SURNAME - N - 9999 - LECTURE - CFD Basics PDF

CFD Basics - Outline
CFD Basics
Introduction
CAD to Solution overview
Governing Equations
Initial and Boundary Conditions
Turbulence Modeling
Solution of Governing Equations
Convergence Monitoring
Errors in CFD Analysis
Non-Dimensional Numbers
Mesh Generation
Post-Processing
Divergence
Ensuring Quality of a CFD analysis

CD-adapco solvers
Which Solver Do I Choose for my Application
CD-adapco, Americas Agency Training Document
CFD Basics - 1
CFD Basics
Introduction to CFD
Governing equations of fluid flow and heat transfer
Boundary Conditions
Meshing Guidelines
Solution best practices
STAR Workflow overview
CFD Basics - 2
CFD Basics
What is CFD?
CFD is Computational Fluid Dynamics
Computational numerical methods
Fluid
PC, workstation, cluster

gas or liquid: Material that deforms continuously under
application of a shear stress
Dynamics
Moving (as opposed to static)
CFD Basics - 3
CFD Basics Need For CFD

Why do we need CFD?
Very few fluid mechanics problems have analytical
solutions (e.g. Laminar flow between parallel plates,
laminar flow between rotating cylinders).
Most real world problems do not have a closed form
solution, and require a numerical solution.
CFD Basics - 4
CFD Basics Applications where CFD is used
What are some of the areas in which CFD is used?

Aerospace
Automotive
Biomedical
Building
Civil Engineering
Chemical Process
Environmental
Marine
Power Generation
Sport Equipment
Turbomachinery
CFD Basics - 5
CFD Basics - ELEMENTS OF 3D CFD SIMULATION
turbulence
model
conservation
equations
combustion
model
mathematical
model
(differential)
spray model
finite volume
discretisation
finite volume
model
wall film
model
solution
algorithm
solution
controls*
moving
mesh*
CFD cpde
STAR-CD
initial/boundary
conditions*
computer
operating
conditions*
postprocessing*
RESULTS
optimisation
CAD
geometry*
*via STAR-CD or STAR-CCM+

CFD Basics - 6
CFD Basics CAD to Solution Overview

Discipline
CFD
SOFTWARE
Meshing
CAD
CFD
1.
CAD Modeler
2.
CAD Importer
3.
Pre/Post/Solution
FUNCTION
COMPONENT
Pre-Processor
4.
Solver
5.
Post-Processor
Geometry Building
Geometry Import and Mesh Generation
Physics and Boundary Conditions
Run Analysis
Solution Revealed to User
CFD Basics - 7
CFD Basics CAD to Solution
4h
1h
CAD Geometry
1h
Surface Meshing
Surface Clean-up
2h
Volume Meshing
Post-processing
8h
CFD Solution
CFD Basics - 8
CFD Basics Governing Equations Conservation Laws
The following equations are fundamental to CFD:
Conservation of Mass (continuity)

Conservation of Momentum (F=ma)
Conservation of Energy (1st Law of Thermodynamics)
In addition, depending on complexity of the problem (e.g. if
turbulent), additional transport equations are solved.
CFD Basics - 9
CFD Basics Governing Equations Constitutive

Relationships
In order to close the system of equations (laws of conservation), we need the response
of materials to external effects (i.e. surface forces, heat or mass fluxes). These are
described by constitutive relationships.
Stokes Law
Expresses relationship between stresses and rate of deformation for fluids:
rr
r
= 2 D 2. V I P I
( )
( )]
r T
1 r
D = V + V
2
is the dynamic viscosity, P is the pressure, V is the velocity vector and I is the identity
tensor.
Fouriers Law
Expresses relationship between heat flux and temperature gradient
q =-kT
Where k is the thermal conductivity
CFD Basics - 10
CFD Basics Governing Equations Equation of State

Additional requirement for closure of governing equations.
The equation of state links density and internal energy to
the basic thermodynamic variables p (pressure) and T
(temperature)
= (p,T); e = e(p,T)
CFD Basics - 11
CFD Basics Governing Equations General Form
dV + u d A = d A + S dV
S
S
V
t V
V
CONSERVATION:
=1
=u,v,w
= e

mass
momentum
energy
A is the surface area

V is the volume
S is the source term
CFD Basics - 12
CFD Basics Governing Equations
/
t dV + u dA =
dA + S dV
V
Convective Flux
Rate of change of
quantity in Control
Volume
Diffusion Flux
Volumetric Source
CFD Basics - 13
CFD Basics Convection and Diffusion

DIFFUSION
CONVECTION
u dA
dA
CFD Basics - 14
CFD Basics Initial and Boundary Conditions

To complete our mathematical model, conditions on the
solution domain boundaries have to be specified.
Conditions related to start time are called Initial
Conditions.
Conditions related to space are called Boundary
Conditions.
CFD Basics - 15
CFD Basics Boundary Conditions - Types

Dirichlet Boundary Conditions are BCs where value of
the dependent variable at the boundary is given (e.g. inlet
velocity of fluid).
Neumann Boundary Conditions are BCs where gradient
of the dependent variable at the boundary is specified.
It is possible that for the same boundary, Dirichlet BCs are
applied for some dependent variables, and Neumann BCs
are applied for other dependent variables.
CFD Basics - 16
CFD Basics Boundary Conditions (External flow)
CFD Basics - 17
CFD Basics Boundary Conditions External Flow

Examples
- Flow over an aircraft or automobile
- Flow over a cylinder
- Flow around buildings
CFD Basics - 18
CFD Basics Boundary Conditions (External Flow)
Free Stream
Inlet
Outlet
No slip Wall
CFD Basics - 19
CFD Basics Boundary Conditions Free Stream
CFD Basics - 20
CFD Basics Boundary Conditions

Inlet Boundaries can be specified at portions of boundary where the
fluid enters the solution domain, and where the velocity and scalar
(temperature, species concentration, turbulence quantities)
distributions is known.
Outlet Boundaries can be specified at that portion of the solution
domain, where flow leaves the domain. It assumes zero gradient of all
dependent variables in the flow direction.
No-Slip Wall requires prescription of velocity at the wall (e.g. zero
velocity for a stationary wall).
Free Stream boundary represents the conditions at a far-field location
(i.e. At the periphery of a bubble of fluid surrounding a moving object)
CFD Basics - 21
CFD Basics Boundary Conditions Pressure

Boundaries
Pressure boundary conditions can be specified at boundaries
where the pressure distribution is known.
Boundary velocities are obtained from Neumann Boundary condition
for velocity.
All dependent variables are either specified or extrapolated from the
inside using zero gradient assumption. At outflow, all variables are
extrapolated.
Note: The velocity at the pressure boundary where the flow comes in
has to be sub-sonic, or else the upstream velocity needs to be
specified, thus violating the Neumann boundary condition.
CFD Basics - 22
Day 1 : CFD Basics Boundary Conditions - Internal

Flow
CFD Basics - 23
CFD Basics Boundary Conditions Internal Flow Examples

-
Flow inside ducts

Flow inside Intake/Exhaust manifolds
Flow inside coolant jackets
Flow inside human blood vessels
In-Cylinder flow of IC engines
CFD Basics - 24
CFD Basics Boundary Conditions Internal Flow
Outlet
Inlet
No slip wall (u = 0)
Adiabatic, fixed
temperature, or
fixed heat flux.
CFD Basics - 25
CFD Basics Boundary Conditions - Inlets

Velocity and Scalars can be specified for an inlet.
w
CFD Basics - 26
CFD Basics Boundary Conditions - Outlet
n is the unit normal.

