cost. NPV is calculated according to equation
(59) [50]:
(56)
In Iran, the nominal interest rate and the annual ination rate
as referred in April 2012 are 20% and 17% respectively. Therefore,
the annual real interest rate of 2.56% is used in this simulation
[49].
NPV
(59)
where ACS is the annualized cost of system ($/year) which includes

capital, replacement, annual operating and maintenance. CRF is
capital recovery factor which is a ratio to calculate the present value
of series of equal annual cash ows, i is the real interest rate (%) and
Yproj is the project lifetime (in year).
4.2.2. Annualized replacement cost

Annualized replacement cost is the annualized value of all
replacement costs occurring throughout the lifetime of the project.
To do this, rst future cost of each component should be calculated
by using following equation:
Crep Ccap In Base Year,1 iYrep
ACS
1 iYproj 1

ACS,
CRF i; Yproj
i,1 iYproj
4.2.5. LCOP (levelized cost of product)

Levelized cost of product is the average cost per unit ($/unit of
product) of useful total products. It is calculated as follows:
(57)
Summation of these costs is equal to Crep. Then, by using the

following equation, Carep is calculated.
LCOP
ACS
Annual output product of the system
(60)
Table 12
Characteristics of calculated electrolyzer in selected cities.
Cities
Inlet water
temperature ( C)
Outlet water
temperature ( C)
Heat exchanger
factor
Membrane thickness (micro

meters)
Area (square
meters)
Number of
cells
Max power (W)
Tehran
Manjil
Zabol
Binaloud
Hendijan
15
15
15
15
15
65
65
65
65
65
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
178
178
178
178
178
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
12
30
20
10
5
58,000
156,000
99,000
52,000
22,000
11
Table 13
Characteristics of PEM fuel cell in selected cities.
Tehran
Manjil
Zabol
Binaloud
Hendijan
Area (square
meters)
Temp ( C)
Number of cells
H2 pressure (atm)
O2 pressure (atm)
Max current (A/cm2)
Max H2 consumption
(mol/s)
Max power (W)
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
65
65
65
65
65
80
35
30
20
37
10
10
10
10
10
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
1
1
1
1
1
0.2073
0.0907
0.0777
0.0518
0.0959
21,700
9500
8100
5500
10,050
Fig. 12. Hydrogen production and consumption on the fteenth day of each month in selected cities.
12
Fig. 13. Portion of wind turbine and PEM fuel cell in power supply of the considered building in selected cities.
In this equation, ACS is annualized cost of system ($/year)

and the denominator is the total annual products (unit of
product/year). For wind/hydrogen hybrid system, product is
dened as an electrical energy (kWh). It should be noted that
extra hydrogen can be sold to local market and its value minus
from ACS.
5. Results and discussion

5.1. Results of system modeling
5.1.1. Wind turbine modeling validation
To validate the developed wind turbine model, the compar-
ison with two commercial ones is examined. Rotor diameter is

equal to 33.4 m for Enercon E-33 and 101 m for Enercon E-101
(Fig. 6).
5.1.2. PEM electrolyzer modeling validation

In order to check the reliability of the developed model which is
presented, a GenHy PEM electrolyzer is considered. GenHy PEM is
a research program on PEM water electrolysis supported by the
European commission [51]. Specications of the GenHy1000 are
presented in Table 7.
Fig. 7 shows voltage versus current density of GenHy1000 and
the developed model. This gure is generated by increasing power
up to 2600 W approximately.
13
5.3.1. Size of wind turbine

According to wind turbine sizing procedure which is explained
before, Table 10 shows the size of wind turbine (rotor diameter) in
selected cities.
Now, by using the calculated size of wind turbine in selected
cities, Table 11 shows the average energy production and consumption on the fteenth day of each month during a year. It
should be noted that the average time of wind turbine activation is
assumed to be 6e10 h a day according to wind ow availability in
selected cities.
5.3.2. Size of PEM electrolyzer
According to PEM electrolyzer selection which is mentioned
before, Table 12 shows the characteristics of electrolyzers in
selected cities.
Fig. 14. Extra annual hydrogen and its value (5 US$ per kilogram) in selected cities.
5.1.3. PEM fuel cell modeling validation

Presented model for PEM fuel cell is validated by using a 500 W
PEM fuel cell (BCS). Technical details of BCS product are shown in
Table 8 [52].
Fig. 8 shows the comparison results of presented model and the
commercial one.
5.2. Results of exergy analysis

