Calculus 3 Solution Manual

Calculus III
Instructors Solution Manual

Tunc Geveci
Spring 2011
ii
Contents
11 Vectors
11.1 Cartesian Coordinates in 3D and Surfaces
11.2 Vectors in Two and Three Dimensions . .
11.3 The Dot Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4 The Cross Product . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1
1
6
11
16
12 Functions of Several Variables

12.1 Tangent Vectors and Velocity . . . . . . . .
12.2 Acceleration and Curvature . . . . . . . . .
12.3 Real-Valued Functions of Several Variables
12.4 Partial Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.5 Linear Approximations and the Dierential
12.6 The Chain Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.7 Directional Derivatives and the Gradient . .
12.8 Local Maxima and Minima . . . . . . . . .
12.9 Absolute Extrema and Lagrange Multipliers
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19
19
21
27
31
39
42
51
58
63
13 Multiple Integrals
13.1 Double Integrals Over Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2 Double Integrals Over Non-Rectangular Regions . . . .
13.3 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates: . . . . . . . . . .
13.4 Applications of Double Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5 Triple Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.6 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
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69
69
72
79
84
88
94
14 Vector Analysis
14.1 Vector Fields, Divergence and Curl . . . . .
14.2 Line Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3 Line Integrals of Conservative Vector Fields
14.4 Parametrized Surfaces and Tangent Planes
14.5 Surface Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.6 Greens Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.7 Stokes Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.8 Gauss Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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107
107
109
118
124
130
140
143
146
iii
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iv
CONTENTS
Chapter 11
Vectors
11.1
Cartesian Coordinates in 3D and Surfaces
1.
If x = c then
2c + y + 4z = 8 y + 4z = 8 2c.
These are lines.
If y = c then
2x + c + 4z = 8 2x + 4z = 8 c.
These are lines.
If z = c then
2x + y + 4c = 8 2x + y = 8 4c.
These are lines.
2.
CHAPTER 11. VECTORS
If x = c then
z = 4c 3y.
These are lines.
If y = c then
z = 4x 3c.
These are lines.
If z = c then
c = 4x 3y.
These are lines.
3.
If x = c then
z = 4c2 + 9y 2
These are parabolas.
If y = c then
z = 4x2 + 9c2
If z = c then
c = 4x2 + 9y 2
These are ellipses if c > 0. If c = 0 the curve is reduced to a single point, the origin. The surface
does not have any points below the xy-plane corresponding to c < 0.
4.
If x = c then
c = y 2 + 4z 2
These are ellipses if c > 0. If c = 0 the curve is reduced to a single point, the origin. The surface
does not have any points corresponding to c < 0.
11.1. CARTESIAN COORDINATES IN 3D AND SURFACES
If y = c then
x = c2 + 4z 2
If z = c then
x = y 2 + 4c2
5.
If x = c then
c2 + 2y 2 + 4z 2 = 4 2y 2 + 4z 2 = 4 c2 .
These are ellipses if 2 < c < 2. The curve is reduced to a single point if c = 2. The surface
does not have any points corresponding to x < 2 or x > 2.
If y = c then
x2 + 2c2 + 4z 2 = 4 x2 + 4z 2 = 4 2c2
These are ellipses if 2 < c < 2. The curve is reduced

to a single
point if c = 2. The
surface does not have any points corresponding to y > 2 or y < 2.
If z = c then
x2 + 2y 2 + 4c2 = 4 x2 + 2y 2 = 4 4c2
does not have any points corresponding to z > 1 or z < 1.
6.
If x = c then
4c2 + y 2 + 9z 2 = 4 y 2 + 9z 2 = 4 4c2
does not have any points corresponding to x < 1 or x > 1.
If y = c then
4x2 + c2 + 9z 2 = 4 4x2 + 9z 2 = 4 c2
CHAPTER 11. VECTORS
These are ellipses if 2 < c < 2. The curve is reduced a single point if c = 2. The surface
does not have any points corresponding to y > 2 or y < 2.
If z = c then
4x2 + y 2 + 9c2 = 4 4x2 + y 2 = 4 9c2
These are ellipses if 2/3 < c < 2/3. The curve is reduced to a single point if c = 2/3. The
surface does not have any points corresponding to z > 2/3 or z < 2/3.
7.
If x = c then
c2 9y 2 4z 2 = 1 9y 2 + 4z 2 = c2 1
These are ellipses if c < 1 or c > 1. The curve is reduced to a single point if c = 1. The
surface does not have any points corresponding to 1 < x < 1.
If y = c then
x2 9c2 4z 2 = 1 x2 4z 2 = 1 + 9c2
These are hyperbolas.
If z = c then
x2 9y 2 4c2 = 1 x2 9y 2 = 1 + 4c2
8.
If x = c then
4y 2 c2 2z 2 = 1 4y 2 2z 2 = 1 + c2
If y = c then
4c2 x2 2z 2 = 1 x2 + 2z 2 = 4c2 1
11.1. CARTESIAN COORDINATES IN 3D AND SURFACES
These are ellipses if c > 1/2 or c < 1/2. The surface does not have any points corresponding
to 1/2 < y < 1/2.
If z = c then
4y 2 x2 2c2 = 1 4y 2 x2 = 1 + 2c2
9.
If x = c then
These are circles.
If y = c then
If z = c then
y 2 c2 + z 2 = 1 y 2 + z 2 = 1 + c2
c2 x2 + z 2 = 1 x2 + z 2 = 1 c2
y 2 x2 + c2 = 1 y 2 x2 = 1 c2
10.
If x = c then
If y = c then
If z = c then
These are circles.
c2 + y 2 z 2 = 4 y 2 z 2 = 4 c2
x2 + c2 z 2 = 4 x2 z 2 = 4 c2
x2 + y 2 c2 = 4 x2 + y 2 = 4 + c2
11.2
CHAPTER 11. VECTORS
Vectors in Two and Three Dimensions
1.
P1 = (1, 2) , P2 = (3, 5) , Q1 = (2, 1)
a)
v = (2, 3)
b)

OQ2 = OQ1 + v = (2, 1) + (2, 3) = (4, 4) .
Therefore, Q2 = (4, 4) .
P2
Q2
P1
Q1
x
1
2.
P1 = (2, 3) , P2 = (4, 2) , Q1 = (1, 3)
a)
v = (2, 1)
b)

OQ2 = OQ1 + v = (1, 3) + (2, 1) = (1, 2) .
P1
P2
5
4
3
2
Q1
Q2
x
-6
-4
-2 -1
3.
P1 = (2, 3) , P2 = (4, 2) , Q1 = (3, 2)
a)
v = (2, 5)
b)

OQ2 = OQ1 + v = (3, 2) + (2, 5) = (5, 7)
11.2. VECTORS IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS
Therefore, Q2 = (5, 7).
y
7
Q2
Q1
P2
x
P1
-3
4.
P1 = (2, 1) , P2 = (4, 2) , Q1 = (1, 2)
a)
v = (2, 3)
b)

OQ2 = OQ1 + v = (1, 2) + (2, 3) = (3, 5)
y
5
Q2
Q1 2
P2
x
-4
-3
-2
-1
P1
-1
5.
a)
v + w = (2, 1) + (3, 4) = (5, 5)
b)
5
4
v+w
w
1
v
2
CHAPTER 11. VECTORS
6.
a)
v + w = (2, 3) + (3, 2) = (5, 1)
b)
3
2
w
2
-1
v+w
v
-3
7.
a)
v + w = (2, 1) + (2, 4) = (0, 3)
b)
4
3
w
v+w
-2
-1
v
2
-1
8.
a)
v + w = (2, 3) + (1, 5) = (1, 2)
b)
-1
1
v+w
-2
w
-3
-5
11.2. VECTORS IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS
9.
a)
v + w = (2, 4) + (1, 2) = (1, 6)
b)
6
w
4
v+w
2
v
-1
10.
a)
v + w = (4, 2) + (3, 1) = (1, 3)
b)
3
w
2
v+w
v
-4
-1
11.
v w = (2, 4) (2, 2) = (4, 2)
v- w
2
-2
12.
a)
v w = (4, 2) (3, 1) = (7, 1)
10
CHAPTER 11. VECTORS
b)
v- w
v
w
-7
-4
13.
2v 3w = 2 (3, 1) 3(2, 5) = (6, 2) + (6, 15) = (12, 17)
14.
4v + 5w = 4 (2, 4) + 5 (1, 4) = (8, 16) + (5, 20) = (3, 36)
15.
a) We have
||v|| =
Therefore,
32 + 42 = 25 = 5.
1
1
v = (3, 4) =
u=
||v||
5
3 4
,
5 5
b)
u
3
16.
a) We have
||v|| =
Therefore,
(2)2 + 22 = 8.
1
1
v == (2, 2) =
u=
||v||
8
b)
!
2
2
8
8
,
=
,
4
4
8
8
11.3. THE DOT PRODUCT
11
u
-2
17.
a)
v = 3i + 2j, w = 2i+4j
b)
2v 3w = 2 (3i + 2j) 3 (2i+4j) = 6i + 4j + 6i 12j = 12i 8j
18.
a)
v = 4i + j, w = 4i + 3j
b)
2v + w = 2 (4i + j) + 4i + 3j = 8i + 2j + 4i + 3j = 4i + 5j
19.
a)
v = 2i + 3j + 6k, w = 4i 2j + k
b)
v + 4w
= (2i + 3j + 6k) + 4 (4i 2j + k)

= 2i 3j 6k+16i 8j + 4k = 18i 11j 2k
20.
a)
v = i 3j + 5k, w = 7i + 2j 2k
b)
3v 2w
11.3
= 3 (i 3j + 5k) 2 (7i + 2j 2k)

= 3i 9j + 15k14i 4j + 4k
The Dot Product
1.
a)
||v|| = 1, ||w|| =
b)
= arccos
2.
a)
vw
||v|| ||w||
||v|| = 1, ||w|| =
2, v w = 1.
= arccos
.
4
1 + 3 = 4 = 2, v w = 1.
12
CHAPTER 11. VECTORS
b)
= arccos
3.
a)
vw
||v|| ||w||
2
= arccos
= =
.
2
3
3
v
!2
!2
u
u
3+1
31
t
+
= 2,
||v|| = 2, ||w|| =
2
2
3+1
31
vw =
+
= 3
2
2
b)
= arccos
vw
||v|| ||w||
4.
a)
||v|| =
b)
= arccos
!
!
3
3
= arccos
= arccos
=
2
6
2 2
2, ||w|| = 2, v w = 0.
vw
||v|| ||w||
= arccos (0) =
.
2
Thus, v and w are orthogonal to each other.

5.
a)
v
!2
u
!2
u
1 3
3+1
t
+
= 2,
||v|| = 2, ||w|| =
2
2
vw =1
b)
= arccos
6.
a)
vw
||v|| ||w||
||v|| =
= arccos
1

2 2
= arccos
= .
2
3
2, ||w|| = 2, v w = 0.
b) = arccos (0) = /2. The vectors v and w are orthogonal to each other.
7.
a)
||v|| = 5, ||w|| = 2, v w = 1
b)
cos () =
c)
vw
1
1
= = .
||v|| ||w||
5 2
10
= arccos
= 1. 892 55
10
8.
a)
||v|| =
13, ||w|| = 20, v w = (3) (2) + (2) (4) = 2
13
b)
cos () =
c)
vw
2
2
= =
||v|| ||w||
13 20
260
= arccos
9.
a)
||v|| =
260
= 1. 446 44
5, ||w|| = 10, v w = (2) (1) + (1) (3) = 1
b)
cos () =
c)
1
1
vw
= = .
||v|| ||w||
5 10
50
1
= arccos
= 1. 712 69
50
10.
a)
p
p
1 + 32 + 1 = 11, ||w|| = 22 + 1 + 1 = 6,
||v|| =
v w = (1) (2) + (3) (1) + (1) (1) = 2
b)
cos () =
c)
11.
a)
vw
2
2
= =
||v|| ||w||
11 6
66
2
= arccos
= 1. 819 54
66
||v|| = 4 + 9 = 13 u =
1
1
v = (2, 3) =
||v||
13
2
3
,
13
13
b) The direction cosines of v are

3
2
and
13
13
12.
a)
||v|| =
1+4= 5u=
1
1
2
1
v = (i+2j) = i + j
||v||
5
5
5
2
1
and
5
5
13.
a)
||v|| = 9 + 16 = 5 u =
1
1
v = (3, 4) =
||v||
5
4
3
and
5
5
3 4
,
5 5
14
CHAPTER 11. VECTORS
14.
a)
||v|| =
1+4+1= 5u=
1
1
2
1
1
v = (i 2j + k) = i j + k
||v||
5
5
5
5

1
2
1
, and
5
5
5
15.
a)
||w|| = 36 + 4 = 40 u =
1
1
w = (6, 2) =
||w||
40
b)
compw v = v u = (3, 4)
6
2
,
40
40
c)
26
26
P w v = (compw v) u = u =
40
40
d)
v2 = v P w v = (3, 4)
6
2
,
40
40
39 13
,
10 10
9 27
= ,
10 10
v2
2
Pw v
-2
16.
a)
||w|| = 4 + 1 = 5 u =
1
1
w = (2, 1) =
||w||
5
2
1
,
5
5
b)
1
3
compw v = v u = (2, 1) (2, 1) =
5
5
c)
3
P w v = (compw v) u =
5
d)
2
1
,
5
5
26
=
40
6
2
,
40
40
39 13
,
10 10
6 3
= ,
5 5
6 3
4 2
= ,
v2 = v P w v = (2, 1) ,
5 5
5 5
15
1
v
w
v2
-3
-2
-1
Pw v
-1
-2
-3
17.
a)
||w|| =
4+1= 5u=
b)
compw v = v u = (1, 2)
c)
4
P w v = (compw v) u =
5
d)
1
1
w = (2, 1) =
||w||
5
2
1
,
5
5
2
1
,
5
5
2
1
,
5
5
4
=
5
8 4
,
5 5
4
6
v2 = v P w v = (1, 2) 8,
= 7,
5
5
Pw v
w
-1
v
v2
-2
18.
a)
||w|| = 9 + 16 = 5 u =
1
1
w = (3, 4) =
||w||
5
3 4
,
5 5
b)
3 4
compw v = v u = (2, 6) ,
=6
5 5
c)
3 4
18 24
= ,
P w v = (compw v) u = 6 ,
5 5
5
5
16
d)
CHAPTER 11. VECTORS
18 24
8 6
v2 = v P w v = (2, 6) ,
=
,
5
5
5 5
-6
-4
-2
-2
-4
Pw v
v2
-6
11.4
1.
2.
3.
The Cross Product
i j k
1 0
2 0
i
vw= 2 1 0 =
3 0
1 0
1 3 0
j+ 2 1
1 3
i
j k
0 2
3 2
v w = 0 3 2 =
0 1
2 1
0 2 1
k = 5k
j + 0 3
0 2
k = 7i
i
j k
1 4
i 3 4 j + 3 1 k
v w = 3 1 4 =
3 1
2 1
2 3
2 3 1
= 11i 11j + 11k
4.
j k
1 4
i 2 4
v w = 2 1 4 =
1 5
2 5
1 2 5
= 13i + 14j + 3k
5.
j + 2 1
1 2
i
j k
1 3
k = 12k
(1, 3, 0) (2, 6, 0) = 1 3 0 =
2 6
2 6 0
Therefore, the area of the parallelogram spanned by (1, 3) and (2, 6) is

||(1, 3, 0) (2, 6, 0)|| = ||12k|| = 12.
11.4. THE CROSS PRODUCT
17
6.
i
j
k
1 3 2
4 1 6
1 2
3 2
j + 1 3
i
4 1
1 6
4 6
= 20i 14j + 11k
(i + 3j 2k) (4i j 6k) =
Therefore, the area of the parallelogram spanned by i + 3j 2k and 4i j 6k is

p
||20i 14j + 11k|| = 202 + 142 + 112 = 717 (

= 26. 776 9)
7.
2 1 3
u (v w) = 3 1 0
1 0 4
= 2 1 0
0 4

3 0
1 4
+ 3 3 1
1 0
= 2 (4) 12 + 3 (1) = 7
Therefore, the volume of the parallelepiped spanned by u,v and w is |7| = 7.

8.
2 2
3 1
3 4
1 4
u (v w) = 3 1 4 = 2
2 1 0 + 5 1 1
1
0
1 1 0
= 2 (4) 2 (4) + 5 (2) = 26
Therefore, the volume of the parallelepiped spanned by u,v and w is |26| = 26.
9.
3 (x 1) + 2 (y 3) + (z 4) = 0 3x + 2y + z = 13
10.
(x 2) 2y + 4 (z 5) = 0 x 2y + 4z = 22
11.
(x 3) + (y 1) + 2 (z + 3) = 0 x + y + 2z = 8
12.
(x 3) 4 (y 1) (z 2) = 0 x 4y z = 3
13. We have
We set
P0 P1 = (1, 0, 1) and P0 P2 = (0, 5, 2) .
i
j
k
1 0 1
0 5 2
1 1
1 0
0 1
i
j +
5 2
0
2
0 5
= 5i + 2j + 5k

N = P0 P1 P0 P2 =
The vector N is orthogonal to the plane. Therefore, the equation of the plane is
(5i + 2j + 5k) ((x 1) i + (y 2) j + (z 2) k) = 0
18
14. We have
CHAPTER 11. VECTORS
5 (x 1) + 2 (y 2) + 5 (z 2) = 0 5 + 2y + 5z = 9
P0 P1 = (3, 6, 2) and P0 P2 = (2, 5, 1)
We set
i
j k

N = P0 P1 P0 P2 = 3 6 2
2 5 1
3 2
6 2
=
i
5 1
2 1
= 16i 7j 3k
j + 3 6
2 5
The vector N is orthogonal to the plane. Therefore, the equation of the plane is
16 (x 3) 7 (y + 2) 3 (z + 1) = 0 16x 7y 3z = 31
16x + 7y + 3z = 31
Chapter 12
Functions of Several Variables

12.1
Tangent Vectors and Velocity
1.
a)
0 (t) =
d
t, sin2 (4t) =
dt
d
d
= (1, 8 sin (4t) cos (4t))
(t) , sin2 (4t)
dt
dt
(= i + 8 sin (4t) cos (4t) j)
Therefore,
Thus,
Therefore,
T

!
4
4
1
3
= 1 + 8 sin
cos
=
1, 8
3
3
2
2

= i + 2 3j
=
1, 2 3
= 1 + 12 = 13.
3
1
1, 2 3 =
=
13
b) We have
Therefore,
!
!
1 2 3
1
2 3
,
= i+ j
13
13
13
13
, sin2
3
4
3
3
,
3 4

+ u 0
L (u) =
3
3

3
,
+ u 1, 2 3
=
3 4
3
=
+ u, + 2 3u , < u +.
3
4
2.
19
20
CHAPTER 12. FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
a)
0 (t) =
Therefore,
0
d
(2 cos (3t) , sin (t)) = (6 sin (3t) , cos (t)) .
dt
3
2
= 6 sin
, cos
= 3 2,
4
4
2
Thus,
Therefore,
T
b) We have
r
r
1
37
0
= 18 + =
4
2
2
=
2
37
3 2,
1
6
2
= ,
2
37
37
3
2
= 2 cos
, sin
= 2,
.
4
4
2
Therefore,
L (u) =
3.
a)
0
(t) =
d
dt
+ u
!
!
2
2
=
+ u 3 2,
2
2
2
2
=
2 3 2u,
+
u , uR
2
2
3t
t2 + 1
2,
d
,
dt
3t2
2
t +1
Therefore,
0 (1) =
3t2 + 3
(t2 + 1)
2,
6t
(t2 + 1)
3
0,
2
Thus,
|| 0 (1)|| =
3
.
2
Therefore,
T (1) =
2 0
(1) = (0, 1) (= j) .
3
b) We have
(1) =
3 3
,
2 2
Therefore,
L (u) = (1) + u 0 (1) =
4.
a)
0 (t) =
3 3
,
2 2
3
3 3 3
+ u 0,
=
, + u , u R.
2
2 2 2
d
d
d
(4 cos (3t)) , (4 sin (3t)) , (2t) = (12 sin (3t) , 12 cos (3t) , 2) .
dt
dt
dt
12.2. ACCELERATION AND CURVATURE

Therefore,
Thus,
Therefore,
T
b) We have
L (u) =
5.
Therefore,

3
3
= 12 sin
, 12 cos
, 2 = (12, 0, 2) .
2
2

0
= 144 + 4 = 148
1
1
0
(12, 0, 2) =
=
=
2
148
148
21
12
2
, 0,
148
148

3
3
4 cos
, 4 sin
,2
= (0, 4, ) .
2
2
2
+ u 0
v (t) = (t) =
= (0, 4, ) + u (12, 0, 2) = (12u, 4, + 2u) , u R.
d t
d t
e sin (t) ,
e cos (t)
dt
dt
= et (cos (t) sin (t)) , et (cos (t) + sin (t))

= et (cos (t) sin (t)) i et (cos (t) + sin (t)) j
Therefore,
v () = e , e = e i + e j
Thus, the speed at t = is
||v ()|| =
6.
e2 + e2 = 2e .
d
d
v (t) = (t) =
(t) , arctan (t)
dt
dt
1
1
=
1, 2
=i+ 2
j
t +1
t +1
0
Therefore,
v (1) =
1
1
1,
=i+ j
2
2
Thus, the speed at t = 1 is

||v (1)|| =
12.2
1
5
1+ =
4
2
Acceleration and Curvature
1. We have
0
d
d
(6 + 3 cos (4t)) , (6 + 3 sin (4t))
dt
dt
= (12 sin (4t) , 12 cos (4t)) .
v (t) = (t) =
22
Therefore,
a (t) = v0 (t) = (48 cos (4t) , 48 sin (4t)) = 48 cos (4t) i 48 sin (4t) j
Thus,
!

1
3
a (/12) = 48 cos
i 48 sin
j = 48
i 48
j
3
3
2
2
= 24i 24 3j

2. We have
d
d
v (t) = (t) =
(6t 6 sin (2t)) , (6t 6 cos (2t))
dt
dt
= (6 12 cos (2t) , 6 + 12 sin (2t)) .
0
Therefore,
a (t) = v0 (t) = (24 sin (2t) , 24 cos (2t)) .
Thus,
a (0) = (0, 24) .
3. We have
0
v (t) = (t) =
Therefore,
a (t) = v0 (t) =
Thus,
d
1
1
d
(t) , arctan (t) = 1, 2
=i+ 2
j
dt
dt
t +1
t +1
2
d 2
2t
j = 2t t2 + 1
j=
j.
t +1
2
dt
(t + 1)2
1
2
a (1) = j = j.
4
2
4. We have
v (t) = 0 (t) =
Therefore,
d t d t
te , e
dt
dt
= et + tet , et = et + tet i + et j
a (t) = v0 (t) = 2et + tet i + et j
Thus,
a (2) = 4e2 i + e2 j
5. We have
0 (t) =
d
(4 + 2 cos (t) , 3 + 2 sin (t)) = (2 sin (t) , 2 cos (t)) = 2 ( sin (t) , cos (t))
dt
and
q
|| 0 (t)|| = 2 sin2 (t) + cos2 (t) = 2.
Therefore,
T (t) =
1
0 (t)
= (2 ( sin (t) , cos (t))) = ( sin (t) , cos (t))
0
|| (t)||
2
23
Thus,
T (/6) = sin
, cos
!