Gradients of all variables
along flow direction is taken
to be zero.
Mass flow is fixed from
overall continuity.
FLOW SPLIT
or
MASS FLOW RATE
CFD Basics - 27
CFD Basics - Outlet Boundary Conditions

Zone of
Recirculation:
Area is
inaccurate
Developing
Zone:
Area has little
accuracy
Developed
Zone:
Area is
accurate
Flow direction
3L-8L
10L
CFD Basics - 28
CFD Basics Boundary Conditions - Symmetry

normal
mal
Symmetry plane indicates a surface where normal velocity and nor
velocity gradients are all zero. (n indicates the unit normal)
CFD Basics - 29
CFD Basics Boundary Conditions - Periodic
A periodic boundary condition refers to a pair

of boundaries where the flow repeats itself.
CFD Basics - 30
CFD Basics Gallery of Turbulence
CFD Basics - 31
CFD Basics - Turbulence

Most of the commonly occurring flows are turbulent in
nature (e.g. Jet streams, combustion, boundary layers on
wings of aircraft etc.). Turbulence by itself is difficult to
define, but typically has the following characteristics:
- Irregular (hence requires statistical methods)
- Diffusive (causes rapid mixing)
- Large Reynolds numbers
- Three dimensional vorticity fluctuations
- Dissipative (exhibits viscous losses, and needs a
continuous supply of energy to make up for losses)
CFD Basics - 32
CFD Basics - Why do we need turbulence models?

Turbulence is influenced by structures having large length
scales, and small length scales (down to the molecular
level). To resolve all scales, the number of computational
cells is approximately (Re3), which is beyond the
computing resources currently available.
In order to model scales smaller than the computational
cell size, turbulence models are required.
CFD Basics - 33
CFD Basics - Turbulence

u(t)
u'(t)
High Reynolds Number

u(t) = U + u(t)
==
1
t
(t)=+ (t)
t
(t) dt
CFD Basics - 34
CFD Basics - TURBULENCE MODELLING OPTIONS

Eddy Viscosity Models
1. Linear k- models: standard, RNG, Chen
low- and high-Re variants of k-
2. V2F model
3. Non-linear models: quadratic and cubic k-, several variants
low- and high-Re
Suga
Speziale quadratic
4. Other
k-: standard and SST, low- and high-Re
Spalart-Almaras
Reynolds Stress Transport models

1. Gibson and Launder
2. Craft
3. Speziale, Sarker and Gatski
CFD Basics - 35
CFD Basics - TURBULENCE MODELING OPTIONS

Detached Eddy Simulation
- In regions of irrotational flow, RANS is used
- In regions of detached eddies, LES is used
- Accurate for capturing eddies created by bluff bodies
- Excellent compromise between RANS and LES
Large Eddy Simulation
- Resolves the large scale eddies
- Uses a sub-grid scale model for small eddies
- Requires very fine mesh
DNS
- Models all eddies from large scale to small scale
- Not practical for industrial applications
CFD Basics - 36
CFD Basics Inlet Turbulence
Turbulence conditions at inlet are seldom known.

If inlet is sufficiently upstream of region of interest, results
are insensitive to inlet turbulence.
If inlet is close to region of interest, need to perform a
sensitivity study of inlet turbulence on results.
CFD Basics - 37
CFD Basics Inlet Turbulence
Estimation of Inlet Turbulence:
Intensity of turbulence I
Length of turbulence scale L
Common Practice
I 0.03 - 0.10
L Dh/10
Dh is hydraulic diameter
C = 0.09
3 2 2
k= I V
2
3/2
C3/4
k
=
L
CFD Basics - 38
CFD Basics Turbulence Wall Treatment

Near wall treatment for turbulence models is typically chosen
based on the local non-dimensional distance of the cell centroid
of the near wall cell from the wall (y+).
1/4
1/2
y = C k y/
Where y is the distance of the near wall cell centroid from the wall, k is
the local turbulence kinetic energy, and C is a constant having a value of
0.09.
CFD Basics - 39
CFD Basics Turbulence Wall Treatment
Wall Functions
Computationally efficient
Uses logarithmic law of the wall
Requires y+ to be in the 30 200 range
Applies only to attached flows and fails in recirculating flows
Low Reynolds number approach
Computationally expensive
Integrates down to the wall and uses no-slip
Requires near wall y+ less than 5
Hybrid Treatment
If y+ < 5, use Low Re approach
If y+ > 30 use Wall Function approach
If 5 < y+ < 30 blend smoothly between two approaches
CFD Basics - 40
CFD Basics - Estimation of Near Wall Cell Thickness

How can I get an approximate estimate of the near
wall cell thickness?
y+ = C1/4 k1/2 y /
1.
2.
Estimate k from free stream velocity and an assumed

turbulence intensity (1.5 * I2 U2)
Substitute the required y+ value in the equation, and get
an estimate of y.
Note: C=0.09
CFD Basics - 41
CFD Basics - Choosing a turbulence Model

Spallart Almaras Turbulence Model
Recommended when flow is primarily attached with no separation, or
mild separation. e.g. For flow over a wing or a fueslage.
k- or k- Turbulence Model
Common industrial applications, with flow separation and recirculation.
Reynolds Stress Model
When the turbulence is highly anisotropic. e.g. In a Cyclone separator.
Recommended for aeroacoustic applications
CFD Basics - 42
CFD Basics - Choosing a Turbulence Model
CFD Basics - 43
CFD Basics - Choosing a Turbulence Model

What is our recommendation on choosing a turbulence model?
Choose the simplest model which gives acceptable engineering results
for your application. Typically start with the k- turbulence model. If wall
effects are important, use either the hybrid wall functions, or a low
Reynolds number turbulence model, making sure to have a fine mesh
resolution in the wall region. If anisotropic effects are important, then
use Reynolds Stress Models.
What factors other than a turbulence model affect accuracy of a

simulation?
Inlet values of turbulence chosen
Size and quality of the computational grid
CFD Basics - 44
CFD Basics - Discretization

In order to obtain a solution for the governing equations, the
mathematical model (equations and constitutive relationships) is
transformed into a system of algebraic equations.
Special techniques are used for the transient, convection,
diffusion and source terms in this process.
The discretized equations have the form expressed in the
equation below. C denotes cell center value, and k denotes
values in neighboring cells.
A cc + k A kk = Q c
CFD Basics - 45
CFD Basics Solution of Discretized Equations

The discretized equations are coupled and non-linear. The
discretized equations are then solved using iterative
methods.
Steady State problems typically use the SIMPLE algorithm,
and transient problems either use SIMPLE or PISO
algorithms.
CFD Basics - 46
CFD Basics SIMPLE Algorithm

What does SIMPLE stand for?
Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations
A variation of the SIMPLE algorithm is used in all CDadapco solvers for solving the equations of fluid flow and
heat transfer. (Note that STAR V3.26 uses the PISO
algorithm (Pressure Implicit Split Operator) for transient
analysis)
CFD Basics - 47
CFD Basics SIMPLE Algorithm

Main Steps in SIMPLE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Variables are assigned initial values at startup, and time is advanced by dt

(time step).
With the initially guessed pressure field, the momentum equations are solved,
to obtain an approximate velocity field.
The velocity field computed in step 2 along with the prevailing density is used
to compute new mass fluxes, and then solve the mass conservation (pressure
correction equation). This results in corrections for velocities, density and
pressure being computed and applied.
If applicable, additional transport equations (turbulence, energy, species
concentration) are solved.
If necessary, fluid properties (e.g. density, viscosity, Prandtl number are
updated).
Steps 2 through 5 constitute an outer iteration. These steps are repeated until
the residual level before the first inner iteration in each equation becomes
sufficiently small.
When the non-linear coupled equations are satisfied to a desired tolerance,
time is advanced by dt, and the process is repeated.
CFD Basics - 48
CFD Basics Under-relaxation

In order to promote stability of the solution method, an underrelaxation is done for all variables (other than the pressure
correction).
In the equations below, k+1 refers to the most recent iteration or
time step, and k refers to the prior iteration or time step. Omega is
the under-relaxation factor, having a value between 0 and 1.
CFD Basics - 49
CFD Basics Convergence Monitoring

There are two main criteria for convergence monitoring:
1.
Make sure that the global residuals reduce by 2-3 orders
of magnitude (applies only if starting with a zero solution
in the domain, or a simple initial guess).
2.
Monitor of engineering quantities of interest (e.g. drag
coefficient, pressure rise across a fan, pressure drop
across a heat exchanger) and make sure that they do not
change with iteration.
We need to make sure that both of the above criteria are
met before we declare our solution to be converged.
CFD Basics - 50
CFD Basics Convergence Monitoring