Table 9 shows the characteristics of hydrogen production system
which is used in exergy evaluation. According to exergy analysis
relations which are explained in this section, Figs. 9 and 10 show
the exergy inlet, exergy outlet, exergy destruction and exergy efciency in various wind speeds and in selected hydrogen production system.
Results show that by increasing the wind speed, an exergy efciency in electrolyzer decreases. After rated speed, exergy efciency remains constant. Rated speed in this study is assumed to be
12 m/s. Fig. 11 shows the exergy efciency and exergy destruction
in hydrogen production system.
Results illustrate that the maximum exergy destruction occurs in wind turbine and by improving the blade design and
alternator (electrical generator) system, exergy destruction can
decrease.
5.3. Results of system sizing

The household energy consumption for selected cities is shown
in Table (Appendix 1e5). It should be mentioned that all calculations are done for one day (the fteenth day of each month) then is
generalized to whole days of month.
Table 14
Calculated LCOP, ACS and NPV for all selected cities.
ACS (US$)
NPV (US$)
LCOP (US$ per kWh)
Tehran
Manjil
Binaloud
Zabol
Hendijan
72,406
1,121,957
0.67
78,033
1,209,148
0.33
31,641
490,288
0.28
52,415
812,195
0.36
43,016
666,552
0.45
5.3.3. Size of PEM fuel cell

It is mentioned before that rst, the Maximum energy
shortage on fteenth day of each month is calculated. Then the
selected PEM fuel cell should be able to supply this energy
shortage in about 8 h. According to this method, size of PEM fuel
cell is calculated. Table 13 shows the characteristics of PEM fuel
cell in selected cities.
Now by using the size of system in each city, hydrogen production and consumption on the fteenth day of each month are
calculated and shown in Fig. 12.
Also, Fig. 13 shows the portion of wind turbine and PEM fuel cell
in power supply of considered building in selected cities.
5.4. Results if economic analysis
Fig. 14 shows the extra annual hydrogen and its value (5 US$ per
kilogram) in selected cities.
According to economic analysis, the LCOP, NPV and ACS for all
selected cities are shown in Table 14.
It should be noted that LCOP is not a criterion for comparison of
product cost in market because LCOP is calculated based on all costs
in the project lifetime.
6. Conclusion
Techno-economic analysis of wind turbineePEM fuel cell
hybrid system is considered in this article. Complete modeling of
hybrid system components and energy consumption modeling of
100 square meters building are carried out. Energy, exergy and
economic evaluation are done by using simulation data. Results
show that wind energy in Manjil and Binaloud (two cities which
have wind power plant in Iran) has greater wind speed in comparison with other cities. Also result shows that in standalone
application, the size of wind turbine is greater than the on-grid
one to supply the full load consumption and it makes the
standalone application more expensive. So, hybrid system is
suggested to save the extra energy in form of hydrogen. In this
method, PEM fuel cell can cover the power production uctuations by using the generated hydrogen. So the smaller wind turbine is required. Result of exergy analysis in hydrogen production
system shows that the majority of exergy destruction occurs in
wind turbine and by improving the Blade aerodynamic and using
new types of alternator (electrical generator), this destruction can
decrease.
14
Appendix 1
Table 1
Monthly (the fteenth day) energy consumption in Tehran (kWh).
Tehran
Month
Lighting
TV
Refrigerator
Heating
Cooling
Warm water
Other
Total (kWh)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1.042
0.918
0.756
0.586
0.45
0.397
0.408
0.525
0.686
0.854
1.002
1.08
0.1479
0.1479
0.1479
0.1479
0.1479
0.1479
0.1479
0.1479
0.1479
0.1479
0.1479
0.1479
1.0575
1.0575
1.0575
1.0575
1.0575
1.0575
1.0575
1.0575
1.0575
1.0575
1.0575
1.0575
113.8
78.4
31.5
2.7
0
0
0
0
4.5
39.1
84.4
116.5
0
0
0
0
324.1
339.9
337
319.7
0
0
0
0
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
139.998
104.473
57.411
28.441
349.705
365.452
362.563
345.38
30.342
65.11
110.558
142.736
Table 2
Monthly (the fteenth day) energy consumption in Manjil (kWh).
Manjil
Month
Lighting
TV
Refrigerator
Heating
Cooling
Warm water
Other
Total (kWh)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1.042
0.918
0.756
0.586
0.450
0.397
0.408
0.525
0.686
0.854
1.002
1.080
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
79.4
43.6
10.9
0
0
0
0
0
4.8
31.2
70.3
89.5
0
0
0
295.8
318.7
330.0
324.3
306.4
0
0
0
0
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
105.598
69.673
36.811
321.541
344.306
355.552
349.863
332.080
30.642
57.210
96.458
115.736
Table 3
Monthly (the fteenth day) energy consumption in Zabol (kWh).
Zabol
Month
Lighting
TV
Refrigerator
Heating
Cooling
Warm water
Other
Total (kWh)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1.042
0.918
0.756
0.586
0.450
0.397
0.408
0.525
0.686
0.854
1.002
1.080
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
101.3
70.2
26.4
1.7
0
0
0
0
0.9
27.4
71.8
105.5
0
0
0
0
338.6
353.8
351.7
335.9
0
0
0
0
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
127.498
96.273
52.311
27.441
364.206
379.352
377.263
361.580
26.742
53.410
97.958
131.736
15
Table 4
Monthly (the fteenth day) energy consumption in Rasht (kWh).
Binaloud
Month
Lighting
TV
Refrigerator
Heating
Cooling
Warm water
Other
Total (kWh)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1.042
0.918
0.756
0.586
0.450
0.397
0.408
0.525
0.686
0.854
1.002
1.080
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
113.4
77.7
31.5
2.6
0
0
0
0
5.4
40.4
85.8
116.4
0
0
0
0
313.6
329.6
326.6
308.9
0
0
0
0
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
139.598
103.773
57.411
28.341
339.206
355.152
352.163
334.580
31.242
66.410
111.958
142.636
Table 5
Monthly (the fteenth day) energy consumption in Hendijan (kWh).
Hendijan
Month
Lighting
TV
Refrigerator
Heating
Cooling
Warm water
Other
Total (kWh)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1.042
0.918
0.756
0.586
0.450
0.397
0.408
0.525
0.686
0.854
1.002
1.080
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
0.148
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
1.058
66.2
35.8
8.5
0
0
0
0
0
1.3
16.8
55.3
76.7
0
0
0
319
343
353.1
348.1
332
0
0
0
0
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
19.95
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
92.398
61.873
34.411
344.741
368.606
378.652
373.663
357.680
27.142
42.810
81.458
102.936
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Thecnoeconomic Analysis Wind Fuellcells

