OPTICAL INSTRUMENT

2.3

PRESBYOPIA
In this both near and far objects are not clearly visible i.e., far point is lesser than infinity and near point greater
than 25 cm. This is removed either by using two separate spectacles one for lenses. It is an old age disease
as at old age ciliary muscles lose their elasticity and so can not change the focal length of eye-lens effectively
and hence eye loses its power of accommodation.

2.4

ASTIGMATISM
In it due to imperfect spherical nature of eye-lens, the focal length of eye lens is two
orthogonal directions becomes different and so eye cannot see object in two orthogonal
directions clearly simultaneously. This defect is directional and is remedied by using
cylinderical lens in particular direction. If in the spectacle of a person suffering from
astigmatism, the lens is slightly rotated the arrangement will get spoiled.

3.

OPTICAL

INSTRUMENTS

Definition :
Optical instruments are used primarily to assist the eye in viewing an object.
Types of Instruments :
Depending upon the use, optical instruments can be categorised in the following way :

3.1

FILM OR SLIDE PROJECTOR

It projects real, inverted and magnified image of an object, when the object is placed between F and 2F and
screen between 2F and

Magnification :
If the sides of slide are a and b and magnification of projection lens is m, each side will become m times
so that there area of image formed.
A i = ma mb = m2 ab = m 2 A 0
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