1
1
3
,
=
1, 3 .
2 2
2
We have
dT
d
=
( sin (t) , cos (t)) = ( cos (t) , sin (t)) = (cos (t) , sin (t))
dt
dt
and
q
dT
= || (cos (t) , sin (t))|| = cos2 (t) + sin2 (t) = 1.
dt
Therefore,
N (t) =
T0 (t)
= T0 (t) = (cos (t) , sin (t)) .
||T0 (t)||
Thus,

N (/6) = cos
, sin
=
6
6
!
1
3 1
3, 1 .
,
=
2 2
2
6. We have
0 (t) =
d
(cos (3t) , sin (3t) , 4t) = (3 sin (3t) , 3 cos (3t) , 4)
dt
and
|| 0 (t)|| =
Therefore,
T (t) =
9 sin2 (3t) + 9 cos2 (3t) + 16 = 25 = 5.
0 (t)
1
= (3 sin (3t) , 3 cos (3t) , 4) =
|| 0 (t)||
5
Thus,
T (/2) =
3
3
4
sin (3t) , cos (3t) ,
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
4
3
4
1
sin
, cos
,
=
, 0,
= (3, 0, 4) .
5
2
5
2
5
5
5
5
We have
dT
dt
and
Therefore,
d
3
3
4
9
9
sin (3t) , cos (3t) ,
= cos (3t) , sin (3t) , 0
dt
5
5
5
5
5
9
= (cos (3t) , sin 3t, 0)
5
dT 9
= (cos (3t) , sin 3t, 0) = 9 cos2 (3t) + sin2 (3t) = 9 .
5
dt 5
5
T0 (t)
5
N (t) =
=
||T0 (t)||
9
Thus
9
(cos (3t) , sin (3t) , 0) = (cos (3t) , sin (3t) , 0)
5

3
3
N (/2) = cos
, sin
, 0 = (0, 1, 0) .
2
2
24
Therefore,
1
(3, 0, 4) (0, 1, 0) =
5
i j k
1
1
3 0 4 = (4i + 3k) .
5
5
0 1 0
B (/2) = T (/2) N (/2) =

=
7.
a) We have
0 (t) =
d
(2 cos (t) , 3 sin (t)) = (2 sin (t) , 3 cos (t))
dt
so that
q
|| (t)|| = 4 sin2 (t) + 9 cos2 (t).
0
Therefore,
s (t) =
Z tq
|| ( )|| d =
4 sin2 ( ) + 9 cos2 ( )d .
0
b)
s () =
8.
a) We have
0 (t) =
so that
q
4 sin2 ( ) + 9 cos2 ( )d
= 7. 932 72
d t t t
te , e = e + tet , et = et (1 + t, 1)
dt
|| 0 (t)|| = et
Therefore,
s (t) =
b)
s (1) =
9. We have
0 (t) =
and
00 (t) =
q
p
(1 + t)2 + 1 = et t2 + 2t + 2.
|| 0 ( )|| d =
Z
e
0
p
2 + 2 + 2d .
p
2 + 2 + 2d
= 3. 227 01
d
(3 cos (t) , 2 sin (t) , 0) = (3 sin (t) , 2 cos (t) , 0)
dt
d
(3 sin (t) , 2 cos (t) , 0) = (3 cos (t) , 2 sin (t) , 0) .
dt
Thus,
0 (/2) = (3, 0, 0) and 00 (/2) = (0, 2, 0) .
Therefore,
3
|| 0 (/2)|| = 23 = 8.
We have
i
j k
00 (/2) 0 (/2) = 0 2 0 = 6k
3 0 0
25
so that
|| 00 (/2) 0 (/2)|| = 6.
Therefore,
(/2) =
|| 00 (/2) 0 (/2)||
|| 0
10. We have
0 (t) =
and
00 (t) =
Thus,
(/2)||
6
3
= .
8
4
d t t
t, e , 0 = 1, e , 0
dt
d t t
1, e , 0 = 0, e , 0 .
dt
0 (2) = 1, e2 , 0 and 00 (2) = 0, e2 , 0 .
Therefore,
|| 0 (2)|| =
We have
p
3
3/2
1 + e4 = 1 + e4
.
i j
00
0
(2) (2) = 0 e2
1 e2
so that
k
0
0
= e2 k
|| 00 (2) 0 (2)|| = e2 .
Therefore,
(2) =
|| 00 (2) 0 (2)||
11. We have
v (t) = 0 (t) =
e2
(1 + e4 )3/2
d
(cos (2t) , sin (2t) , 0) = (2 sin (2t) , 2 cos (2t) , 0)
dt
so that the speed is

||v (t)|| =
Therefore
|| 0 (2)||3
q
4 sin2 (2t) + 4 cos2 (2t) = 2.
d
d
||v (t)|| =
(2) = 0.
dt
dt
Thus, the tangential component of the acceleration is always 0 (this is merely a circular motion).
We have
! !

1
3
0
(/6) = (2 sin (/3) , 2 cos (/3) , 0) = 2
,2
, 0 = 3, 1, 0
2
2
so that
|| 0 (/6)|| =
We have
00 (t) =
3 + 1 = 2.
d
(2 sin (2t) , 2 cos (2t) , 0) = (4 cos (2t) , 4 sin (2t) , 0) ,
dt
so that
00
(/6) = (4 cos (/3) , 4 sin (/3) , 0) =
! !

1
3
4
, 4
, 0 = 2 1, 3, 0 .
2
2
26
Therefore,
so that
i
j k
00 (/6) 0 (/6) = 2
2 3 0 = (2 6) k = 8k
3
1
0
|| 00 (/6) 0 (/6)|| = 8.
Thus,
(/6) =
|| 00 (/6) 0 (/6)||
|| 0
(/6)||
8
= 1.
23
Therefore, the normal component of the acceleration is
12. We have

(/6) ||v (/6)||2 = (1) 23 = 8.
v (t) = 0 (t) =
so that the speed is
d 2
t, t , 0 = (1, 2t, 0)
dt
||v (t)|| =
Therefore
1 + 4t2 .
1
4t
dp
d
1 + 4t2 =
(8t) =
.
||v (t)|| =
2
dt
dt
2 1 + 4t
1 + 4t2
Thus, the tangential component of the acceleration at t = 1 is
4
d
= .
||v (t)||
dt
5
t=1
We have
0 (1) = (1, 2, 0)
so that
|| 0 (1)|| =
We have
00 (t) =
Therefore,
so that
5.
d
(1, 2t, 0) = (0, 2, 0)
dt
i j k
00 (1) 0 (1) = 0 2 0 = 2k
1 2 0
|| 00 (1) 0 (1)|| = 2.
Thus,
(1) =
|| 00 (1) 0 (1)||
|| 0
(1)||
2
2
= 3 = 3/2 .
5
5
Therefore, the normal component of the acceleration is
2
2
2
(1) ||v (1)|| =
5
(5) =
3/2
5
5
12.3. REAL-VALUED FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
12.3
27
Real-Valued Functions of Several Variables
In the plots of the level curves for problems 1-6, the smaller values of f are indicated by the
darker color.
1.
a)
b)
2.
a)
b)
28
3.
a)
b)
4.
a)
b)
5.
a)
12.3. REAL-VALUED FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
b)
6.
a)
b)
7.
29
30
The level surfaces are spheres. In the pictures, the outer sphere is shown partially in order to
show the inner sphere.
8.
The level surfaces are ellipsoids. In the pictures, the outer ellipsoid is shown partially in order
to show the inner ellipsoid.
9. The pictures show two level surfaces of f .
12.4. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
31
10. The pictures show two level surfaces of f .
12.4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
Partial Derivatives
2
2
4x + 9y 2 = 8x,
4x + 9y 2 = 18y
x
y
2
2
6x 5y 2 = 12x,
6x 5y 2 = 10y
x
y
1/2 1 2
1/2
2
2x
p 2
2x + y 2 =
=
(4x) = p
,
2x + y 2
2x + y 2
x
x
2
2x2 + y 2
1/2 1 2
1/2
p 2
2
y
2x + y 2 =
=
(2y) = p
2x + y 2
2x + y 2
y
y
2
2x2 + y 2
2
2
r cos () = 2r cos () ,
r cos () = r2 sin ()
r
2
2
2
2
x2 y2
x2 y2
= 2xex y ,
= 2yex y
e
e
x
y
2
d
ln (u)
x + y2
du
x
u=x2 +y2
1
2x
=
,
(2x) = 2
2
2
x +y
x + y2
ln x2 + y 2 =
x
32
2
d
2
ln (u)
x +y
du
y
u=x2 +y 2
1
2y
=
,
(2y) = 2
x2 + y 2
x + y2
ln x2 + y 2 =
y
8.
r2
r2
1
er
r2
r2
e tan () = 2re tan () ,
e tan () = e
=
r
cos2 ()
cos2 ()
9.
arctan
x
p
x2 + y 2
=
=
=
arctan
y
y
x2 + y 2
!
!!
p
arctan (u)
du
x
x2 + y 2
u=y/ x2 +y 2
y x2 + y 2 1/2
x
y2
1+ 2
x + y2
2
x + y2
1 2
2 3/2
+
y
(2x)
y
x
x2 + 2y 2
2
2
2
xy x + y
2
(x + 2y 2 ) (x2 + y 2 )3/2
xy
p
,
(x2 + 2y 2 ) x2 + y 2
!
!!
y
p
arctan (u)
du
y
x2 + y 2
u=y/ x2 +y 2

p
1/2
x2 + y 2 y y
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
y2
1+ 2
x + y2

1
2
2
2 1/2
2
2
(2y)
x + y2 x + y y 2 x + y
x2 + 2y 2
x2 + y 2
!
2
2
x + y2
x2
x + y2 y2
p
=
2
2
3/2
x + 2y
(x2 + 2y 2 ) x2 + y 2
(x2 + y 2 )
33
10.
arccos
x
p
x2 + y 2
!
!!
p
=
arccos (u)
du
x
x2 + y 2
u=x/ x2 +y2
!
p
2x
! x2 + y 2 x
p
2 x2 + y 2
1
x2 + y 2
1 u2 u=x/x2 +y2
x + y 2 x2
1
=
s
3//2
x2 (x2 + y 2 )
1 2
x + y2
= s
=
y2
y2
(x2 + y 2 )3//2
x2 + y 2
y2
|y| (x2 + y 2 )
11.
p
x2 + y 2 + z 2
1/2
2
x + y2 + z2
x
d 1/2
2
2
2
=
u
x +y +z
du
x
u=x2 +y 2 +z 2
1 3/2
=
u
(2x)
2
u=x2 +y 2 +z 2
x
=
3/2
2
2
(x + y + z 2 )
Similarly,
p
x2 + y 2 + z 2
,
=
3/2
2
2
2
z
(x + y + z )
y
p
x2 + y 2 + z 2
12.

= yzexy+2z + xyzexy+2z ,
xyzexy+2z
x

= xzexy+2z xyzexy+2z ,
xyzexy+2z
y

= xyexy+2z + 2xyzexy+2z
xyzexy+2z
z
z
(x2
y2
+ z2)
3/2
34
13.
arcsin
x
p
x2 + y 2 + z 2
=
=
=
=
14.
!
!
1
p
arcsin (u)
du
x x2 + y 2 + z 2
u=1/ x2 +y 2 +z 2
!
!
x
1
3/2
1 u2 u=1/x2 +y2 +z2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
x
1

r
3/2
1
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
1 2
2
2
x +y +z
!
p
!
x
x2 + y 2 + z 2
p
x2 + y 2 + z 2 1
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
x
p
2
2
2
x + y + z 1 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
( cos () sin ()) = cos () sin () ,
( cos () sin ()) = sin () sin () ,
( cos () sin ()) = cos () cos ()
15.
a) We have
and
Thus,
f
1
x
p 2
x + y2 = p
(2x) = p
,
(x, y) =
x
x
2 x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
1
y
p 2
f
x + y2 = p
(2y) = p
.
(x, y) =
2
2
2
y
y
2 x +y
x + y2
3
1
f
f
3
1
= and
=
(3, 1) =
(3, 1) =
2
2
x
y
10
10
3 +1
3 +1
Therefore, the vector
3
f
(3, 1) k = i + k
x
10

is tangential to C1 at (3, 1, f (3, 1)) = 3, 1, 10 .

The vector
f
1
j+
(3, 1) k = j + k
y
10

is tangential to C2 at 3, 1, 10 .

b) The line that is tangent to C1 at (3, 1, f (3, 1)) = 3, 1, 10 is parametrized by

i+
3
3
L1 (u) = 3, 1, 10 + u 1, 0,
= 3 + u, 1, 10 + u ,
10
10
35
i.e.,
x (u) = 3 + u,
y (u) = 1,
3
z (u) =
10 +
10u,
10
where u is an arbitrary real number.

Similarly, The line that is tangent to C1 at (3, 1, f (3, 1)) = 3, 1, 10 is parametrized by
1
1
L2 (u) = 3, 1, 10 + u 0, 1,
= 3, 1 + u, 10 + u , u R.
10
10
16.
a) We have
f

(x, y) =
10 x2 y 2 = 2x
x
x
and
f

(x, y) =
10 x2 y 2 = 2y.
y
x
Thus,
f
f
(2, 1) = 4 and
(2, 1) = 2.
x
y
f
(2, 1) k = i 4k
x
is tangential to C1 at (2, 1, f (2, 1)) = (2, 1, 51).
The vector
f
(2, 1) k = j 2k
j+
y
i+
is tangential to C2 at (2, 1, 5) .
b) The line that is tangent to C1 at (2, 1, f (2, 1)) = (2, 1, 5) is parametrized by
L1 (u) = (2, 1, 5) + u (1, 0, 4) = (2, 1, 5) + (u, 0, 4u)
= (2 + u, 1, 5 4u) .
The line that is tangent to C2 at (2, 1, 5) is parametrized by
L2 (u) = (2, 1, 5) + u (0, 1, 2) = (2, 1, 5) + u (0, 1, 2)
= (2, 1 + u, 5 2u) .
17.
a) We have
and
2
2
f
x2 +y2
= 2xex +y
(x, y) =
e
x
x
2
2
f
x2 +y2
= 2yex +y .
(x, y) =
e
y
x
36
Thus,
f
f
(1, 0) = 2e and
(1, 0) = 0.
x
y
f
(1, 0) k = i + 2ek
x
is tangential to C1 at (1, 0, f (1, 0)) = (1, 0, e).
The vector
f
j+
(1, 0) k = j
y
i+
is tangential to C2 at (1, 0, e) .
b) The line that is tangent to C1 at (1, 0, f (1, 0)) = (1, 0, e) is parametrized by
L1 (u) = (1, 0, e) + u (1, 0, 2e) = (1, 0, e) + (u, 0, 2eu)
= (1 + u, 0, e + 2eu) , u R.
The line that is tangent to C2 at (1, 0, e) is parametrized by
L2 (u) = (1, 0, e) + u (0, 1, 0) = (1, 0, e) + (0, u, 0)
= (1, u, e) , u R.
18.
a) We have
f
2
(x, y) =
x y 2 = 2x
x
x
and
f
2
(x, y) =
x y 2 = 2y.
y
x
Thus,
f
f
(3, 2) = 6 and
(3, 2) = 4.
x
y
f
(3, 2) k = i + 6k
x
is tangential to C1 at (3, 2, f (3, 2)) = (3, 2, 5).
The vector
f
j+
(3, 2) k = j 4k
y
i+
is tangential to C2 at (3, 2, 5) .
b) The line that is tangent to C1 at (3, 2, f (3, 2)) = (3, 2, 5) is parametrized by
L1 (u) = (3, 2, 5) + u (1, 0, 6) = (3, 2, 5) + (u, 0, 6u)
= . (3 + u, 2, 5 + 6u) , u R.
The line that is tangent to C2 at (2, 1, 5) is parametrized by
L2 (u) = (3, 2, 5) + u (0, 1, 4) = (3, 2, 5) + (0, u, 4u)
= (3, 2 + u, 5 4u) , u R.
37
19.
f
2
2
4x + 9y 2 = 8x,
(x, y) =
4x + 9y 2 = 18y,
x
y
7
2
(8x) = 8,
(x, y) =
(18y) = 0
x
xy
x
f
(x, y) =
x
2f
(x, y) =
x2
20.
1/2
2
x + y2
x
3/2
1
x
= x2 + y 2
(2x) =
2
(x2 + y 2 )3/2
f
(x, y) =
x
3/2
3/2
2

= x
x x2 + y 2
x + y2
y
y
3 2
3xy
5/2
= x
(2y) =
,
x + y2
5/2
2
(x2 + y 2 )
2f
(x, y) =
yx
1/2
2
x + y2
y
3/2
1
y
= x2 + y 2
(2y) =
,
3/2
2
(x2 + y 2 )
f
(x, y) =
y
2f
(x, y) =
y 2
= (1)
y
3/2
3/2
(x2 + y 2 )
(x2 + y 2 )
1
3 2
2 5/2
=
+
y
(2y)
x
2
(x2 + y 2 )3/2
1
3y 2
=
+
(x2 + y 2 )3/2 (x2 + y 2 )5/2
x2 + y 2 + 3y 2
x2 + 2y 2
=
=
5/2
5/2
(x2 + y 2 )
(x2 + y 2 )
21.
22.
3/2
2
x + y2
y
2
2
x2 +y2
f
= 2xex +y ,
(x, y) =
e
x
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
f
(x, y) =
2xex +y = 2ex +y + 4x2 ex +y ,
2
x
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
2f

(x, y) =
2xex +y = 2x (2y) ex +y = 4xyex +y
yx
y
!
p
f
1
p
x2 y 2
x2 y 2
(2y)
= cos
(x, y) =
sin
y
y
2 x2 y 2
p
y
= p
cos
x2 y 2
x2 y 2
38
2f
(x, y) =
xy
!
p
2
2
cos
x y
p
x2 y 2
2
2 1/2
= y
x2 y 2
cos
x y
x
p
y
2
2
p
x y
cos
x2 y 2 x
3/2
1 2
2x cos
x2 y 2
= y
x y2
2
!!
y
1
2
2
p
+p
sin
x y
(2x)
x2 y 2
2 x2 y 2
p
p
xy
xy
2 y2 +
2 y2
=
cos
x
sin
x
x2 y 2
(x2 y 2 )3/2
23.

f
(x, y, z) =
xyzexy+2z = xyexy+2z + 2xyzexy+2z ,
z
z
2f

(x, y, z) =
xyexy+2z + 2xyzexy+2z
xz
x
= yexy+2z + xyexy+2z + 2yzexy+2z + 2xyzexy+2z ,
= exy+2z (y + xy + 2yz + 2xyz)
2f

(x, y, z) =
xyexy+2z + 2xyzexy+2z
yz
y
= xexy+2z xyexy+2z + 2xzexy+2z 2xyzexy+2z
= exy+2z (x xy + 2xz 2xyz)
24.
(, , ) =
( cos () sin ()) = cos () cos () ,
2f
(, , ) =
( cos () cos ()) = sin () cos () ,
2f
(, , ) =
( cos () cos ()) = cos () cos ()
25.
fy (x, y) =
fxy (x, y) =
x
8y
1
(8y) = 2
.
ln x2 + 4y 2 = 2
y
x + 4y 2
x + 4y 2
8y
2
x + 4y 2
fx (x, y) =
1
2
x + 4y 2
x

2
= 8y x2 + 4y 2
(2x) =
= 8y
16xy
(x2
2x
1
(2x) = 2
,
ln x2 + 4y 2 = 2
x
x + 4y 2
x + 4y 2
+ 4y 2 )2
12.5. LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS AND THE DIFFERENTIAL

fyx (x, y) =
Thus, fyx = fxy .
2x
x2 + 4y 2
39
1
2
x + 4y 2
y

2
= 2x x2 + 4y 2
(8y) =
= 2x
16xy
.
+ 4y 2 )
(x2
26.
fy (x, y) =
2
2
2
2
2 x2 2y2
= x2 ex 2y + x2 y 4yex 2y
x ye
y
= x2 ex
2y 2
4x2 y 2 ex
2y2
2
2
2 x2 2y2
4x2 y 2 ex 2y
x e
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= 2xex 2y + x2 2xex 2y 8xy 2 ex 2y 4x2 y 2 2xex 2y
2
2
= ex 2y 2x + 2x3 8xy 2 8x3 y 2
fxy (x, y) =
fx (x, y) =
2
2
2
2
2 x2 2y2
= 2xyex 2y + x2 y (2x) ex 2y
x ye
x
2
2
2
2
= 2xyex 2y + 2x3 yex 2y ,
2
2
2
2

2xyex 2y + 2x3 yex 2y
y
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= 2xex 2y + 2xy 4yex 2y + 2x3 ex 2y + 2x3 y 4yex 2y
2
2
= ex 2y 2x 8xy 2 + 2x3 8x3 y 2
fyx (x, y) =
Thus, fyx = fxy .
12.5
Linear Approximations and the Dierential
1.
a) We have
Therefore,
p
3/2 3 2
1/2
f
2
=
(2x) = 3x x2 + y 2 ,
(x, y) =
x + y2
x + y2
x
x
2
p
f
2
2
(x, y) = 3y x + y ,
y
f
f
(3, 4) = 45,
(3, 4) = 60, and f (3, 4) = 125.
x
y
Thus,
L (x, y) = 125 + 45 (x 3) + 60(y 4).
b)
f (3.1, 3.9)
= L (3.1, 3.9)
= 125 + 45 (0.1) + 60 (0.1) = 123.5
40
c) According to a calculator, f (3.1, 3.9)

= 123. 652. The absolute error is
|f (3.1, 3.9) 123.5|
= 0.152.
2.
a)
f
f
(x, y) = ex sin (y) ,
(x, y) = ex cos (y) .
x
y
Therefore,
f
f
(0, /2) = 1 and
(0, /2) = 0, and f (0, /2) = 1.
x
y
Thus,
L (x, y) = 1 x.
b)
f (0.2, /2 + 0.1)
= L (0.2, /2 + 0.1) = 1 0.2 = 0.8.
c) According to a calculator, f (0.2, /2 + 0.1)
= 0.814 641. The absolute error is
|f (0.2, /2 + 0.1) 0.8|
= 1.4 102
3.
a)
y
x
,
,
f (x, y) = 2
f (x, y) = 2
x
x + y 2 y
x + y2
so that
Therefore,

3

1

3, 1 = , and
3, 1 =
3, 1 = .
f
f
, and f
x
4
y
4
6
L (x, y) =
b)

3
1
x 3 +
(y 1) .
6 4
4

3
1
1.8 3 +
(0.8 1)
= 0.420 009
6
4
4
c) According to a calculator f (1.8, 0.8)
= 0.418 224. The absolute error is
f (1.8, 0.8)
= L (1.8, 0.8) =
|f (1.8, 0.8) L (1.8, 0.8)|

= 1.8 103
4.
a)
2
2
2
2
f (x, y) = 2xex +y ,
f (x, y) = 2yex +y .
x
y
Therefore,
f (1, 0) = 2e,
f (1, 0) = 0, and f (1, 0) = e.
x
y
Thus,
L (x, y) = e + 2e (x 1) .
b)
f (1.1, 0.2)
= L (1.1, 0.2) = e + 2e (0.1) = 1.2e
= 3. 261 94
c) According to a calculator f (1.1, 0.2) = 3. 490 34. The absolute error is

|f (1.1, 0.2) 1.2e|
= 0.23
12.5. LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS AND THE DIFFERENTIAL

5.
a)
Therefore,
f
f
x
y
,
,
(x, y, z) = p
(x, y, z) = p
x
x2 + y 2 + z 2 y
x2 + y 2 + z 2
z
f
.
(x, y, z) = p
z
x2 + y 2 + z 2
f
f
f
1
2
3
(1, 2, 3) = ,
(1, 2, 3) = ,
(1, 2, 3) = .
x
14 y
14 z
14
and f (1, 2, 3) = 14.