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Energy xxx (2014) 1e16

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Techno-economic analysis of wind turbineePEM (polymer electrolyte

* Corresponding author. Tel.: 98 912 1055614.

S. Rahimi et al. / Energy xxx (2014) 1e16

swept area (m2) and active area of membrane

A kilowatt range wind turbine is chosen for obtaining wind

S. Rahimi et al. / Energy xxx (2014) 1e16

Fig. 1. Proposed system conguration.

The density of air depending on the temperature and altitude

The instantaneous power produced from wind is [17]:

The theoretical optimum for utilizing the power of wind by

Hence, even if a power extraction without any wastes would be

turbine. Betz did not consider the impact of unavoidable swirl

where V2 is the known wind speed measured at height h2; h1 is the

Fig. 2. Monthly average wind velocity from 2007 to 2012.

To make optimal use of the available wind power, it is necessary

S. Rahimi et al. / Energy xxx (2014) 1e16

Annual average wind speed (m/s)

The maximum value of wind speed which is appropriate for

Here, li is a variable which is dened in order to simplify the

The output power increases by growing wind speed. Therefore,

Therefore, by determining the value of input voltage, current

where V is the wind speed and q is derived from equation (10).

Fig. 3. Pitch angle variation with wind speed.

S. Rahimi et al. / Energy xxx (2014) 1e16

Double pane, W strip

Latent and sensible heat gain for kitchen

Fig. 4. Scheme of hydrogen production system.

And the produced hydrogen by the stack:

Although, the reversible potential of water electrolysis at 25  C

Similarly, at the anode side, oxygen is the only gas which is

Then for the stack will be:

The activation overvoltage is extremely affected for these values

According to Faradays law, the amount of produced hydrogen

where HHVH2 is the higher heating value of H2.

2.4. PEM fuel cell modeling

Qelec Qheat;PEM Qheat;H2 O

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells convert the

S. Rahimi et al. / Energy xxx (2014) 1e16

Fig. 5. The plan of considered building.

In order to model a fuel cell stack some parameters are required

hohm 0:01605 3:5 105 T 8 105 i i

Vfc ENernst hact hohm Vcon

ENernst is presented as following equation.

The concentration polarization loss caused by the inability of the

4:308 105 T ln PH2 1=2 ln PO2

hact x1 x2 T x3 T ln CO2 x4 T lni

x is parametric coefcients and it has specic quantity for each fuel

hohm is a measure of the ohmic voltage drop associated with the

1100 $/kW [44]

S. Rahimi et al. / Energy xxx (2014) 1e16

3.1. Exergy analysis of wind turbine

hmechanic ,halternative ,0:5rpR2 Vr3

The exergy content of the blowing air is equal to the kinetic

Exergy of kinetic energy availability ke1

In general, the energy balance equation for a wind turbine can

To determine the available power, amount of air passing

The portion of incoming kinetic energy is not converted to

Fig. 6. Validation of wind turbine developed model.

Thus, the available power is calculated by using equation (45).

This is the maximum power available to the wind turbine.

S. Rahimi et al. / Energy xxx (2014) 1e16

Although, the reversible potential of water electrolysis at 25 C