Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dochoc Moitruong Suckhoe
Dochoc Moitruong Suckhoe
C HC, MI TRNGV
SC KHE CON NGI
(In ln th 3)
I HC KHOA HC THI NGUYN
KHOA KHOA HC T NHIN V X HI
TH VIN
Gim c :
PHNG QUC BO
GS TS O NGC PHONG
PGS. TS BI LAI
TS LNG LNG
LAN HNG
Trnh by ba:
NGC ANH
Preface
The textbook on "Toxicology and environmental health" has
been established in the framework of the prDject "Capacity
building for environmental management in Vietnam". The
educational component of the proect targets the Master
programme, organised by the Faculty of Environmental
Sciences at the Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National
University. A specific project objective was to dev.elop
reference materials for the students. The result is five textbooks,
including this one, wltich have been published with the Vetnam
National University Publishing House, whse co- operation
enabled 750 copies to be published, instead of the original target
of 250 copies.
Peer review is crucial for quality control and has been a
structural component of the textbook development. The main
obiective of the peer review process was to generate comments
and detailed suggestions to improve the manuscripts. Dr. Trinh
Thi Thanh completed a draft textbook in January 1999. In March
1999, the Hanoi University of Science organised a review
workshop, in which twenty-seven academics participated. The
review was based on the following main criteria, set by the
~university: l) scientific quality; 2) up-to- dateness; 3)
pedagogical quality. In addition, an extnsive external peer
review was completed, including scientists from universities and
research institutes in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City A final
review was organised by the publishing house. The authors have
adapted their manuscripts according to the comments expressed.
Acknowledgments
On bhalf of the Project Advsory Committee, we would like to
congrat'ulate the author, Dr. TRN TH THANH of the Faculty
of Envirnmental Sciences, fur successfully completing the
3
Li gii thiu
Cun sch "c hc Mi trng v Sc khe con ngi"
c bin son trong khun kh ca n:. "Xy dng Nng
lc Qun l mi trng Vit Nam. Mc tiu o to ca
n l chng trnh o to Thc s do Khoa hc mi trng
Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin. i hc Quc gia H Ni
thc hin. Mc tiu c bit ca n l tng cng cung cp
cc ti liu tham kho cho sinh vin. Kt qu l 5 cun sch gio
trnh c Nh xut bn i hc quc gia H Ni xut bn
v c th in c 750 cun thay v nhim v lc u l 250
cun.
Cng vic nhn xt nh gi l quan trng cho cht lng
cun sch c ch trong sut qu trnh bin son. Mc
ch chnh ca cng vic ny l phn bin v ng gp cc
kin nhm nng cao cht lng cc bn tho. Sau khi TS Trnh
Th Thanh hon thnh bn tho vo thng 1 nm 1999, thng 3
nm 1999, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin i hc Quc
gia H Ni t chc Hi tho nh gi nghim thu vi s
tham d ca 27 nh khoa hc Mi trng. Vic nh gi nghim
thu cn c vo 3 tiu chun chnh ca sch gio trnh m Trng
ra l:1) Tnh khoa hc; 2) Tnh cp nht hin ti v ;3) Tnh
s phm. Ngoi ra, cun sch cn c s tham gia nhn xt nh
gi ca cc nh khoa hc Trng i hc v Vin nghin cu
thnh ph H Ch Minh. c bit Nh xut bn i hc Quc
gia H Ni trc tip tham gia sa cha bn tho mt cch
cng phu cun sch c hon thin hn.
Thay mt hi ng c vn ca n, chng ti xin chc
mng tc gi TS Trnh Th Thanh - Khoa Mi trng hon
thnh c kt qu cun sch. Nhn dp ny chng ti cng xin
by t li cm n chn thnh ti GS o Ngc Phong - Trng
i hc Y khoa H Ni, PGS Bi Lai - Vin Sinh hc Nhit i
Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v cng ngh Quc gia Thnh
5
Li ni u
Cc nguyn tc c bn xy dng, t k cc
nghin cu v c hc, mi trng v sc kho con
ngi.
Chng 5 nh gi an ton
Chng 6 - nh gi nguy c ca c cht
Chng 7 - nh hng ca mt scht nguy hi ti sc kho
con ngi.
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n GS. Lusc Hens, GS. Mai nh
Yn, GS. o Ngc Phong c nhng ng gp qu bu v
chuyn mn cho gio trnh.
Trong qu trnh bin son, chc chn s khng trnh khi
thiu st, tc gi rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca bn
c.
TRNH TH THANH
Chng I.
MT S KHI NIM, C BN V C HC, MI
TRNG V SC KHE CON NGI
Cc cht tng hp
5. Cht gy n
Phn loi da theo bn vng
Da vo tnh bn vng ca cht nguy hi c th phn ra 4
nhm sau:
1 Khng bn vng: bn vng 1-2 tun (Phu c,
carbonate...)
2. Bn vng trung bnh: bn vng t 3 thng n 18 thng
3. Bn vng: thi gian bn vng ko di t 2 - 5 nm (DDT,
aldnn, chlordane...)
4. Rt bn vng: Lu tn rt lu trong c th sinh vt (Kim
loi nng,...)
Phn loi da trn loi c quan b tc ng
1. Cc cht gy nh hng tp trung, im
Cl2, O3, kim, mui kim loi nng, formol, F,...
2. Cc cht gy nh hng h thn kinh
CO2 Phenol, F, formol,...
3. Cc cht gy c hi mu
Zn, P,...
4. Cc cht gy c hi nguyn sinh cht
5. Cc cht gy c hi h enzym
Phe Na2SO4, F,...
6. cc cht gy m
Chlorofoc, CCl4, te,...
7. Cc cht gy tc ng tng hp
Formol, F,...
Mt s c cht c hm lng khc nhau gy nh hng
18
khc nhau
V d: phenol hm lng thp h thn kinh
phenol hm lng cao mu
Phn loi theo mc tc dng sinh hc
Ti hi ngh quc t nm 1969 v c hc sinh thi, cc
chuyn gia ngh phn loi sinh hc cc cht cng nghip.
Vic phn loi ny da vo 4 mc tc dng. ca cht nguy
hi:
Loi A (Tip xc khng nguy him): Tip xc
khng gy nh hng ti sc kho.
loi B: Tip xc c th gy tc hi n sc kho
nhng c th hi phc c.
c.
22
Chng II
CC CHT C HI
2.1. C CHT L, HA
2.1.1. Nhit
Nhit c tc ng r rt n c th. p ng (phn
ng) vi nhit mi trng, c th c th tng tit m hi,
tng tun hon mu di da (khi nhit cao) hoc gim tun
hon mu di da (khi nhit thp). Khi nhit mi trng
xp x hoc cao hn nhit c th c bit kt hp vi m
cao, c th c th b say nng" hoc c cc triu chng nguy
him khc v c th b t vong.
2.1.2. Asen
Asen l kim loi c th tn ti nhiu dng hp cht v c
v hu c. Trong t nhin, Asen c trong nhiu loi khong
cht. Trong nc Asen thng dng Asenic hoc Asenat. Cc
hp cht Asen methyl c trong mi trng do chuyn ha sinh
hc. Arsenic phn b rng ri trong v qu t v c s dng
trong thng trng trc ht lm tc nhn hp kim ha.