Thus,
2
3
1
L (x, y, z) = 14 + (x 1) + (y 2) + (z 3) .
14
14
14
b)
f (0.9, 2.2, 2.9)
= L (0.9, 2.2, 2.9)
1
2
3
= 14 + (0.1) + (0.2) + (0.1)
14
14
14
= 3. 741 66
c). According to a calculator f (0.9, 2.2, 2.9)
= f (0.9, 2.2, 2.9). The absolute error is
|f (0.9, 2.2, 2.9) L (0.9, 2.2, 2.9)|
= 8 103
6.
a)
Therefore,
b)
x
y
,
f (x, y) = p
f (x, y) = p
x
x2 + y 2 y
x2 + y 2
x
y
df = p
dx + p
dy.
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
f (12.1, 4.9) f (12, 5)

= df (12, 5, 0.1, 0.1)
12
5
=
(0.1) +
(0.1) .
13
13
Therefore,
12
5
f (12.1, 4.9)
(0.1) +
(0.1)
= f (12, 5) +
13
13
12
5
= 13 +
(0.1) +
(0.1)
= 13. 053 8
13
13
= 13. 054 5. The absolute error is
|f (12.1, 4.9) 13. 053 8|
= 1.5 103
7.
41
42
a)
yz
xz
xy
f (x, y, z) =
,
f (x, y, z) =
,
f (x, y, z) =
.
x
2 xyz y
2 xyz z
2 xyz
Therefore,
yz
xz
xy
df =
dx +
dy +
dz.
2 xyz
2 xyz
2 xyz
b)
f (0.9, 2.9, 3.1) f (1, 3, 3)
= df (1, 3, 3, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1)
3
3
9
(0.1) +
(0.1) +
(0.1) = 0.15
=
2 (3)
2 (3)
2 (3)
Therefore,
f (0.9, 2.9, 3.1)
= f (1, 3, 3) 0.15 = 3 0.15 = 2. 85
c) According to a calculator f (0.9, 2.9, 3.1)

= 2. 844 47. The absolute error is
|f (0.9, 2.9, 3.1) 2. 85|
= 5.5 103
8.
a)
f
f
2x
2y
,
.
(x, y) =
(x, y) =
2
2
2
2
2
x
(x + y ) + 1 y
(x + y 2 ) + 1
Therefore,
df =
2x
(x2 + y 2 )2 + 1
dx +
2y
(x2 + y 2 )2 + 1
dy.
b)
2
f (0.1, 1.2) f (0, 1)
(0.2) = 0.2.
= df (0, 1, 0.1, 0.2) =
2
Therefore,
f (0.1, 1.2)
= f (0, 1) + 0.2 = arctan (1) + 0.2 = + 0.2
= 0.985 398
4
= 0.967 047. The absolute error i
|f (0.1, 1.2) 0.985 398|
= 0.018
12.6
The Chain Rule
1.
a) If we set z = f (x, y), we have
and
We have
z
1
x
p 2
x + y2 = p
(2x) = p
,
=
2
2
2
x
x
2 x +y
x + y2
1
y
p 2
z
x + y2 = p
(2y) = p
.
=
2
2
2
y
y
2 x +y
x + y2
dx
d
dy
d
=
(sin (t)) = cos (t) and
=
(2 cos (t)) = 2 sin (t)
dt
dt
dt
dt
12.6. THE CHAIN RULE
43
Therefore,
d
dz
f (x (t) , y (t)) =
dt
dt
z dx z dy
+
x dt
y dt
!
x
y
p
=
cos (t) + p
(2 sin (t))
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
=
sin (t) cos (t) 4 cos (t) sin (t)

3 sin (t) cos (t)
q
= q
sin2 (t) + 4 cos2 (t)
sin2 (t) + 4 cos2 (t)
b) We have
f (x (t) , y (t)) = f (sin (t) , 2 cos (t)) =

Therefore,
d
f (x (t) , y (t)) =
dt
=
d
dt
sin2 (t) + 4 cos2 (t).
q
sin2 (t) + 4 cos2 (t)
1
q
(2 sin (t) cos (t) 8 cos (t) sin (t))
2
2 sin (t) + 4 cos2 (t)
3 sin (t) cos (t)

= q
sin2 (t) + 4 cos2 (t)
2.
a) If we set z = f (x, y), we have
2
2
z
x2 +y2
= 2xex +y ,
=
e
x
x
and
We have
2
2
x2 +y2
z
= 2yex +y .
=
e
y
y
dx
d
dy
d
=
(2t 1) = 2 and
=
(t + 1) = 1.
dt
dt
dt
dt
Therefore,
dz
d
f (x (t) , y (t)) =
dt
dt
z dx z dy
+
x dt
y dt
2
2
x2 +y 2
=
2xe
(2) + 2yex +y (1)
=
= ex
+y 2
(4x + 2y)
(2t1)2 +(t+1)2
= e
6t3t2
= e
(4 (2t 1) + 2 (t + 1))
(6 6t) .
b) We have
2
f (x (t) , y (t)) = f (2t 1, t + 1) = e(2t1)
+(t+1)2
Therefore,
2
2
d
d
f (x (t) , y (t)) = e6t3t = e6t3t (6 6t) .
dt
dt
3.
= e6t3t .
44
a) If we set z = f (x), we have

dz
d
1
=
ln (x) = .
dx
dx
x
We also have
x
=
u
u
u2 + v2
x
=
v
v
u2 + v 2
and
3/2
v2 )
(2u) =
(u2
v2 )3/2
(2v) =
(u2
1
2 (u2
+
1
2 (u2
u
3/2
+ v2 )
v
+ v 2 )3/2
Therefore,
z
dz x
f (x (u, v)) =
=
u
u
dx u
!

1
u
=
3/2
x
(u2 + v 2 )
!
p
u
2
2
=
u +v
(u2 + v 2 )3/2
u
= 2
u + v2
and
z
dz x
f (x (u, v)) =
=
v
v
dx v
b) We have
f (x (u, v)) = f
!

1
v
=
3/2
x
(u2 + v2 )
!
p
v
2
2
=
u +v
(u2 + v2 )3/2
v
= 2
.
u + v2
2
u + v2
Therefore.
= ln
u2 + v 2 .
f (x (u, v)) =
ln
u
u
2
u + v2
p

u2 + v2
ln
u
1
u
=
u2 + v2
u2 + v2
u
= 2
,
u + v2
f (x (u, v)) =
ln
v
v
2
u + v2
p

u2 + v 2
ln
v
1
v
=
u2 + v 2
u2 + v2
v
= 2
.
u + v2
and
4.
45
a) If we set z = f (x) we have
We have

dz
d
=
sin x2 = 2x cos x2 .
dx
dx
x
=
(u 4v) = 1 and
=
(u 4v) = 4.
u
u
v
v
Therefore,
z
f (x (u, v)) =
u
u
dz x
dx
u
= 2x cos x2 (1)

2
= 2x cos x2 = 2 (u 4v) cos (u 4v)
and

dz x
= 2x cos x2 (4)
dx v
= 8x cos x2
= 8 (u 4v) cos (u 4v)2
f (x (u, v)) =
v
v
b) We have
f (u, v) = sin (u 4v)2 .
Therefore,
2
2
f (x (u, v)) = cos (u 4v) (2 (u 4v)) = 2 (u 4v) cos (u 4v) ,
u
2
2
f (x (u, v)) = cos (u 4v) (2 (u 4v)) (4) = 8 (u 4v) cos (u 4v) .
v
5.
a) If we set z = f (x, y) we have
!
y
=
=
arcsin p
x
x
x2 + y 2
1/2
2
x + y2
x
y2
x2 + y 2
p

3/2
1
x2 + y 2
=
y x2 + y 2
(2x)
2
x2
y
= 2
,
x + y2
1
and
z
=
arcsin
y
y
y
p
2
x + y2
=
=
1
x2
y2
+ y2
p
x2 + y 2
x2
x
.
x2 + y 2
p
2 + y2 y y
x
x2 +y2
x2 + y 2
x2
(x2 + y 2 )3/2
46
We also have
x
=
(u cos (v)) = cos (v) ,
=
(u cos (v)) = u sin (v) ,
u
u
v
v
and
y
=
(u sin (v)) = sin (v) ,
=
(u sin (v)) = u cos (v) .
u
u
v
v
Therefore,
f (x (u, v) , y (u, v)) =

u
=
=
=
=
z
u
dz x dz y
+
dx u dy u
y
x
2
cos
(v)
+
sin (v)
x + y2
x2 + y 2
(u sin (v)) cos (v) + (u cos (v)) sin (v)
u2 cos2 (v) + u2 sin2 (v)
0,
and
f (x (u, v) , y (u, v)) =

v
z
v
dz x dz y
=
+
dx v
dy v
y
x
=
2
(u sin (v)) +
(u cos (v))
x + y2
x2 + y 2
u2 sin2 (v) + u2 cos2 (v)

= 1.
b) We have
f (x (u, v) , y (u, v)) = f (u cos (v) , u sin (v))
u sin (v)
= arcsin q
= arcsin (sin (v)) = v.
Therefore,
f (x (u, v) , y (u, v)) = 0 and

f (x (u, v) , y (u, v)) = 1.
u
v
6.
a) If we set z = f (x, y) we have
y
z
=
arctan
=
x
x
x
and
y
x2 y
y
1
,
2 = 2
y 2 2 = 2
x
x + y2
x
x + y2
1+
x
z
=
arctan
=
y
y
x
1+
1
y 2
x

1
1
x2
x
= 2
= 2
x
x + y2 x
x + y2
47
We also have
x
=
(u + 2v) = 1,
=
(u + 2v) = 2,
u
u
v
v
and
y
=
(u 2v) = 1,
=
(u 2v) = 2.
u
u
v
v
Therefore,
z
u
dz x dz y
=
+
dx u dy u
y
x
=
2
(1) +
(1)
x + y2
x2 + y 2
4v
2v
xy
= 2
= 2
=
x2 + y 2
2u + 8v 2
u + 4v2
f (x (u, v) , y (u, v)) =

u
and
f (x (u, v) , y (u, v)) =

v
z
v
dz x dz y
=
+
dx v
dy v
y
x
=
2
(2)
+
(2)
x + y2
x2 + y 2
4u
2u
2 (x + y)
= 2
= 2
.
= 2
x + y2
2u + 8v 2
u + 4v 2
b) We have
f (x (u, v) , y (u, v)) = f (u + 2v, u 2v) = arctan
u 2v
u + 2v
Therefore,
f (x (u, v) , y (u, v)) =

u
=
=
=
u 2v
u + 2v
!
(u + 2v) (u 2v)
1
2
2
(u + 2v)
u 2v
1+
u + 2v
!
4v
(u + 2v)2
arctan
u
(u + 2v) + (u 2v)
(u + 2v)
4v
2v
= 2
,
2u2 + 8v2
u + 4v 2
48
and
f (x (u, v) , y (u, v)) =

v
=
=
=
u 2v
u + 2v
!
2 (u + 2v) 2 (u 2v)
1
2
(u + 2v)2
u 2v
1+
u + 2v
!
4u
(u + 2v)2
arctan
v
(u + 2v) + (u 2v)
(u + 2v)
2u
4u
= 2
,
2u2 + 8v2
u + 4v 2
7. As in the text,
z
z
z
= cos ()
+ sin ()
r
x
y
z
z
z
= r sin ()
+ r cos ()
.
x
y
Therefore,
z
r
1
r2
2
2
z
1
z
z
z
cos ()
+ 2 r sin ()
+ sin ()
+ r cos ()
x
y
r
x
y
2

2
z
z
z
z
= cos2 ()
+ 2 cos () sin ()
+ sin2 ()
x
x
y
y
2

2
z
z
z
z
+ sin2 ()
2 cos () sin ()
+ cos2 ()
x
x
y
y

2
z 2 2
z 2
2
2
= cos () + sin ()
+ cos () + sin ()
x
y
2 2
z
z
=
+
.
x
y
=
8. We have
x
t
x
y
= et sin () ,
t
y
= et sin () ,
= et cos () .
= et cos () ,
Therefore,
z
t
z
=
=
z
z
z x z y
+
= et cos ()
+ et sin ()
,
x t
y t
x
y
z
z
z x z y
+
= et sin ()
+ et cos ()
.
x
y
x
y

Thus,
2 2
z
z
+
t
49
2
2
z
z
z
z
et cos ()
+ et sin ()
+ et sin ()
+ et cos ()
x
y
x
y
2
2 !
z
z z
z
= e2t cos2 ()
+ 2 cos () sin ()
+ sin2 ()
x
x y
y
2
2 !
z
z
z
z
2 cos () sin ()
+ cos2 ()
+e2t sin2 ()
x
x y
y

2 !
2
z
z
2t
= e
+
.
x
y
=
Therefore,
2t
"
z
t
2 #
z
x
z
y
9.
a) Set w (x, t) = x + at, so that u = f (w (x, t)). By the chain rule,
u
df
w
df
df
=
(w (x, t))
=
(w (x, t)) a = a
(w (x, t)) .
t
dw
t
dw
dw
Therefore,
w
df
d f
2u
=a
(w (x, t))
(w (x, t)) = a
t2
t dw
dw2
t
2
2
d f
d f
= a 2 (w (x, t)) a = a2 2 (x + at)
dw
dw
Similarly,
df
w
df
df
u
=
(w (x, t))
=
(w (x, t)) (1) =
(w (x, t))
x
dw
x
dw
dw
and
w
df
d2 f
2u
=
(w (x, t))
(w
(x,
t))
=
2
x
x dw
dw2
x
2
2
d f
d f
=
(w (x, t)) (1) =
(x at)
dw2
dw2
Therefore,
2
2u
2 u
=
a
.
t2
x2
b) If f (w) = sin (w) and a = /4 then
In particular,

u (x, t) = f x + t = sin x + t .
4
4
= cos (x) ,
u (x, 0) = sin (x) , u (x, 2) = sin x +
2
u (x, 4) = sin (x + ) = cos (x)
c)
50
sin(x)
y
cos(x)
y
1.0
0.5
-10
-5
10
-0.5
-10
-5
10
-1.0
x
-1
-cos(x)
y
-10
-5
10
x
-1
10.
a)
2z
z
z
x
2x = 0
= ,
x
x
z
2z
b)
z
z
y
2y = 0
=
x
y
z
1 z
2
z
=
= .
,
x x=1,y=2,z=3
3 y x=1,y=2,z=3
3
Therefore, the tangent plane is the graph of the equation

z = 3
2
1
(x 1) (y 2) .
3
3
z
-3
11.
a)
2z
z
z
x
+ 2x = 0
= ,
x
x
z
2z
b)
z
z
y
2y = 0
=
x
y
z
3
6
1 z
z
=
= = 1.
=
,
x x=3,y=6,z=6
6
2 y x=3,y=3,z=6 6
Therefore, the tangent plane is the graph of the equation

z =6
1
(x 3) + (y 6) .
2
12.7. DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES AND THE GRADIENT
51
12.7
1.
a)
Therefore,
Directional Derivatives and the Gradient
f
f
2
2
(x, y) =
4x + 9y 2 = 8x and
(x, y) =
4x + 9y 2 = 18y.
x
x
y
y
f (x, y) = 8xi + 18yj
b)
and
f (3, 4) = 24i + 72j,
1
||v|| = 4 + 1 = 5 u = (2, 1) =
5
Therefore,
2
1
.
,
5
5
2
1
Du f (3, 4) = f (3, 4) u = (24i + 72j) i + j
5
5
72
24 5
48
= + =
5
5
5
2.
a)
and
Therefore,
f
2
(x, y) =
x 4x 3y 2 + 6y + 1 = 2x 4,
x
x
f
2
(x, y) =
x 4x 3y 2 + 6y + 1 = 6 6y.
y
y
f (x, y) = (2x 4) i + (6 6y) j
b)
f (0, 0) = 4i + 6j,
and
||v|| =
1
1 + 1 = 2 u = (1, 1) =
2
Therefore,
Du f (0, 0) = f (0, 0) u = (4i + 6j)
6
4
=
2
2
1
1
,
2
2
1
1
i j
2
2
10
= = 5 2
2
52
3.
a)
2
2
2
2
f
f
x2 y2
x2 y2
= 2xex y and
= 2yex y .
(x, y) =
e
(x, y) =
e
x
x
y
y
Therefore,
f (x, y) = 2xex
y 2
i 2yex
y 2
b)
f (2, 1) = 4e3 i 2e3 j,
and
1
||v|| = 10 u = (1, 3) =
10
Therefore,
1
3
,
.
10
10
1
3
4e i 2e3 j i + j
10
10
3
3
4e
6e
= = 10e3
10
10
Du f (2, 1) = f (2, 1) u =
4.
a)
f
(x, y) =
(sin (x) cos (y)) = cos (x) cos (y) ,
x
x
and
f
(x, y) =
(sin (x) cos (y)) = sin (x) sin (y) .
y
y
Therefore,
f (x, y) = cos (x) cos (y) i sin (x) sin (y) j.
b)
f (/3, /4) = cos (/3) cos (/4) i sin (/3) sin (/4) j
! !
!
1
2
3
2
2
6
=
i
j=
i
j
2
2
2
2
4
4
and
1
||v|| = 4 + 9 = 13 u = (2, 3) =
13
Therefore,
2
3
,
13
13
3
2
2
6
Du f (/3, /4) = f (/3, /4) u =
i
j i j
4
4
13
13
3 6
2 2+3 6
2
+ =
=
2 13 4 13
4 13
5.
a)
and
f
2
2
f
(x, y, z) =
x y 2 + 2z 2 = 2x,
(x, y, z) =
x y 2 + 2z 2 = 2y,
x
x
y
y
f
2
(x, y, z) =
x y 2 + 2z 2 = 4z.
z
z
53
Therefore,
f (x, y, z) = 2xi 2yj + 4zk.
b)
f (1, 1, 2) = 2i + 2j + 8k
and
1
||v|| = 3 u = (1, 1, 1) =
3
1
1
1
, ,
3
3
3
Therefore,
Du f (1, 1, 2) = f (1, 1, 2) u
1
1
1
= (2i + 2j + 8k) i j + k
3
3
3
2
8
8
2
= + =
3
3
3
3
6.
a)
f
(x, y, z) =
x
1/2
3/2
1
x
2
= x2 + y 2 + z 2
(2x) =
,
x + y2 + z2
3/2
x
2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
f
f
y
z
,
(x, y, z) =
(x, y, z) =
3/2
3/2
2
2
2
2
2
y
z
(x + y + z )
(x + y + z 2 )
Therefore,
f (x, y, z) =
x
(x2
y2
z 2 )3/2
y
(x2
y2
z 2 )3/2
z
(x2
y2
+ z 2 )3/2
b)
f (2, 2, 1) =
and
||v|| =
2
1
2
i+ j k
27
27
27
1
26 u = (3, 4, 1) =
26
3
4
1
, ,
26
26
26
Therefore,
Du f (2, 2, 1) = f (2, 2, 1) u

2
4
1
2
1
3
=
i+ j k i+ j+ k
27
27
27
26
26
26
8
1
1
6
= + =
27 26 27 26 27 26
27 26
7.
a) We have
1/2
3/2
1
x
2
f
= x2 + y 2
(2x) =
,
(x, y) =
x + y2
2
x
x
2
(x + y 2 )3/2
1/2
3/2
f
1
y
2
= x2 + y 2
(2y) =
.
(x, y) =
x + y2
2
y
y
2
(x + y 2 )3/2
k.
54
Therefore,
f (x, y) =
x
(x2
y 2 )3/2
y
(x2
+ y 2 )3/2
Thus,
v = f (2, 3) =
The corresponding rate of increase of f is
s
||v|| =
2
133/2
2
3
i 3/2 j
133/2
13
3
133/2
1
13
b)
w = f (2, 3) =
2
3
i + 3/2 j
133/2
13
The corresponding rate of decrease of f is 1/13.

8.
a) We have
1
p
1
x2 + y 2 =
(x, y) =
ln
ln x2 + y 2 =
x
x
2 x
2
1
x2 + y 2
(2x) =
x
,
x2 + y 2
p
y
f
x2 + y 2 = 2
.
(x, y) =
ln
y
y
x + y2
Therefore,
f (x, y) =
x
y
i+ 2
j
x2 + y 2
x + y2
Thus,
3
4
i+ j
25
25
v = f (3, 4) =
The corresponding rate of increase of f is
s
||v|| =
3
25
4
25
1
.
5
b)
w = f (3, 4) =
4
3
i j
25
25
The corresponding rate of decrease of f is 1/5.

9.
a) We have
2
2
2
2
f
x2 y2
x2 y2
f
= 2xex +y ,
= 2yex y .
(x, y) =
e
(x, y) =
e
x
x
y
y
Therefore,
2
f (x, y) = 2xex
Since
y 2
i 2yex

= 2 cos
, 2 sin
=2
6
6
y 2
j.
!

3 1
3, 1 ,
,
=
2 2

and
f
We have
Therefore,
55
3, 1 = 2 3e2 i 2e2 j = 2 3e2 i 2e2 j.
d
d
(t) = 2 sin (t) i + 2 cos (t) j
= i + 3j.
dt
dt 6
d
f ( (t))
dt
t=/6
b) We have
so that
d
= f
6
dt 6

=
2 3e2 i 2e2 j i + 3j
= 2 3e2 2 3e2 = 4 3e.
= i + 3j = 4 = 2,
dt 6

1
1 d 1
3
u=
=
i + 3j = i +
j
2 dt 6
2
2
2
is the unit vector in the tangential direction. Therefore,

Dd/dt f ( (/6)) = Dd/dt f
3, 1
= f
3, 1 u
!
1
3
i+
j
2
2
= 3e2 3e2 = 2 3e2 .

=
2 3e2 i 2e2 j
10.
a) We have
f
(x, y) =
arctan
x
x
p
x2 + y 2
and
f
(x, y) =
arctan
y
y
y
p
2
x + y2
1/2
2
y x + y2
x
y2
x2 + y 2
x + y2
1 2
2 3/2
=
(2x)
y x +y
x2 + 2y 2
2
xy
p
=
,
2
2
(x + 2y ) x2 + y 2
1+
p
y
2
2
x +y y
x2 +y 2
x2 + y 2
y2
+ y2
!
x2 + y 2
x2
x2 + 2y 2 (x2 + y 2 )3/2
1+
x2
x2
p
,
(x2 + 2y 2 ) x2 + y 2
56
Therefore,
f (x, y) =
Since
3 4
(2) = ,
,
5 5
and
f
We have
Therefore,
xy
x2
p
p
i+
j.
(x2 + 2y 2 ) x2 + y 2
(x2 + 2y 2 ) x2 + y 2
3 4
,
5 5
= 2 3e2 i 2e2 j = 2 3e2 i 2e2 j.
d
d
(t) = 2 sin (t) i + 2 cos (t) j
= i + 3j.
dt
dt 6
d
f ( (t))
dt
t=/6
b) We have
so that
d
= f
6
dt 6

=
2 3e2 i 2e2 j i + 3j
= 2 3e2 2 3e2 = 4 3e.
= i + 3j = 4 = 2,
dt 6

1 d 1
1
3
=
i + 3j = i +
j
2 dt 6
2
2
2
is the unit vector in the tangential direction. Therefore,

Dd/dt f ( (/6)) = Dd/dt f
3, 1
= f
3, 1 u
u=
!
1
3
i+
j
2
2
= 3e2 3e2 = 2 3e2 .
=
2 3e2 i 2e2 j
11.
a) Let f (x, y) = 2x2 + 3y 2 . We have
f (x, y) = 4xi + 6yj.
Therefore,
f (2, 3) = 8i + 18j
is orthogonal to the curve f (x, y) = 35 at (2, 3).
b) The tangent line is the graph of the equation
8 (x 2) + 18 (y 3) = 0
12.
a) Let f (x, y) = x2 y 2 . Then,
f (x, y) = 2xi 2yj.
57
Therefore,
f 3, 5 = 6i 2 5j

is orthogonal to the curve f (x, y) = 4 at 3, 5 .