Residuals
Outlet Temperature
CFD Basics - 51
CFD Basics Errors in CFD

The following are the main types of errors in a CFD analysis:
Modeling Errors This is the difference between the actual flow and
the exact solution of the model equations (Navier stokes or RANS
equations)
Discretization Errors This is the difference between the exact
solution of the differential equation, and the exact solution of the
algebraic system of equations obtained by discretizing them.
Iteration Errors This is the difference between the iterative and
exact solution of the algebraic equation systems.
CFD Basics - 52
CFD Basics Modeling Errors

In case of turbulent flows in complex geometries, modeling
errors are mainly due to imperfections in the turbulence
model and to simplifications in the geometry or boundary
conditions.
How can modeling errors be estimated?
Compare solutions in which discretization and iteration
errors are negligible, with accurate experimental data, or
data obtained by more accurate models (e.g. Direct
Numerical Simulation).
CFD Basics - 53
CFD Basics Discretization Errors

Discretization errors can be estimated by performing a
systematic grid refinement and comparing the solutions
obtained on a sequence of grids. The errors are
proportional to the difference in solution obtained on
consecutive grids.
CFD Basics - 54
CFD Basics Iterative Errors

The level of iterative errors can be reliably controlled by
monitoring the residual norms (either sum of absolute
values, or the square root of the sum of squares of
residuals in all Control Volumes).
It is not the level of the residual itself, but the amount of
reduction compared to initial levels that is important.
CFD Basics - 55
CFD Basics Non Dimensional Numbers

Next we briefly overview some important non-dimensional
numbers that are used in CFD.
CFD Basics - 56
CFD Basics Laminar vs Turbulent

Reynolds Number = Inertia Force / Viscous force
Reynolds Number = ( * U * L)/
( is the density, U is a characteristic velocity, L is a characteristic
length scale, and is the laminar viscosity)
If Reynolds number is low, flow is laminar (viscous forces dominate)

If Reynolds number is high, flow is turbulent
e.g.
For pipe flows: Re > 2300 implies turbulent flow
For flat plate: Re > 5e5 implies turbulent flow
CFD Basics - 57
CFD Basics Compressible vs Incompressible

Mach Number = speed of flow / speed of sound
If Mach Number is above 0.3, need to model as
compressible.
In low speed flows, if temperature change causes a
change in density, then flow should be modeled as
compressible.
CFD Basics - 58
CFD Basics Natural vs Force Convection

Gr/Re2 = Buoyancy Force / Inertia Force
Grashof Number / Reynolds Number2 = g * * T / (U2)
Where g is gravity, is the coefficient of volume
expansion, T is the difference in temperature between
the surface and the free stream, U is the free stream
velocity.
If Gr/Re2 >> 1, then effect of buoyancy is important
If Gr/Re2 << 1 buoyancy effects are unimportant
CFD Basics - 59
CFD Basics Conduction vs Convection

Biot Number = Resistance of conduction / Resistance
of convection
Biot Number = (L/k) / (1/h)
Where L is the thickness of the body, k is the thermal
conductivity, and h is the heat transfer coefficient.
If Bi >> 1, wall side resistance is large, and wall conduction
should be included
If Bi << 1, wall side resistance is small and wall can be
treated as a constant temperature boundary condition.
CFD Basics - 60
CFD Basics Mesh Generation
...of the Surface
Meshing: ...
CAD
Solid
MESHER
...of the Volume

(calculation)
Fluid
CFD Basics - 61
CFD Basics Mesh Generation

The quality of a CFD solution is dependent on the quality of
the underlying volume mesh.
Hence it is important to ensure a good quality volume
mesh (which requires a good quality surface mesh)
CFD Basics - 62
CFD Basics - Elements of Surface Meshing
Arbitrary Polygon
quad
triangle
CFD Basics - 63
CFD Basics - Surface Mesh Quality
LOW QUALITY
HIGH QUALITY
Equilateral triangles imply good quality.

quality
CFD Basics - 64
CFD Basics - Surface Mesh Quality
LOW QUALITY
HIGH QUALITY
If the angle between the face normal and the vector joining adjacent
adjacent cell
centroids is small, the triangle quality is high.
CFD Basics - 65
CFD Basics Surface Mesh
What are the requirements of a surface mesh, in order

to get a valid volume mesh using CD-adapco auto
mesh tools?
Surface is closed (water tight)
Triangles are connected one to one
Surface is manifold (Only two cells connected to an edge)
CFD Basics - 66
CFD Basics Basic Volume Mesh Elements
Prismatic
Hexahedral
Arbitrary
Polyhedral
Tetrahedral
Pyramid
CFD Basics - 67
Day 1 CFD Basics Volume Mesh Types

Generally mesh generation is done either using manual
techniques (e.g. in pro-STAR) or using an auto-mesher
(e.g. ammbatch)
When do we need manual meshing?
- If we need a structured mesh (for cell layer addition and
deletion)
- If we have very tight gaps (e.g. nominal cell size is 2mm,
but gaps are of the order of 0.05 mm)
CFD Basics - 68
CFD Basics Volume Mesh Types
What are the mesh types that can be generated by CDadapco auto meshers?
Trim Mesh
Polyhedral Mesh
Least demanding on surface quality

As automated as a tetrahedral mesher
Numerically more stable, less diffusive, and more accurate
than an equivalent tetrahedral mesh
Hybrid Mesh
Tetrahedral mesh
CFD Basics - 69

Trim Mesh
CFD Basics - 70
1.
2.
When is a trim mesh recommended?

If an underlying custom mesh needs to be used (e.g. for
turbo machinery applications, a basic bodyfitted
structured mesh can be used as a template for creating a
volume mesh with additional details.)
If surface quality is not good enough for a polyhedral
mesh.
CFD Basics - 71

Polyhedral Mesh
CFD Basics - 72
1.
2.
When is a polyhedral mesh recommended?

If the quality of surface mesh is excellent.
If process of mesh generation needs to be highly
automated (as automated as a tetrahedral mesh).
CFD Basics - 73

Tetrahedral Mesh
CFD Basics - 74
When is a tetrahedral mesh recommended?

The only scenario where a tetrahedral mesh is
recommended is when comparisons have to be made with
legacy tetrahedral models.
CFD Basics - 75
CFD Basics Advantages of Polyhedral Mesh over

Tetrahedral Mesh
Mesh dependency performed

by successively halving
surface triangulation size from
20mm to 0.625mm
Convergence judged from
pressure drop across jacket
CFD Basics - 76
CFD Basics Advantages of Polyhedral Mesh

over Tetrahedral Mesh
39,587
TETS
21,872
POLYS
2,322,106
TETS
593,888
POLYS
CFD Basics - 77

Contours of Static
Pressure
2,322,106
TETS
593,888
POLYS
CFD Basics - 78

MESH DEPENDENCY
Delta P (kPa)
POLY
TET
Run on a 3Ghz
Dual Processor
workstation with
2GB RAM
6.3 hours
> 5% error
43.25 hours
1.6 hours
< 3% error
10 hours
3
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
Number of Cells
CFD Basics - 79
CFD Basics Volume Mesh Quality

High Quality
Convection
Diffusion
Low Quality
CFD Basics - 80
CFD Basics Volume Mesh Quality

Accuracy of Convection
When using linear interpolation for convective fluxes, the
lines connecting neighboring faces should pass through
the center of the common face.
Accuracy of Diffusion
- Maximum accuracy of diffusive fluxes is achieved when the
line connecting neighbor cell centers is orthogonal to the
cell face, and also passes through the center of the
common face.
CFD Basics - 81
CFD Basics Grid Generation Guidelines

General Guidelines on Grid Generation
~5 control volumes across a shear layer

~5 control volumes across a separated region
At Least 4 control volumes across a flow passage
Vary grid spacing gradually
Keep aspect ratio reasonable (Less than 1:10 whenever
possible)
CFD Basics - 82
CFD Basics Grid Generation Guidelines

Insufficient mesh
resolution to resolve
flow.
Refinement enables better
resolution of the flow.
CFD Basics - 83
CFD Basics - Post-Processing
Reporting
Drag / Lift Coefficients
Heat Rejection by heat exchanger
Pressure rise across a fan or compressor
Pressure drop in a duct
Swirl, tumble, burn rate in an IC engine
Flow Visualization
Visualization of Fields
Scalar Quantities
Vector Quantities
Streamlines
Iso-Surfaces
Animation
CFD Basics - 84
CFD Basics Reporting and Monitoring
Centerline Cp
Drag/Lift Monitoring
Field Values
Residual Convergence
CFD Basics - 85
CFD Basics Post Processing Scalars and Vectors
CFD Basics - 86
CFD Basics Post-processing Surface Plot

Coefficient of Pressure
CFD Basics - 87
CFD Basics : Post-Processing Capabilities: Streamlines
CFD Basics - 88
CFD Basics : Post-Processing - Isosurfaces

Total Pressure = 0, Isosurface
plot.
CFD Basics - 89
CFD Basics - Divergence
What do I do if my solution diverges?