Arsenic xm nhp vo nc t cc cng on ho tan cc cht
v qung m, t nc thi cng nghip v t s lng ng
khng kh. mt vi ni, i khi Arsenic xut hin trong nc
ngm do s n mn cc ngun khong vt thin nhin.
Ba nh hng chnh ca a sen ti sc kho con ngi l: lm
ng keo protein, to phc vi Asen(III) v ph hy qu trnh
photpho ha.
Asen gy ung th biu m da, ph qun, phi, cc xoang...do
Asen vcc hp cht ca Asen c tc dng ln nhm Sulphydryl
(-SH) ph v qu trnh photphoryl ha. Cc enzym sn sinh
nng lng ca t bo trong chu trnh axit xc b nh hng rt
ln. Enzym b c ch do vic to phc vi As(III), lm ngn cn
23
2.1.7. ng
Lng ng trong nc ung thng thp ch vi g/l
nhng ng nc v vt dng cha nc c mi hn bng ng
c th lm tng nng ng. Nng ng trong nc ung
c th tng ln n nhiu mn sau mt thi gian nc ng
trong ng.
ng l nguyn t c bn, lng a vo c th t thc
phm vo khong 1-3 mg/ngy. Cc hp cht ca ng khng
c lm, cc mui ng gy tn thng ng tiu ha, gan,
thn v nim mc. c nht l mui ng xuanua.
i vi ngi ln, t l hp thu v lu gi ng tu thuc
lng a vo c th hng ngy. S kch thch d dy cp tnh
c th xy ra mt s ngi sau khi ung nc c nng
ng trn 3 mg/l. ng c th gy v cho nc. ngi ln, v
s thoi ha gan nhn u (hepatolenticular degeneration), c
ch iu chnh ng b suy gim hiu qu v do n ung lu di
nc c nng ng cao s lm tng nguy c b x gan.
Nm 1982, JECFA ngh gi tr tm thi cho lng tip
nhn ti a hng ngy c th chu ng c l 0,5 mg/kg th
trng. ngh ny cn c trn nhng nghin cu ch trc
. Ngi ta tnh ra gi tr hng dn bo v sc kho l
2mg/l.
2.1.8. Km
Km l nguyn t vi lng c tm thy trong nhiu loi
thc phm v nc ung di hnh thc cc phc cht hu c.
Cc mui km ha tan u c. Khi ng c km s cm thy
ming c v kim loi, au bng, mch chm, co git... Ch n
thng l ngun cung cp km chnh cho c th.
Mc d lng km trong nc ngm thng khng vt qu
0,01 - 0,05 mg/l, nhng ring nc my c nng km cao
hn nhiu o s ho tan km t ng dn nc.
27
32
%chuyn ha
O2Hb-> COHb
nh hng i vi con
ngi
10
100
15
au u, chng mt, mt mi
nhiu
250
32
750
60
1000
66
bt tnh
cht sau vi gi
cht rt nhanh
CO2
Biu hin c tnh
((((( (%)(%)(%)
5%
Kh th, nhc u
10%
Ngt, ngt th
Nng CO2trong khng kh sch chim 0,003 - 0,006 %.
Nng ti a cho php ca CO2 l 0,1%.
Kh CO2 cn gy nn hin tng hiu ng nh knh, lm cho
bu kh quyn nng ln.
2.1.17. NO2
Nc oxit (NO) t c hn so vi dioxit nit (NO2). Ging
nh CO, NO to lin kt vi hemoglobin v lm gim hiu sut
vn chuyn oxy. Trong khng kh b nhim th NO c mt
nng thp hn nhiu so vi CO v v vy tc ng n
hemoglobin l nh hn nhiu.
NO2 c hi hn i vi sc kho ngi. Hu qu ca nhim
c NO2 cc mc nng khc nhau nu bng sau:
Bng 2. nh hng nhim c NO2 vi nng khc nhau
i vi ngi
Nng NO2, Thi gian Hu qu n sc kho
PPm
u c
ngi
vim phi trong 6 - 8 tun
50 - 100
di 1h
150 -200
di 1h0
ph hy dy kh qun, s
cht nu thi gian u c l
3-5 tun.
cht
33
2.1.18. Sulphur
Kh SO2 khng mu, khng chy, c v hng, cay. Hu ht
mi ngi b kch thch nng 5 ppm. Thm ch mt s
ngi nhy cm b kch thch khi nng 1 - 2 ppm v i khi
xy ra co tht thanh qun khi b nhim c nng 5-10 ppm.
Nhng triu chng ca hin tng nhim c SO2 l co hp dy
thanh qun km theo s tng kch thch khi th SO2, NO2 tip
xc vi nim mc m p to thnh axt. Kh SO2, NOX vo c
th qua ng h hp hoc ha tan vo nc bt ri vo ng
tiu ha, sau phn tn vo ng tun hon mu.
Ngoi ra, SO2 cn c th gy ra s ri lon chuyn ha
protein v ng, gy thiu vitamin B v C, c ch enzym
oxyaza. Tip xc lu i vi kh SO2 nng cao c th b
bnh h to huyt, v khi methemoglobin to ra s tng
cng qu trnh oxy ha Fe(II) thnh Fe (III).
2.1.19. Hidro Sulphur
H2S l kh khng mu, c mi c trng (mi trng thi), tan
trong nhiu dung mi khc nhau nh: nc, ru, ete, dung mi
alkali cacbonat bcacbonat. H2S c th tham gia phn ng xy
ha to thnh SO2, H2SO4 dng nguyn t.
H2S sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca ni la v sn
phm ca qu trnh phn hy protein ng vt v thc vt ca vi
khun. Rt nhiu loi vi khun, nm, thi ra H2S trong qu trnh
phn hy cc hp cht c cha cc amino axit cha lu hunh
v trong qu trnh kh trc tip sulphat. Vi khun proteus
vulgaris l loi vi khun in hnh to ra H2S khi sng trong mi
trng c protein. Qu trnh kh sulphat c tin hnh bi 2
loi vi khun k kh l Desulfovibro v Desulfotomaculum.
Ngun hu c cho cc vi khun ny hot ng l cc axt hu c
mch ngn sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men ca cc vi khun k
kh khc hoc cc hp cht hu c phc tp hn. Do vy H2S
Sinh ra trong cc mi trng thiu oxy, c cht hu c v c
sulphat.
34
35
Ct gi Amian
Sn xut Barium carbonate
Sn xut mui Barium
Sn xut Carbon disulfide
Cng nhn, sinh vin, gio vin
trong phng th nghim.
Cng nhn luyn cc
Tch sung t cc m ng
Qu trnh ln men
Sn xut phn bn
Ch bin thy sn
Khai phc nng lng a nhit
Sn xut h
Cng nhn cc m vng
Kt ta kim loi
iuch nc nng
Tinh ch axit HCl
Sn xut H2S
Cng nhn bi rc
Tch sulfit t qung ch
Vn chuyn ch
36
Th d
Propan, butan, he
Hydrocacbon
xan, limonen.