6 (x 3) 2 5 y 5 = 0.
13.
a) Let
2
f (x, y) = e25x
y2
Then,
f (x, y) = 2xe25x
y 2
i 2ye25x
y2
j,
so that
f (3, 4) = 6i 8j
is orthogonal to the curve f (x, y) = 1 at (3, 4).
6 (x 3) 8 (y 4) = 0.
14.
a) Let f (x, y, z) = z x2 + y 2 . We have
f (x, y, z) = 2xi + 2yj + k
Therefore
f (4, 3, 7) = 8i + 6j + k
is orthogonal to the surface at (4, 3, 7).
b) The plane that is tangent to the surface at (4, 3, 7) is the graph of the equation
8 (x 4) + 6 (y 3) + (z 7) = 0.
15.
a) Let f (x, y, z) = x2 y 2 + z 2 . We have
f (x, y, z) = 2xi 2yj + 2zk
Therefore
f (2, 2, 1) = 4i 4j + 2k
4 (x 2) 4 (y 2) + 2 (z 1) = 0.
16.
a) Let f (x, y, z) = x2 y 2 z 2 . We have
f (x, y, z) = 2xi 2yj 2zk
Therefore
f (3, 2, 2) = 6i 4j 4k
58

6 (x 3) 4 (y 2) 4 (z 2) = 0.
17.
Let f (x, y, z) = x sin (y) cos (z). We have
f (x, y, z) = i cos (y) cos (z) j + sin (y) sin (z) k
Therefore
f (1, /2, 0) = i
is orthogonal to the surface at (1, /2, 0).
b) The plane that is tangent to the surface at (1, /2, 0) is the graph of the equation
x 1 = 0 x = 1.
12.8
1.
Local Maxima and Minima

f
f
(x, y) = 2x + y + 1,
(x, y) = 2y + x 1.
x
y
Therefore, x f (x, y) = 0 and y f (x, y) = 0

2x + y + 1 = 0,
2y + x 1 = 0
Thus, the critical point is (1/5, 3/5).
We have
2f
2f
2f
=
2,
=
2
and
=1
x2
y 2
yx
Therefore,
2 2
2f 2f
f
D=
= (2) (2) 1 = 4 1 < 0.

x2 y 2
yx
Thus, f has a saddle point at (1/5, 3/5).
10
5
0
-5
0
0
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
2.
-3
f
f
(x, y) = 2x y,
(x, y) = 2y x + 1.
x
y

2x y = 0,
2y x + 1 = 0
12.8. LOCAL MAXIMA AND MINIMA
59

We have
2f
2f
2f
= 2,
= 2 and
= 1
2
2
x
y
yx
Therefore,
2f 2f
D=
x2 y 2
2f
yx
= (2) (2) + 1 = 5 > 0,
2
and xx
f = 2 > 0. Therefore, f has a local (and absolute) minimum at (1/3, 2/3).
15
10
z
5
0
1
1
0
0
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
3.
f
f
(x, y) = 2x + 2y,
(x, y) = 2y + 2x.
x
y
2x + 2y = 0,
2y + 2x = 0
Thus, any point on the line y = x is a critical point.
We have
2f
2f
2f
= 2,
= 2 and
=2
2
2
x
y
yx
Therefore,
2f 2f
D=
x2 y 2
2f
yx

= (2) (2) 22 = 0..
We expect that the quadratic function f attains its absolute maximum or minimum on the line
y = x. Indeed,
f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 + 2xy 10
= (x + y)2 10,
so that f (x, y) 10 for each (x, y), and f (x, y) = 10 i y = x.
20
10
z
0
-10
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-2
-3
-1
60
4.
f
f
(x, y) = 2x + 3y,
(x, y) = 2y + 3x 3.
x
y

2x + 3y = 0,
2y + 3x 3 = 0
We have
2f
2f
2f
= 2,
= 2 and
=3
2
2
x
y
yx
Therefore,
2 2
f
2f 2f
= (2) (2) 32 = 4 9 < 0.

D=
x2 y 2
yx
Thus, f has a saddle point at (9/5, 6/5).
30
20
z
10
0
1
0
1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
5.
f
f
(x, y) = 2x 3y + 5,
(x, y) = 3x 2 + 12y.
x
y
2x 3y + 5 = 0,
3x + 12y 2 = 0
We have
2f
2f
2f
=
2,
=
12
and
= 3
x2
y 2
yx
Therefore,
2 2
f
2f 2f
= (2) (12) 9 = 15 > 0,

D=
2
2
x y
yx
2
and xx
f = 2 > 0. Therefore, f has a local (and absolute) minimum at (18/5, 11/15).
120
100
80
z 60
40
20
0
-1
-2
-3
-2 0
-4 -6 -4
12.8. LOCAL MAXIMA AND MINIMA
6.
61
f
f
(x, y) = 3 3x2 3y 2 ,
(x, y) = 6xy
x
y
Thus, x f (x, y) = 0 and y f (x, y) = 0

3 3x2 3y 2
6xy
= 0,
= 0
From the second equation, x = 0 or y = 0. If x = 0, then

3 3y 2 = 0 y 2 = 1 y = 1.
Therefore, (0, 1) and (0, 1) are critical points.
If y = 0 then
3 3x2 = 0 x2 = 1 x = 1.
Therefore, (1, 0) and (1, 0) are critical points.
We have
2f
2f
2f
= 6x,
= 6x and
= 6y
2
2
x
y
yx
Therefore,
D (x, y) =
2f 2f
x2 y 2
(x, y)
(1, 0)
(1, 0)
(0, 1)
(0, 1)
2f
yx
D (x, y)
36
36
36
36
= (6x) (6x) (6y)2 = 36 x2 y 2 .

fxx (x, y)
6
6
0
0
critical point
local maximum
local minimum
saddle point
saddle point
20
10
0
-10
-20
2
1
0
-1
-2 -2
-1
7.
f
f
= 4x3 4y,
(x, y) = 4y 3 4x.
x
y
x3 + y = 0 y = x3
y 3 + x = 0 x = y 3 .
If we set y = x3 in the second equation we obtain
x = x3 = x9 x x9 = 0 x 1 x8 = 0.
62
Therefore, x = 0, 1 or 1. Since y = x3 , we have y = 0, 1 and 1, respectively. Thus, the

critical points are (0, 0), (1, 1) and (1, 1).
We have
2f
2f
2f
= 12x2 ,
= 12y 2 and
= 4
2
2
x
y
yx
Therefore,
2f 2f
D (x, y) =
x2 y 2
(x, y)
(0, 0)
(1, 1)
(1, 1)
2f
yx
= 12x2 12y 2 (4)2 = 144x2 y 2 16
D (x, y)
16
128
128
fxx (x, y)
0
12
12
critical point
saddle point
local maximum
local maximum
-10
1
0
-20
-1
-1
0
1
8.
f (x, y) = x3 12xy + 8y 3
f
f
= 3x2 12y,
(x, y) = 24y 2 12x
x
y
x2 4y = 0,
2y 2 x = 0.
From the second equation x = 2y 2 . Substituting in the first equation,
2 2
2y
4y = 0 y 4 y = 0 y y 3 1 = 0.
Thus, y = 0 or y = 1. The corresponding values of x are 0 and 1. Therefore, the critical points
are (0, 0) and (2, 1).
We have
2f
2f
2f
= 6x,
= 48y and
= 12
2
2
x
y
yx
Therefore,
2f 2f
D (x, y) =
x2 y 2
(x, y)
(0, 0)
(2, 1)
2f
yx
D (x, y)
144
432
= (6x) (48y) (12) = 288xy 144.
fxx (x, y)
0
12
critical point
saddle point
local minimum
12.9. ABSOLUTE EXTREMA AND LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS
63
100
-100
2
2
0
-2
12.9
-2
Absolute Extrema and Lagrange Multipliers
1. We have f (x, y) = x + y and we set g (x, y) = x2 + y 2 , so that we will determine the extrema
of f (x, y) subject to the constraint g (x, y) = 4 (i.e., the extrema of f on the circle of radius 2
centered at the origin).
We have
f (x, y) = (1, 1) and g (x, y) = (2x, 2y) .
Therefore,
f (x, y) = g (x, y) 1 = 2x and 1 = 2y.
Thus, we need to solve the following system of equations:
1 = 2x,
1 = 2y,
2
x + y2 = 4
(the last equation is the constraint equation, g (x, y) = 4).
From the first two equations,
1
1
and y =
.
x=
2
2
We substitute these expressions in the last equation:
1
2
1
2
Therefore,
x=y=
1
1
=4
2 +
4
42
2 = 162
1
1
= = .
8
2 2
=4
1
1
= 2.
=
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
Thus, the necessary conditions
of
for the
extrema
f subject to the constraint x + y = 4 are
satisfied at the points
2, 2 and 2, 2 . We have
2, 2 = 2 2 and f 2, 2 = 2 2.
Therefore, the maximum value of f on the circle x2 + y 2 = 4 is f

minimum value is f 2, 2 = 2 2.

2, 2 = 2 2 and the
64
2. We have f (x, y) = 3x 4y and we set g (x, y) = x2 + y 2 , so that we will determine the

extrema of f (x, y) subject to the constraint g (x, y) = 9 (i.e., the extrema of f on the circle of
radius 3 centered at the origin).
We have
f (x, y) = (3, 4) and g (x, y) = (2x, 2y) .
Therefore,
f (x, y) = g (x, y) 3 = 2x and 4 = 2y.
3 = 2x,
4 = 2y,
2
x + y2 = 9
From the first two equations,
3
4
x=
and y = .
2
2
We substitute these expressions in the last equation:
3
2
4
2
9
16
=9
2 +
4
42
25
= 42
9
5
=
6
=9
Therefore,
x=
or
x=
3
=
2
3
4
4
9
12
= and y =
= = ,
5
5
5
2
5
2
2
6
6
3
3
4
4
9
12
= = and y =
= =
5
5
2
5
2
5
2
2
6
6
Thus, the necessary conditions for the extrema of f subject to the constraint x2 + y 2 = 9 are
satisfied at the points
9 12
9 12
and ,
,
5
5
5 5
We have
f
9 12
,
5
5
7
= and f
5
9 12
47
,
= .
5 5
5
Therefore, the maximum value of f on the circle x2 + y 2 = 9 is
9 12
7
f
,
= ,
5
5
5
and the mimimum value on x2 + y 2 = 9 is
9 12
47
f ,
= .
5 5
5
65
3. We have f (x, y) = xy and we set g (x, y) = 4x2 + y 2 , so that we will determine the extrema
of f (x, y) subject to the constraint g (x, y) = 8 (i.e., the extrema of f on an elllipse that is
centered at the origin).
We have
f (x, y) = (y, x) and g (x, y) = (8x, 2y) .
Therefore,
f (x, y) = g (x, y) y = 8x and x = 2y.
y = 8x,
x = 2y,
4x2 + y 2 = 8
From the first equation, y = 8x. We replace y in the second equation:
x = 162 x
We cannot have x = 0: Then y = 0, and (0, 0) does not satisfy the constraint equation.
Therefore,
1
162 = 1 = .
4
and we set y = 8x in the last equation:
4x2 + 642 x2 = 8.
Since 162 = 1,
4x2 + 4x2 = 8 8x2 = 8 x2 = 1 x = 1.
If = 1/4 and x = 1 then
y = 8x = 8

1
(1) = 2,
4
1
y = 8x = 8
(1) = 2,
4

y = 8x = 8

1
(1) = 2,
4
1
y = 8x = 8
(1) = 2.
4
Therefore, the critical points are

(1, 2) , (1, 2) , (1, 2) , (1, 2) .
We have
f (1, 2) = 2, f (1, 2) = 2, f (1, 2) = 2, f (1, 2) = 2.
Therefore, the minimum value of f (x, y) subject to 4x2 + y 2 = 8 is -2, the maximum value is
2.
66
4. We have f (x, y) = x + y 2 and we set g (x, y) = 2x2 + y 2 , so that we will determine the
extrema of f (x, y) subject to the constraint g (x, y) = 1 (i.e., the extrema of f on an elllipse
that is centered at the origin).
We have
f (x, y) = (1, 2y) and g (x, y) = (4x, 2y) .
Therefore,
f (x, y) = g (x, y) 1 = 4x and 2y = 2y.
4x = 1,
2 (1 ) y = 0,
2x2 + y 2 = 1
From the last equation, we have y = 0 or = 1. If y = 0 then
1
2x2 = 1 x = .
2
If y 6= 0 then = 1. From the first equation
x=
1
1
= .
4
4
Substituting in the last equation,

r
2
1
7
7
1
2
2
+y =1y =1 = y =
.
2
4
8
8
8
Therefore, the critical points are
We have
r !

r !
7
7
1
1
1
1
, 0 , , 0 ,
,
,
,
4
8
4
8
2
2
r !
7
1
1
1
1
1
9
,
=
f , 0 = , f , 0 = , f
4
8
8
2
2
2
2
Therefore, the minimum value of f (x, y) subject to 2x2 + y 2 = 1 is -1/ 2, the maximum value
is 9/8.
5. The critical point of f in the interior of D is (0, 0), and f (0, 0) = 0. In order to find the
critical point of f subject to x2 + y 2 = 4, we set g (x, y) = x2 + y 2 , and apply the technique of
the technique of Lagrange multipliers. We have
f (x, y) = (2x, 4y) and g (x, y) = (2x, 2y) .
Therefore,
f (x, y) = g (x, y) 2x = 2x and 4y = 2y.
2x = 2x ( 1) x = 0
4y = 2y ( 2) y = 0
x2 + y 2 = 4
67
If = 1 then y = 0 and x = 2. Thus, (2, 0) and (2, 0) are a critical points.

If x = 0 then y = 2. Thus, (0, 2) and (0, 2) are critical point. We have
f (2, 0) = 4, f (0, 2) = 8.
Therefore, the minimum value of f in D is 0, and its maximum value in D is 8.
6. The critical point of f in the interior of D is (0, 0), and f (0, 0) = 0. In order to find the
critical point of f subject to x2 + 2y 2 = 1, we set g (x, y) = x2 + 2y 2 , and apply the technique
of the technique of Lagrange multipliers. We have
f (x, y) = (y, x) and g (x, y) = (2x, 4y) .
Therefore,
f (x, y) = g (x, y) y = 2x and x = 4y.

y = 2x
x = 4y
x2 + 2y 2 = 1
We cannot have = 0: In that case x = 0 and y = 0, so that the constraint equation is not
satisfied.
We have
x = 4y = 4 (2x) = 82 x,
so that
2
8 1 x = 0.
We cannot have x = 0. Therefore,
1
82 1 = 0 = .
8
Therefore
2
1
y = 2x = x = x.
8
2
Thus,
x2 + 2
Therefore,
1 2
x
2
1
= 1 2x2 = 1 x = .
2
1
y= .
2
Thus, the critical points on x2 + 2y 2 = 1 are
1 1
1
1
1
1 1
1
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
We have
1
1 1
1
2
2
,
,
f
=
, f
=
4
4
2 2
2 2

1 1
1
2
2
1
f ,
=
, f ,
=
4
4
2 2
2 2
Therefore, the maximum value of f in D is 2/4 and its maximum value in D is 2/4.
68
Chapter 13
Multiple Integrals
13.1
Double Integrals Over Rectangles
1. We have
x=3
x=0
Therefore,
Z
y=2
y=1
x=3
x2
27
1
= 9 + y2
x2 + 3xy 2 dx = x3 + 3 y 2
3
2
2
x=0
x=3
x=0
x + 3xy 2 dx dy
27
9 + y 2 dy
2
y=1
2
9
81
9y + y 3 =
2 1
2
=
=
2. We have
Z
y=/3
x sin (y) dy
y=/4
y=2
y=/3
x cos (y)|y=/4
= x cos
+ x cos
3
4
2
1
x
=
+
21
x=
2
2
2
Therefore,
Z
x=1
x=0
y=/3
x sin (y) dy dx =
y=/4
x
2 1 dx
x=0 2
1
2 1 2
21
x =
4
4
x=1
3. We have
x=3
x==1
exy ydx = exy |31 = e3y ey .

69
70
CHAPTER 13. MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
Therefore,
Z
y=4
y=2
x=3
e ydx dy
xy
x==1
y=4
y=2
3y
e ey dy
1 3y
y
e e
3
2
1 12
1
4
e e e6 + e2
3
3
=
=
4. We set u = 1 + y 2 so that du = 2ydy. Thus,

Z y=3 p
Z y=3 p
xy 1 + y 2 dy = x
y 1 + y 2 dy
y=1
y=1
Z
x u=10 1/2
=
u du
2 u=2
10 !
x 2 3/2
x 3/2
=
=
u
10 23/2 .
2 3
3
2
Z
x=2
x=0
y=3
y=1
Z
p
2
xy 1 + y dy dx =
x 3/2
10 23/2 dx
x=0 3
2
103/2 23/2 2
x
6
0
3/2
2 10 23/2
3
=
=
x=2
5.
Z Z
xy 2
dy dx
2
x=0
y=2 x + 1
Z y=2
Z x=1
x
2
y
dy
dx
2
x=0 x + 1
y=2
Z x=1
Z y=2
x
2
y dy
dx
2
x=0 x + 1
y=2
2 !
!
1
1 2
1 3
ln x + 1
y
2
3 2
0

16
1
8
ln (2)
= ln (2)
2
3
3
Z
xy 2
dA =
x2 + 1
=
=
=
=
x=1
y=2
6.
Z Z
x2 y
xye
dA =
=
=
=
xye dx dy
y=1
x=0
x=1 !
Z y=2
1 x2 y
dy
e
2
y=1
x=0
Z
1 y=2 y
(e 1) dy
2 y=1
1
1 y
2
e y|1 =
e2 1 e
2
2
Z
y=2
x2 y
13.1. DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER RECTANGLES
71
7.
Z Z
8.
Z Z
x2
dx dy
2
y=0
x=0 1 + y
1 !
Z y=1
x3
1
=
dy
2
3 0
y=0 1 + y
1
1
1
=
arctan (y)|0 = arctan (1) =
.
3
3
12
Z
x2
dA =
1 + y2
y cos (x + y) dA =
y=/2
y=0
=
=
=
=
=
=
x=1
x=/3
cos (x + y) dx dy
x=0
y=/2
y=0
y=1
x=/3
y sin (x + y)|x=0
dy
y sin
+ y sin (y) dy
3
y=0
Z y=/2
Z y=/2
y sin
y sin (y) dy
+ y dy
3
y=0
y=0
Z y=/2
Z u=5/6
y sin (y) dy
u
sin (u) du
3
u=/3
y=0
Z y=/2
u=5/6 Z y=5/6
+
y sin (y) dy
y sin (y) dy
cos (u)
3
u=/3
y=/3
y=0

Z y=/2
Z y=5/6
y sin (y) dy
y sin (y) dy
cos
cos
+
3
6
3
3
y=/3
y=0
Z y=/2
Z y=5/6
3
y sin (y) dy
y sin (y) dy
+
6
6
y=/3
y=0
y=/2
We set u = y and dv = sin (y) dy so that

du = dy and v = cos (y) .
Therefore
Z
y sin (y) dy =
udv
= uv
vdu
= y cos (y) +
cos (y) dy
= y cos (y) + sin (y)

Thus,
Z
y=5/6
y sin (y) dy
y=/3
5/6
y cos (y) + sin (y)|/3
5
5
5
cos
+ sin
+ cos
sin
6
6
6
3
3
3
1
1
5
1
3
3+ ,
+
6
12
2
2
=
=
72

Z
y=/2
y=0
y sin (y) dy = y cos (y) + sin (y)|/2

=1
0
Therefore,
Z Z
13.2
Z y=/2
Z y=5/6
3
y sin (y) dy
y sin (y) dy
+
6
6
y=/3
y=0
3 1
1
1
5
=
3
3+ 1
+ +
6
6
6
12
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
=
4
2
2
y cos (x + y) dA =
Double Integrals Over Non-Rectangular Regions
1. We have
Z
xy dx = y
Therefore,
2. We have
y=4
y=0
Therefore,
x= y
y !
x2
xdx =
y
2 0
y y3
= y2
= .
2
2
2
xy 2 dxdy =
x=0
cos()
esin() dr = esin()
0
=/2
=0
4
y3
44
y 4
=
dy =
= 32
2
8 0
8
cos()
dr = esin() cos () .
0
r=cos()
sin()
drd =
r=0
/2
esin() cos () d.
0
We set u = sin () so that du = cos () d. Thus,

Z
/2
esin() cos () d =
sin(/2)
eu du =
sin(0)
eu du
eu |0 = e 1.
3.
y
We have y = x2 and y = 2x if
x2 2x = 0 x (x 2) = 0 x = 0 or x = 2.
13.2. DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER NON-RECTANGULAR REGIONS

Thus, the graphs intersect at (0, 0) and (2, 4).
Z x=2 Z
Z Z
3
4x ydA =
D
We have
4x3 ydy
= 4x3
4x3 ydydx.
y=x2
x=0
y=2x
y=2x
y=2x
ydy
2x !
1 2
3
= 4x
= 2x3 4x2 x4 .
y
2
2
y=x2
y=x2
Therefore,
Z
x=2
y=2x
4x3 ydydx =
y=x2
x=0
2x3 4x2 x4 dx
5
8x 2x7 dx
8 2
x6
x
2
6
8 0
4 6 1 8 64
2
2 =
3
4
3
=
4.
y
16
We have
Z Z
y xdA =
y=x2
x=4
x=0
and
y xdy
=
x
y=0
y=x2
y xdydx,
y=0
y=x2
ydy
y=0
=
x
Therefore,
Z
x=4
x=0
y=x2
x2 !
x 4 1 9/2
y 2
=
x = x .
2 0
2
2
y xdydx =
y=0
=
=
1 9/2
x dx
0 2
4
1 x11/2
2 11/2 0
411/2
211
=
.
11
11
73
74
5.
y
Z Z
y 2 exy dA =
We have
y=1
y=0
x=y
2 xy
y e dx = y
x=0
x=y
y 2 exy dxdy.
x=0
x=y
yexy dx.
x=0
We set u = xy so that du = ydx. Therefore,

Z
x=y
xy
ye dx =
y2
x=0
eu du = ey 1.
Thus,
Z
y=1
y=0
x=y
y 2 exy dxdy =
x=0
y ey 1 dy
yey dy
1
yey dy
We set u = y 2 so that du = 2ydy. Therefore,

Z
yey dy =
Thus,
y=1
y=0
1
2
eu du =
x=y
y 2 exy dxdy =
x=0
1
(e 1) .
2
1
1
1
(e 1) = e 1.
2
2
2
6.
y
Z Z

y sin x2 dA =
2
x=
x=0
y=x1/3
y=x1/3

y 2 sin x2 dydx.
ydy
0
1
2

We have
Z
y=x1/3
y=x1/3
Thus,
x=
x=0

y 2 sin x2 dy
y=x1/3
y=x1/3

= sin x2
y=x1/3
y 2 dy
1/3
y=x1/3
2 y 3 x
= sin x
3 x1/3

2 2

2
= sin x
x = x sin x2 .
3
3

y sin x2 dydx =
2
We set u = x2 so that du = 2xdx. Therefore,

Z x=

2
x sin x2 dx =
3
x=0
x=
x=0

2
x sin x2 dx.
3
Z
1 u=
sin (u) du
3 u=0
2
1
( cos (x)|0 ) =
3
3
7.
6
4
z
2
0
1
x
-2
-1
-1
Let R be the region in the xy-plane that is between y = x2 and y = 1. The volume of D is
Z x=1 Z y=1
Z Z
2
2
2
x + y + 1 dA =
x + y 2 + 1 dydx
R
x=1 y=x2
y=1 !
Z x=1
3
y
=
x2 y +
dx
+ y
3
x=1
y=x2
Z x=1
1
x6
2
4
2
=
x + +1x
x dx
3
3
x=1
Z x=1
x6
4
=
x4
dx
3
3
x=1
1
38 38
x5 x7
76
4
x
=
+
=
=
3
5
21 1 35 35
35
75
76
8.
z 0
-2
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
Let R be the square [0, 1] [0, 1] in the xy-plane. The volume of D is

Z Z
(ex + ey ) dA =
x=1
x=0
Z x=1
x=0
x=1
x=0
x
y=1
(ex + ey ) dydx
y=0
ex y + ey |y=1
y=0 dx
(ex + e 1) dx
1
e + (e 1) x|0 = e + (e 1) 1 = 2e 2.
9.
z
2
0
0
3
1
2

Let R be the shaded triangle. The volume of D is
Z Z
(6 3x 2y) dA =
x=2
x=0
Z x=2
y=33x/2
(6 3x 2y) dydx
y=0
33x/2
6y 3xy y 2 0
dx
x=0

2 !
Z x=2
3x
3x
3x
=
6 3
dx
3x 3
3
2
2
2
x=0
Z x=2
9
2
=
(x 2) dx
4
x=0
0
Z u=0
9 3
9 3
9 2
=
u du =
u =
2 =6
12 2 12
u=2 4
=
10.
a)
b)
Z
y=1
y=0
x=3y
ex dxdy
x=3
y=x/3
ex dydx
x=0
y=0
Z
!
Z x=3
y=x/3
x2
e
dy dx
=
x=0
x=3
x=0
y=0
x x2
e dx.
3
We set u = x so that du = 2xdx. Thus,

Z x=3
Z
1 9 u
1 9
x x2
e du =
e dx =
e 1 .
6 u=0
6
x=0 3
11.
a)
77
78
b)
Z
y= /2
y=0
x= /2
x=y

cos x2 dxdy
x= /2
x=0
x= /2
x=0
x= /2
x=0
y=x
y=0

cos x2 dydx

cos x2
y=x
dy dx
y=0

cos x2 xdx.
We set u = x so that du = 2xdx. Thus,

Z x=/2
Z

1 /4
cos x2 xdx =
cos (u) du
2 0
x=0
1
2
1
/4
=
=
sin (u)|0
sin
sin (0) =
2
2
4
4
12.
b)
Z y=1 Z
y=0
/2
x=arcsin(y)
p
cos (x) 1 + cos2 (x)dxdy
=
=
=
x=/2
x=0
y=sin(x)
cos (x)
y=0
x=/2
x=0
Z
p
2
cos (x) 1 + cos (x)
x=/2
cos (x)
x=0
x=0
u=0
=
=
p
1 + cos2 (x) sin (x) dx
u=0
u=1
u=1
u=0
1
2
y=sin(x)
y=0
We set u = cos (x) so that du = sin (x) dx. Thus,

Z
Z x=/2
p
2
cos (x) 1 + cos (x) sin (x) dx =
If we set v = 1 + u then dv = 2udu. Thus,

Z u=1 p
u 1 + u2 du =
p
1 + cos2 (x)dydx
p
u 1 + u2 du.
v=2
v=1
p
u 1 + u2 du
v1/2 dv
1 2 3/2
v
2 3
1
1
81 .
3
dy dx
13.3. DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES:
13.3
79
Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates:
1.
a)
y
x
4
b)
Z Z
xydA =
D
=
=
=/2
=0
Z =/2
r=4
r cos () r sin () rdrd
r=0
cos () sin ()
=0
=/2
cos () sin ()
=0
= 64
=/2
r=4
3
r dr d
r=0
!
4 r=4
r
4 r=0
cos () sin () d.
=0
We set u = sin () so that du = cos () d. Thus,

64
=/2
cos () sin () d = 64
=0
udu = 64
2.
a)
1 !
u2
= 32.
2 0
-2
b)
Z Z
sin x2 + y 2 dA =

sin r2 rdrd
r=0
=0
Z = ! Z 2

d
sin r2 rdr
=
=0
r=0
r=0

sin r2 rdr.
80
We set u = r2 so that du = 2rdr. Thus,

Z 2
Z

4
sin r2 rdr =
sin (u) du =
cos (u)|40 = (1 cos (4)) .