Check physical models chosen, and boundary conditions
applied.
Check and make sure dimensions of the problem are setup
correctly.
Check and make sure mesh quality is good, and sufficient
mesh density is available for resolving the flow features.
Reduce under-relaxation factors.
Simplify the physics
CFD Basics - 90
CFD Basics Ensuring Quality in CFD Analysis

Ensuring quality of CFD analysis is an important process.
The next few slides briefly outline practices used within
CD-adapco.
CFD Basics - 91
CFD Basics Ensuring Quality in CFD Analysis

Main Phases:
1.
2.
3.
Initial Project Review

Pre-Analysis Review
Final Analysis Review
CFD Basics - 92
CFD Basics Ensuring Quality of CFD Analysis

Initial Project Review
- Define scope of project and cross check with customer
- Define time frame and resources for project
- Check with customer and make sure all cad data is
available and consistent
CFD Basics - 93

Pre Analysis Review
- Does the generated mesh match CAD supplied?
- Have the boundary conditions been correctly applied?
- Is the mesh density sufficient to answer objectives of
analysis?
- Have correct material properties been defined?
- Have the correct physics models been applied?
- What post processing is required?
- Do results from running a few iterations / time steps look
reasonable?
CFD Basics - 94

Final Analysis Review
- Has the solution fully converged?
- Double check, initial and boundary conditions
- Double check material properties
- Do results make physical sense? (compare with prior
analysis if possible)
- Have all the questions of the customer been answered?
CFD Basics - 95
CFD Basics: CD-adapco Solvers

CD-adapco offers two CFD Solvers:
STAR-CD
- V3.2x
- 20 Years of Development
- V4.x
- Rewrite of STAR V3.2x as a face based solver.
- Uses an upgraded pre/post Processor of V3.2x
STAR-CCM+
- New Integrated Meshing / Pre-Processor / Solver / Post Processor, all
under one GUI.
- Developed with novel concepts, keeping in mind of very large models.
CFD Basics - 96
CFD Basics Comparison of CD-adapco Solvers

The next few slides compare the available features (for
mesh generation, physics, and coupling) in STAR V3.26,
STAR V4.06 and STAR-CCM+ V3.02
CFD Basics - 97
CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers Mesh Topology
Mesh Type
Hexahedral
STAR-CD V3.26 STAR-CD V4.06 STAR-CCM+

V3.02
Yes
Yes
Yes
Hexahedral / Trim Yes
Yes
Yes
Hex / Tet (Hybrid) Yes
Yes
Yes
Arbirtrary
Polyhedra
Yes
Yes
No
CFD Basics - 98
CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers Mesh Motion
Mesh Motion
Rotating Reference
Frames
Arbitrary Sliding Meshes
Parallel Partition across
interfaces
Cell layer addition /
removal
Conditional Cell
attachment / detachment
General Mesh Motion
STAR-CD
V3.26
Yes
STAR-CD
V4.06
Yes
STAR-CCM+
V3.02
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
CFD Basics - 99
CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers Solution

Algorithms
Algorithm
SIMPLE

V3.02
Yes*
Yes
Yes
AMG
Yes
Yes
Yes
PISO
Yes
Yes
No
Coupled Solver
No
No
Yes
Note: STAR V3.26 has SIMPLE for Steady State Only.
CFD Basics - 100
CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer
STAR-CD
V3.26
Yes
STAR-CD
V4.06
Yes
STAR-CCM+
V3.02
Yes
Surface Exchange
Radiation
Participating Media
Radiation
Solar Radiation
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Transparent Solids
Yes
Yes
Yes
Conjugate Heat Transfer
CFD Basics - 101
CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers General

Combustion Models
Mesh Type
Solid (e.g. Coal)
STAR-CD
V3.26
Yes
STAR-CD
V4.06
Yes
STAR-CCM+
V3.02
No
Liquid
Yes
Yes
No
Gaseous
Yes
Yes
Yes
EBU
Yes
Yes
Yes
CFM
Yes
Yes
Yes
Hybrid (kinetic / EBU)
Yes
Yes
No
PPDF
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ignition
Yes
Yes
Yes
NOx and SOOT Models
Yes
Yes
No
Complex Chemistry
Yes
Yes
No
CFD Basics - 102
CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers IC Engine

Combustion Models
IC Engine Combustion
Premixed SI
STAR-CD
V3.26
Yes
STAR-CD
V4.06
Yes
STAR-CCM+
V3.02
No
Partially Premixed SI
Yes
Yes
No
Diesel Combustion Models Yes
Yes
No
Diesel Ignition Models
Yes
Yes
No
EGR
Yes
Yes
No
NOx
Yes
Yes
No
SOOT
Yes
Yes
No
CFD Basics - 103
CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers Multi-Phase

Flows
Feature
Free Surface

V3.02
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cavitation
Yes
Yes
Yes
Dispersed Multiphase Yes

(Lagrangian)
Interpenetrating
Yes
Phases (Eulerian)
Liquid Film
Yes
Yes
Yes*
Yes
No
Yes
No
Note:* Currently L2P in STAR-CCM+ does not include evaporation.

CFD Basics - 104
CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers Multiphysics
Feature
Aeroacoustics

V3.02
Yes
Yes
Yes
Fluid Structure
Interaction
Stress
Yes
No
No
No
Yes* (Beta)
No
Melting and
Solidification
Electromagnetics
No
Yes* (Beta)
No
No
Yes* (Beta)
No
CFD Basics - 105
CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers Coupling to Other

Codes
CODE
GT-Power

V3.02
Yes
Yes
No
Wave
Yes
Yes
No
FlowMaster
Yes
Yes
No
SYSNOISE and
ACTRAN
CHEMKIN
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
DARS
Yes* (V3.27)
Yes
Yes
CFD Basics - 106
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Basics

This lecture introduces the basics of STAR-CCM+ to a new user.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Topics Covered
Introduction to the client server architecture
Unique features
Meshing capabilities
Physics Models
Boundary conditions and Post-Processing
GUI layout
Simulation File
Workflow
Accessing Help
STAR-CCM+ Basics -1
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Introduction
STAR-CCM+ is a state-of-the-art CFD solver from CDadapco that uses a Client Server approach.
- Java front end (light on memory) and a C++ server
Client
Server
STAR-CCM+ Basics -2
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Introduction

What is a client?
Client is the part through which you launch a simulation
and work with, typically through the STAR-CCM+
workspace.
What is a server?
Server is the part of the architecture that implements
commands in a simulation (e.g. import data, run the solver)
STAR-CCM+ Basics -3
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Basics Unique Environment
What is unique about the STAR-CCM+ environment?

State of the art object-based GUI
Simulation database:
Fast, loaded on demand
Binary
Platform and Parallel independent

User Programming
Java language scripting
User defined boundary conditions, source terms and post-processing

Scalable, seamless parallel operation
Client Server Architecture
Operable on Windows, LINUX, and several UNIX platforms
Documentation
Via online browser

Context Sensitive help with F1 Key
pdf document
STAR-CCM+ Basics -4
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Novel Concepts

1.
2.
3.
Multi-Physics, continuum based modeling.

