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8 Marshall Stability and Flow Test
8 Marshall Stability and Flow Test
Introduction:
Hot mix asphalt (HMA) is one type of premix widely use in
construction worldwide. It is considered by many engineers as
premier paving product which available at any where with any cost
and most popular with its high skid resistance, high comfort ability
and low maintenance require. In short, HMA gain a lot of attention
from engineer and researcher over the world because of its
affordable material cost and high performance.
Asphalt mix design method involved the concept that mixtures
must be stable in mix and durable in any condition. It is a complex
issue with a lot of variables involved. However two methods of mix
design have become popular worldwide. They are the Marshall Mix
Design and the Hveem Mix Design method. In Malaysia the Marshall
Mix Design has become the norm in the road industry.
Then, Marshall testing device applied a compression load on the
circumference of a cylindrical sample through semi-circuit heads.
The temperature of testing is 60C and testing speed is rapid with
the best being continue to failure, the maximum load is recorded as
well as the deformation undergo by the sample in reaching max
load. The value knows as Marshall Stability and Marshall Flow.
Objective:
1. To prepare a standard specimens of asphalt mix.
2. To identity factors which influence the asphalt mix design.
3. To determine the stability and flow of specimen using the
Marshall machine.
Apparatus:
1. Marshall Compaction Pedestal
2. Marshall Machine
3. Oven
4. Weights.
Specimen:
1. Aggregate, graded according to the ASTM or BS standard:
Sieve size:
Passing retained
25mm 9.3mm
9.5mm 4.75mm
4.75mm 1.18mm
1.18mm 75um
Total
Weight (kg):
0.23
0.31
0.37
0.23
0.06
1.20
2. 6.5% Bitumen
Procedures:
1. The aggregate which graded according to the ASTM or BS
standard and a sufficient amount is prepared and weighted
2
specimen
is
removed
carefully
from
the
mould,
Result:
Height of the sample (cm)
Diameter of the sample (cm)
Flow(mm)
Stability (unit)
7.45
10.0
6.87
135
3
Calculation:
Volume of the Specimen,
V= rh
V = (10.0/2) 7.45
= 585 cm
In process to produce good pavement, have to duplicate the field
condition with some correlation establish during the laboratory as:
= 7 1.4 68.3
0.83-0.86
2. 7
= -103.33
0.83-X
= 0.856
Discussion:
1. Marshall Stability value is a measurement of the load which the
sample totally failed or yield. It indicates the resistance of mix to
deformation that higher stability means mixtures are stiffer. Since
this load applied to the sample is only around 115.56kg, it
considered that this 6.5% bitumen hot mixed asphalt is not that
strong.
2. Whereas the Marshall Flow value is the total deformation of
samples from its original shape which the measurement is in
millimeter. This deformation will decrease in vertical diameter of
the sample. Since the flow is 6.87cm which within the volume
range of the sample, this result obtain is assume acceptable. The
high flow value is considered too plastic and have tendency to
destroy easily under traffic load.
3. If the mixes with very low flow values and abnormal high
Marshall Stability, it is considered too brittle and rigid pavement.
Whereas, the low stability and high flow value is considered that
the mixture tend to rut and deform under a load. As the result
obtain have a low stability and moderate flow, it may conclude
this sample in the second category stated.
Conclusion:
1. The factor influence the asphalt mix design is the compaction
temperature,
the
moisture
content
of
the
mixture,
References:
British Standard Methods of four determination of California
Bearing Ratio (CBR). BS1377: Part 4: 1990.
Kenneth N. Derucher and George P. Korfiatis, Materials for Civil
and Highway Engineers, Prentice Hall, Khandal et. al Hot Mix
Asphalt Materials, Mixtures, Design and construction NAPA
Foundation Maryland 199.
B.L. Gupta, and Amil Gupta, 2003, Highway And Bridge
Engineering, Third Edition, Standard Publishers Distributors.