2 u=0
2
2
r=0
3.
a)
y
3
-3
b)
Z Z p
Z
9 x2 y 2 dA =
D
=/2
=/2
3
r=0
=/2
=/2
p
9 r2 rdrd
! Z
r=0
Z
p
9 r2 rdr =
r=0
We set u = 9 r2 so that du = 2rdr. Thus,

Z r=3 p
Z
0
2
9 r rdr =
udu
2 9
r=0
9 !

1
2 3/2
=
=
u
(27) = 9.
2 3
3
0
4.
a)
-2
-1
b)
Z Z
ex
y 2
dA =
er rdrd
=0
r=1
Z r=2
r2
rdr
2 !
1 r2
1
= e
=
e e4
2
2
1
=
r=1
5.
r=2
p
9 r2 rdr.
81
a)
y
b)
Z Z
arctan
y
x
dA =
=/4
r=2
r=1
=0
Z =/4
=
6.
a)
=0
rdrd
! Z
r=2
r=1
rdr
/4 ! 2 2 !

2
r
1 2
3 2
=
(3)
=
.
2 0
2 1
4 16
64
y
0.5
-0.5
0.5
-0.5
b) We have
if 2 = = .
2
2
r = sin (2) = 0 and 0 <

The area inside one loop is
Z
=/2
=0
sin(2)
rdrd
r=0
=/2
=0
=
=
=
=
7.
a)
1
2
1
4
=/2
=0
Z /2
sin(2) !
1 2
d
r
2 r=0
sin2 (2) d
(1 cos (4)) d
/2 !
1
1
sin (4)
4
4
0
= .
4 2
8
0
82
y
1
-1
b) We have
1 + cos () = 3 cos () if 2 cos () = 1 cos () =
1
.
2
The only such angle between 0 and /2 is /3. By symmetry, the area of D is
Z
/2
=/3
r=1+cos()
rdrd +
r=3 cos()
=/2
r=1+cos()
r=0
rdrd .
We have
Z
/2
=/3
r=1+cos()
rdrd
r=3 cos()
/2
=/3
1
2
/2
=/3
1+cos() !
r2
d
2 3 cos()
1 + 2 cos () 8 cos2 () d
1 + cos (2)
1 + 2 cos () 8
=
d
2
=/3
//2
3
= + sin () sin (2)
2
/3
3
3
=
+1
+
= + 1,
4
2
2
2
4
1
2
/2
and
Z
=/2
r=1+cos()
rdrd
r=0
=/2
=
=
=
=
=
1
2
1
2
1+cos() !
1 2
d
r
2 0
(1 + cos ())2 d
=/2
=/2
1 + 2 cos () + cos2 () d
1 + cos (2)
1 + 2 cos () +
d
2
=/2
1
1 3
+ 2 sin () + sin (2)
2 2
4
/2
1 3 3
3
2 =
1.
2 2
4
8
1
2

Therefore, the area of D is
Z
Z
/2 Z r=1+cos()
rdrd +
2
=/3
r=3 cos()
=/2
8. The volume of D is
r=1+cos()
rdrd
r=0
Z Z p
x2 + y 2 dA,
83
3
= 2 +1+
1
4
8

= 2
= .
8
4
where R is the disk that is inside the circle x2 + y 2 = 4, so that R is the disk of radius 2 centered
at the origin. Using polar coordinates,
Z =2 Z r=2
Z Z p
2
2
x + y dA =
(r) rdrd
R
=
=
=0
=2
r=0
r=2
r2 drd
r=0
=0
Z =2 ! Z r=2
=0
= 2
3 2
r
3 0
r2 dr
r=0

8
16
= 2
=
.
3
3
9. By symmetry, the volume of D is

Z Z p
16 x2 y 2 dA,
2
R
where R is the annular region between the circles x2 + y 2 = 4 and x2 + y 2 = 16. Thus,
Z =2 Z r=4 p
Z Z p
2
2
16 x y dA = 2
16 r2 rdrd
2
R
=0
r=2
Z
! Z
=2
r=4 p
= 2
d
16 r2 rdr
=0
= 4
r=4
r=2
r=2
p
16 r2 rdr.
We set u = 16 r so that du = 2rdr. Therefore,

Z r=4 p
Z u=0
2
4
16 r rdr = 2
u1/2 du
r=2
u=12
0 !
2 3/2
4 3/2
= 2
=
u
12 .
3
3
12
10.
a)
-3
84
b)
Z
3
3
9x2
0
sin x2 + y 2 dydx =
=
=0
r=3
r=0
=0
r=3
r=0
We set u = r2 so that du = 2rdr. Thus,
r=3
r=0
sin r2 rdr =
2

sin r2 rdrd
! Z
r=3

sin r2 rdr
r=0

sin r2 rdr.
sin (u) du =
u=0
9
cos (u)|0
2
( cos (9) + 1)
2
11.
a) We have
p
2 y 2 x2 + y 2 = 2.
This is the equation of a circle of radius

2 centered at the origin. If y = 1 then x = 2. The
polar coordinates of (1, 1) are r = 2 and = /4

x=
b) We have = /4 on the line y = x. Thus,

Z y=1 Z x=2y2
Z =/4 Z 2
xdxdy =
r cos () rdrd
y=0
=0
r=0
x=y
Z
! Z
=/4
cos () d
=0
13.4
sin ()|/4
0
2 !
1 3
r
3 0
3
2 2
4
2
= = .
6
6
3
Applications of Double Integrals
1. The mass of the plate is
r=0
r2 dr
13.4. APPLICATIONS OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS
m (D) =
Z Z
(x, y) dA =
85
x=4
x=0
Z 4
y=2
(1 + x + y) dydx
y=0
(2x + 4) dx = 32
The moment of the plate with respect to the y-axis is

Z Z
Z x=4 Z
My (D) =
x (x, y) dxdy =
D
x=0
Z 4
y=2
x (1 + x + y) dydx
y=0
2x (x + 2) dx =
224
3
The moment of the plate with respect to the x-axis is
Mx (D) =
Z Z
y (x, y) dxdy
y (1 + x + y) dydx
Z 4
14
104
2x +
=
dx =
3
3
0
0
Therefore, the x-coordinate of the center of mass is

224
My (D)
7
x
=
= 3 =
= 2.33
m (D)
32
3
The y-coordinate of the center of mass is
104
Mx (D)
13
y =
= 3 =
= 1. 083
m (D)
32
12
2. The mass of the plate is
m (D) =
Z Z
(x, y) dA =
Z Z
p
81 x2 + y 2 dA.
D
We transform to polar coordinates:

Z Z
Z
p
81 x2 + y 2 dA =
D
=
=0
= 2
r=3
r=0
r=0
(81 r) rdrd
81r r2 dr = 711
The moment of the plate with respect to the y-axis is

Z Z
Z Z
p
My (D) =
x (x, y) dA =
x 81 x2 + y 2 dA.
D

Z Z
Z = Z r=3
p
2
2
x 81 x + y dA =
r cos () (81 r) rdrd
D
r=0
=0
! Z
Z =
r=3
=
81r2 r3 dr
cos () d
=0
= (0)
2835
4
r=0
= 0.
86
The moment of the plate with respect to the x-axis is

Z Z
Z Z
p
Mx (D) =
y (x, y) =
y 81 x2 + y 2 dA.
D
Z = Z r=3
p
y 81 x2 + y 2 dA =
r sin () (81 r) rdrd
D
r=0
=0
! Z
Z =
r=3
2
3
=
81r r dr
sin () d
Z Z
=0
= (2)
2835
4
r=0
2835
.
2
Therefore, the x-coordinate of the center of mass is

x
=
My (D)
= 0.
m (D)
The y-coordinate of the center of mass is

2835
315
Mx (D)
= 2 =
y =
= 0.634.
m (D)
711
158
3. The moment of inertia of the plate about the x-axis is
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Ix =
y 2 (x, y) dxdy =
y 2 0 dxdy = 0
y 2 dxdy.
D

0
Z Z
y dxdy
= 0
= 0
=2
r=r0
r=0
=0
Z =2
r2 sin2 () rdrd
! Z
sin2 () d
=0
= 0 ()
1 4
r
4 0
r=r0
r3 dr
r=0
r4
4 0 0
The moment of inertia of the plate about the y-axis is

Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
2
2
Iy =
x (x, y) dxdy =
x 0 dxdy = 0
x2 dxdy.
D

0
Z Z
x dxdy
= 0
= 0
=2
r=r0
r=0
=0
Z =2
r2 cos2 () rdrd
! Z
cos2 () d
=0
= 0 ()
1 4
r
4 0
= 0 r04 .
4
r=r0
r=0
r3 dr
13.4. APPLICATIONS OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS
87
The moment of inertia of the plate about the origin is
r4 + r4 = 0 r04 .
4 0 0 4 0 0
2
I0 = Ix + Iy =
4. The moment of inertia of the plate about the x-axis is

Ix =
Z Z
y 2 (x, y) dxdy =
Z Z
p
y 2 81 x2 + y 2 dxdy.

Z Z
p
y 4 x2 + y 2 dxdy
2
r=3
r2 sin2 () (4 r) rdrd
! Z
r=3
2
4r3 r4 dr
sin () d
r=0
=0
Z =
=0
162
5
r=0
= 16.2
The moment of inertia of the plate about the y-axis is

Iy =
Z Z
x (x, y) dxdy =
Z Z
p
x2 81 x2 + y 2 dxdy

Z Z
p
x 81 x2 + y 2 dxdy
2
=
=
=
r=3
r2 cos2 () (4 r) rdrd
! Z
r=3
2
cos () d
4r3 r4 dr
r=0
=0
Z =
=0
162
5
r=0
= 16.2
The moment of inertia of the plate about the origin is

I0 = Ix + Iy = 16.2 + 16.2 = 32.4
5. Since X and Y are independent, their joint density function is
f (x, y) = f1 (x) f2 (y) =
1 x/6 y/2
e
12 e
if x 0 and y 0,
otherwise.
Therefore, the probability that X + Y < 8 is

Z Z
1 x/6 y/2
e
dxdy,
e
12
88
where D is the triangular region in the first quadrant below the line x + y = 8. We have
Z Z
1 x/6 y/2
e
dxdy
e
12
=
=
=
=
=
=
x=8
8x
1 x/6 y/2
e
ydx
e
12
x=0
y=0
Z 8x
Z x=8
1
ex/6
ey/2 dy dx
12 x=0
y=0
Z x=8
1
ex/6 2 2ex/24 dx
12 x=0
Z x=8
1
2ex/6 2ex/34 dx
12 x=0
1 4
6e 18e4/3 + 12
12
1 4 3 4/3
0.613 762.
+1=
e e
2
2
6. The density functions of X and Y are
f1 (x) =
2
2
1
1
e(x3) /0.08 and f2 (y) =
e(y5) /0.02 ,
0.2 2
0.1 2
respectively. Therefore,
P (2.5 < X < 3.5 and 4.5 < Y < 5.5)
Z y=5.5 Z x=3.5
f1 (x) f2 (y) dxdy
=
y=4.5
x=2.5
y=5.5
f2 (y) dy
y=4.5
Z y=5.5
x=3.5
x=2.5
f1 (x) dx
Z x=3.5
2
2
1
1
e(y5) /0.02 dy
e(x3) /0.08 dx
y=4.5 0.1 2
x=2.5 0.2 2
= (0.999 999 ) (0.987 581 ) = 0.987 58.

=
13.5
Triple Integrals
1. The surfaces intersect when

x2 + y 2 = 18 x2 y 2 x2 + y 2 = 9.
This is a circle of radius 3 centered at the origin. The volume in question is
Z Z Z
R
z=18x2 y2
z=x2 +y2
dz dxdy
13.5. TRIPLE INTEGRALS
89
where R is the disk that is enclosed by the circle x2 + y 2 = 9. Lets use polar coordinates:
Z Z Z
R
z=18x2 y 2
z=x2 +y2
dz dxdy =
=0
r=3
=0
r=3
r=0
r=3
z=18r2
dz rdrd
z=r2
r=0
18 2r2 rdrd
18r 2r3 dr
r=0
3 !
1 4
2
= 2 9r r
2 0

81
= 2
= .81.
2
= 2
2. The volume in question is

Z Z Z
R
dz dxdy,
z=1xy
z=10
where R is the disk that is enclosed by the circle of radius 2 centered at the origin. Lets use
polar coordinates:
Z Z Z
R
z=1xy
z=10
dz dxdy =
=2
=0
=2
Z
Z
r2
r0
z=1r(cos()+sin())
dz rdrd
z=10
r2
11r r2 cos () r2 sin () drd

=0
r0
r=2 !
Z =2
1 3
11 2 1 3
=
d
r r cos () r sin ()
2
3
3
=0
r=0
Z =2
8
8
=
22 cos () sin () d
3
3
=0
2
8
8
= 22 sin () + cos () = 44.
3
3
=
3.
Z Z Z
z=1
y=1
x=1
x2 dxdydz
1 !
Z z=1 Z y=1
1 3
=
dydz
x
3 0
z=0
y=0
Z
Z
1 z=1 y=1
1
=
dydz = .
3 z=0 y=0
3
x dxdydz =
D
z=0
y=0
x=0
90
4.
Z Z Z
exy ydxdydz =
z=1
z=0
z=1
z=0
z=1
z=0
z=1
y=0
y=1
y=0
y=1
y=0
z=0
z=1
y=1
z=0
x=1
exy ydxdydz
x=0
x=1
exy x=0 dydz
y
e + 1 dydz
y=1
ey + y y=0 dz
1
e1 + 1 1 dz = .
e
5.
Z Z Z
zex+y dxdydz =
=
=
z=2
z=0
z=2
z=0
Z z=2
z=0
y=1
y=0
y=1
= (e 1)
x=1
zex+y dxdydz
x=0
y
ze
y=0
Z y=1
= (e 1)
e dx dydz
x
zey (e 1) dydz
z=0
Z z=2
x=1
x=0
y=0
z=2
Z
z
z=0
z=2
y=1
zey dydz
y=0
Z y=1
ey dydz
y=0
z (e 1) dz
z=0
z=2 !
1 2
2
= (e 1)
z
2 z=0
= (e 1)
= 2 (e 1)2 .
Remark: One can also note that

Z
z=2
z=0
y=1
y=0
x=1
zex+y dxdydz =
x=0
z=2
z=0
y=0
Z z=2
zdz
z=0
at the beginning.
y=1
x=1
zex ey dxdydz
x=0
y=1
y=0
e dy
x=0
dx
91
6.
Z Z Z

x2 cos (z) dx dy dz
z=0
y=0
x=0
Z
1y ! !
Z z=/2
y=1
1 3
=
dy
cos (z)
x
3 x=0
z=0
y=0
Z y=1
Z z=/2
1
cos (z)
=
(1 y)3 dy dz
z=0
y=0 3

Z z=/2
1
cos (z)
dz
=
12
z=0
1
1
=
sin (z)|/2
.
=
0
12
12
7.
Z Z Z
zdxdydz =
Therefore,
z=/2
x=1y
Z Z
Z Z
1
dxdy dz =
dxdy,
2
R
R
z=1
z=0
where
x2 cos (z) dxdydz =
R = {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 1, x 0 and y 0.
Z Z
dxdy =
=/2
=0
rdrd =
2
r=0
1 !
1 2
=
r
2 0
4
(merely the area of the part of the unit disk in the first quadrant).
Thus,
Z Z Z
Z Z
1
zdxdydz =
dxdy = .
2
8
D
R
8. Part of the boundary of the tetrahedron is the plane that passes trough the points (1, 0, 0) , (0, 1, 0) , (0, 0, 1).
That plane is the graph of an equation of the form is
ax + by + cz = d.
You can confirm that a = b = c = d = 1, so that the equation is
x + y + z = 1,
so that z = 1 x y = 1 y x. The projection of that plane onto the xy-plane is the line
x + y = 1.
Thus,
Z Z Z
x2 dxdydz =
D
Z Z Z
R
z=1xy
z=0
x2 dz dxdy,
where R is the triangular region bounded by the x and y axes and the line x + y = 1, as in the
picture:
y
92
Therefore,
Z Z Z
R
z=1xy
z=0
Z
x2 dz dxdy =
x=1
x=0
x=1
x=0
Z x=1
Z
Z
1x
x2
y=0
1x
y=0
Z 1x
z=1xy
z=0
dz dydx
x2 (1 x y) dydx
2
x x3 x2 y dydx
x=0
y=0
1x !
Z x=1
1 2 2
2
3
=
x yx y x y
dx
2
x=0
0
Z x=1
1
1 4
=
x x3 + x2 dx
2
2
x=0
1
1 5 1 4 1 3
=
x x + x
10
4
6
1
=
60
9.
Z Z Z
xydxdxydz =
D
Z Z Z
R
z=x+y
z=0
xydz dxdy,
where R is the region in the xy-plane that is bounded by y = x2 and x = y 2 .
93
Thus,
Z Z Z
R
z=x+y
z=0
Z z=x+y
Z Z
xydz dxdy =
xy
dz dxdy
R
z=0
Z Z
=
xy (x + y) dxdy
Z ZR
2
x y + xy 2 dxdy
=
=
R
x=1
x=0
y= x
y=x2
y=x !
x2 y 2
xy 3
=
dx
+
2
3 y=x2
x=0
Z x=1 3
x
x5/2 x6 x7
=
+
dx
2
3
2
3
x=0
1
x4
2 7/2 x7
x8
=
+ x
8
21
14 24 0
1
2
1
1
3
= +
=
8 21 14 24
28
Z
x=1
x y + xy 2 dydx
10.
Z Z Z
x2 dydxdz =
Z Z
x2
z=5y
z=1
dz dxdy,
where R is the region inside the circle x2 + y 2 = 9. Thus,

Z Z
z=5y
z=1
dz dxdy =
Z Z
x2 (4 y) dxdy
R
=2
r3 cos2 () (4 r sin ()) drd
3 !
5
r
=
d
cos2 () r4
sin ()
5
=0
r=0
Z =2
243
2
=
cos () 81
sin () d
5
=0
Z =2
243
81 cos2 ()
=
cos2 () sin () d
5
=0
Z =2
Z
81
243 2
=
(1 + cos (2)) d
cos2 () sin () d
2 =0
5 0
2 !
2 !
3
81
243
1
cos
()
=
+
+ sin (2)
2
2
5
3 0
0
=
=0
Z =2
= 81
r=0
94
13.6
Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
1.
!
2
x = 2 cos
=2
= 2,
4
2
!

2
y = 2 sin
=2
= 2,
4
2
= 1.
2.
!
3
x = 4 cos
=4
= 2 3,
6
2

1
y = 4 sin
=4
= 2,
6
2
z = 2.

3.
y
z
1
3
=3
= ,
2
2
!

2
3 3
3
= 3 sin
=3
=
,
3
2
2
x = 3 cos
2
3
= 4.
4.
!

3
x = 2 cos
=2
= 3,
6
2

1
y = 2 sin
=2
= 1,
6
2
z = 4.
5.
r
1 + 1 = 2,
3
= arccos
= =
,
4
4
2
= 4.
=
6.
r
4 + 12 = 16 = 4,

2
1
= arccos
= arccos
= ,
4
2
3
= 1
=
13.6. TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL COORDINATES

7.
r
1+1= 2
= ,
= arccos
4
2
= 2
=
8.
r
1 + 3 = 4 = 2,

1
= arccos
= ,
2
3
= 2
=
9. We have
x2 + y 2 = 16 r2 = 16 r = 4.
5
-5
5
5
0
0
-5-5
Thus,
Z Z Z p
Z Z Z
2
2
x + y dxdydz =
D
z=4
z=5
p
2
2
x + y dz dxdy,
where R is the disk of radius 4 centered at the origin in the xy-plane. Thus,
Z z=4
Z Z Z z=4 p
Z Z p
x2 + y 2 dz dxdy =
x2 + y 2
dz dxdy
z=5
z=5
R
R
Z Z p
= 9
x2 + y 2 dxdy
= 9
R
=2
=0
= 9 (2)
r2 drd
r=0
4 !

r3
64
= 9 (2)
= 384
3 0
3
10. We have
and
r4
z = 1 x2 y 2 = z = 1 r2 ,
z = 0 1 r2 = 0 r = 1.
Thus, the intersection of the paraboloid with the xy-plane is the unit circle.
0
0
1
x
1
95
96
Therefore,
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
x + xy 2 dxdydz =
1x2 y 2
z=0
!
3
2
x + xy dz dxdy,
where R is the part of the unit disk in the first quadrant. Thus,
!
Z Z Z 1x2 y2
3
2
x + xy dz dxdy
R
=/2
=0
z=0
r=1
1r2
z=0
r=0
3
2
3
3
r cos () + r cos () sin () dz rdrd
We have
Therefore,
r3 cos3 () + r3 cos () sin2 () = r3 cos () cos2 () + sin2 () = r3 cos () .

