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Finite Element Method
Finite Element Method
INTRODUCTION
S W G M
Strong
Weak
Galerkin
Matrix
form
form
approx.
form
2. Ritz then exp Walter ended this into a method, now known as
the Rayleigh-Ritz method, for predicting the stress and
displacement behavior of structures.
3. Dr. Ray Clough coined the term finite element in 1960. The 1960s saw the
true beginning of commercial FEA as digital computers replaced analog
ones with the capability of thousands of operations per second.
4. In the 1950s, a team form Boeing demonstrated that complex surfaces
could be analyzed with a matrix of triangular shapes.
5. In 1943, Richard Courant proposed breaking a continuous system into
triangular segments. (The unveiling of ENIAC at the University of
Pennsylvania.)
6. In the early 1960s, the MacNeal-Schwendle Corporation (MSC) develop a
general purpose FEA code. This original code had a limit of 68,000 degrees
of freedom. When the NASA contract was complete, MSC continued
development of its own version called MSC/NASTRAN, while the original
NASTRAN become available to the public and formed the basis of dozens
of the FEA packages available today. Around the time MSC/NASTRAN6 was
released, ANSYS, MARC, and SAP were introduced.
BASIC CONCEPTS
Loads
f T Pi
Equilibrium
Boundary conditions
ji , j
~
fi 0
DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY
Rayleigh-Ritz Method
Total
Galerkins Method
1D ROD ELEMENTS
1D ROD ELEMENTS
1D ROD ELEMENTS
Element -1
Element-2
1 T e
U e q [k ]q
2
E e Ae
[k ]
le
e
Load vectors
body load vector
Element traction-force vector
1 1
1 1
Element
e Ae l e f
f
2
e Tl e
T
2
1
1
1
1
2D TRUSS
2 DOF
Transformations
Methods of Solving
2D TRUSS
Transformation Matrix
Direction
Cosines
le
l m 0 0
[ L]
0
0
l
m
x2 x1 2 y 2 y1 2
x 2 x1
l cos
le
y 2 y1
m sin
le
2D TRUSS
l2
lm
2
m
E e Ae lm
[k e ]
l e l 2 lm
2
lm m
l2
lm
lm m
l2
lm
lm
METHODS OF SOLVING
Elimination Approach
Eliminate
Constraints
Penalty Approach
ELIMINATION METHOD
ELIMINATION METHOD
Modified Equation
DOFs 1,2,4,7,8 equal to zero
2D TRUSS
Element Stresses
Ee
l m l m q
le
R K Q
2D TRUSS
Development of Tables
Coordinate
Table
Connectivity Table
Direction Cosines Table
2D TRUSS
Coordinate Table
E.g;
2D TRUSS
Connectivity Table
E.g;
2D TRUSS
le
x2 x1 2 y 2 y1 2
x 2 x1
l cos
le
y 2 y1
m sin
le
3D Transformation Matrix
Direction
Cosines
l m n 0 0 0
[ L]
0
0
0
l
m
n
le
l cos
x2 x1 2 y 2 y1 2 z 2 z1 2
x 2 x1
le
m cos
y 2 y1
le
n cos
z 2 z1
le
3D Stiffness Matrix
l2
lm
ln
l 2 lm ln
2
2
lm
m
mn
lm
mn
2
2
mn
n
ln mn n
E e Ae ln
[k e ]
2
l e l 2 lm ln
l
lm
ln
lm m 2 mn lm
m2
mn
2
2
ln
mn
n
ln mn n
Given:
E 30 106 psi
Ae 1.2 in 2
q1 0.02in
q2 0.025in
EXAMPLE 2D TRUSS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES