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ECEN474: (Analog) VLSI Circuit Design Fall 2012: Lecture 12: Noise
ECEN474: (Analog) VLSI Circuit Design Fall 2012: Lecture 12: Noise
Fall 2012
Lecture 12: Noise
Sam Palermo
Analog & Mixed-Signal Center
Texas A&M University
Announcements
HW3 due Wednesday Oct 24
Todays office hours are from 4-5:30
Reading
Razavi Chapter 7
Agenda
Noise Types
Noise Properties
Resistor Noise Model
Diode Noise Model
MOSFET Noise
Filtered Noise
OTA Noise Example
Noise Significance
Why is noise important?
Sets minimum signal level for a given performance
parameter
Directly trades with power dissipation and bandwidth
Vdd
Vnoise
Interference Noise
Interference Man-Made Noise
Deterministic signal, i.e. not truly random
Could potentially be modeled and predicted, but practically this may be
hard to do
Examples
Power supply noise
Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
Substrate coupling
Solutions
Fully differential circuits
Layout techniques
Inherent Noise
Electronic or Device Noise
Random signal
Fundamental property of the circuits
Examples
Thermal noise caused by thermally-excited random motion of carriers
Flicker (1/f) noise caused by material defects
Shot noise caused by pulses of current from individual carriers in
semiconductor junctions
Solutions
Proper circuit topology
More power!!!
Noise Properties
Noise is random
[Johns]
RMS Value
If we assume that the noise has zero mean
(generally valid)
RMS or sigma value is the square-root of the
noise variance over a suitable averaging time
interval, T
1
V ( ) v (t )dt
T
12
2
n
n rms
Vn2(rms )
1
= Vn2(rms )
8
noise power
Quantified in units of dB
Pn = PSD( f )df
f1
2
=
I Rn
Pn 4kT
=
f
R
R
[Johns]
Noise Summation
vno (t ) = vn1 (t ) + vn 2 (t )
2
no ( rms )
1
=
T
2
(
)
(
)
[
]
v
t
+
v
t
dt
n2
n1
0
2
no ( rms )
=V
2
n1( rms )
+V
2
n 2 ( rms )
2
+ vn1 (t )vn 2 (t )dt
T 0
Correlation
Last term describes the correlation
between the two signals, defined by the
correlation coefficient, C
T
1
vn1 (t )vn 2 (t )dt
T 0
C=
Vn1(rms )Vn 2(rms )
Vno2 (rms ) = Vn21(rms ) + Vn22(rms ) + 2CVn1(rms )Vn 2(rms )
Uncorrelated Signals
For two uncorrelated signals, the meansquared sum is given by
Vno2 (rms ) = Vn21(rms ) + Vn22(rms )
Add as though they were vectors at right angles
15
TAMU-ELEN-474 2009
Jose Silva-Martinez
vn1 R
1
+
vin
-
v0
vn2
R2
R1
R2
R2
v0 =
v n 2
v n1 +
v in +
R1 + R 2
R1 + R 2
R1 + R 2
Above is what you do for deterministic signals,
but we cannot do this for the resistor noise
But noise is a random variable, power noise density has to be used rather than voltage; then
the output referred noise density (noise in a bandwidth of 1 Hz) becomes
2
v0n
v0n
R1
R2
2
2
v
=
vn2
n1 +
R1 + R 2
R1 + R 2
2
R1
R2
=
4kTR 2
4kTR1 +
R1 + R 2- 17
R1 + R 2
General Case :
2
von
,T ( f ) = H x (s )
x
2
s = j 2f
v x2 ( f )
[Johns]
