DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS

BASIC ALGEBRAIC DIFFERENTIATION

d n
du

u = nu n 1
dx
dx
d
(Cu ) = C du

dx
dx
d
du dv
uv=

dx
dx dx
d
dv
du
uv = u
+v

dx
dx
dx
du
dv
v
u
d u
dx
dx

=
dx v
v2
d C C dv

=
dx v v2 dx
d v 1 dv

=
dx C C dx
du
d

u = dx
dx
2 u
1
1
d n 1 n 1 du

u
=

dx n
dx

LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
d
(log a u ) = 1 log a e du

dx
u
dx
1 du
d

(ln u ) =
dx
u dx
EXPONENTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

( )

( )

d u
du
e = eu
dx
dx

BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRATION

cos udu = sin u + C

2
sec udu = tan u + C
2
csc udu = cot u + C

( )

d u
du
C = C u lnC
dx
dx

TRIGONOMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
d

(sin u ) = cos u du
dx
dx
d
(cos u ) = sin u du

dx
dx
d
du
2
(tan u ) = sec u

dx
dx
d
2
(cot u ) = csc u du

dx
dx
d
(sec u ) = sec u tan u du

dx
dx
d
(csc u ) = csc u cot du

dx
dx
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
d
du
1

sin 1 u =
2 dx
dx
1 u
d
1
du

cos1 u =

2
dx
1 u dx

(
(
(

)
)

d
1
du
tan 1 u =

dx
1 + u 2 dx
d
1 du

cot 1 u =

dx
1 + u 2 dx
d
1
du

sec1 u =

2
dx
u u 1 dx

sin udu = cos u + C

IF BOTH ARE ODD,

TRANSFORM LOWER POWER

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC DIFFERENTIATION

d
1
du

sinh1 u =

2
dx
u + 1 dx

sin n u = (sin 2 u )



n2

CASE 2:

n2

(
(
(

)
)
)

secn =uduEVENor csc udu

n

n2

sec u = sec
u (sec u )



1
2

Use sin u =
(1 cos2u ) or
CASE 3: tan m u sec n udu or
2
csc u cot udu = csc u + C

1
cos2 u = (1 + cos 2u )
cot m u csc n udu

tan udu = ln cos u + C

2

n IS EVEN;
CASE 4: sin mu cos n udu
SIMILAR TO CASE 2

tan udu = ln sec u + C

m & n ARE EVEN, TRANSFORM BOTH
CASE 4: tan m u sec n udu or
SAME AS CASE 3

cot udu = ln sin u + C

CASE 5:
cot m u cscn udu

sec udu = ln sec u + tan u + C sin cos = 1 [sin( + ) + sin( )]

m = ODD
2
m
n

tan u sec udu =

csc udu = ln csc u cot u + C cos cos = 1 [cos( + ) + cos( )]

m1
2
tan
u secn1 u(tanu secudu)




TRANSFORMATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC
1
transform
sin sin = [cos( + ) cos( )]
FUNCTIONS
2
cotm u cscn udu =
SINE/COSINE
CASE 1: n = ODD
m 1
TANGENT/COTANGENT/SECANT/COSECANT
cot
u cscn 1 u(cot u cscudu)




n
n 1
n
n
CASE
1:
or
tan udu
cot udu
transform

sin u = sin

u (sin u )

cos u

n 1

cos u = cos



u (cos u )

tan u = tan

n2

u (tan 2 u )




transform

Use sin 2 u + cos 2 u = 1

CASE 2: sin m u cos n udu

ONE EXPONENT IS ODD;
SIMILAR TO CASE 1

cot n u = cot n 2 u (cot 2 u )





2

transform

where: tan u = sec u 1

cot2 u = csc2 u 1

x n +1

x dx = n + 1 + C ; n -1,n = constant
n

INTEGRANDS YIELDING TO NATURAL LOGARITHMS

du

= ln u + C
u
EXPONENTIAL INTEGRATION

au
+C
eu du = eu + C au du =
ln a
where: e = 0.718 = constant
a = constant other than e
DEFINITE INTEGRALS

a f (x)dx = f (x)]a = f (b) f (a)

b

a f (x )dx = b f (x)dx

f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx

f (x )dx = f (y )dy

du

u a

where: a = lower limit

b = upper limit

1
u
sec 1 + C
a
a

BASIC HYPERBOLIC INTEGRATION

sinh udu = cosh u + C

cosh udu = sinh u + C
2
sec h udu = tanh u + C

csch udu = cothu + C

sec hu tanh udu = sec hu + C

csc hu coth udu = csc hu + C

INTEGRALS YIELDING TO INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

du
u

= sinh 1 + C
2
2
a
u +a
du
1 u
= cosh
+C

a
u 2 a2

INTEGRALS LEADING TO INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS
du
u