Separation of Physics and Mesh.
Generalized interfaces (allow communication between
different regions in the solution domain).
STAR-CCM+ Basics -5
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Ports Supported

STAR-CCM+ is currently ported to:
Windows 2000 / XP (32 bit and 64 bit)
Linux 32 bit
Linux 64 bit
IBM AIX
HPUX PaRisc
HP Itanium
SGI Altix
Sun Solaris
STAR-CCM+ Basics -6
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Mesh
Surface Mesh Formats
.dbs pro-STAR surface database

.inp pro-STAR cell / vertex shell input file
.nas NASTRAN shell file
.pat PATRAN shell file
.stl Stereolithography file
.fro FELISA front surface file
Jt JT Open Surface file
STAR-CCM+ Basics -7
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Basics - Mesh
CAD Import Formats

x_t, x_b Parasolid Transmit File
.stp, .step Standardized Exchange of Product File
.igs, .iges International Graphics Exchange Standard File
STAR-CCM+ Basics -8
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Basics - Mesh

Surface Meshing
Surface Remesher
Surface Wrapper (automated method for closing surfaces)
Hole Filling
Rough Patcher
Edge Zipper
Edge split, swap (techniques for improving triangle quality)
Automatic repair of surface errors
Automatic / Manual extraction of feature curves
Surface Creation and Manipulation
Creation of simple shapes
Boolean Unite, Subtract and Intersect
STAR-CCM+ Basics -9
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Basics - Mesh
Volume Meshing
Core Mesh
Tetrahedral mesh
Polyhedral mesh
Advanced Hexahedral (Trim) mesh
Boundary Layer mesh with prism layer

Local / global parameter setting for mesh generation
Volume sources (shapes like box, cone, cylinder, sphere for
declaring regions in the cfd domain that need refinement)
Extruder (For extending domains, building a solid layer)
STAR-CCM+ Basics -10
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Mesh
Mesh Manipulation
Transform scale, translate, rotate, and reflect meshes

Split and combine boundaries and regions
Create, delete and fuse interfaces
Convert 3D mesh to 2D mesh
Create Cell Sets
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Basics - Mesh
Import of Volume Mesh
pro-STAR
Gridgen (via .cas file)
Fluent (.cas, .msh)
Gambit
ICEM
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Physics

Basic Models
Space
Time
Two-Dimensional
Axisymmetric
Three-Dimensional
Steady
Explicit / Implicit Unsteady
Motion
Moving Reference Frames, Rotational, Translational

Frozen Rotor (multiple reference frame)

Flow and Energy
Inviscid, Laminar and Turbulent flow regimes

Gas, Liquid, Solid, and Porous Media
Total Energy Formulation
Conjugate Heat Transfer
Free-surface (VOF)
Cavitation
Lagrangian Multi-phase (no evaporation)
Radiator Type Heat Exchanger
Fan Curve Adjusted Momentum Source Fan

Turbulence Models
3 Variants of Spallart-Allmaras
7 Variants of k-
3 Variants of k-
3 Variants of Reynolds Stress Transport
Large Eddy Simulation
Wall Treatment
Low y+
High y+
All y+

Radiation
Thermal
Solar
View Factors including support for baffles and symmetric boundaries
Surface-to-Surface
Participating Media
Multiphase Flow
VOF
Cavitation
Homogeneous Boiling Model
Lagrangian Multi-Phase

Combustion
Eddy Break Up (EBU)

Coherent Flame (CFM)
Partially-Premixed Coherent Flame (PCFM)
Presumed Probability Density Function (PPDF), adiabatic
and non-adiabatic
Ignitors
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Boundary Conditions

Boundary Conditions
Wall
No-slip, slip, specified temperature, adiabatic, specified heat flux,

thermally convective wall (Tamb and heat transfer coefficient specified)
Pressure Outlet
Specified pressure, radial equilibrium

Flow Split Outlet
Specified outlet mass flow for incompressible flows

Mass Flow Inlet
Specified mass flow for compressible flows

Stagnation Inlet
Total Temperature, Total Pressure and Flow Direction
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Boundary Conditions
Non-Reflecting
Average total pressure, temperature and flow angle at inlet, static
pressure at outlet.
Velocity Inlet
Specified velocity components, or specified magnitude and
direction
Free Stream
Specified Mach number and flow angle, static temperature and
static pressure
Symmetry Plane
Axis
For Axisymmetric simulations
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Numerics

Numerics in STAR-CCM+
1.
2.
3.
Segregated Implicit Uses AMG SIMPLE solver

Coupled Explicit Uses multi-stage Runge-Kutta solver
Coupled Implicit Uses block AMG solver
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Tools for Interacting with

the Solution
What are the tools available for interacting with the
solution?
-
User defined properties and conditions

Local coordinate systems
Engineering Units for Input and Output (SI, USCS, User
defined)
Full interactivity between user and solution
Field Functions
Reports and Monitors
Derived Parts (iso-surfaces, planes, lines, points, etc.)
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Tools For Interacting with

the Solution
-
Visualization
-
Mesh, scalar and vector display

Streamlines
Animated streamlines and vectors
Transforms (for symmetric or periodic models)
Annotations with text or images
Scene Legend
Save Restore Views
High Resolution hard copy for plots

X-Y plotting capability
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Terminology
1.
2.
3.
4.
STAR-CCM+ uses the

following terminology:
Regions
Boundaries
Interfaces
Continuum
Using the example shown on
the right, the next few slides
explain the terminology used.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Region

A Region is a volume domain in space. Could be conformal (nodes
connected one to one) or non-conformal (nodes not connected one to one).
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Boundaries

Boundaries are the exterior surface of regions. They could be a
physical boundary (e.g. wall, inlet, outlet) or a connection
between different regions.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Interfaces

Interfaces permit transfer of mass and (or) energy between different
regions, or non-conformal parts of the same region.
Internal interface permits transfer of mass and energy.
Contact interface permits transfer of energy only.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Continuum

A continuum represents a collection of models that represent either
the physics or the mesh of a given region.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Mouse Controls

Left Rotate
Middle Zoom
Right Pan
Shift + Left Zoom box
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Launching STAR-CCM+

In Windows:
Double click on the STAR-CCM+ Icon
In UNIX/LINUX
Issue the command starccm+
Note: Need to make sure that the location of the starccm+
executable is defined in the path environmental variable.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Startup

At startup, user can either:
1.
Start a new simulation.
2.
Load an existing simulation
(after browsing files).
3.
Select a simulation from
recently opened simulations.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Workspace
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Basics - Toolbars

Toolbars in STAR-CCM+ provide easy access to common
tasks executed while preparing and running a simulation.
The next slide shows standard toolbars in STAR-CCM+.
STAR-CCM+ provides methods for controlling the
appearance of toolbars.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Toolbars

System Toolbar
Edit Toolbar
Build Toolbar
Mesh Toolbar
Data Toolbar
Display Toolbar
Plot Toolbar
Animate Toolbar
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Objects
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Objects
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - General

Information
STAR-CCM+ has one file: (.sim)
that contains the mesh, analysis
setup and results.
How do I save the simulation?
File -> Save
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics: General

Information
How do I run a simulation?
Either:
1.
Solution -> Run
2.
Toolbar, pick run icon
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Setting

Preferences
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Setting

Preferences
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - General Information Work Flow

Work Flow in STAR-CCM+
Import CAD
Check Surface
Do manual repair if required.
Setup Meshing Models and properties
Setup Physics Models and properties
Setup Boundary Conditions
Generate Mesh
Setup solver parameters and stopping criteria
Setup post-processing (optional)
Run analysis
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - General Information - Workflow
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Getting Help

If you need help, you can click
on the help button.

The online documentation can be accessed with a browser
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Basics - Help

Help contains:
Model description and formulation.

Meshing, Solving, and Post-Processing techniques
GUI panel descriptions.
Training Guide that has several tutorials

In addition the F1 Key provides
context sensitive help.
e.g. If you need help on
stopping criteria, then select
Stopping Criteria, and hit the F1
key.