TAMU-ELEN-474 2008
Jose Silva-Martinez
Thermal Noise
=> Spectral Density of the thermal noise drain current (CMOS
transistor biased @ linear region)
B
N+
substrate
P+
i d2
P+
N
Transistor
Channel
i d2
Resistor
in12=4kT/R1
R DS
R1
- 19 -
4kT
=
R DS
1
C ox
W
(VGS VT VDS )
L
TAMU-ELEN-474 2008
Jose Silva-Martinez
White Noise
i d2
@ Triode region
W
i d2 = [4kTC ox ] [VGS VT VDS ]
L
4kT
R DS
f
Low current noise => W/L
@ Saturation
2
id
8
= kTg m
3
go =
=> gm or go
1
2
gm
R DS
3
W
8kT
i =
(C ox ) (VGS VT )
L
3
2
d
- 20 -
21
gm
KF
K F 1 g m I D
=
4kTCox WL 4kTCox L I D W
TAMU-ELEN-474 2008
Jose Silva-Martinez
i d = g m Vgs
Thermal Noise
i d2 = g 2m Vgs2
Flicker Noise
Veq2
2
Vgseq
8 kT
=
3 gm
K F g m2
i =
WLCox f
2
d
i d2
K F g m2 1
v =
WLCox f g m2
2
eq
veq2 =
- 23 -
K F 1 1
Cox WL f
TAMU-ELEN-474 2008
Jose Silva-Martinez
V =
2
eq
+i
g 2m
2
dth
2
df
8 kT K F 1 1
+
V =
3 g m Cox WL f
2
eq
2
v
eq (f )df
BW
TAMU-ELEN-474 2008
Jose Silva-Martinez
id
Spice model
v eq = v th + v1/ f
KF
8 kT
2
v eq =
df +
df
3 gm
WLCOX f
2
veq
M1
KF
= 9.8x10 9 V 2 / m Hz( NMOS)
C OX
= 0.5x10 9 V 2 / m Hz(PMOS)
Vn2
Flicker
Corner frequency
Thermal
f
- 25 -
Filtered Noise
[Johns]
2
( f ) = A( j 2f ) vni2 ( f )
vno
2
vni2 ( f )
vno ( f ) = A( j 2f ) vni ( f )
2
n2
2
(f )
vno
(f )
2
(f )=
vno
i =1, 2 , 3
Ai ( j 2f ) vni2 ( f )
2
vn23 ( f )
[Johns]
26
A(s ) =
vout
(s ) = 1
vR
1 + sRC
2
( f ) = A( j 2f ) vR2 ( f ) =
vout
1
4kTR
2 2 2 2
1 + 4 f R C
To calculate Total Noise Power integrate over all frequencies
2
2
out
4kTR
2 2 2 2
+
f RC
1
4
0
Using
dx
1
=
x
tan
2
x +1
f =
2
out
2kT
2kT
tan 1 (2fRC )
=
=
C
C
f =0
kT
0
2
= C
28
TAMU-ELEN-474 2008
Jose Silva-Martinez
+
vin
-
1
kT
(4kTR )df =
=
2
C
0 1 + (RC )
vtotal
4kTR
-2
f(log)
f(log)
1
2RC
- 29 -
Notice that:
When R increases thermal noise
increases too but the corner
frequency decreases, leading to a
constant area under the curves!
Noise Bandwidth
[Razavi]
2
0
2
no
2
Validating with previous slides derivation :
1 kT
Total Noise Output = v02 Bn = (4kTR )
=
RC
2
2
30
TAMU-ELEN-474 2008
Jose Silva-Martinez
M2
VX
iout
0.5id1
0.5id1
id1
M1
M1
IB
Noise injected into the common-source
node equally splits into the two branches
i out1
- 31 -
8
= kTg m1
3
TAMU-ELEN-474 2008
Jose Silva-Martinez
M2
id2
id2
VX
iout
iout 2 id 2
2
Id~0
M1
M1
IB
8
= kTg m 2
3
iout 2
8
= kTg m 2
3
TAMU-ELEN-474 2008
Jose Silva-Martinez
M2
VX
i out
iout
id1
id2
v1
M1
IB
8
8
= 2 kTg m1 + 2 kTg m 2
3
3
Input referred noise density (V2/HZ)
v2
M1
8 kT g m 2
8 kT
2
+ 2
v in ,eq = 2
3 g m1 g m1
3 g m1
TAMU-ELEN-474 2008
Jose Silva-Martinez
8 kT 8 kT g m 2
2
+ 2
v in ,eq = 2
3 g m1 3 g m1 g m1
M2
VX
iout
id2
v1
M1
IB
BW
v2
M1
Vin ,eq df
Noise(VRMS ) =
Noise(VRMS ) =
Noise(VRMS )
- 34 -
16kT
3
g
1
BW
1 + m 2
g m1
g m1 2
8kT
g m2
1+
g m1
g m1
BW
4kT16x10-21 coul.V
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