Z
=/2
=0
=
=
=/2
1r2
z=0
r=1
r=0
=0
r=1
r=0
=/2
=0
1r2
r cos () dz drd
z=0
r=1
4
r cos ()
1r2
dz drd
z=0
r=0
=/2
3
2
3
3
r cos () + r cos () sin () dz rdrd
r=1
r4 cos () 1 r2 drd
r=0
! Z
=0
Z =/2
r=1
cos () d
=
r4 r6 dr
=0
/2
sin ()|0
= (1)
2
35
r=0
1 !
1 5 1 7
r r
5
7 r=0
2
.
35
11.
6
1
0
2
0
-2
-2
We have
Z Z Z
e dxdydz =
Z Z Z
R
z=1+x2 +y 2
z=0
e dz dxdy,
97
where R isthe disk that is bounded by the circle x2 + y 2 = 5 in the xy-plane. This is the circle
of radius 5 centered at the origin. Thus,
!
Z =2 Z r=5
Z =2 Z r=5 Z z=1+r2
1+r2
ez dz rdrd =
ez |0
rdrd
=0
z=0
r=0
=0
r=0
=2
=0
= 2
r= 5
r=0
r= 5
2
e1+r r r dr.
r=0
2
e1+r 1 rdrd
We set u = 1 + r so that du = 2rdr. Therefore,

Z
Z
2
2
1
1
1
e1+r rdr =
eu du = eu = e1+r .
2
2
2
Thus,
5 !
Z r=5
1 1+r2 1 2
1+r2
r r dr = 2
r
e
2
e
2
2 0
r=0
6
= e 5e
12. In cylindrical coordinates,
x2 + y 2 = 1 r2 = 1 r = 1,
and
z=
p
p
4x2 + 4y 2 z = 2 x2 + y 2 z = 2r.
2
0
1
1
0
0
y
-1
We have
Z Z Z
x dxdydz
Z Z Z
Z
R
=2
=0
=2
=0
=2
=
=
Z
Z
z=2r
2
r cos () dz dxdy
z=0
Z r=1
r=0
r=1
z=2r
z=0
r2 cos2 () dz rdrd
r3 cos2 ()
r=0
r=1
r=0
=0
Z =2
z=2r
z=0
2r4 cos2 () drd

! Z
dz drd
r=1
cos2 () d
=0
-1
2r4 dr
r=0
r=1 !
1 + cos (2)
2 5
d
r
2
5 r=0
=0
=2 !
2 1
2
= .
+ sin (2)
5 2 4
5
=0
=2
98
13.
2
1
0
-1
-2
2
1
0
-1
-2
-2
-1
The volume of the region is

Z Z Z
R
z=
4x2 y2
z=
dz dxdy,
4x2 y2
where R is the disk in the xy-plane that is bounded by the circle x2 + y 2 = 1. Thus,
Z Z Z z=4x2 y2 !
Z =2 Z r=1 Z z=4r2 !
dz dxdy =
dz rdrd
z=
4x2 y 2
=0
r=0
=2
=0
= 4
r=1
r=0
r=1 p
r=0
z= 4r2
2 4 r2 rdrd
4 r2 rdr.
We set u = 4 r2 so that du = 2rdr. Therefore,

Z r=1 p
Z u=3
2
4
4 r rdr = 2
u1/2 du
r=0
u=4 !
3
2 3/2
= 2
u
3
4
4
=
8 33/2
3
14.
x = sin () cos () = 1 sin (0) cos (0) = 0,

y = sin () sin () = 1 sin (0) sin (0) = 0,
z = cos () = 1 cos (0) = 1.
Thus, the point is (0, 0, 1) in Cartesian coordinates.
15.
!
2
2
1
cos
=2
=
,
x = sin () cos () = 2 sin
4
3
2
2
2
! !
2
3
6
y = sin () sin () = 2 sin
sin
=2
=
,
4
3
2
2
2
!
2
z = cos () = 2 cos
=2
= 2.
4
2


Thus, the point is

!
2
6
,
, 2
2
2
in Cartesian coordinates.
16.
x = sin () cos () = 5 sin
y
z
cos () = 5 (1) (1) = 5,
sin () = 5 (1) (0) = 0,

= sin () sin () = 5 sin
2
= 5 (0) = 0.
= cos () = 5 cos
2
Thus, the point is (5, 0, 0) in Cartesian coordinates.

17.
x =
y
Thus, the point

18.
! !
3
3
2
cos
=4
= 6,
sin () cos () = 4 sin
3
4
2
2
! !
3
3
2
sin () sin () = 4 sin
sin
=4
= 6,
3
4
2
2

1
cos () = 4 cos
=4
= 2.
3
2

is 6, 6, 2 in Cartesian coordinates.

1 + 3 + 12 = 16 = 4,
!
!

z
3
2 3
= arccos
= arccos
= arccos
= ,
4
2
6

x
1
1
= arccos p
= arccos
= arccos
=
2
2
2
3
1+3
x +y
3 > 0).
(since y =
=
Thus, the point is

4, ,
3 6
in spherical coordinates.
19.
0 + 1 + 1 = 2,

1
3
= arccos
= =
= arccos
,
4
4
2
!
x
= arccos p
= arccos (0) =
2
2
2
x +y
=
(since y
Thus, the point is
= 1 < 0).
3
2, ,
2 4
99
100
20.
0 + 3 + 1 = 4 = 2,

z
1
= arccos
= arccos
= ,
2
3
!
0
= arccos (0) =
= arccos p
2
x2 + y 2
=
(since y
= 1 > 0).
Thus, the point is

2, ,
2 3
21.
1 + 1 + 6 = 8 = 2 2,
!
!

z
6
3
= arccos
= arccos
= arccos
= ,
2
6
2 2
x
1
1
3
= arccos p
= arccos
= arccos
=
2
2
4
1+1
2
x +y
=
(since y
= 1 > 0).
Thus, the point is
3
,
2 2,
4 6
22.
z
1
0
2
2
0
-2
-2
Since = 3 on the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9, and 0 < /2 above the xy-plane,
Z Z Z
Z
=2
=0
9 x2 y 2 dxdydz
/2
=0
=2
101
/2
=3
=0
=3
9 2 sin2 () cos2 () 2 sin2 () sin2 () 2 sin () ddd
9 2 sin2 () 2 sin () ddd

=0
=0 =0
=3 !
Z =2 Z /2
1
=
33 5 sin2 ()
sin () dd
5
=0
=0
=0
Z =2 Z /2
243
2
81
sin () sin () dd
=
5
=0
=0
Z
Z
Z =2 Z /2
243 =2 /2 3
sin () dd
sin () dd
= 81
5 =0
=0
=0
=0
=
We have
81
=2
=0
/2
sin () dd
= 81
=0
=2
=0
=2
= 81
cos ()|/2
d
0
d = 81 (2) = 162
=0
We also have
Z
sin () d =
sin () sin () d =
1 cos2 () sin () d.
If we set u = cos () then du = sin () d so that

Z
Z
1 cos2 () sin () d =
1 u2 du
1
1
= u + u3 = cos () + cos3 () .
3
3
Thus,
/2
=0
sin3 () d = cos () +
Therefore,
Z Z Z
23.
9 x2 y 2 dxdydz
= 81
=2
=0
/2
1
1
2
=1 = .
cos3 ()
3
3
3
0
/2
sin () dd
=0
Z =2

243
2
= 162
d
5 =0
3
486
162
(2) =
= 162
5
5
243
5
=2
=0
/2
=0
sin3 () dd
102
z 1
0
0
2
1
Z Z Z
zdxdydz
=/2
=0
=/2
=0
Z
Z
=/2
=0
=0
=0
=2
cos () 2 sin () ddd
=1
=/2
=/2
! Z
=2
3 cos () sin () ddd

! Z
=1
=/2
=0
=1
2 !
/2 !
1
1
=
sin2 ()
4
2
2
4
0
1
1 24 1 15
=
2
2
4
4
16
=2
cos () sin () d
3 d
24.
z
1
0
0
2
1
1
Z Z Z
2 2 2
e x +y +z dxdydz
=/2
=0
=0
=/2
=/2
=0
2
Z
! Z
=3
=0
=/2
=3
sin () d
=0
cos ()|/2
0
=3
e 2 sin () ddd
! Z
=0
e d
2
=3
e 2 d
=0
e 2 d.
=0
In order to evaluate the last integral, lets apply integration by parts by setting u = 2 and
dv = e d. Thus,
Z
du = 2d and v = e d = e .

Therefore,
Z
e d =
udv
= uv
vdu
Z
= 2 e 2 e d.
Now we apply integration by parts by setting u = and dv = e . Therefore,

Z
Z
Z
e d = udv = uv vdu
Z
= e e d = e e .
Thus,
Z
2 e d = 2 e 2
e d = 2 e 2 (e e )
= 2 e 2e + 2e .
Therefore,
=3
2
e 2e + 2e =0
2
3
3
5e 2 =
5e 2
2
2
=3
e 2 d =
=0
=
25.
z 0
-2
-4
-4
-2
0
2
The spheres have radius 3 and 4, respectively, and y > 0 in the region. Therefore,
Z Z Z
x2 dxdydz
=
=0
=0
=0
=4
=3
cos2 () d
2 sin2 () cos2 () 2 sin3 () ddd

! Z
! Z
=4
sin3 () d
=0
4 d
=3
!
4 !
Z =
1
1
1
=
sin3 () d
+ sin (2)
5
2
4
5
=0
0
3
!
Z =
781
=
sin3 () d
.
2
5
=0
We have
sin3 () d =
sin2 () sin () d =
1 cos2 () sin () d.
103
104
We set u = cos ():

Z
Z
1 cos2 () sin () d =
1 u2 du
1
1
= u + u3 = cos () + cos3 () .
3
3
Therefore,
Z
=0
Thus,
Z
2
1
3
sin () d = cos () + cos ()
3
0
1
1
4
= 1 +1 =
3
3
3
3
=
3
781
5
sin () d
=0
4 781
2
1562
15
26.
y
-2
-4
Z Z Z
x zdxdydz
=2
=0
=2
=0
27.
=/3
=0
=4
2 sin2 () cos2 () cos () 2 sin () ddd
=2
=/3
=4
5 sin3 () cos () cos2 () ddd

=2
! Z
! Z
=0
=2
=/3
=0
=0
4 !
/3 !
2 !
1
1
1 5
1
4
=
+ sin (2)
sin ()
2
4
4
5 2
0
0

!4
1
279
3
1 45 25
= ()
=
4
2
5
10
z 2
0
4
2
0
-2
-4
-4
-2
=4
sin3 () cos () d
cos2 () d
=2
5 d
Z Z Z
dxdydz
=2
=0
=/3
=/6
=2
=0
! Z
=3
2 sin () ddd
=0
=/3
! Z
=3
sin () d
=/6
/3
= (2) cos ()|/6
3 !
1 3
d
2
=0
1
3
1 3
= (2) +
3 1 .
=9
3
2
2
3
28.
Z Z Z
zdxdydz
=2
=0
=0
= 2
=/3
=0
=2
Z
Z
-2
-4
=/3
=4 cos()
=0
=4 cos()
=0
=/3
cos () sin ()
=/3
=0
=0
4 cos() !
4
d
4 0
cos () sin () 64 cos4 () d
=/3
cos5 () sin () d
/3 !
1
6
= 128 cos ()
6
0
6 !
1
128
=
= 21
1
6
2
= 128
3 d dd
cos () sin ()
=0
= 2
cos () 2 sin () ddd

Z
!
=0
29.
z 1
0
2
y
-2
-2
105
106
The sphere is the graph of = 2. We have

z=
p
x2 + y 2
cos () =
q
2 sin2 () cos2 () + 2 sin2 () sin2 ()
cos () = sin () cos () = sin () ,
so that the cone is the graph of = /4. Therefore,

Z Z Z
dxdydz
=2
=0
=/2
=/4
=2
d
=0
! Z
=2
2 sin () dd
=0
=/2
=2
2 !
1 3
8
8 2
2
=
= 2
2
3
3
d
2
sin () d
=/4
/2
= (2) cos ()|/4
! Z
=0
Chapter 14
Vector Analysis
14.1
Vector Fields, Divergence and Curl
1.
a)
F (x, y, z) =
b)
2
(xyz)
x y = yz
x
z
i
j
k
z
F (x, y, z) = x y
xyz 0 x2 y
y
x
x y
z
z
k
=
i
j+
0 x2 y
xyz x2 y
xyz 0
2
2
=
x y i
x y
(xyz) j +
(xyz) k
y
x
z
y
= x2 i (2xy xy) i xzk = x2 i + 3xyi xzk
2.
a)
x 2
x 2
e xy +
e x y
x
y
= ex xy 2 + ex y 2 + ex x2 = ex xy 2 + y 2 + x2
F (x, y, z) =
b)
i
j
k
x
y
z
F (x, y, z) =
ex xy 2 ex x2 y 0
y
z
z
x
= x 2
i x 2
j + x x 2
e x y 0
e xy
0
e xy
x 2
x 2
e x y
e xy
=
x
y
= ex x2 y + 2xex y 2yex x = ex x2 y
3.
107
y
k
ex x2 y
108
CHAPTER 14. VECTOR ANALYSIS
a)
F (x, y, z) =
cos (xz)
sin (xy) = 0.
y
z
b)
F (x, y, z) =
=
=
=
i
j
k
x
y
z
0 cos (xz) sin (xy)
y
z
z
y
i x
j + x
cos (xz) sin (xy)
0 sin (xy)
0 cos (xz)
sin (xy)
cos (xz) i +
sin (xy) j +
cos (xz) k
y
z
x
x
(x cos (xy) + x sin (xz)) i + y cos (xy) j z sin (xz) k
4.
a)

y
x
arctan
+
arctan
x
x
y
y
x
y
1
1
=
y 2 2 +
2 2
x
y
x
1+
1+
x
y
y
x
y2
x2
2 +
2
=
x2 + y 2
x
x2 + y 2
y
x
x+y
y
= 2
2
= 2
x + y2
x + y2
x + y2
F (x, y, z) =
b)
=
=
=
=
=
5.
F (x, y, z)
i
j
k
x
y
z
arctan (y/x) arctan (x/y) 0
y
z
z
y
x
x
arctan (x/y) 0 i arctan (y/x) 0 i + arctan (y/x) arctan (x/y)
arctan
arctan
k
x
y
y
x
1
1
k
y 2
2
x
x y
1+
1+
x
y
1
1
x2
y2
+
k
x2 + y 2
y
x2 + y 2
x
x+y
k
x2 + y 2
14.2. LINE INTEGRALS

a)
F (x, y, z) =
b)
109
2
(2xy) +
x + 2yz +
y = 2y + 2z
x
y
z
i
j
k
y
z
F (x, y, z) = x
2xy x2 + 2yz y 2
x
y
z
= 2
2 i
x + 2yz y
2xy
x
z
2 j +
y
2xy
= (2y 2y) i (0) j + (2x 2x) k = 0
y
k
2
x + 2yz
6.
a)
F (x, y, z) =
=
ln (x) +
ln (xy) +
ln (xyz)
x
y
z
1 1 1
+ +
x y z
b)
i
j
k
y
z
F (x, y, z) = x
ln (x) ln (xy) ln (xyz)
z
z
i x
=
ln (x) ln (xyz)
ln (xy) ln (xyz)
1
1
1
=
i j+ k
y
x
x
14.2
y
j + x
ln (x) ln (xy)
Line Integrals
1. We have 0 (t) = 3t2 , 1 so that
ds = || 0 (t)|| dt =
Therefore,
y 3 ds =
t3
p
9t4 + 1dt
p
9t4 + 1dt.
We set u = 9t + 1 so that du = 36t dt. Thus,

Z 2 p
Z 145
1
t3 9t4 + 1dt =
u1/2 du
36 1
0
145 !
1
1 3/2
2 3/2
=
=
u
145 1
36 3
54
1
2. We have
0 (t) = (2 sin (t) , 2 cos (t))
so that
ds = || 0 (t)|| dt =
q
4 sin2 (t) + 4 cos2 (t) = 2dt.
110
Therefore,
Z
xy 2 ds =
/2
(2 cos (t)) (2 sin (t)) (2) dt = 16
/2
/2
sin2 (t) cos (t) dt.

/2
We set u = sin (t) so that du = cos (t) dt. Thus,

16
/2
2
sin (t) cos (t) dt = 16
/2
u2 du
= 16
3. We can paramterize C by
1 !
16
1 3
32
=
u
(1 + 1) =
3 1
3
3
(t) = (2, 1) + t (4 2, 5 1) = (2, 1) + t (2, 4) = (2 + 2t, 1 + 4t) ,

where 0 t 1. Thus,
0 (t) = (2, 4) || 0 (t)|| =
Therefore,
xey ds =
(2 + 2t) e1+4t dt = 2e
We have
4 + 16 = 20 = 2 5
2e
e4t dt + 2e
e4t dt = 2e
te4t dt.
1 !
e5
1 4t
e 4
e
=
e
e 1 =
4
2
2
2
0
We evaluate the other integral by setting u = t and dv = e4t dt. Thus

du = dt and v =
1 4t
e .
4
Therefore,
Z
te4t dt =
Z
= uv vdu
Z
1 4t
1
= t
e
e4t dt
4
4
1
t 4t
=
e e4t .
4
16
udv
Thus,
2e
te4t dt = 2e
0
= 2e
1 !
t 4t
1 4t
e e
4
16
0
1 4
1
1
e e4 +
4
16
16
1
3
e + e5
8
8
Therefore,
Z
xe ds = 2e
1
4t
e dt + 2e
te4t dt
e5
7
3
e 1
3
+ e + e5 = e5 e
2
2 8
8
8
8
111
4. We can parametrize C by
() = (4, 3) + 2 (cos () , sin ())
= (4 + 2 cos () , 3 + 2 sin ()) , 0 .
Thus,
0 () = 2 ( sin ) , cos () ,
so that
ds = || 0 ()|| = 2.
Therefore,
Z
y3
2
2 ds =
(x 4) + (y 3)
2 sin ()
(2) d
4 cos2 () + 4 sin2 ()
sin () d = cos ()|0 = 2.
(t) = (2, 3, 4) + t (1, 2, 3) = (2 + t, 3 + 2t, 4 + 3t) , 0 t 1.
Thus,
ds = || 0 (t)|| dt = ||(1, 2, 3)|| dt =
Therefore,
Z
(x 2) e(y3)(z4) ds =
14dt.
Z 1 6t2
te(2t)(3t) 14dt =
14
te dt
0
1 !
1 6t2
=
14
e
12
0
14 6
=
e 1 .
12
(t) = (1, 2) + t (3 1, 4 2) = (1, 2) + t (2, 2) = (1 + 2t, 2 + 2t) ,

where 0 t 1. Thus,
and
0 (t) = 2i + 2j,
F ( (t)) = F (1 + 2t, 2 + 2t) = (1 + 2t)2 i + (2 + 2t)2 j
Therefore,
F ( (t)) 0 (t) =
(1 + 2t)2 i + (2 + 2t)2 j (2i + 2j)

2
= 2 (1 + 2t) + 2 (2 + 2t)
= 16t2 + 24t + 10.
Thus,
Z
Fd =
1
0
F ( (t)) (t) dt =
=
=
2
16t + 24t + 10 dt
16 3
2
t + 12t + 10t
3
0
16
82
+ 12 + 10 =
3
3
112
() = (cos () , sin ()) ,
.
2
Thus,
0 () = sin () i + cos () j
and
F ( ()) = F (cos () , sin ()) = sin () i cos () j
Therefore,
F ( ()) 0 () = (sin () i cos () j) ( sin () i + cos () j)
= sin2 () cos2 () = 1.
Thus
Z
Fd
/2
F ( ()) 0 () d
(1) d =
= .
2
2
/2
8. We have
0 (t) =
and
1
i + 3t2 j
t

F ( (t)) = F ln (t) , t3 = ln t3 i eln(t) j = 3 ln (t) i tj
Therefore,
F ( (t)) (t) = (3 ln (t) i tj)

= 3
ln (t)
3t3
t
1
i + 3t2 j
t
Thus,
Z
Fd =
e
0
F ( (t)) (t) dt =
=
ln (t)
3
3
3t dt
t
1
e
ln2 (t) 3 4
3
t
2
4
3 3 4 3
9 3
e + = e4
2 4
4
4 4
9. We have
0 (t) = sin (t) i + j + k
and
F ( (t)) = F (cos (t) , t, t) = cos (t) i + sin (t) j + cos (t) k
Therefore,
F ( (t)) 0 (t) = (cos (t) i + sin (t) j + cos (t) k) ( sin (t) i + j + k)
= cos (t) sin (t) + sin (t) + cos (t)
113
Thus
Z
Fd
/2
F ( (t)) 0 (t) dt
/4
/2
( cos (t) sin (t) + sin (t) + cos (t)) dt
/4
/2
1
2
sin (t) cos (t) + sin (t)
2
/4
1
1
1
3
2
2
+1+
+
=
2
2
2
2
4
2
=
=
10. We have
Fd =
C
Fd =
C1 +C2
Fd +
C1
Fd.
C2
We can parametrize C1 by
1 (x) = (x, 0) , 0 x 2
and C2 by
2 (t) = (2, 0) + t (3 2, 2 0) = (2, 0) + t (1, 2) = (2 + t, 2t) ,
where 0 t 1.
On C1 ,
01 (x) = i
and
F ( 1 (x)) = xj
Thus,
Fd =
C1
F ( 1 (x)) 01 (x) dx =
On C2 ,
(xj) idx = 0
02 (t) = i + 2j
and
F ( 2 (t)) = F (2 + t, 2t) = (2 + t) 2ti + (2 + t 2t) j
= 4t + 2t2 i + (2 t) j
Thus,
Z
C2
Fd =
F ( 2 (t)) 02 (t) dt =
Fd =
C1
Fd +
0
1
0
1
0
4t + 2t2 i + (2 t) j (i + 2j) dt
4t + 2t2 + 4 2t dt
2t + 2t2 + 4 dt
2 3
17
t + t + 4t =
3
3
0
2
=
Therefore,
C2
Fd = 0 +
17
17
=
.
3
3
114
11. We have
F Tds =
C2
F Tds,
where C2 is the part of the circle of radius 2 centered at the origin traversed from (0, 2) to (2, 0).
We can parametrize C2 by
() = (2 cos () , 2 sin ()) ,
.
2
Thus,
0 () = 2 sin () i + 2 cos () j,
so that || 0 ()|| = 2,
T () =
and
0 ()
= sin () i + cos () j
|| 0 ()||
ds = || 0 ()|| d =
We have
q
4 sin2 () + 4 cos2 ()d = 2d.
F ( ()) = 2 (2 cos ()) (2 sin ()) i + (2 sin () + 1) j

= 8 cos () sin () i + (2 sin () + 1) j
Thus,
( F T) () = (8 cos () sin () i + (2 sin () + 1) j) ( sin () i + cos () j)
= 8 cos () sin2 () + 2 sin () cos () + cos () .
Therefore,
C2
F Tds =
=
=
=
=/2
=/2
8 cos () sin2 () + 2 sin () cos () + cos () 2d
16 cos () sin2 () + 4 sin () cos () + 2 cos () d
16
3
2
sin () + 2 sin () + 2 sin ()
3
/2
16
28
+2+2=
3
3

(t) = (1, 2, 3) + t (1 1, 2 2, 3 3)
= (1, 2, 3) t (2, 4, 6) = (1 2t, 2 4t, 3 6t) ,
where 0 t 1.
Thus,
0 (t) = 2i 4j 6k
so that
|| 0 (t)|| =
Thus,
T (t) =
4 + 16 + 36 = 2 14
0 (t)
1
= (2i 4j 6k)
0
|| (t)||
2 14
115
and
ds = || 0 (t)|| dt = 2 14dt.
We have
F ( (t)) = F (1 2t, 2 4t, 3 6t)
= e12t+24t i + (1 2t) (3 6t) j + (2 4t) k
= e36t i + 12t2 12t + 3 j + (2 4t) k
Therefore,
F ( (t)) T (t)
1
(2i 4j 6k)
= e36t i + 12t2 12t + 3 j + (2 4t) k
2 14
=
2e36t 4 12t2 12t + 3 6 (2 4t)
2 14
=
2e36t 48t2 + 72t 24
2 14
Thus,
F Tds =
F ( (t)) T (t) ds
0
1
2e36t 48t2 + 72t 24 2 14dt

0 2 14
Z 1
=
2e36t 48t2 + 72t 24 dt
1 3 6t
16t3 + 36t2 24t
e e
3
0
1 3 6
1 3 1 3 1 3
e e 16 + 36 24 e = e e 4
3
3
3
3
=
=
13.
a)
Fd =
b)
Z
14.
xydx +
1
dy
2
x +1
xydx +
1
dy.
x2 + 1
dx
1 dy
xy
+ 2
dt
dt
x + 1 dt
4
Z 1
d
1 d 2
t t2
dt
=
(t) + 2
t
dt
t + 1 dt
4
Z 1
2t
3
t + 2
=
dt
t +1
4
1
1
= t4 + ln t2 + 1
4
4

1
2
255
3
= + ln (2) + 4 ln (17) = ln
+
4
17
4
=
116
a)
Fd =
ydx xdy
b) We can parametrize C by
() = (cos () , sin ()) ,
.
2
2
Thus,
Z
ydx xdy
dx
dy
y ()
x ()
d
d
d
/2
Z /2
(sin () ( sin ()) cos () cos ()) d
=
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2
sin () + cos2 () d
/2
d = |/2 =

() = (cos () , sin ()) , 0
.
2
Thus,
Z
3x dx 2y dy
/2
3 cos2 () ( sin ()) 2 sin3 () cos () d
/2
3 cos2 () sin () + 2 sin3 () cos () d

0
/2 !
1
= cos3 () + sin4 ()
2
0
1
3
=
+1 =
2
2
=
16. The equation of the ellipse can be written as

x2
+ y 2 = 1.
4
This suggests that we set
() = (2 cos () , sin ()) .
Indeed
(2 cos ())2
+ sin2 () = cos2 () + sin2 () = 1.
4
Thus, C is parametrized by
() = (2 cos () , sin ()) , 0
(since C is from (0, 1) to (2, 0).
117
Therefore,
Z
e dx + e dy
/2
0
/2
e2 cos() (2 sin ()) + esin() cos () d
Z /2
e2 cos() 2 sin () d
esin() cos () d
0
0
/2
/2
2 cos()
sin()
=
e
e
0
0
= 1 + e2 (e 1) = e2 e
(x) = x, x2 , 0 x 2.
Thus,
Z
sin (x) dx + cos (x) dy
( sin (x) + cos (x) (2x)) dx

Z
Z
sin (x) dx + 2
x cos (x) dx
=
0
0
Z
x cos (x) dx
= cos (x)|0 + 2
0
Z
x cos (x) dx
= 2 + 2
0
In order to evaluate the last integral, we set u = x and dv = cos (x) dx. Thus,
Z
du = dx and v = cos (x) dx = sin (x) .
Therefore,
x cos (x) dx =
x sin (x)|0
sin (x) dx = cos (x)|0 = 2.
Thus,
Z
sin (x) dx + cos (x) dy
= 2 + 2
x cos (x) dx
0
= 2 + 2 (2) = 6.