The browser will display help on Stopping Criteria
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Basics - Summary
STAR-CCM+ is a state of the art CFD solver that uses a

client server architecture.
It is available on LINUX, several UNIX, and Windows
platforms.
Clearly separates physics and mesh providing great
flexibility.
Uses an object oriented GUI.
All properties of the simulation (mesh, physics, solver
settings, BCs) are stored in a .sim file.
Online help is accessible via a browser.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Post-Processing

This section covers basic post-processing techniques in
starccm+. For this case, we will use a pre-existing
simulation file (lock30.sim).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Main topics covered

Scene Properties
Working with Views
Creation of Iso-surface
Creation of tables to extract boundary values
XY Plotting
Post-Processing - 1
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Post-Processing Location of

file
File for the exercise (lock30.sim) is located in:

Foundation/STARCCM+/PostProcessing
Post-Processing - 2
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Post-Processing - Basics

STAR-CCM+ provides a powerful set of tools to visualize
your solution.
Post-Processing can be setup before, or after a CFD
solution is obtained.
Setting up of post-processing before start of the CFD
solution, offers the advantage of watching the solution
develop (as the CFD analysis is running in serial or parallel
mode)
Post-Processing - 3
Lecture - Post-Processing - Basics

What is a Scene?
A scene encapsulates a complete representation of
components required to create an image or animation. It
includes lights, cameras, actors, properties,
transformations and geometry.
What are the various types of Scenes?
Geometry Scene
Mesh Scene
Scalar Scene
Vector Scene
Empty Scene
Post-Processing - 4
Lecture - Post-Processing - Displayers

What is a displayer?
It is the basic building block of a scene. Displayers provide
a flexible way of controlling graphics entities in a scene.
What are the types of displayers available?
Geometry displayer (controls geometric appearance)
Outline displayer (controls appearance of sharp edges)
Scalar displayer (controls appearance of scalar contours)
Vector displayer (controls appearance of vectors)
Streamline displayer (controls appearance of streamlines)
Post-Processing - 5

The next few slides show the layout of a typical scene in
STAR-CCM+ (taken from our lock-valve tutorial) that has a
geometry and scalar displayer.
The properties associated with these displayers are
explained.
Post-Processing - 6

What are the Attributes of a Scene?
-Background color
-View (Projection mode)
-Update (Is plot updated per
iteration, time step? Where is it
output (screen or file))
-Axes (Is triad displayed?)
-Lights
Post-Processing - 7

Geometry displayer
controls
-Color Mode
-Opacity
- Representation shown
-Display of outline, mesh
-Lighting
-Transforms
Post-Processing - 8

Properties of Outline
displayer are similar to the
geometry displayer, but it
controls the appearance of
outlines (edges) in the plot.
Post-Processing - 9

Properties of a contour
plot are controlled by
the Scalar Displayer.
Post-Processing - 10
Lecture Post-Processing - Displayers

Main properties vector displayer
controls:
-Vector appearance and style
-Projection mode
-Opacity
-Lighting

Vector Field Controls:
-Range
-Clipping
-Units
Lecture Post-Processing - Views

Views control the appearance of a plot in STAR-CCM+.
What are the three attributes of a view?

Position
Focal Point
View up
Projection Mode
Where can I access views?
Via Tools Folder

What is the Projection Mode?
Property that controls how the camera maps world
coordinates to view coordinates.
Perspective Mapping of world coordinates into view
coordinates that roughly approximates a camera lens.
Parallel Mapping of world coordinates into view
coordinates that preserves all parallel lines.

How can I access standard views?
Lecture Post-Processing Iso-surfaces

Iso-surfaces can be created via the Derived Parts folder in
STAR-CCM+.
Once created, iso-surfaces can be displayed in geometry,
scalar and vector scenes, by including it in the parts folder
of the appropriate geometry.
Exercise: Create an iso-surface of turbulent viscosity ratio
= 20 for the lock valve 30 deg Configuration.
Lecture Post-Processing Iso-surface
Lecture Post-Processing Iso-Surfaces
Lecture Post-Processing Iso-Surface
Lecture Post-Processing - Tables

STAR-CCM+ provides an easy means of extracting scalar
quantities from boundaries, and exporting the data in table
format.
The next few slides show how wall shear stress can be
extracted for the lock valve tutorial.
Lecture Post-Processing XY Plots

The next few slides outline a procedure for creation of a
line probe along a plane section, and plotting pressure on
this line probe in the form of an XY plot.
Lecture Post-Processing XY Plot
Lecture Post-Processing XY plot
Lecture Post-Processing XY plot
Lecture Post-Processing - Summary

-
The concept of displayers was explained in detail.

Properties of views were discussed.
Creation of Iso-Surface was outlined.
Creation of tables and export of data was described.
Creation of XY plot was illustrated.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing

This Lecture outlines the Mesh Generation capabilities
that are currently available in STAR-CCM+.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Topics
Surface Mesh Import and Checks
Surface Mesh fixing tools
Mesh generation Models
Mesh Model Parameters
Volume mesh generation
Cell Quality Metrics
Meshing -1
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Surface

Import
What are the surface mesh formats allowed by STARCCM+?
.dbs proSTAR/amm database file
.inp proSTAR/amm cell, vertex file
.nas NASTRAN shell file
.pat PATRAN shell file
.stl Stereolithography file
.fro- FELISA front surface file
.jt JT Open Surface file
Meshing -2

Import Format Summary
Meshing -3
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing CAD Import Formats

What CAD Import Formats are allowed in STAR-CCM+?
.iges Initial Graphics Exchange Specification file
.x_t,.x_b Parasolid transmit file
.stp, .step Standardized Exchange of Product file
Meshing -4
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing CAD Import Format

Summary
Meshing -5
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Surface Requirement

What are the requirements for a surface mesh?
Closed No free edges or mismatches
Manifold Edges shared by no more than two triangles
Non-Intersecting surface does not self intersect
Good triangle quality
- Nearly equal sized triangles
- Gradual variation in triangle size
- No sharp angles/ surface folds
Meshing -6

Fixing
What are the errors that can be fixed in STAR-CCM+?
Holes
Mismatches in surface (shells not connected one to one)
Double surfaces, overlaps and unwanted internal
features (via surface wrap)
Pierced edges (self intersections)
Details of surface repair in STAR-CCM+ will be covered
with a tutorial.
Meshing -7
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Surface Checking

How can I check the imported surface for errors?
1.
2.
Open Representations Folder.

Right click on Import, and select Repair Surface.
Meshing -8
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Surface Fixing
Meshing -9
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Surface Checks
Meshing -10
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Surface Repair

-
1.
2.
After running surface checks, review the errors in surface.

If there are too may errors to fix, you may need to run
surface wrapper to fix errors.
If there are a few errors in the surface, the following
procedure is recommended:
Fix non-manifold errors and free edges.
Run Auto-repair to fix remaining errors
Meshing -11
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Surface Repair Options
Meshing -12
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Surface Repair Options
Meshing -13

Selection Controls
Meshing -14

Display Controls
Meshing -15
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing - Continuum

What is a mesh continuum?
A mesh continuum is a collection of models that are used
to generate a mesh.
What are the models that are available?
Surface Wrapper
Remesher
Volume Mesher (tetrahedral, trimmed, polyhedral)
Prism Layer Mesher
Extruder
Meshing -16
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Surface Mesher

Selection
When should the surface remesher be used?
-
When a high accuracy of surface resolution is required.

When imported surface is closed, but has poor quality
triangulation (e.g. STL import)
When triangulation quality of import surface has to be
improved.
When surface wrapper has been used.
Meshing -17
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing - Surface Mesher Choice
When should the Surface Wrapper be used?