Hydrocacbon Metyl cloroform,
Halogen ha Metylen clorua
Hydrocacbon Benzen, toluen,
Thm
xylen
Ancol
Etanol, metanol
Xeton
Axeton
Andehit
Formaldehit,
nonanal
a im
12.1930
Men se River
10.1948
Donora,
Pennsylnania,
USA
12.1952
London
01.1956
London
12.1957
Hu qu c ghi nhn
Chuyn ng nhit lu gi SO2 38 ppm
lm 60 ngi b cht, mt s sc vt
cht
Nhim n 40%, 20 ngi cht 2 ppm
SO2
o ln nhit , sng m dy c 1,3
ppm SO2 khong 3.500 -4.000 ngi
cht
0,4 ppm SO2 180 - 200 ngi cht
S ngi cht ch yu (60%) la tui
70.
O3 gy tc hi i vi mt v c quan h hp ca ngi.
Ngi sng trong iu kin khng kh c 50 ppm O3 trong vi
gi s b cht do trn dch phi (pulmonary edema) (ngha l s
tch ly cht lng trong phi). Nhng ng vt non v nhng
ngi tr c nhy cm hn i vi nhng tc ng gy c ny.
Nhm Sulphyryl (-SH) enzym b tn hi o s tn cng
ca cc tc nhn oxy ha. Cc enzym b t lit do cc tc nhn
oxy ha quang ha gm izoxitrie dehydrogenaza,
malicdehydrogenaza v glucosa-6-photphat. dehydrogenaza.
Cc enzym ny b bao bc bi vng xc axit v km hm sn
sinh nng lng t bo ca glucoza. Cc tc nhn oxy ha ny
cn km hm hot tnh ca cc enzym tng hp trn celluloza v
cht bo trong thc vt.
Formaldehit
Cc vt liu xy dng v c trong gia nh v cng s c
dng Formaldehil: Vn sn, panel, g (bn gh, t, ging,
gi n vch ngn t s si, cc tm cch nhit, cch tm xp t
nha ur- formaldehit p tng. Tt c cc sn phm trn u
dng nha cha formaldehit (Phenoplast hoc aminoplast) hoc
lm cht kt dnh hoc sn ph b mt. Nha ur - formaldehit
khng bn v mt ha hc. Chng c th gii phng lng
formaldehit t do, cha phn ng ht cn lu li trong cc sn
phm cng nh s phn hy thy phn ca chnh polyme.
Tc ng ca formaldehit n sc kho ngi c th hin
trong bng sau:
39
Nng (ppm)
00-0,05
0,05 - 1,0
0,1 - 2,0
0,1 - 25
5 - 30
50 - 100
>100
cho ngi).
Theo cc nh chuyn mn th nu hm lng Flo cao hn l
mn s lm tng nguy c b nhim no rng v nu cao hn na
s b nhim no xng.
Cianua
Cianua pht hin c trong mt s loi thc phm. i khi
pht hin thy cianua c trong nc ung do hu qu ca
nhim cng nghip.
Cianua gy c ch cc enzym oxy ha ng vai tr mt xch
trung gian trong qu trnh s dng O2 sn xut ATP). thy
c nhng nh hng i vi tuyn gip v c bit l i vi h
thn kinh dn c n sn lu di v trong sn c cha cianua.
2.1.21. Ha cht bo v thc vt
Aldicarb
Aldicarb l cht bo v thc vt dng dit giun trong t,
cn trng v ve c trn nhiu loi cy. Aldicarb tan tt trong
nc v lu chuyn d dng trong t. Aldicarb b thoi bin
ch yu do qu trnh thy phn v sinh hc. Thi gian tn lu
Aldicarb trong mi trng c th t vi tun cho n vi thng.
C nhiu bng chng cho thy Aldicarb khng c tnh gy
nhim c trn hoc ung th. IARC cho rng Aldicarb xp vo
nhm 3. xc nh c gi tr hng dn cho Aldicarb trong
nc ung, ngi ta thc hin nghin cu trn chut cng
trng cho ung nc c hn hp aldicarb sulfoxide v aldicarb
sulfune vi t l l 1:1 trong 29 ngy. Gi tr NOAEL tm c
l 0,4 mg/kg th trng/ngy do cn c trn s c ch men
acetylcholinesterase.
Ly h s bt nh l 100 (v s khc bit v loi v c th)
ngi ta tnh c TDI = 4 g/kg th trng. Gi tr hng dn
c ngh da trn t phn TDI cho nc ung bng 10%
l 10 g/l.
41
Aldrin v Dieldrin
Alrin v ieldrin l cht bo v thc vt nhm cha do dng
dit su b trong t. bo qun g. Hai hp cht ny gn
vi nhau v c tnh v khu gy c. Aldrin nhanh chng
chuyn thnh dieldrin. Dieldrin l tht hp cht hu c do rt
bn t linh ng trong t v c th bc hi vo khng kh.
C hai cht ny c c tnh cao i vi ng vt v ngi.
Aldrin v dieldrin c nhiu c ch gy c. C quan ch yu
b nh hng khi c th nhim hai cht trn l h thn kinh trung
ng v gan.
T u thp nin 70, mt s quc gia hn ch nghim ngt
hoc cm dng c hai cht ny, c bit l trong nng nghip
IARC xp aldrin v dieldrin vo nhm 3.
Nm 1997, JMPR ngh gi tr ADI l 0,1 g/kg th
trng (tnh chung cho tng aldrin v dieldrin). gi tr ny da
trn NOAEL bng 1 mg/kg thc n cho ch v 0,5 mg/kg thc
n cho chut cng, tng ng 0,025 mg/kg th trng /ngy
c hai loi. JMPR dng h s bt nh 250 cn c trn s lin
quan gy ung th chut bch. Gi tr hng dn cho chng
da trn t phn TDI phn b cho nc ung l 1% v c gi
tr cho php trong nc ung l 0,03 tg/l).
Atrazine
Atrazine l cht dit c chn lc dng trc v sau khi cy
mc. Do s di chuyn ca n trong t, ngi ta pht hin c
trong nc b mt v nc ngm. Atrazine tng i bn trong
t v trong nc, thi gian bn phn hy khong vi thng, b
thoi bin do nh sng v vi sinh vt trong t.
Da trn NOAEL bng 0,5 mg/kg th trng/ ngy thu c
t mt nghin cu v tnh gy ung th cho chut cng trng v
ly h s bt nh l 1.000 (100 cho s khc bit v loi v c
th v 10 phn nh kh nng sinh khi u), ngi ta tnh
42
cng trng.
Heptachlor v heptachlorepoxide
Heptachlor l ha cht tr su ph rng, cho n nay ti
nhiu quc gia ngi ta hn ch hoc cm dng. Hin ti,
ng dng chnh ca heptachlor l dit mi (bng cch phun vo
t) S tip nhim heptachlor lu di c lin quan vi s nhim
c h thn kinh v gan.
Nm 1991, IARC nh gi li heptachlor v kt lun: bng
chng v tnh gy ung th ca n ln ng vt th y , nhng
trn ngi th cha, nn n c xp vo nhm 2B.
JMPR trc y nhiu ln nh gi heptachlor, cho n
nm 1991 thit lp gi tr ADI l 0,1 g/kg th trng da trn
NOAEL = 0,025 mg/kg th trng/ngy, thu c t hai nghin
cu trn ch vi h s bt nh l 200 (100 v s khc bit v
loi v c th v 2 v c s d liu cha hon ton tho ng).