= sin1 + C
a
a2 u 2
du
1
u

= tan1 + C
a
a2 + u 2 a

GENERAL POWER FORMULA

sin u

where: sec u = 1 + tan u

csc2 u = 1 + cot2 u

transform

af (x )dx = a f ( x )dx
; a = constant
1

f (x )dx =
af (x )dx
a
[ f (x ) g (x )]dx = f (x )dx g (x )d x

csc u = csc
u (csc u )



dx = x + C

n2

d
1
du
csc h 1u =

2
dx
u 1 + u dx
INTEGRATION FORMULAS
BASIC INTEGRATION

transform

cos u = (cos u)



sec u tan udu = sec u + C

transform

transform

d
1
du
cosh1 u =

2
dx
u 1 dx
d
1
du

tanh1 u =

;1 > u2
dx
1 u 2 dx
d
1 du

coth1 u = 2 ; u 2 > 1
dx
u 1 dx
d
1
du
1

sec h u =

2 dx
dx
u 1 u

CASE 3: n = EVEN

d
1
du
csc 1 u =

2
dx
u u 1 dx
HYPERBOLIC DIFFERENTIATION
d

(sinh u ) = cosh u du
dx
dx
d
du

(cosh u ) = sinh u
dx
dx
d
2

(tanh u ) = sec h u du
dx
dx
d
du
2

(coth u ) = csch u
dx
dx
d

(sec hu ) = sec hu tanh u du

dx
dx
d
du
(csc hu ) = csc hu coth u

dx
dx

du

1 u

a2 u 2 = tanh a + C ,|u|<a
du
1
u
u a = a coth a + C , u >a
1

du
2

a u

du
2

a +u

1
u
sec h 1 + C
a
a

1
u
csc h1 + C
a
a

WALLIS FORMULA
2

sinm u cosn u =

[(m 1)(m 3)(m 5)...m = 2or1][(n 1)(n 3)(n 5)...n = 2or1]

(m + n)(m + n 2)(m + n 4)...m + n = 2or1

where: = ; if both m & n are even

2
= 1 ; if otherwise
TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

sin u =

udv = uv vdu

cos u =

INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC
SUBSTITUTION
CASE 1: a 2 u 2
u = a sin
du = a cosd
CASE 2: a 2 + u 2
u = a tan
du = a sec2 d
CASE 3: u 2 a 2
u = a sec
du = a sec tand

dx =

du

ua

u 2 a 2 = 2a ln u + a
du

a2 u

=
2

+C

1
a+u
ln
+C
2a a u

A = LW ; L = length, W = width

A=

( yh yl )dx
b

A=

a (xr xl )dy ; x = x on the right

r

xl = x on the left

log a a = 1
log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y
x
log a = log a x log a y
y
log a y x = x log a y
1
log a y
x
log a a x = x
y=

log a x

a
=x
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

V =

a r h ; r = radius, h = height
2

ln x

=x

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

e x e x
2
e x + e x
cosh x =
2

sinh x =

a
V
b
Mxz
y=
; Mxz = yc dV
a
V
z=0
S=

cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS EXPRESSED AS

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

(
x = ln ( x

sinh 1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1
cosh

xc dV

dx
dy ; x = g(x)
dy

1+

b x2

a y

1st 


f (x , y )dx dy


a x1
2 nd
assume y = constant
1st 


b y2 
1

f (x , y )dy dx


assume x = constant

2 nd

AREAS BY DOUBLE INTEGRATION

b x2

a x dxdy
b y
a y dydx
1

note: the centroid always lies on the axis of rotation

LENGTH OF AN ARC S

cosh x sinh x = e x
sinh 2 x = 2sinh x cosh x

)
x 1)