When a high level of surface accuracy is not critical
When imported surface contains large gaps, holes and
overlaps that cannot be fixed easily using manual repair.
When import surface is made up of intersecting volumes
that have to be combined.
Meshing -18
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Model

Selection
To select models, right click on
Mesh Continuum
Pick Select Meshing Models
Meshing -19
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Model

Selection
Now select the models that are needed, and pick close.
Meshing -20
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Reference Values

The properties of the Meshing
models can be specified via
the Reference Values
Folder
Meshing -21

Reference values allowed, depend on meshing models selected.
Meshing -22
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reference values can be specified at 4 levels:

Continuum
Region
Boundary
Interface
Values specified at the boundary and interface level
supercede values specified at region level, which in turn
supercedes values specified at a continuum level.
Meshing -23
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Reference Value

Specification
What is the base size?
Base size refers to a characteristic size used in mesh
generation.
What is a target size?
Desired edge length
What do we mean by min-max size?
When proximity / curvature refinements are turned on, this
parameter controls the lower and upper bounds of the cell
size.
Meshing -24
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Reference Value

Specification
Methods for specifying surface size:
Min and Target
-Try to achieve target size in absence of refinement from
curvature / proximity
-Refinements from curvature will not cause surface size to
go below minimum
Min and Max
- Try to maintain current triangle size
- If triangle size is larger than max, surface is refined
- If triangle size is smaller than min, surface is coarsened
Meshing -25
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Reference value

specification
Min only
- Models will try and maintain current local triangle size
- When local triangle size is below minimum, it will be
coarsened
Meshing -26

Wrapper
What is the surface wrapper?
Surface Wrapper, provides the user with a closed,
manifold, non-intersecting surface, starting from a poor
quality CAD surface.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Problems commonly fixable by surface wrapping:

Multiple intersecting parts
Surface mismatches
Double surfaces
Overly complex details
Meshing -27
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Surface Wrapper Example
Meshing -28
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Surface Wrapper Example
Meshing -29
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing - Remesher

What does the Remesher do?
The remesher re-triangulates and improves the overall
quality of the surface and optimizes it for generation of a
volume mesh.
Meshing -30
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing - Remesher

The remesher improves triangulation quality as shown below.
Meshing -31
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Volume

Meshing
What are the types of volume meshes that can be
generated by STAR-CCM+?
Tetrahedral Mesh
Polyhedral Mesh
Trimmed Mesh (Advanced Hexahedral)
Meshing -32

Meshing
Tetrahedral Mesh
Meshing -33

Meshing
Polyhedral Mesh
Meshing -34
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Meshing Volume

Meshing
Meshing -35
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Meshing Volume Meshing

Poly/Tet Density
Meshing -36

Meshing
Trimmed Mesh
(Advanced
Hexahedral)
Meshing -37
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Meshing Volume

Meshing
Meshing -38
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Prism Layer Model

What is the prism layer model?
The prism layer model creates orthogonal, prismatic cells
close to the boundary.
Why is a prism layer needed?
Whenever accurate simulation of turbulence or heat
transfer is required, it is recommended to include a prism
layer.
Meshing -39
For wall functions 1-3

layers are
recommended.
For Low Re turbulence
models 10-15 layers are
recommended.
Meshing -40
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Meshing Prism Layer Model
Meshing -41

What methods are available to specify the
prism layer properties?
-Stretch Factor (default)
-Wall Thickness
-Thickness Ratio
Meshing -42
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Prism Layer Meshing

Selection of boundary type affects the default behavior of prism layers
Meshing -43
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Extruder Model

What is the Extruder Meshing
Model?
If the extruder is specified on a
given boundary, the volume
mesh will be extruded from the
specified boundary either in the
normal or specified direction,
resulting in an extension to the
original domain.
Meshing -44
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Extruder Model

What are the options available for extrusion type?
-
Constant Rate
Constant Rate Normal
Hyperbolic Tangent
What parameters are applied for extrusion at boundary level?
Number of extrusion layers

Extrusion Stretching
Extrusion Magnitude
Meshing -45
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing - Extruder
Note: There is an option to create a new region for the extruded mesh.
Meshing -46
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Cell Quality Metrics

The following are the main cell quality metrics that are
used to check a mesh in STAR-CCM+
-
Face Validity
Cell Quality
Volume Change
Cell Skewness Angle
Boundary Skewness Angle
Meshing -47
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Cell Quality Metrics

How can I check Cell Quality Metrics in STAR-CCM+?
1.
2.
Select Mesh -> Diagnostics to run Mesh Diagnostics

report.
Via Derived parts, create thresholds for required cell
quality metric.
Meshing -48

Face Validity It is an area
weighted measure of the
correctness of the face normals
relative to their attached cell
centroid. For a good quality cell,
the face normals will point away
from the attached cell centroid. For
a cell with poor face validity, one or
more face normals will point
towards the cell centroid. Values
below 1 mean that some portion of
the face attached to the cell are not
pointing away from the centroid
(implying concavity). Values below
0.5 indicate a negative volume
cell.
Meshing -49

Cell Quality This metric
defines the quality of the cell
based on the finite volume
approximation of the gradient
reconstruction at the cell
centroid. A cell with a quality of
1.0 is considered perfect (e.g.
perfect hex or tet). As the cell
quality approaches zero, the cell
becomes degenerate.
Depending on the physics
selected, the quality of the cell
could be as low as 1e-6 and run
without problems.
Meshing -50
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Meshing Cell Quality Metrics

Volume Change This metric
describes the ratio of a cells volume
to the volume of its largest
neighbor. A value of 1.0 indicates a
cell has a volume equal to or higher
than its neighbors. As the cell
volume decreases relative to its
neighbors (e.g. a sliver or flat cell),
then the volume change metric can
be used to flag the cell. Large
jumps in volume from cell to cell
cause instability in the solver. Cells
with a value of Volume change of
1.0e-3 or less should be
considered suspect and
investigated.
Meshing -51
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Meshing Cell Quality Metrics

Skewness Angle: This is the angle between the line joining the cell
centroids of neighboring cells and the face normal. Cells with
skewness angles greater than 85 degrees can cause convergence
problems.
Meshing -52
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Cell Quality Metrics

Boundary Skewness Angle is the angle between the area
face vector, and the vector joining the cell centroid and face
centroid. It is important to keep this angle below 85 degrees,
either when flow is laminar, or when solids are modeled.
Meshing -53
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Metrics - Fixing

What are the choices for fixing a mesh that has cells
with poor cell quality metrics?
1.
2.
3.
Locate problem regions and remedy surface mesh (and

thus volume mesh) by remeshing.
Use Cell quality remediation (In Physics Models)
Remove invalid cells from simulation.
Meshing -54
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Cell Quality

Remediation
What does the cell quality remediation do?
Computed gradients in bad quality cells and their
neighbors are modified (at the expense of accuracy) to
improve robustness of the solution. Thus impact on
solution accuracy is limited to localized regions.
Please note that it is always preferable to obtain a solution
without using this option.
Meshing -55
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Removal of Invalid

Cells
Make sure three dimensional
model is turned on in the
physics continuum.
Region -> Remove Invalid
cells.
Suggested values are:
0.93 0.95 for face validity
1e-6 1e-9 for Min cell
quality
1e-3 1e-4 for Min volume
change
Select OK
Meshing -56
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Removal of Invalid

Cells
On selecting OK, STARCCM+ will display the
number of cells that are
removed.
To have minimal effect
on the solution, symmetry
plane boundaries are
applied on the removed
cell internal faces.
Note: If cells are
removed in this manner,
the mesh cannot be
exported.
Meshing -57
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing - Summary
To generate a volume mesh in STAR-CCM+, the Surface

Mesh has to be Closed, Manifold and Free of Pierced
Faces (Intersections). The mesh should also have good
triangulation quality.
Surface Wrapper can be used to repair very poor quality
CAD data (data with overlaps, intersecting parts, double
shells, etc.)
Remesher is used to improve triangulation quality.
Volume mesh types allowed are Polyhedral, Trimmed
(Advanced Hexahedral), and Tetrahedral.
Prism Layer mesh is recommended when solving flows
where turbulence and heat transfer at wall is important.
Meshing -58
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing - Summary
Base Size is a reference size relative to which meshing

parameters can be specified.
Target Size is the desired edge length on a boundary.
Min and Max size control the edge length when proximity
or curvature based refinements are activated.
Recommended Cell Quality Metrics for volume meshes
are:
Face Validity > 0.93

Cell Quality > 1.0e-6
Volume Ratio > 1.0e-3
Skewness angle < 85 degrees
Meshing -59
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Advanced Topics

This Lecture outlines some of the advanced meshing
topics in STAR-CCM+
1.
2.
3.
Topics
Creation and use of volume sources
Multi-Region Meshing requirements
Boolean Operations on Surfaces
Advanced Meshing -1
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Volume Sources

What are volume sources?
Volume sources provide a means of defining refinement zones away
from the surface of the geometry. (In the volume zone)
Where can I access volume shapes?
Under Tools -> Volume Shapes
What shapes are currently allowed?