Vi s phn b ADI trong nc ung l 1%, gi tr cho php
trong nc ung l 0,03 g/l.
Isoproturon
Isoproturon l cht dit c chn lc dng dit c nht nin
v c l ln khi trng ng cc. N c th b thoi bin quang
hc, sinh hc v thy phn, tn lu t vi ngy n vi tun. N
di chuyn trong t v c pht hin trong nc b mt v
nc ngm.
Isoproturon c vai tr l cht xc tin ung th hn l mt
cht gy ung th. Gi tr cho php trong nc ung l 9 g/l.
Lindane
Lindane (tc hexachlorocyclohexane, HCH) l mt cht dit
cn trng c s dng t lu. Ngoi vic s dng cho cy
trng, vt nui, n cn c dng bo qun g.
Lindane l mt cht tn lu c i lc vi nc thp v di
ng trong t chm, pht hin c trong nc. Nhim
44
50
Chng III
S HP TH PHN B V O THI
trong nc nh tng.
- Cc phn t lin kt thun nghch vi cc protein,
chylomicron hoc cc cu t khc ca huyt thanh.
- Cc phn t t do hoc lin kt nm trong hng cu v cc
yu t to thnh khc.
Phn ng sinh hc i vi mt ha cht nguy hi ph thuc
trc tip vo liu lng ca ha cht hp th vo c quan ni
tng. Tc ng ca bt k mt c cht no cng u ph thuc
ch yu vo nng ca n ti khu vc tc ng.
Tip xc
S tip xc ca c cht vi c th sng c th c hiu l
s c mt ca mt xenobiotic (ha cht l i vi c th) trong
c th sinh vt. n v ca s tip xc thng c tnh bng
ppm (n v mt phn triu) hay n v khi lng trn mt mt
khi khng kh, mt lt nc hay mt kg thc phm. Liu lng
tip xc qua da thng c tnh bng nng ca dung dch
tip xc vi din tch b mt c th.
Hp th
Hp th l qu trnh cc cht thm qua mng t bo v xm
nhp vo mu. S hp th cc c cht cn c th xy ra qua
ng tiu ha, h hp, da,...
S vn chuyn ca c cht t h tun hon vo trong m cng
c gi l s hp th, n tng t nh qu trnh hp th ha
cht t b mt c th vo h tun hon. Do vy, phi lun cn
nhc hai kha cnh ca s hp th:
1. S vn chuyn t b mt c th vo mu hay huyt thanh.
2. T mu vo cc m.
Lng hp th cc cht trong c th ng vt ph thuc vo
lng cht a vo, thi gian c th b tip xc, kiu, loi xm
nhp...
52
58
59
axt yu
kim yu
pH thp
khng ion ha
ion ha
pH CaO
ion ha
khng ion ha
Tc o thi
S o thi ph thuc vo
- Tc ca s kh hot tnh sinh ha
- Tc bi tit
Cng ca cc tc ng c hi ph thuc vo hm s
nng ha cht ti khu vc b nhim.
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, hp th l thm thu th
ng. Do vy, chnh lch v nng ti khu vc hp. th v
mu, nng hp th c biu th bng phng trnh m.
log M = Log Mo - (Kat)/2,30
Trong :
Mo: nng ca ha cht ti a im hp th thi im
bt u.
M: nng ca ha cht a im hp th ti thi im t.
Ka: hng s hp th, tng ng vi 0,693: t1/2
t1/2: thi gian bn hp th (thi gian khi M/Mo=1/2)
V d: Nng c cht tiu ha trong d dy xc nh tc
c cht c hp th vo mu. Khi nng c cht trong
d dy gim do c hp th bt vo mu, tc hp th
sau cng gim dn.
Phn ln, cc c cht vi nng thp b thi loi ra khi
c th vi tc ph thuc vo nng trong mu v kh nng
chuyn ha sang cc hp cht tan c trong nc. Nu c
cht tan c trong m, o thi trc tip rt kh khn, lc ny
tc o thi coi nh bng khng.
67
Chng IV
CC YU T NH HNG N C TNH
68
80
Cc cht
tng tc
Loi
im tc ng cui
Kt qu
SO2/NO2
Khng tng tc
Khng tng tc
SO2/O3
Con ngi
Con ngi
Con ngi
Ln
Con ngi
Chut nht
Chut to
Con ngi
Th
Chut
Con ngi
Chut
Chut
Chut
Tc ng ln hn
Khng tng tc
Tc ng nh hn
Khng tng tc
Khng tng tc
Tc ng ln hn
Tc ng
Khng tng tc
Cha xc nh
Tc ng nh hn
Khng tng tc
Tc ng nh hn
Khng tng tc
Tc ng nh hn
O3/NO2
O3/CO
O3/H2SO4
Cd/Hg
Cd/Pb
Cc cht
tng tc
Cd/CCl4
Cd/ Ethanol
Pb/Cu
Pb/Benzen
Pb/Ethanol
Co/Ethanol
Chc nng h hp
Chc nng h hp
Chc nng h hp
au rt, sng ty
chc nng h hp
Cc tc ng sinh ha
Cc tc ng sinh ha
Chc nng h hp
Chc nng h hp
Tc nhn gy qui thai
Tc ng n thn
Tc ng n thn
Tng huyt p
Tc nhn gy qui thai
Loi
im tc ng cui
Kt qu
Chut
Chut
Chut
Th
Con ngi
Chut
Con ngi
Chut
Tc ng n gan
Tc ng n gan
Gy c ni chung
Tc ng n tim
Gy c tnh ni chung
Gy c tnh ni chung
Gy tc ng n tim
Gy tc ng n tim
Tc ng nh hn
Tc ng nh hn
Tc ng ln hn
Tc ng ln hn
Tc ng ln hn
Tc ng ln hn
Tc ng ln hn
Tc ng ln hn
Tc ng n gan
Tc ng ln hn
Tc ng n gan
Tc ng ln hn
Ethanol
Ethanol/Alfl Chut
atoxin
Ethanol/Alfl Chut
atoxin
81
Pb/Cu
Chut
Gy c ni chung
Tc ng ln hn
Ethanol/Benze Chut
ne
Tc ng n mu
Tc ng ln hn
Ethanol/CS2
Tc ng ln hn
Tc ng ln hn
Ethanol/CO
Chut
Tc ng ln hn
Ethanol/CCl4
Gy c tnh tc thi
Tc ng n gan
Tc ng n gan
Tc ng ln hn
Tc ng ln hn
Tc ng ln hn
Tc ng ln hn
Gy c tnh ni chung Tc ng nh
Gy c tnh ni chung hn Tc ng
nh hn
Chng V
NH GI AN TON
c th, lng thc phm tiu th, hiu sut ca thc n, tnh
trng bnh tt v t l cht, du hiu gii c, nc tiu, trng
lng cc c quan ni tng cng nh nhng thay i c th
khc.
Cc th nghim v kh nng gy ung th c tin hnh
nh gi chc chn v kh nng gy ung th mt cch tim tng
ca tc nhn trn c th ng vt th nghim. Thng thng
nhng th nghim ny c tin hnh trn chut nht hay chut
to ni chung.
Nhng th nghim ny c coi nh dng khng nh kt
qu v th nghim c tin hnh trong thi gian tng i di,
thng l t 18 n 24 thng lin tc v vi mt liu lng
tng i cao.
Vi liu lng cao, con ng chuyn ha sinh hc ca tc
nhn trong c th ng vt th nghim c th khc so vi liu
lng thp hn; iu ny khin cho vic suy din p dng cho
c th ngi khng c ph hp lm v con ngi thng b
tip xc vi tc nhn mt nng thp hn nhiu. tit
kim ngi ta thng kt hp nhng nghin cu th nghim
mn tnh vi nhng th nghim v kh nng gy ung th.
C nhng quy chun nht thit phi tun th cho nhng th
nghim v kh nng gy ung th. Th nghim phi tin hnh trn
mt s lng cc con c v con ci ca mt loi ng vt
gm nhm. Cc ch s c theo di nh gi bao gm trng
lng c th, lng thc phm tiu th, hiu sut ca thc n,
tnh trng bnh tt v t l cht, du hiu gii c, nc tiu,
trng lng cc c quan ni tng cng nh nhng thay i c
th khc.
Nhng nghin cu c bit khc c th l mt phn m
rng ca chng trnh nh gi an ton k c nhng nghin cu
chuyn su v nhng c quan chu tc ng ca c cht.
Nhng c quan ny bao gm gan, thn, h thng ni tit. Nhng
nghin cu ny c thit k v tin hnh e gii thch c ch
91
Chng VI
NH GI NGUY C CA CHT C
C ch enzym
Hu ht cc c ch gy c l do tc ng ln hot ng bnh
thng ca h thng enzym.
Sau y l mt s phng thc th hin tc ng ca c cht
thng qua h thng enzym.
-Kt hp trc tip c cht c th thay i hot tnh ca
enzym bng s kt hp trc tip gia c cht vi nhm hot
ng hoc kim loi hot ng trong cu trc ca enzym lm c
ch hot ng ca chng. V d: ch, thy ngn kt hp vi gc
- SH ca enzym. Cc loi cyanua kt hp vi Fe ca enzym
cytocromoxydase lm enzym mt hot tnh.
-c ch cnh tranh: Cc c cht tranh ginh nhng sn
phm chuyn ha bnh thng hay nhng coenzym cn thit cho
s hot ng ca enzym. V d: Cht sulfanilamid c cu trc
tng t nh vitamin nhm B.
- S tng hp mt sn phm c mi t c cht xm nhp
vo c th. Cht mi tng hp ny gy c bng cch tc ng
vo qu trnh chuyn ha bnh thng. V d: cht
Natnfluoroacetat sau khi c hp th vo c th, mt enzym
chuyn ha fluor fluoroacetat to thnh nuorocitrat t axit
chc, mt cht trung gian trong chu trnh Kin. Cht fluorocitrat
ny khng cn kh nng m nhn vai tr trong chu trnh
chuyn ha, kt qu l s h hp ca t bo ngng li.
Enzym cm ng: Hu ht trong cc c ch trn, enzymu
gim hot tnh. Nhng.trong mt s iu kin no s p ng
c th l kch thch hot ng chuyn ha. Nhng enzym cm
ng l nhng enzym lm s tng hp sinh l tng thm s lng
enzym, do p ng vi mt tc nhn gy cm ng. V d: enzym
to ra khi nhim thy ngn trong thc nghim trn ng vt. i
vi loi ny thng gp vi khun v nm, ngi t gp.
C ch min dch
95
Nhng thun li
Tip xc => Tc hi c xc nh r
(d thit lp nguyn nhn)
Nhng bt li
nht.
Nng thp nht ti xut hin c tnh khng hong gi
l nng thp nht quan. st c tc ng c hi
(LOAEL). Nng ngay st di nng LOAEL gi l nng
khng quan st thy c tc ng c hi NOAEL. Nng
NOAEL c dng thit lp gii hn tip xc an ton,
chp nhn c ca con ngi i vi mt c cht thm nhp.
Vic thit lp ny da trn mt gi nh c ng h bi cc
kt qu th nghim: nu nh tip xc c quy nh mc thp
hn ch s xut hin ca c tnh khng hong th tt c
cc loi c tnh khc cng ng thi c hn ch (bi v cc
c tnh khc xut hin vi tip xc cao hn).
Cc s liu v ng vt
Cc nghin cu c cht khng gy ung th
- Tc thi: Ngn hn
Bn mn tnh: Trung hn
- Mn tnh: Di hn
-Pht trin: Tip xc trong d con
- Sinh sn
Cc nghin cu v ung th
-Cc nghin cu v tip xc trong sut vng i
-Cc nghin cu khi xng/ thc y
- Cc nghin cu c bit v cc c quan ca c th
6.3. BNH HC, TRIU CHNG LM SNG V QU
TRNH PHT TRIN NHIM C NGH NGHIP.
97
Bnh hc
Nghin cu bnh hc s thu c kt qu v c tnh ca mt
ha cht trong con ngi bng cch so snh tnh trng sc khe
ca mt nhm ngi phi thng xuyn tip xc vi ha cht
vi sc khe ca mt nhm ngi khc tng ng nhng
khng phi tip xc vi ha cht nghin cu.
Nghin cu v bnh hc c gng xc nh bt k mt hin
tng gia tng v bnh no gy ra do vic tip xc vi loi ha
cht nm trong nghi vn ca nhm ngi b tip xc vi ha
cht. Nghin cu bnh hc thng c b tr trn nhm ngi
phi tip xc nhiu vi nng ha cht cao ti ni lm vic.
C hai cht benzen v vinyl clorua u c chng minh l
nguyn nhn gy ung th cho con ngi trong nhng nghin
cu nhm ngi tip xc vi hai loi ha cht ny.
Khi nghin cu v bnh hc thu c kt qu thuyt phc th
cc nghin cu ny s rt c ch bi chng cung cp thng tin v
tc ng trc tip ca ha cht ln sc khe con ngi. Th
nghim bnh hc c thit k, b tr thc hin tt c gi tr hn
nhiu so vi nhng th nghim tin hnh trn c th ng vt.
Tt nhin th nghim v bnh hc khng ph bao gi cng
m bo l khng c nguy c ri ro. Mt kt qu nghin cu sai
(hoc cha y ) v bnh hc c th dn n vic thit lp
mc tip xc an ton khng chnh xc ca ha cht cho con
ngi. Hu ht cc nghin cu v bnh hc mi trng thng
c nhiu iu khng chc chn:
98
Rt kh c th kim sot c mt s ch s ri
ro nh vic s dng thuc l v mt s loi dc
phm.
Ch c mt s dng tc hi n sc khe c
bit n cho con ngi.
Thun li
Tin hnh ngay trn i tng c quan tm.
Bt li
-S liu v tip xc thng khng chnh xc.
- Nhm ngi trong cc th nghim thng t.
- Mt suyn t khng ng nht trong nhm ngi nghin
cu.
Triu chng lm sng v qu trnh pht trin nhim c
ngh nghip
Nhim c cp tnh
Nhim c cp tnh xy ra trong mt thi gian ngn vi nng
c cht ln. Nguyn nhn thng do cng nhn khng
tn trng ni quy sn xut, thiu phng tin phng h...