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
DOUBLE INTEGRALS

; t = thickness

x = Myz ; Myz =

cosh x + sinh x = e x

tanh 2 x + sec h2 x = 1
sinh( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
cosh( x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y

a x = e x ln a

ri = inner radius

b
x = My ; My = xc dA

a
A
b
y = Mx ; Mx = y dA
a c
A
note: the centroid lies on axis of symmetry

cosh 2 x sinh 2 x = 1

a x+ y = a x a y

a log a x = x

ri 2 ) h ; ro = outer radius

CENTROID OF AREAS C ( x , y )

e x e x
e x + e x
e x + e x
coth x = x x
e e
2
sec hx = x x
e +e
2
csc hx = x x
e e
BASIC HYPERBOLIC FORMULAS

coth 2 x = csc h2 x + 1

ax
ay
(a x )r = a rx

arht

V = 2

tanh x =

a0 = 1

a x y =

CENTROID OF VOLUMES C ( x , y , z )

; yh = upper y
yl = lower y

a ( ro

S=

VOLUME SHELL METHOD

VOLUME DISK METHOD

2 dz

log a 1 = 0

dz

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM
If a y = x then log a x = y ;

log a

V =

AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES

1
z = tan x
2
1+ z

1+ z

VOLUME RING METHOD

APPLICATIONS
AREA UNDER A CURVE

INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS OF

SIN & COS

du =

1+ z2
1 z2

OTHER INTEGRATION FORMULAS

RECIPROCAL SUBSTITUTION

1
x=
z

2z

1 1 + x sec h 1 x = ln 1 1 1
tanh 1 x = ln
x

x
2 1 x

1
1 x +1
1
coth 1 x = ln
csc h x = ln x x 2 + 1
2 x 1

dy
dx ; y = f(x)
dx

1+

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
RECIPROCAL IDENTITIES
1
sin
1
sec =
cos
1
cot =
tan

tan( x y ) =

tan x tan y
1 + tan x tan y

1 + tan 2 = sec 2

DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAS

sin 2 = 2 sin cos
cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2
cos 2 = 1 2 sin 2
2 tan
tan 2 =
1 tan 2
POWER REDUCING FORMULAS
1 cos 2
sin 2 =
2
1 + cos 2
2
cos =
2
1 cos 2
2
tan =
1 + cos 2
HALF-ANGLE FORMULAS

1 + cot 2 = csc 2

sin

csc =

 TANGENT AND COTANGENT

sin
tan =
cos
cos
cot =
sin
 PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES

sin 2 + cos 2 = 1

 COFUNCTION IDENTITIES

sin(90 ) = cos

cos

csc ( 90 ) = sec
sec ( 90 ) = csc

tan

cos ( 90 ) = sin

tan

cot ( 90 ) = tan

 SUM & DIFFERENCE FORMULAS

sin( x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

sin( x y ) = sin x cos y cos x sin y

cos( x + y ) = cos x cos y sin x sin y
cos( x y ) = cos x sin y + sin x sin y
tan x + tan y
tan( x + y ) =
1 tan x tan y

cot
cot

1 cos
2

1 + cos
2
1 cos
=
sin
sin
=
1 + cos
sin
=
1 cos
1 + cos
=
sin
=

SINE LAW

a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sin C

COSINE LAW
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A

b 2 = a 2 + c 2 2ac cos B
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C
LAW OF TANGENTS
1
tan ( A B)
a b
2
=
a + b tan 1 ( A + B )
2
PRODUCT TO SUM FORMULAS
1
[cos( x y ) cos( x + y )]
2
1
cos x sin y = [ cos( x + y ) + cos( x y ) ]
2
1
sin x cos y = [sin( x + y) + sin( x y ) ]
2
1
cos x sin y = [sin( x + y) sin( x y ) ]
2
sin 2 x
sin x cos x =
2
sin x sin y =

SUM TO PRODUCT FORMULAS

x+ y
x y
sin x + sin y = 2 sin
cos

2
2
x
+
y
x

sin x sin y = 2 cos

sin

2 2
x+ y
x y
cos x + cos y = 2 cos
cos

2
2
x+ y x y
cos x cos y = 2sin
sin

2 2

MOLLWEICLES EQUATION
1
sin ( A B)
ab
2
=
1
C
cos C
2
1
cos ( A B)
a+b
2
=
1
C
sin C
2