(t) = t (2, 3, 4) = (2t, 3t, 4t) , 0 t 1.
Thus,
Z
x3 dx + y 2 dy + zdz
=
=
1
0
1
0
3
2
(2t) (2) + (3t) (3) + (4t) (4) dt
3
16t + 27t2 + 16t dt
1
4t4 + 9t3 + 8t2 0 = 4 + 9 + 8 = 21.
118
14.3
Line Integrals of Conservative Vector Fields
1.
a)
(2x 3y) = 3 and

(3x + 4y 8) = 3.
y
x
Since the above partial derivatives are equal F may be conservative.
b) We need to have
f
(x, y) = 2x 3y,
x
f
(x, y) = 3x + 4y 8
y
From the first equation,
f (x, y) =
(2x 3y) dx = x2 3yx + g (y) .
Therefore,
3x + 4y 8 =
f
dg (y)
(x, y) = 3x +
y
dy
Thus,
dg (y)
= 4y 8 g (y) =
dy
(4y 8) dy = 2y 2 8y + K,
where K is an arbitrary constant.

Therefore,
f (x, y) = x2 3yx + g (y) = x2 3yx + 2y 2 8y + K
is a potential for F (you can check that f = F).
2.
a) We have
x
(e cos (y)) = ex sin (y)
y
and
x
(e sin (y)) = ex sin (y) .
x
We have
ex sin (y) = ex sin (y) sin (y) = 0 y = n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Since the necessary conditions for the existence of a potential function are satisfied only at
isolated points, F is not conservative.
3.
a) We have
x
(e sin (y)) = ex cos (y)
y
and
x
(e cos (y)) = ex cos (y) .
x
Since the abve partial derivatives are equal everywhere, F may be conservative.
14.3. LINE INTEGRALS OF CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS

b) We need to have
f
(x, y) = ex sin (y) ,
x
f
(x, y) = ex cos (y) .
y
f (x, y) =
ex cos (y) =
ex sin (y) dx = ex sin (y) + g (y)

f
dg (y)
(x, y) = ex cos (y) +
y
dy
dg (y)
= 0 g (y) = K,
dy
where K is an arbitrary constant. Thus,

f (x, y) = ex sin (y) + K
is a is a potential for F (confirm).
4.
a)
i
j
k
x
y
z
F (x, y, z) =
cos (z) exy cos (z) exy sin (z) exy
y
z
=
xy
xy i
cos (z) e
sin (z) e
x
z
xy
xy j
cos (z) e
sin (z) e
x
y
+
xy
xy k
cos (z) e
cos (z) e
= y sin (z) exy + z cos (z) exy i
x sin (z) exy + z cos (z) exy j
+ x cos (z) exy + y cos (z) exy k
= sin (z) exy sin (z) exy i sin (z) exy sin (z) exy j
+ cos (z) exy cos (z) exy k

= 0
Thus, F may be conservative.
b) We need to have
f
(x, y, z) = cos (z) exy ,
x
f
(x, y, z) = cos (z) exy ,
y
f
(x, y, z) = sin (z) exy .
z
119
120

f (x, y, z) =
cos (z) exy dx = cos (z) ey
ex dx
= cos (z) ey ex + g (y, z)

= cos (z) exy + g (y, z) .
From the second equation,

cos (z) exy =
f
g
(x, y, z) = cos (z) exy +
(y, z)
y
y
g
(y, z) = 0
y
g (y, z) = h (z) .
Therefore,
f (x, y, z) = cos (z) exy + h (z) .
From the third equuation,
sin (z) exy =
f
dh (z)
(x, y, z) = sin (z) exy +
z
dz
dh (z)
= 0 h (z) = K,
dz
where K is an arbitrary constant. Thus,
f (x, y, z) = cos (z) exy
is a is a potential for F (confirm).
5.
a) We need to have
f
f
(x, y) = xy 2 and
(x, y) = x2 y.
x
y
f (x, y) =
Therefore,
xy 2 dx =
1 2 2
x y + g (y) .
2
f
dg (y)
(x, y) = x2 y +
.
y
dy
x2 y =
f
dg (y)
(x, y) = x2 y +
y
dy
dg (y)
= 0 g (y) = K,
dy
where K is an arbitrary constant. We can set K = 0. Thus,

f (x, y) =
1 2 2
x y
2

is a potential for F (confirm by dierentiation).
b)
6.
a) We need to have
F d = f (2, 1) f (0, 1) = 2 0 = 2.
f
f
(x, y) = yexy 1 and
(x, y) = xexy
x
y
Z
f (x, y) =
(yexy 1) dx = exy x + g (y)
Therefore,
dg (y)
f
(x, y) = xexy +
y
dy
xexy =
f
dg (y)
(x, y) = xexy +
y
dy
dg (y)
= 0 g (y) = K.
dy
We can set K = 0. Thus,

f (x, y) = exy x
is a potential for F.
b)
Z
7.
a) We need to have
F d
= f (4, ln (2)) f (0, 1)
=
e4 ln(2) 4 1 = 24 5 = 11
f
f
f
(x, y, z) = yz,
(x, y, z) = xz,
(x, y, z) = xy + 2z.
x
y
z
f (x, y, z) =
Thus,
yzdx = xyz + g (y, z) .
f
g
(x, y, z) = xz +
(y, z) .
y
y
xz =
g
f
(x, y, z) = xz +
(y, z)
y
y
g
(y, z) = 0 g (y, z) = h (z) .
y
121
122
Thus,
f (x, y, z) = xyz + h (z) .
Therefore,
dh (z)
f
(x, y, z) = xy +
.
z
dz
From the third equation,
xy + 2z =
f
dh (z)
(x, y, z) = xy +
z
dz
dh (z)
= 2z h (z) = z 2 + K.
dz
Thus, we can set

f (x, y, z) = xyz + z 2 .
b)
Z
8. We have
F d
= f (4, 6, 3) f (1, 0, 2)
= (4) (6) (3) + 32 (4) = 77
x
f
y
f
dx 2
dy
(x, y) dx +
(x, y) dy = 2
2
x
y
x +y
x + y2
df =
f
y
x
f
and
.
(x, y) = 2
(x, y) = 2
x
x + y2
y
x + y2

f (x, y) =
y
dx =
x2 + y 2

1
dx
2
y
(x/y) + 1
1
We set u = x/y so that du = dx/y. Thus,

Z
Z
1
1
1
dx
=
du
f (x, y) =
2
2
u +1
(x/y) + 1 y
= arctan (u) + g (y) = arctan (x/y) + g (y) .
Therefore,
f
(x, y) =
y
1
x2
1+ 2
y
x
y2
dg (y)
dg (y)
x
+
= 2
.
dy
x + y2
dy
x2
f
dg (y)
x
x
=
+
(x, y) = 2
2
2
+y
y
x +y
dy
dg (y)
= 0 g (y) = K.
dy
We can set K = 0 and set

f (x, y) = arctan

x
.
y

Since we have y > 0 on C and C joins (0, 1) to (1, 1) we have

Z
Z
x
x
y
dx
dy
=
d
arctan
2
2
x2 + y 2
y
C x +y
C
= arctan (1) arctan (0) =
9. We have
df =
123
.
4
f
f
y2
dx + 2y arctan (x) dy
(x, y) dx +
(x, y) dy =
x
y
1 + x2
f
f
y2
and
(x, y) =
(x, y) = 2y arctan (x) .
x
1 + x2
y

f (x, y) =
y2
dx = y 2 arctan (x) + g (y) .
1 + x2
Therefore,
f
dg (y)
(x, y) = 2y arctan (x) +
.
y
dy
2y arctan (x) =
dg (y)
f
(x, y) = 2y arctan (x) +
y
dy
dg (y)
= 0 g (y) = K.
dy
Thus, we can set K = 0 and

f (x, y) = y 2 arctan (x) .
Therefore,
Z
y2
dx + 2y arctan (x) dy
1 + x2
df
= f (1, 2) f (0, 0)

= 4 arctan (1) = 4
= .
4
10. We have
df =
f
f
f
dx +
dy +
= y 2 cos (z) dx + 2xy cos (z) dy xy 2 sin (z) dz
x
y
z
f
f
f
= y 2 cos (z) ,
= 2xy cos (z) ,
= xy 2 sin (z)
x
y
z
From the first equuation,

f (x, y, z) =
y 2 cos (z) dx = xy 2 cos (z) + g (y, z) .
Therefore,
f
g (y, z)
(x, y, z) = 2xy cos (z) +
.
y
y
124

2xy cos (z) =
f
g (y, z)
(x, y, z) = 2xy cos (z) +
y
y
g (y, z)
= 0 g (y, z) = h (z) .
y
Thus,
f (x, y, z) = xy 2 cos (z) + h (z) .
Therefore,
dh (z)
f
(x, y, z) = xy 2 sin (z) +
.
z
dz
From the third equation,
xy 2 sin (z) = xy 2 sin (z) +
dh (z)
dh (z)
= 0.
dz
dz
Therefore, we can set h (z) = 0 and

f (x, y, z) = xy 2 cos (z)
Then
14.4
y cos (z) dx + 2xy cos (z) dy xy sin (z) dz
df
= f (1, 1, ) f (0, 0, 0)
= cos () = 1.
Parametrized Surfaces and Tangent Planes
1.
a) We have
(u, v) = 3 sin (u) j + 3 cos (u) k,

u
(u, v) = i
v
Therefore,

3
3 3

, 1 = 3 sin
j + 3 cos
k= j+
k,
u 6
6
6
2
2
and

, 1 = i.
v 6
Thus,
N
,1
=

,1
,1
u 6
v
6
!
3 3
3
k i
=
j+
2
2
i
j
k

= 0 32 3 2 3
1 0
0

3 3 3
0 3 3
2
2
2
=
i
0
0
1
0
j + 0 2
1 0
k = 3 3j + 3k
2
2
14.4. PARAMETRIZED SURFACES AND TANGENT PLANES

b) We have

P0 =
, 1 = 1, 3 cos
, 3 sin
=
6
6
6
125
3 3 3
1,
,
.
2 2
Therefore, the required tangent plane is the set of points P = (x, y, z) such that

, 1 P0 P = 0
N
6
!
3
3 3
3
3 3
j + k (x 1) i + y
j+ z
k =0
2
2
2
2
3 3
3 3
3
3
y
+
z
=0
2
2
2
2
2.
a) We have
(u, v) = 2ui + cos (v) j + sin (v) k

u
and
Therefore,
and
(u, v) = u sin (v) j + u cos (v) k.

v
1
3

3,
= 6i + j +
k
u
3
2
2

3,
= 3
v
3

1
3 3
3
3
j+3
k=
j+ k
2
2
2
2
Thus,

=
3,
3,
N 3,
3
u
3
v !
3
!
3 3
3
3
1
k
j+ k
=
6i + j +
2
2
2
2
i
j
k
3
1
= 6
2
2
3
0 323
2
1
1
3
3
2
2 i 6
2 j +
= 323
3 3
3
3
2
0 2
0 2
2
= 3i9j 9 3k.
b) We have

P0 = 3,
= 9, 3 cos
, 3 sin
=
3
3
3
!
3 3 3
9, ,
2 2
Therefore, the required tangent plane is the set of points P = (x, y, z) such that

P0 P = 0
N 3,
3
126

3i9j 9 3k
3
(x 9) i + y
2
3
3 (x 8) 9 y
2
j+
! !
3 3
z
k =0
2
3 3
9 3 z
= 0.
2
3.
a) We have
(r, ) = 3 cos () i + 2rj + 2 sin () k

r
and
Therefore,
and
Thus,
b) We have
(r, ) = 3r sin () i + 2r cos () k.
3 2
2,
=
i + 4j + 2k
r
4
2

2,
= 3 2i + 2 2k.

=
2,
2,
N 2,
4
r
4
! 4
3 2
i + 4j + 2k 3 2i + 2 2k
=
2
i
j
k

= 3 2 2 4 2
3 0 2 2

3 2
3 2 4
4
2
2
j
+
=
i
3 0
3 2 2
0 2 2

= 8 2i 3 2 + 6 j + 12k

2,
= 3 2, 4, 2 2
4
Therefore, he required tangent plane is the set of points (x, y, z) such that

8 2i 3 2 + 6 j + 12k x 3 2 i + (y 4) j + z 2 2 k = 0
4.
a) We have

8 2 x 3 2 3 2 + 6 (y 4) + 12 z 2 2 = 0.
(u, v) = sinh (u) cos (v) i + cosh (u) j + sinh (u) sin (v) k
u
and
(u, v) = cosh (u) sin (v) i + cosh (u) cos (v) k.

v

Therefore,
127

1,
= cosh (1) j + sinh (1) k
u
2
and

1,
= cosh (1) i.
v
2
Thus,

=
1,
1,
N 1,
2
u
2
v
2
= (cosh (1) j + sinh (1) k) ( cosh (1) i)
i
j
k
0
cosh
(1)
sinh
(1)
=
cosh (1)
0
0
cosh (1) sinh (1)

0
sinh (1)
i
=
cosh (1)
0
0
0
= sinh (1) cosh (1) j+ cosh2 (1) k.
0
cosh (1)
j +
cosh (1)
0
b) We have

P0 = 1,
= (0, sinh (1) , cosh (1)) .
2
sinh (1) cosh (1) j+ cosh2 (1) k (xi + (y sinh (1)) j + (z cosh (1)) k) = 0
5.
a) We have
sinh (1) cosh (1) (y sinh (1)) + cosh2 (1) (z cosh (1)) = 0.
1
1
3
(, ) = cos () i + sin () j +
k
2
2
2
and
1
1
(, ) = sin () i + cos () j.
2
2
Therefore,
3
3
1
2,
= i+
j+
k
3
4
4
2
and
3 1

2,
=
i+ j
3
2
2
Thus,
!
3
3
3 1
1
i+
j+
k
i+ j
4
4
2
2
2
i
j
k

1
3
3
= 4
4
2
1
23
0
2

1
1
3
3
3
4
2 j +
4
2 i
= 14
23
23
0
0
2
3 3
1
=
i j + k
4
4
2

=
N 2,
3
3
4
1
2
128
b) We have

2,
=
3
1
3
,
, 3
2 2

!
!

1
1
3 3
3
i j + k
x
i+ y
j+ z 3 k =0
4
4
2
2
2
6. We have
and

1
3
1
3
3
y
+
z 3 = 0.
4
2
4
2
2
1
(, ) = 2 cos () cos () i + cos () sin () j sin () k
(, ) = 2 sin () sin () i + sin () cos () j
Therefore,
1
2

,
=
j k
4 2
2
3
and

,
= 2i
4 2
Thus,
!

2
1
j k 2i
2
3
i
j
k
2
=
13
0
2
2 0
0

2 1
0
13
2
3
=
i
2 0
0
0
2
=
j+k
3

N
,
=
4 2
b) We have
,
=
4 2
0
j +
2
0,
,0
2
!
!
2
2
j + k xi + y
j + zk = 0
3
2
7.

!
2
2
y
+z =0
3
2
k
0
2
2
129
a) We have
(x, ) = i + ex sin () j + ex cos () k

x
and
(x, ) = ex cos () j ex sin () k.
Therefore,
1
3

1,
= i + ej +
ek
x
6
2
2
and
1
3

1,
=
ej ek
6
2
2
Thus,
!
!
1
1
3
3
i + ej +
ek
ej ek
2
2
2
2
j
k
1
3
= 1 2 e
2 e
0 23 e 12 e
3
3
1
1
e
2 e
e
2
2
= 3
j +
i
1
2 e 12 e
0
0 2e
3
1
k
= e2 i + ej +
2
2

N 1,
=
6
b) We have

=
1,
6
1
e
2
3
2 e
!
3
1
1, e,
e .
2
2
!
! !
1
1
3
3
2
k (x 1) i + y e j + z
e k =0
e i + ej +
2
2
2
2

3
3
1
1
z
e = 0.
e (x 1) + e y e +
2
2
2
2
2
8.
a) We have
(x, ) = cos () i + sin () j + ex k

x
and
Therefore,
and
(x, ) = x sin () i + x cos () j.

1,
= j + ek
x
2

1,
= i
130
Thus,

N 1,
= (j + ek) (i)
2
i
j k
= 0 1 e
1 0 0
0 e
1 e
i
=
1 0
0 0
= ej + k
j + 0 1 k
1 0
b) We have

1,
= (0, 1, e) .
2
(ej + k) (xi + (y 1) j + (z e) k) = 0
e (y 1) + (z e) = 0
14.5
Surface Integrals
1 (a cylinder)
(u, v) = (v, 3 cos (u) , 3 sin (u)) , 4 v 4, 0 u 2.
\We have
(u, v) = 3 sin (u) j + 3 cos (u) k,

u
(u, v) = i
v
Therefore,
(u, v)
(u, v)
u
v
= (3 sin (u) j + 3 cos (u) k) i
i
j
k
= 0 3 sin (u) 3 cos (u)
1
0
0
3 sin (u) 3 cos (u)
i 0 3 cos (u)
=
1
0
0
0
N (u, v) =
= 3 cos (u) j + 3 sin (u) k
Thus,
||N (u, v)|| =
Therefore the area of the surface is
Z 2 Z
u=0
j + 0 3 sin (u)
1
0
q
9 cos2 (u) + 9 sin2 (u) = 3.
v=4
3dvdu = 3 (8) (2) = 48.
14.5. SURFACE INTEGRALS
131
2 (a paraboloid)
(u, v) = u2 , u cos (v) , u sin (v) , 0 u 3, 0 v 2.
We have
(u, v) = 2ui + cos (v) j + sin (v) k

u
and
(u, v) = u sin (v) j + u cos (v) k.

v
Therefore,
(u, v)
(u, v)
u
v
(2ui + cos (v) j + sin (v) k) (u sin (v) j + u cos (v) k)
i
j
k
2u
cos
(v)
sin
(v)
0 u sin (v) u cos (v)
cos (v)
2u sin (v)
2u
sin (v)
cos (v)
u sin (v) u cos (v) i 0 u cos (v) j + 0 u sin (v)
u cos2 (v) + u sin2 (v) i2u2 cos (v) j 2u2 sin (v) k
N (u, v) =
=
=
=
=
= ui2u2 cos (v) j 2u2 sin (v) k.

Thus,
||N (u, v)|| =
q
p
u2 + 4u4 cos2 (v) + 4u4 sin2 (v) = u2 + 4u4
Therefore, the area of the surface is

Z
u=0
v=0
p
u2 + 4u4 dudv
u=0
= 2
We set w = 1 + 4u2 so that dw = 8udu. Thus,

2
u=0
p
u 1 + 4u2 du =
=
3 (a cone)
(, ) =
v=0
u=0
p
u 1 + 4u2 dudv
p
u 1 + 4u2 du.
w=37
w1/2 dw
w=1 !
37
2 3/2
3/2
=
w
37 1 .
4 3
6
1
!
1
1
3
cos () , sin () ,
2
2
2
where 0 4 and 0 2.
We have
1
1
3
(, ) = cos () i + sin () j +
k
2
2
2
and
1
1
(, ) = sin () i + cos () j.
2
2
132
Therefore,
1
3
1
1
1
cos () i + sin () j +
k sin () i + cos () j
2
2
2
2
2
i
j
k

3
1
1 cos ()
2
2 sin ()
2
1 sin () 1 cos () 0
2
2

1
1
3
3
1 sin ()
1 cos ()
2 cos ()
2 sin ()
2
2 i
2
2 j +
1 cos () 0
1 sin () 0
1 sin () 1 cos ()
2
2
2
2
1
1
3
3
cos () i+
sin () j +
sin2 () + cos2 () k
4
4
4
4
1
3
3
cos () i+
sin () j+ k.
4
4
4
N (, ) =
=
=
=
Thus,
||N (, )|| =
3
1
1p 2 1
3 2
4 = .
cos2 () + 2 sin2 () + 2 =
16
16
16
4
2

Z
=2
=0
4 (an ellipsoid)
=4
=0
1
dd = 2
2
=4
=0
4 !
1 2
1
= 8.
d = 2
2
4 0
1
(, ) = 2 sin () cos () , sin () sin () , cos () ,
3
where 0 and 0 2.
We have
1
(, ) = 2 cos () cos () i + cos () sin () j sin () k
3
and
(, ) = 2 sin () sin () i + sin () cos () j
Therefore,
N (, ) =
=
=
=
=
1
2 cos () cos () i + cos () sin () j sin () k (2 sin () sin () i + sin () cos () j)
3
i
j
k
1
2 cos () cos ()
cos () sin () 3 sin ()
2 sin () sin () sin () cos () j

0
1
cos () sin () 1 sin ()
i 2 cos () cos () 3 sin () j

sin () cos () j
0
2 sin () sin ()
0
2 cos () cos ()
cos () sin ()
+
k
2 sin () sin () sin () cos () j
1
2
sin2 () cos () i sin2 () sin () j + 2 sin () cos () cos2 () + 2 sin () cos () sin2 () k
3
3
1
2
sin2 () cos () i sin2 () sin () j+2 sin () cos () k.
3
3
133
Thus,
r
4
1
sin4 () cos2 () + sin4 () sin2 () + 4 sin2 () cos2
9
9
s
1
4 2
4
2
sin ()
=
cos () + sin () + 4 sin2 () cos2
9
9
s
1
4
cos2 () + sin2 () + 4 cos2 ()
= sin () sin2 ()
9
9
||N (, )|| =

Z
=2
=0
sin ()
=0
sin2 ()
1
4
cos2 () + sin2 () + 4 cos2 ()dd
9
9
5 (a surface of revolution)
(x, ) = (x, ex sin () , ex cos ()) ,
where 0 x 2, 0 2.
We have
(x, ) = i + ex sin () j + ex cos () k

x
and
(x, ) = ex cos () j ex sin () k.
Therefore,
N (x, ) = (i + ex sin () j + ex cos () k) (ex cos () j ex sin () k)
i
j
k
= 1 ex sin () ex cos ()
0 ex cos () ex sin ()
x
e sin () ex cos ()
1 ex cos ()
1 ex sin ()
= x
i
j
+
x
x
0 e sin ()
0 ex cos ()
e cos () e sin ()
2x 2
= e sin () e2x cos2 () i + ex sin () j + ex cos () k
= e2x i + ex sin () j + ex cos () k
Thus,
||N (x, )|| =
q
p
p
e4x + e2x sin2 () + e2x cos2 () = e4x + e2x = ex e2x + 1.