Qu trnh nhim c thng qua vi thi k:
Thi k bnh: T khi hp th c cht n lc xut hin
triu chng bnh u tin (Tr mt s axit, kim mnh c tc
dng kch thch mnh, trc tip ngay, khng c bnh). Thi
gian bnh tu s lng hoc nng c cht quyt nh.
100
105
106
LD 50
(mg/kg)
T 0 - 5
5 -50
50 - 500
500 - 5 000
Trn 5 000
i vi tr em nng 10 kg i vi ngi ln
nng DO kg
1 git
1 git n 1/8 tha c ph
1/8 - 1 tha c ph
1 tha n 4 tha c ph
trn 4 tha
1/16 tha c ph
1/16 - 3/4 tha c ph
3/4 - 3 tha c ph
3 - 30 tha c ph
trn 30 tha c ph
nhm ng vt.
Khi nim "ch s an ton" mc d vn c dng tng i
thng dng nhng i khi chng vn c thay bng tn
ch s khng chc chn hay ch s bin i".
Ch s khng chc chn, UF (uncertaintly factor) thng
l nhng bi s ca 10, vi mi ch s tng ng vi mt
kha cnh ring bit khng chc chn ca s liu. C s p
dng cc ch s khng chc chn khc nhau nh sau:
1. Ly gi tr UF bng 10 khi suy din s liu t ng vt cho
con ngi. Ch s ny tnh n s khc bit gia cc loi ng
vt c v dng th nghim vi con ngi. S dng gi tr UF
bng 10 cho s khc bit tng qut gia mt cng ng ni
chung v nhng c th nhy cm trong cng ng (v d nh
ngi gi v tr nh).
2. Gi tr UF bng 10 c dng khi gi tr NOAEL- c
suy ra t nghin cu bn mn tnh (thay th cho nghin cu mn
tnh).
3. Gi tr UF c dng khi LOAEL c dng v NOAEL
cn thiu nhiu s liu tin cy. S liu ny tnh n s khng
chc chn trong khi suy din s liu t gi tr LOAEL sang s
liu NOAEL.
Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp h s ny c th dng l
100 hoc 1000.
V d: h s 10 thng xuyn c dng ngoi suy t
mt lng ngi c hn ti mt s ng dn chng. H s 100
thng c p dng cho mt NOAEL t mt bnh kinh nin,
kh nng ung th hoc mt nghin cu di hn. H s 1000
thng c p dng cho cc nghin cu ngn hn hn (v d:
Mt nghin cu bn mn tnh 90 ngy) hoc cho cc nghin cu
khc vi d liu c han nh:
Nghincu
NOEAL
115
(mg/kgth trng/ngy)
Bn mn tnh (nghin cu 90 ngy)
1500
Mn tnh (nghin cu 2 nm)
1500
Nghin cu a th h
1000
Nghin cu pht trin
1250
NOAEL s c s dng l 1000 mg/kg th trng - ngy.
Vic p dng h s an ton 100 (NOEAL/UF hoc SF:
1000/100) a n kt qu l liu lng con ngi hp th mi
ngy c th chp nhn c (ADI) l 10 mg/kg th trng. ADI
l lng ha cht hp th trong 1 ngy m trong sut cuc i
dng nh khng gy nguy him ng k da trn tt c cc s
kin bit trong thi gian .
Ngoi nhng ch s khng chc chn k trn, ch s bin i
(MF: modifying factor) i khi cng c s dng. Ch s bin
i bin thin t 1 n 10.
tnh gi tr RfD, ly gi tr NOAEL tng ng (hoc l
gi tr LOAEL nu nh khng c mt gi tr NOAEL thch
hp) chia cho tt c cc ch s khng chc chn v ch s bin
i c th p dng c.
RfD= NOAEL /(UF1 X UF2 X UF3.....X MF)
RfD thng c biu din bng mt ch s c ngha vi
n v miligam ha cht trn kilogam trng lng c th trong
mt ngy (mg/kg-ngy).
6.5.3. Cch tnh gi tr hng dn t lng tip nhn c th
chu c
i vi nhiu loi c cht, c mt liu lng m di liu
th s khng c tc ng xu xy ra. Vi nhng ha cht c
nh hng c hi kiu nh th th "liu tip nhn hng ngy
c th chu ng c" (TDI) c tnh nh sau:
116
Trong :
NOAEL: mc c ghi nhn l khng gy nh hng bt
li no
LOAEL: mc thp nht c ghi nhn l c nh hng
bt li
UF: h s bt nh
Gi tr hng dn (GV) s c tnh t TDI nh sau:
Trong :
bw: Th trng (60 kg i vi ngi ln, 10 kg i vi
tr em v 5 kg i vi tr s sinh).
P: T phn TDI do nc ung mang li
C: Lng tiu th nc trong hng ngy (2 lt i vi
ngi ln, 1 lt i vi tr em, 0,75 lt i vi tr s sinh).
nh ngha v TDI (tolerable ctaily intake)
TDI l gi tr nh lng v khi lng ca mt cht c trong
thc phm v nc ung tc ng trn mt n v th trng
(mg/kg hoc mg/kg th trng) m con ngi c th tiu ha
hng ngy trong sut i m khng c nguy c xu ti sc
kho.
Trong nhiu nm, JECFA v JMPR p dng nhng quy
tc nht nh tnh "liu tip nhn hng ngy v c th chp
nhn c" (ADI). Nhng quy tc ny c tun theo (nu
thch hp) tnh TDI khi xy dng hng dn v cht lng
nc ung.
ADI c thit lp cho cc cht ph gia thc phm v d
lng thuc tr su c mt trong thc phm do yu cu k thut
hoc do bo v cy trng. i vi cc cht nhim ha hc l
nhng cht m ngi ta khng ch nh a vo nc th thut
117
th tnh GV t TDI. V d, cc h s nh hn 10 s c
dng cho s khc bit v loi khi ngi ta bit rng con ngi t
nhy cm i vi cht hn so vi loi ng vt c dng
nghin cu.
Tng cc h s bt nh khng c vt qu 10.000. Nu
mt nh gi nguy c no cn dng n h s bt nh ln hn
th TDI rt ra khng c chnh xc lm v thiu ngha. i
vi nhng cht m h s bt nh dnh cho n ln hn 1000 th
gi tr hng dn s ghi tm thi nhn mnh rng trong gi tr
bao gm h s bt nh cao.
Vic la chn v s dng cc h s bt nh tnh ra gi tr
hng dn rt quan trng i vi cc cht ha hc bi v n c
th lm gi tr tnh c khc bit nhau nhiu. i vi nhng
cht gy nhim c tnh bt nh thp th h s bt nh s c
nhn gi tr thp. Tuy nhin, 'trong hu ht cc cht gy nhim
u lin quan n tnh bt nh v v vy c h s bt nh cao.
V l , ta s c mt bin rng v tnh cht an ton trn mi
gi tr hng dn m bo khng gy nhng nh hng bt
li cho sc kho.
6.6. MT S PHNG PHP NH GI TC NG
GY HI N C TH SNG
6.6.1. Cch nh gi nhng tc ng c hi trong c hc
Cc phng php thc nghim nh gi nhng tc ng
c th c ca nhng ha cht nguy hi cn tin hnh nhiu
mc vi nhng phc tp khc nhau ty thuc vo tng mc
nghin cu cho tng i tng (mt loi ring bit, mt qun
th, mt qun x hay mt h sinh thi), hoc ph thuc vo im
cui cng (t l cht trong mt thi gian ngn hoc trong mt
thi gian di, cc hiu ng mn tnh hay bn mn tnh, suy gim
v kh nng sinh sn v.v...).
Cn thit phi so snh gia mt h sinh thi thc s v n
gin ca quy trnh th nghim cng nh suy din kt qu vn l
120
c tnh tc
thi - Ming
- Qua h h
hp
- Nghin cu v
kh nng sinh
sn Nghin cu
v kh nng gy
qui thai
( Cc nghin cu
- Qua da
Qua mt c
tnh bn tc
thi NOAEL sau
28 ngy Cc
tc ng
khc Bin d
di truyn
Nghin cu v c
tnh mn tnh Nghin cu v ung
th
- Nghin cu v
kh nng sinh sn
bn mn tnh v
mn tnh Nghin cu su
hn v bin d di
truyn
- Nghin cu v
kh nng gy qui
thai - Nghin cu
v c tnh tc
thi v bn tc
thi trn mt loi
khc
121
Th
nghim
c
cht
hc
sinh
thi
Tc ng n
sinh vt c
tnh tc thi
i vi c S
suy thoi
cua: - Cc
thnh phn
hu c Cc
thnh phn
v c
- Th nghim v
kh nng km
hm s pht
trin i vi ru,
to Th nghim
trn cc loi thc
vt cp cao hn
Th nghim trn
giun t - Th
nghim di hn
trn c - Th
nghim v kh
nng tch ly
trong mt s loi
- Th nghim m
rng v kh nng
tch ly sinh hc,
s suy thoi v s
di chuyn.
Nghin cu su
hn trn c (k c
nghin cu v s
sinh sn) - Nghin
cu thm v c
cht hc trn mt
s loi chim Nghin cu thm
v c cht hc
trn tt s loi
khc - Nghin cu
v s hp ph v
s gii hp
122
nghin cu v c ch trao i
nht ca ng vt c v
Cc nghin cu h tr khc Tc ng n c ch trao i
cht
- Nghin cu v c ch hot
ng
- Nghin cu trn cc gia sc
v vt nui
-Cc s liu v y hc v bnh
dch hc
- c tnh i vi giun t v
cc loi ng vt khng xng
sng khc sng trong t
-Tc ng i vi vi sinh vt
t
123
Thng thng tiu chun cht lng cho php thit lp cho
cc dng cht thi c kim tra sau bng cch tin hnh phn
tch ha hc. Tuy vy, nhng dng cht thi mang theo cc ha
cht c hi thng kh phn tch v th nghim c tnh.
hnh dung mc trm trng ca nguy c, mt th nghim n
gin c dng quan trc tip dng cht thi. Php th
nghim ny c gi l s quan trc dng cht thi.
c) Quan trc cht lng mi trng vi cc mc ch v
lut php
Nu nh b tiu chun mi trng ni trn cn c a vo
cc quy nh php lut, mt quy trnh th nghim chnh xc,
hiu qu phi c thit lp v phi ph hp vi cc tiu chun
v nghin cu c cht hc i vi c. Nhng php th nghim
ny c gi l nhng php th nghim mang tnh php lut.
d) nh gi nhy ca mi trng t nhin i vi cc
cht ha hc
Nh ni trn, cc dng sng c th b nhim mt cch
rt ngu nhin t nhiu ngun khc nhau, gy nguy him cho
nhng ngi s dng cui ngun. Nhng trng hp ny, h
thng quan trc phi quan st c nhng du hiu l tc ng
n nhng loi c sinh sng y. Quy a ra nhng kin
ngh kp thi tip tc cho php hoc phi chm dt nhng hot
ng gy ra nhng tc ng ni trn. Nhng th nghim ny gi
l nhng th nghim quan trc cht lng nc chy trn sng.
e) Nghin cu thit lp tiu chun mi trng
C rt nhiu cc c cht xut hin trong mi trng nc,
l do hu qu ca cc hot ng cng, nng nghip v nc
thi sinh hot. Nhng ha cht ny lu li trong h sinh thi
thy sinh vi nhng chu k rt di, thm ch i khi tn ti vnh
cu. i vi nhng cht ny cn nhiu thng tin nh gi
nguy hi, thit lp tiu chun cho php trong mi trng
nc. Bn cht v quy m ca nhng th nghim km theo ph
thuc vo bn cht ha hc ca tc nhn v mc gy ri ro
125
Trn
mt
loi
a) S b kim tra
c tnh ca ha
cht;
b Quan trc c
tnh s pht tn
nhim ca cht thi
hay ca cc ni
chn cht thi;
c) Quan trc cht
lng mi trng
vi cc mc ch v
lut php;
di nh gi
nhy ca mi trng
t nhin i vi cc
cht ha hc;
126
Trn
mt
qun x
H sinh Nghi
thi i n cu
chng
trn
thc tn
-
e) Nghin cu
+
127
Chng VII
NH HNG CA MT S CHT NGUY HI TI SC
KHE CON NGI
-U c tnh
- Chai da
Bnh bi phi - bng (Byssinosis)
Cng vic c th gy bnh: L ao ng tip xc vi bi bng,
trong vic x bng, chi th, lm si, bc si, qun si, dt vi,
thu hoch bng, t ht ly bng
Nhng ngi tip xc vi bi bng trong nhiu nm c
nhng triu chng bnh c trng, s gim dung tch h hp
khng hi phc c...
Trong s cc cht gy co tht ph qun c trong bi bng
hay nhng cht lm co tht cc ph qun nh bng s co c hay
do ph n nim mc ng h hp...
Mt s nc ngh ly tr s lmg/ma lm ngng ti a cho
php ni vi bi bng.
7.1.2. Bnh xm da
Nhng cng vic c th gy bnh: tip xc vi du ha, du
mazut, du nhn, du xng, benzen, parafin, luyn cc, nha
than, acridin, anthracen, nha ng, creosot, hi hydrocarbon,
bc, ch, bc x ton ha hp cht lu hunh, phenol, than en,
sa thch, sn xut cao su.
Bnh thng gp trong cc ngnh cng' nghip nh ha du,
luyn than, tm g, ra nha ng, li tu, luyn kim, phim nh,
nha, bi thc vt, ha cht, cao su,...
Bnh xm da tuy khng gy cht ngi cp tnh nhng lm
sc kho suy gim, kit qu, nng sut lao ng gim st mt
khc, bnh thng pht cc vng da h nh tay, c, mt lm
nh hng n nhan sc thm m, nht l i vi nam n thanh
nin. y khng ch l vn sc kho m cn l vn x hi
cn c quan tm.
Bin php khc phc
132
ch.
134
ch.
Vim thn pht trin chm, protein niu nh, m huyt tng
nh, ln trn 0,5 g/l. Nc tiu c th c hng cu, bch cu.
Huyt p cao
Lc u c th huyt p cao n thun, sau tr thnh vnh
vin v phi hp vi vim thn. Pb gy tc hi n mch v nhu
m thn. Huyt p cao c th gy tai bin tim mch trong nhim
c ch: xut huyt, tim to, suy tim.