Z
=2
=0
We have
x=2
x=0
ex
ex
Z
p
e2x + 1dxd = 2
x=2
x=0
ex
p
e2x + 1dx
p
1 p
1
e2x + 1dx = ex e2x + 1 + arcsinh (ex )
2
2
134
(you can set u = ex so that the integrand takes the form 1 + u2 du: Then set u = sinh (v)).
Therefore,
2 !
Z x=2 p
1 x p 2x
1
x
x
2x
2
e e + 1dx = 2
e e + 1 + arcsinh (e )
2
2
x=0
0
p
2 1
1 2
1
1
4
= 2
2 arcsinh (1)
e (e + 1) + arcsinh e
2
2
2
2
6. The radius of the sphere is 3. As in the lecture notes,
N (, ) = 9 sin () (sin () cos () i + sin () sin () j + cos () k)

and
||N (, )|| = 9 sin () .
Therefore,
Z Z
2
x + y 2 dS
= 81
= 81
=0
=0
9 sin2 () cos2 () + 9 sin2 () sin2 () ||N (, )|| dd
9 sin2 () cos2 () + sin2 () 9 sin () dd
sin3 () dd
0 =0
Z
3
sin () d
=0
Now,
sin3 () d =
sin2 () sin () d =
1 cos2 () sin () d.
We set u = cos () so that du = sin () d. Thus,

Z
Z
1
1
2
1 u2 du = u + u3 = cos () + cos3 () .
1 cos () sin () =
3
3
Therefore,
Z Z
x + y 2 dS
= 81
sin3 () d
=0
= !
1
3
= 81 cos () + cos ()
3
=0

1
1
4
= 81 1 + 1
= 81
= 108.
3
3
3
7. We have
N (u, v) =
i
j
k
0 2 sin (u) 2 cos (u)
1
0
0
0 2 cos (u)
2 sin (u) 2 cos (u)
i 1
0
0
0
= 2 cos (u) j + 2 sin (u) k.
j + 0 2 sin (u)
1
0
135
Therefore,
||N (u, v)|| =
q
4 cos2 (u) + 4 sin2 (u) = 2.
Thus,
Z Z
y dS =
S
v=4
v=4
u=
2
cos (u) 2dudv
= 16
u=0
= 16
u=
cos2 (u) du
u=0
Z u=
u=0
= 8 + 8
= 8 + 8
8. We have
1 + cos (2u)
du
2
cos (2u) du

1
= 8
sin (2u)
2
0
i
j
k
sin () 0
N (r, ) = cos ()
r sin () r cos () 1
sin () 0
cos ()
0
sin ()
i cos ()
=
j
+
r sin () r cos ()
r cos () 1
r sin () 1
= sin () i cos () j + r cos2 () + r sin2 () k

= sin () i cos () j+rk.
Thus,
q
||N (r, )|| =
sin2 () + cos2 () + r2 =
p
1 + r2 .
Therefore,
Z Z p
x2 + y 2 dS
=2
=0
=2
=0
= 2
r=4
r=0
r=4
q
r2 cos2 () + r2 sin2 () ||N (r, )|| drd
r
r=0
r=4 p
p
1 + r2 dr
1 + r2 dr.
r=0
We set u = 1 + r2 so that du = 2rdr. Thus,
r=4
r=0
17 !
Z
p
2 u=17 1/2
2 3/2
2 3/2
2
r 1 + r dr =
u du =
=
u
17 1 .
2 u=1
3
3
1
9. S is the part of the graph of x = g (y, z) = 1 y z over the triangular region D in the
136
yz-plane that is bounded by the axes and the line z + y = 1. We have

Z Z
xdS
Z Z
Z
3
=
(1 y z) 1 + 1 + 1dzdy
y=1
y=0
Z
=
3
z=1y
(1 y z) dzdy
1y !
1 2
dy
z yz z
2
z=0
y=1
y=0
1
2
(1 y) y (1 y) (1 y) dy
2
y=0
Z
y=1
1
1
2
3
3
=
(y 1) dy =
2
6
y=0
Z
=
3
y=1
10. The surface S is the graph of

z=
p
1 x2 y 2
over the region D that is the part of the unit circle x2 + y 2 = 1 in the first quadrant. Thus,
Z Z
z 2 dS
Z Z
1 x2 y 2
1+
z
x
z
y
dxdy
!2
!2
u
u
x
y
2
2 t
1 + p
+ p
dxdy
1x y
=
1 x2 y 2
1 x2 y 2
D
s
Z Z
x2 + y 2
2
2
=
1+
dxdy
1x y
1 x2 + y 2
D
Z Z p
=
1 x2 y 2 dxdy.
Z Z
In polar coordinates,
Z Z p
1 x2 y 2 dxdy
=/2
=0
r=1
r=0
1
=
3
6
p
1 r2 rdrd
(via the substitution u = 1 r2 ).

11. Let D be the rectangle [0, ] [2, 2] in the uv-plane. We have
i
j
k
N (u, v) = sin (u) 0 cos (u)
0
1
0
0 cos (u)
i sin (u) cos (u)

=
1
0
0
0
= cos (u) i sin (u) k.
j + sin (u) 0 k
0
1
(Note that N is multiplied by 1 if we interchange the order of u and v).

Therefore,
Z Z
(xi + zk) dS =
=
137
Z Z
Z Z
Z ZD
(cos (u) i + sin (u) k) N (u, v) dudv

(cos (u) i + sin (u) k) ( cos (u) i sin (u) k) dudv
cos2 (u) sin2 (u) dudv

Z DZ
dudv = 4.
=
=
12. Let D be the rectangle [0, 3] [0, 4] in the yz-plane. We have
i j k
N (y, z) = 0 1 0 = i.
0 1 1
(Note that N is multiplied by 1 if we interchange the order of y and z).

Therefore,
Z Z
Z Z
(yi + xj + zk) dS =
(yi + 2j + zk) N (y, z) dydz
S
D
Z Z
(yi + 2j + zk) idydz
=
Z ZD
ydydz
=
Z
D
z=4
z=0
= 4
13. As in the lecture notes, we have
y=3
ydydz
y=0
3 !
1 2
= 18.
y
2 0
N (, ) = 9 sin () (sin () cos () i + sin () sin () j + cos () k) = 3 sin () (, ) ,

Therefore,
Z
xi + yj + zk
dS =
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
=
=0
=0
=0
=0
2
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
= 3 (2)
=0
(, )
N (, ) dd
9
(, )
3 sin () (, ) dd
9
1
sin () (, ) (, ) dd
3
1
2
sin () || (, )|| dd
3
1
sin () (9) dd
3
sin () d
=0
= 6 (2) = 12
138
14. We have
1
1
1 x y = 0 x + y = 2.
2
2
Therefore, the projection of S onto the xy-plane is the triangular region D that is bounded by
the coordinate axes and the line x + y = 2. Thus,
Z Z
(xi zk) dS =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Z Z
1
1
z
z
xi 1 x y k i
j + k dxdy
2
2
x
y
D
Z Z
1
1
1
1
xi 1 x y k
i + j + k dxdy
2
2
2
2
D
Z Z
1
1
1
x 1 x y
dxdy
2
2
2
D
Z Z
1
x + y 1 dxdy
2
D
Z x=2 Z y=2x
1
x + y 1 dydx
2
x=0
y=0
y=2x !
Z x=2
1 2
xy + y y
dx
4
x=0
y=0
Z x=2
1
x (2 x) + (2 x)2 (2 x) dx
4
x=0
Z x=2
3
x2 + 2x 1 dx = 0
4
x=0
15. The projection of S onto the xy-plane is the disk D of radius 2 centered at the origin. We
have
z
z
i
j+k
x
y
x
y
p
i+ p
j + k.
2
2
4x y
4 x2 y 2
N (x, y) =
=
Thus,
Z Z
=
=
=
=
=
(xi+yj + zk) dS
Z ZS
p
xi+yj + 4 x2 y 2 k N (x, y) dxdy
D
!
Z Z
p
x
y
xi+yj + 4 x2 y 2 k p
i+ p
j + k dxdy
4 x2 y 2
4 x2 y 2
D
!
Z Z
p
y2
x2
p
+p
+ 4 x2 y 2 dxdy
4 x2 y 2
4 x2 y 2
D
!
Z Z 2
x + y 2 + 4 x2 y 2
p
dxdy
4 x2 y 2
D
Z Z
1
p
4
dxdy.
4 x2 y 2
D
139

Z Z
1
p
4
dxdy
4 x2 y 2
D
= 4
=0
= 8
r=0
r=0
= 16
drd
4 r2
dr
4 r2
(via the substitution u = 4 r2 ).

16. The projection of S onto the xy-plane is the unit disk D. We have
Z Z
Z Z
(yj + k) dS =
(yj + k) N (x, y) dxdy
S
D
Z Z
(yj + k) (2xi + 2yj + k) dxdy
=
Z ZD
2
2y + 1 dxdy
=
=
=
=
D
=2
=0
=2
r=1
r=0
r=1
=0
r=0
Z r=1
3
2 2
2r sin () + 1 rdrd
2r3 sin2 () drd +
Z
=2
=2
=0
2r dr
r=0
sin () d
=0

1
1
=
() + =
2
2
r=1
rdrd
r=0

1
+ 2
2
(you can make use of the identity sin2 () = (1 cos ()) /2).
17. We have
Z Z
Z Z
(yzi + xzj + xyk) dS =
S
S1
(yzi + xzj + xyk) dS+
Z Z
S2
(yzi + xzj + xyk) dS.
We will evaluate the integrals separately.

As in Problem 10, on S1 ,
N (x, y) =
z
y
z
x
i+ p
j + k,
i
j+k= p
x
y
4 x2 y 2
4 x2 y 2
and D is the disk of radius 2 centered at the origin. We have

Z Z
(yzi + xzj + xyk) dS
S1
!
Z Z p
p
x
y
2
2
2
2
=
i+ p
j+k
y 4 x y i + x 4 x y j + xyk p
4 x2 y 2
4 x2 y 2
D
Z Z
=
3xydxdy
=
D
=2
=0
= 3
3 (r cos ()) (r sin ()) rdrd

Z 2
r dr
cos () sin () d
r=0
r=2
3
r=0
= 3 (4) (0) = 0.
140
The outward unit normal to S2 is -k. Therefore,

Z Z
Z Z
(yzi + xzj + xyk) dS =
S2
Z Z
(yzi + xzj + xyk) kdxdy

xydxdy = 0
Thus,
Z Z
14.6
(yzi + xzj + xyk) dS = 0.
Greens Theorem
1.
a) Let D be the disk that is bounded by the circle x2 + y 2 = 4. Then
Z
y dx x dy
Z Z
3
3
=
dxdy
x
y
x
y
Z ZD
=
3x2 3y 2 dxdy
ZD Z
2
x + y 2 dxdy.
= 3
D
b) We transform the double integral to polar coordinates:

3
Z Z
x + y 2 dxdy
= 3
=0
= 6
r2 rdrd
r=0
2 !
1
r
4 0
= 24
2.
a) Let D be the triangular region with vertices (0, 0) , (2, 0) and (2, 4). Then
Z
xy 2 dx + 2x2 ydy
=
=
Z Z
Z ZD
Z ZD
2
2
2x y
xy
x
y
(4xy 2xy) dxdy

2xydxdy
b) Since the equation of the line that joins (0, 0) to (2, 4) is y = 2x,
Z Z
2xydxdy =
x=2
x=0
2x
y=0
Z
2xydy dx =
x=2
x=0
x=2
x=0
3.
y=2x
xy 2 y=0 dx
2
4x3 dx = x4 0 = 16.
14.6. GREENS THEOREM
141
a) Let D be the rectangular region with vertices (0, 0) , (5, 0) , (5, ) and (0, ). Then
Z
Z Z
2
cos (y) dx + x2 sin (y) dy =
x sin (y)
cos (y) dxdy
x
y
C
Z ZD
(2x sin (y) + sin (y)) dxdy
=
Z ZD
(2x + 1) sin (y) dxdy.
=
D
b)
Z Z
(2x + 1) sin (y) dxdy
x=5
y=
(2x + 1) sin (y) dydx
x=0
y=0
Z x=5
Z y=
=
(2x + 1) dx
sin (y) dy
x=0
y=0
5
=
x2 + x0 ( cos (y)|0 )
= 30 (2) = 60.
4.
a) Let D be annular region bounded by the circles x2 + y 2 = 1 an x2 + y 2 = 4. Then
Z
Z
Z Z
xe2x dx + x4 + 2x2 y 2 dy =
xe2x
dxdy
x + 2x2 y 2
x
y
C
D
C
Z Z
Z Z
=
x x2 + y 2 dxdy
4x + 4xy 2 dxdy = 4
D
b) Lets transform the double integral to polar coordinates:

4
Z Z
x x2 + y 2 dxdy
= 4
= 4
=2
r=2
r=1
=0
Z =2
r=2
cos () d
=0
= 4
r4 cos () drd
! Z
sin ()|2
0
= 4 (0)
25 1
5
2 !
1 5
r
5 1
r=1
r dr
= 0.
5.
a) Let D be the triangular region with vertices (0, 0) , (2, 6) and (2, 0). Note that C is the
negatively oriented boundary of D. Thus,
Z
Z
F d =
y 2 cos (x) dx + x2 + 2y sin (x) dy
C
C
Z Z
2
2
=
x + 2y sin (x)
y cos (x) dxdy
x
y
Z ZD
=
(2x + 2y cos (x) 2y cos (x)) dxdy
Z ZD
=
2xdxdy
D
142
b) Since the line that joins (0, 0) to (2, 6) is y = 3x,

Z Z
Z x=2 Z 3x
2xdxdy =
2xdydx
D
=
=
x=0
x=2
2x
x=0
Z x=2
= 6
y=0
x=0
Z 2
0
y=3x
dy dx
y=0
2x (3x) dx
x dx = 6
2 !
x3
= 16.
3 0
6.
a) Let D be the disk bounded by the circle x2 + y 2 = 25. Then
Z
Z
x
F d =
e + x2 y dx + ey xy 2 dy
C
Z Z
y
x
2
2
=
e xy
e + x y dxdy
x
y
Z ZD
Z Z
2
=
y x2 dxdy =
x + y 2 dxdy
D
b) We transform the double integral to polar coordinates:

Z Z
Z 2 Z 5
2
r3 drd
x + y 2 dxdy =
D
=0 r=0
Z 2 Z 5
3
d
r dr
=
=0
r=0
4
625
5
=
= 2
4
2
7. Let C2 be the positively oriented circle of radius a centered at the origin, and let D be the
region between C1 and C2 . By Greens theorem,
Z
Z Z
Z
y
x
dxdy
F d
F d =
x x2 + y 2
y x2 + y 2
C1
C2
D
!
Z Z
2xy
2xy
=
dxdy = 0.
2 +
2
(x2 + y 2 )
(x2 + y 2 )
D
Thus,
C1
F d =
C2
F d.
We can parametrize the circle C2 by

() = (cos () , sin ()) , 0 2.
Therefore,
d
= sin () i + cos () j
d
and
F ( ()) = F (cos () , sin ()) = cos () i + sin () j
14.7. STOKES THEOREM
143
Thus,
F
d
d
= (cos () i + sin () j) ( sin () i + cos () j)

= cos () sin () + sin () cos () = 0
Therefore,
F d =
C1
C2
F d = 0.
8. Let D be the triangular region with vertices (0, 0) , (1, 0) and (1, 2). We have
2 3
x y
(xy) = 2xy 3 x.
x
y
F (x, y) =
Therefore,
Z
F nds =
=
Z Z
Z ZD
Z
D
x=1
F (x, y) dxdy
2xy 3 x dxdy
Z
y=2x
2xy 3 x dydx
x=0
y=0
2x !
Z x=1
1 4
dx
xy xy
=
2
x=0
0
Z x=1
=
2x2 + 8x5 dx
=
x=0
1
4
2
2
x3 + x6 =
3
3 0 3
9. Let D be the disk bounded by the circle x2 + y 2 = 4. We have

F (x, y) =
Therefore,
F nds =
Z Z
3
3
x +
y = 3x2 + 3y 2
x
y
F (x, y) dxdy =
We transform the double integral to polar coordinates:

Z Z
3 x2 + y 2 dxdy
= 3
Z Z
=2
=0
= 3 (2)
= 24
14.7
1.
3 x2 + y 2 dxdy.
r=2
r3 drd
r=0
2 !
1 4
Stokes Theorem
Z Z
( F) ndS =
F d.
144
We can parametrize C by
() = (4 cos () , 4 sin () , 0) , 0 2.
Thus,
d
= 4 sin () i + 4 cos () j,
d
and
F ( ()) = 4 sin () i + 8 cos () j
Therefore
F ( ())
d
d
= (4 sin () i + 8 cos () j) (4 sin () i + 4 cos () j)

= 16 sin2 () + 32 cos2 ()
Thus
F d = 16
2.
sin2 () d + 32
0
Z Z
cos2 () d = 16 + 32 = 16.
( F) ndS =
F d.
We can parametrize C by
() = (cos () , sin () , 1) , 0 2.
Thus,
d
= sin () i + cos () j,
d
and
F ( ()) = sin () i cos () j + k
Therefore
F ( ())
d
d
= (sin () i cos () j + k) ( sin () i + cos () j)

= sin2 () cos2 () = 1.
Thus
3.
F d =
F d =
d = 2.
( F) ndS
Z Z
We have
F (x, y, z) =
i
x
z
y
x3

z
i x
y2
z
j
y
x3
k
z
y2
= 2yi j + 3x2 k

z
j + x
y2
z
y
k
x3
14.7. STOKES THEOREM
145
We also have n = k. Thus

Z
( F) ndS
Z Z
Z ZM
2yi j + 3x2 k kdS

3x2 dS.
M can be parametrized by
(x, y) = (x, y, 4) , (x, y) D,
where D is the circle of radius 3 centered at the origin in the xy-plane. Therefore
Z Z
3x dS =
M
Z Z
3x dxdy
=2
r=0
=0
Z =2
= ()
Z
F d =
3r2 cos2 () rdrd

! Z
r=3
cos2 () d
=0
4.
r=3
Z Z
243
4
3r3 dr
r=0
243
( F) ndS
We have
j
k
y z
x 2y

y z
i x
x 2y
z
= 2i + j k
F (x, y, z) =
i
x
z

z
j + x
2y
z
y
x
M can be parametrized by
(x, y) = (x, y, y + 2) , (x, y) D,
where D is the circle of radius 2 centered at the origin in the xy-plane. Therefore
N = j + k
Thus,
Z
( F) ndS
( F) Ndxdy
ZDZ
(2i + j k) (j + k) dxy
=
Z ZD
2dxdy
=
D
= 2 (area of the disk of radius 2 )

= 2 (4) = 8.
146
14.8
Gauss Theorem
1. We have
F (x, y, z) = (xi + yj + zk) =
Therefore
Z Z
F ndS
=
=
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
(x) +
(y) +
(z) = 3.
x
y
z
FdV
3dV
= 3 (volume of W ) = 3
2. We have
4 3
= 44 = 256
4
3
3
F (x, y, z) = z 3 k =
z = 3z 2
z
Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
F ndS =
FdV =
3z 2 dV
Therefore
We transform to spherical coordinates:

Z Z Z
Z =2 Z = Z =2
2
2
3z dV = 3
( cos ()) 2 sin () ddd
W
=0
=0
=0
Z
! Z
! Z
=2
= 2
=2
cos () sin () d
=0
=0
=0

2
32
= 2 (2)
(4) =
3
3
d
3
3. We have
F (x, y, z) = (xi + yj + zk) =
Therefore
Z Z
F ndS
=
=
Z Z Z
Z Z ZW
W
4. We have
Therefore
Z Z
(x) +
(y) +
(z) = 3.
x
y
z
FdV

3dV = 3 (volume of W ) = 3 43 = 192

2
x = 2x
F (x, y, z) = x2 i =
x
F ndS =
Z Z Z
FdV
=
=
=
Z Z Z
2xdV
x=1
x=0
Z x=1
x=0
y=1
y=0
z=1
2xdzdydx
z=0
2xdx = 1.

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Calculus III

Instructors Solution Manual

12 Functions of Several Variables

Cartesian Coordinates in 3D and Surfaces

CHAPTER 11. VECTORS

11.1. CARTESIAN COORDINATES IN 3D AND SURFACES

These are ellipses if 2 < c < 2. The curve is reduced

CHAPTER 11. VECTORS

11.1. CARTESIAN COORDINATES IN 3D AND SURFACES

CHAPTER 11. VECTORS

Vectors in Two and Three Dimensions

11.2. VECTORS IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS

Therefore, Q2 = (5, 7).

CHAPTER 11. VECTORS

11.2. VECTORS IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS

CHAPTER 11. VECTORS

11.3. THE DOT PRODUCT

= (2i + 3j + 6k) + 4 (4i 2j + k)

= 3 (i 3j + 5k) 2 (7i + 2j 2k)

The Dot Product

CHAPTER 11. VECTORS

Thus, v and w are orthogonal to each other.

13, ||w|| = 20, v w = (3) (2) + (2) (4) = 2

11.3. THE DOT PRODUCT

5, ||w|| = 10, v w = (2) (1) + (1) (3) = 1

b) The direction cosines of v are

b) The direction cosines of v are

CHAPTER 11. VECTORS

b) The direction cosines of v are

11.3. THE DOT PRODUCT

CHAPTER 11. VECTORS

The Cross Product

Therefore, the area of the parallelogram spanned by (1, 3) and (2, 6) is

11.4. THE CROSS PRODUCT

(i + 3j 2k) (4i j 6k) =

Therefore, the area of the parallelogram spanned by i + 3j 2k and 4i j 6k is

||20i 14j + 11k|| = 202 + 142 + 112 = 717 (

Therefore, the volume of the parallelepiped spanned by u,v and w is |7| = 7.

P0 P1 = (1, 0, 1) and P0 P2 = (0, 5, 2) .

CHAPTER 11. VECTORS

P0 P1 = (3, 6, 2) and P0 P2 = (2, 5, 1)

Functions of Several Variables

Tangent Vectors and Velocity

CHAPTER 12. FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

12.2. ACCELERATION AND CURVATURE

= (0, 4, ) + u (12, 0, 2) = (12u, 4, + 2u) , u R.

= et (cos (t) sin (t)) , et (cos (t) + sin (t))

Thus, the speed at t = is

Thus, the speed at t = 1 is

Acceleration and Curvature

CHAPTER 12. FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

a (t) = v0 (t) = 2et + tet i + et j

12.2. ACCELERATION AND CURVATURE

9 sin2 (3t) + 9 cos2 (3t) + 16 = 25 = 5.

CHAPTER 12. FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

B (/2) = T (/2) N (/2) =

12.2. ACCELERATION AND CURVATURE

0 (2) = 1, e2 , 0 and 00 (2) = 0, e2 , 0 .

so that the speed is

(/6) = (4 cos (/3) , 4 sin (/3) , 0) =

CHAPTER 12. FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

Therefore, the normal component of the acceleration is

so that the speed is