Thp khp do ch
Xut hin tng cn, au cc khp lan to, nhng khng tp
trung ct sng. Cn au ko di vi ngy. Cn c th au c,
au xung quanh khp, nhng khng sng, khng .
Nhim c ch hu c
Ch hu c thng gp l te tra ethyl ch Pb(C2H5)4. Hp cht
ny c s dng ngy cng nhiu pha vo xng - xng pha
ch c nguy c gy nhim c cho cng nhn tip xc.
Ti Vit Nam, s cng nhn tip xc vi xng pha ch ngy
cng nhiu: th my, cng nhn kho xng du phi c ra cc b
xng du, cc xitec,... nhng ngi vn chuyn, bo qun, phn
ph v s dng xng du...
Theo quy nh ca nhiu nc, lng tetraethyl ch ti a
c php pha vo xng khng qu 0,5 phn nghn (hay o,5 g/l).
Tetraethyl ch vo c th d dng qua da, v n ho tan c
qua lp m bo v. Nhim c ch hu c cng rt d dng qua
ng h hp. Do , nhim c hay gp nhng ngi lm
vic c ra, sa cha cc b cha xng hay cc thng xitec v
tetraethyl ch vo c th qua c ng da v ng h hp. i
vi ngi, ch hu c gy nhim c kiu vim no. V c i lc
vi t chc m, ch c nh t chc m ca no. Do tc dng
chn lc ny, biu hin ca nhim c tetraethyl ch rt khc vi
nhim c ch v c. Cc kt qu nghin cu v c cht hc
137
Hi chng bnh
Thi
T l mt
gian bo kh nng
m
lao ng
3%
1 nm
60%-61%
80%
81-100%
c ng c, cc nh my t rc...
- T nn ht thuc l: Cc nghin cu thng k M theo di
trong 20 nm th thy nhng ngi nghin thuc l nng (trn
20 iu/ngy) b ung th phi nhiu hn cc ngi khc (hn
75%). Tc dng ung th ch xut hin khong 1 nm sau khi bt
u ht.
Ti sao ht thuc l li c hi?
Khi 1 iu thuc l c khong 0,1 mg nicotin hay 1-metyl- 2
- (3-pyridyl) pyrolidin l mt ancaloit bay hi, c, khuch tn
nhanh, v vy 90% nicotin c th thm nhp vo c th.
u tin nicotin vi liu lng nh kch thch hch thn kinh
t ng ca dy thn kinh ph giao cm ri n dy thn kinh
giao cm, ty thng thn, gy mch nhanh, huyt p tng, kch
thch s tit cc cht catecolamin, do lm tng s tiu th
oxy c tim cng nh tng lu lng mu ng mch vnh,
lm th nhanh, gin ng t, tng nhu ng rut. Vi liu lng
cao n lm lit cc xinap thn kinh v ch giao tip c - thn
kinh.
Trong khi thuc l bao gi cng c cc hydrocacbua thm
nhiu vng, trong c nht l 3,4 - benzopyren vi hm
lng 0,5g/iu. Nghin thuc l lu nm s gy nhim c c
th, lm gim tui th (trung bnh 4 nm), vim ph qun mn
tnh, bnh tim mch, ung th ph qun phi. Trong kha hp
thng 11 nm 1982 Ginev cc chuyn gia v ung th ph
qun- phi u nht tr kt lun rng 80- 90% trng hp bnh
u bt ngun t ht thuc l.
Ung th vm hng
Nguyn nhn ung th vm hng rt a dng, trong c
th c: Vim mn tnh vng tai mi hng, cc ha cht dt c,
ht thuc. Ung th vm hng c yu t di truyn. Ung th vm
hng pht trin theo 3 th: Th lot, th tiu thy v th si.
Ung th i tr
143
145
n, dB
90
92
95
97
100
1 + 1/2
102
105
3/4
107
1/2
1/4
110
115 (+)
7.2. MT S V D V HU QU CA CHT GY
NGUY HI XY RA TRN TH GII V VIT NAM
149
Thuc bo v thc vt
Dioxin
7/1996 c v n my bay pha bc Phi lng. My bay ny
ch triclophenol. Hu qu ko theo cc phn ng trung gian v
to ra dioxin. Ngi dn y di chuyn sang vng khc. Ti
vng b nhim, ngun kinh ph khng l phi chi ra x
l t. Bin php x l y l o ho cch ly vi cc vt liu
ct, t st, vi nha. Trn lp nha b tng, trn b tng
t v trng c.
Tng hp ha cht
Trong nhng nm 1890, William Love o mt con knh
cho mt phn d n thy in vng Niagara Fall thuc bang
New York. Nm 1940 tp on nha v ha cht Hooker bt
u cc cht thi ha hc t cc hot ng ch to ti nh
my bng cch chn chng xung knh ny. Ha cht thng
c chn xung trong nhng thng kim loi c k, g. i khi
chng b v ra khi v thm ch cc ha cht c c trc
151
h di chuyn ln ti 950 h.
K hoch no vt knh c bt u t cu nm 1978.
n nay ton b chi ph cho n ci to knh Love khong
250 triu USD. Rt nhiu c nhn v chnh quyn kin hng
Hooker v cng ty ha cht u M (Cng ty m ca hng)
lm con knh b nhim nng n bi vic ph thi. Thng
6/1994 chnh quyn bang m phin to xt x v pht cng ty
ny 120 triu USD bng tin mt v ci to li mi trng.
155
management.
Nykoping, Sweden, 1996.
[15] Would Health Organisation (WHO). Principle of
Toxicology, 1995.
[16] Would Health Organisation (WHO). Assessment of
sources of Air, Water and Land Pollution, 1997.
157
MC LC
Li ni u .................................................................................. 8
CHNG I:MT S KHI NIM, C BN V C HC,
MI TRNG V SC KHE CON NGI...................... 10
1.1. NH NGHA C HC, C HC, MI TRNG
V SC KHE CON NGI ............................................ 10
1.2. MT S KHI NIM V NGUYN TC C BN. 11
1.3. PHN LOI CHT THI NGUY HI ....................... 17
CHNG II:CC CHT C HI....................................... 23
2.1. C CHT L, HA .................................................. 23
2.1.1. Nhit ................................................................... 23
2.1.2. Asen ........................................................................ 23
2.1.3. Crom. ...................................................................... 24
2.1.4. Niken....................................................................... 24
2.1.5. Cadimi..................................................................... 25
2.1.6. Thy ngn ............................................................... 26
2.1.7. ng........................................................................ 27
2.1.8. Km......................................................................... 27
2.1.9. St ........................................................................... 28
2.1.10. Mangan ................................................................. 28
2.1.11. Ch......................................................................... 28
2.1.12. Cht ty ra b mt ............................................... 30
2.1.13. Aming.................................................................. 30
2.1.14. Ammonia (amoniac) ............................................. 31
2.1.15. Carbon monocide .................................................. 32
2.1.16. Kh cacbonic CO2................................................. 33
2.1.17. NOX ....................................................................... 33
2.1.18. Sulphur .................................................................. 34
2.1.19. Hidro Sulphur........................................................ 34
2.1.20. Cc cht hu c bay hi (VOC)............................ 36
2.1.21. Ha cht bo v thc vt....................................... 41
2.2. C CHT SINH HC .............................................. 46
CHNG III: S HP TH PHN B V O THI ..... 51
158
161