Brick
Sphere
Cylinder
Cone
Advanced Meshing -2
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Volume Shapes
1.
2.
What are steps for using volume sources?

Define volume shape
Include volume shape in meshing continua, and specify
size to be used.
Advanced Meshing -3
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Volume Shapes
Advanced Meshing -4
Advanced Meshing -5
Advanced Meshing -6
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Multi Region

What are the requirements for multi-region meshing?
-
Each region should be closed, manifold, and nonintersecting.

Common boundaries that exist between regions should be
grouped together and flagged as interfaces.
If a conformal mesh is required, interfaces have to be
imprinted, and a single mesh continuum should be used.
Advanced Meshing -7
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Multi-Region
Advanced Meshing -8
Lecture Meshing Boolean Operations
What are the Boolean operations that can be

performed in STAR-CCM+?
Unite
Intersect
Subtract
What are surface requirements for Boolean
Operations?
Each region should be closed, manifold and nonintersecting. The surface triangulation quality of regions
does not matter.
Advanced Meshing -9
Advanced Meshing -10
Lecture Client Server in STAR-CCM+
Outline of Lecture
Introduction to client and server
Viewing Client and Server processes
Connecting and Reconnecting to Servers
Remote Server requirements
Parallel Processing
Client Server 1

STAR-CCM+ uses a client server architecture in which:
Simulation Objects are created and solved on the server
Workspace views these objects through the client.
Client Server 2

Where should I run my Client?
Client should be run on a local machine, that has
hardware-accelerated graphics available.
Where should I run my Server?
Server should be run on a machine(s) with computing
resources available for your simulation.
Client Server 3

Options for location of client and server:
-
Client and Server run on same machine (default)

Client runs on local machine, server runs on remote
machine.
Client runs on one remote machine, server runs on a
different remote machine.
Note: Client can run on one architecture, and server can
run on a different architecture.
Client Server 4
Lecture Client Server in STAR-CCM+ - Client and Server

What is a Client?
The client is that part of the client-server architecture
through which you launch a simulation and work with it,
typically through the STAR-CCM+ workspace.
What is a Server?
The server is the part of the client-server architecture, that
implements your commands in a simulation (e.g. importing
a mesh, running the solver)
Client Server 5
Lecture Client Server in STAR-CCM+ - Viewing

Processes
Client Server 6
Lecture Client Server in STAR-CCM+ - Viewing

Processes
Client Server 7
Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+

How can I run my client in batch mode?
A client can be run in batch mode, by passing a java macro
that contains required commands.
When should I run my client in batch mode?
When no user interaction is required. (e.g. Running a large
mesh for 1000 iterations, and saving simulation file)
Client Server 8
Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ - Server

Properties
Client Server 9
Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ - Server

Local Network
Which server processes are displayed in the servers
window?
All servers that respond to a broadcast to the local network
are listed in the window.
What is a local network?
In STAR-CCM+, a local network is all machines accessible
without crossing a router, subject to any firewalls blocking
the server locator port (8406).
Client Server 10
Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ Disconnecting From Server

How can I disconnect from a Server?
-Select Simulation Tab
-Select File -> Disconnect
Client Server 11
Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ Reconnecting to Server

How can I reconnect to my server?
Option 1
File -> Connect to Server ; Specify host machine and port
number that the server is listening.
Option 2
Servers -> A Server -> Connect ; This attempts to
connect directly to a given process based on properties of
currently selected object.
Note: Multiple clients can connect to the same server.
Client Server 12
Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ Reconnecting to Server
Client Server 13
Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ - Remote

Servers
The client server model allows users to start the
workspace on a different machine to the server. This is
useful if you wish to setup and monitor your simulation
from your workstation, but let another machine compute
the solution.
1.
2.
Requirements for running remotely

Have remote shell access to the remote server machine
without password prompting.
Starccm+ command should be available on the remote
machines.
Client Server 14
Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ - Parallel

Processing
What is a parallel simulation?
A parallel simulation is one in which work is computed by
more than one process. In distributing the processes
across multiple CPUs the overall time to obtain a solution
can be reduced.
What are the key advantages in running a parallel

analysis?
Reducing turnaround time for a solution.
Ability to run larger problems.
Client Server 15
Lecture Client Server in STAR-CCM+ - Parallel

Processing
What is a Parallel Server?
The client server model is extended for parallel operation, by including a

controller. The controller is a light weight process. It gathers instructions
from the client, passes them to the workers. Then it gathers data from
the workers and passes it to the client.
Client Server 16
Lecture Client Server in STAR-CCM+ - Parallel

Processing
The following are the basic requirements to run STAR-CCM+ in
parallel:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
STAR-CCM+ must be installed on each of the machines you wish to

run. (Alternately the workstations should have access to a server that
has the installation)
For Windows, MPI must be installed on each machine.
LINUX / UNIX requires password free rsh access to each machine.
Controller and the worker processes should run on homogeneous
machines (client could run on a different platform).
Correct number and type of licenses should be available during run
time.
Client Server 17

Processing
How do I launch STAR-CCM+
in parallel from workspace
and run on local workstation
with multiple processors?
-
File -> New Simulation

Set Run Mode to Parallel
Select Run all processes on
local host which is the default.
Set number of Compute
Processes to number of
processors on workstation.
Select OK
Client Server 18

Processing
How can I launch a parallel
STAR-CCM+ run from the
workspace to run on hosts
(different from my
workstation)?
-
Select File -> New Simulation

(or File -> Load Simulation)
Select Specify Parallel hosts
Pick an option for the controller
process
Enter name of host, number of
processors and select add host.
(Or alternately use a machine
file)
Client Server 19
Lecture - Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ - Parallel

Processing
How do I launch STAR-CCM+ on 2 processors of my
workstation from the command line?
starccm+ -np 2
To run on a local machine, the on and the machinefile
options can be omitted.
Client Server 20

Processing
How can I run in parallel from the command line on
four different hosts?
starccm+ -on node1,node2,node3,node4 ~/airfoil.sim
Client Server 21

Processing
STAR-CCM+ can be run in parallel using the following
batch queuing systems:
pbs
lsf
Load Leveller
Sun Grid Engine
For more details, consult the online documentation.
starccm+ -h or starccm+ -phelp will give additional
details.
Client Server 22
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting

This section gives a brief introduction to script
development in STAR-CCM+. The topics covered include:
-
Introduction
Recording and Playing Java Macros
Simple Examples
Java API
Summary
Scripting -1
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting - Introduction

Why do we script?
We develop scripts to automate repetitive tasks.
What is a Java Macro?
A STAR-CCM+ Java Macro is a Java Program that is
compiled and executed within the STAR-CCM+
workspace.
Scripting -2
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting

What is the easiest way to create a macro in STARCCM+?
Start recording a macro in a STAR-CCM+ session. Next,
make suitable modifications, by editing the recorded macro
in a text editor.
Scripting -3
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting - Introduction

Some Simple Rules to keep in Mind:
1.
2.
3.
Name of source code file must match the name of the

public class defined in that file, and the file extension must
be .java
// comments out rest of the line.
/*.*/ is used to comment multiple lines of text.
Scripting -4
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting Recording Macros
Scripting -5
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting Playing Macros
Scripting -6
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting Playing Macros

How can I play a macro in batch mode?
starccm+ -batch cavity.java (on linux / unix)
starccm+.exe batch cavity.java (on windows)
Scripting -7
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Scripting Playing Macros

If you would like to execute a java macro starting from an
existing simulation file simname.sim, then issue the
following command for a UNIX/LINUX based system:
starccm+ simname.sim batch filename.java
For windows:
starccm+.exe simname.sim batch filename.java
Scripting -8
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting - Examples

The first example macro shows setting up of total number
of iterations in a simulation.
First, this will be hard coded in the macro. Next, it will be
show how the number of iterations can be obtained as an
input from a user.
Scripting -9
Scripting -10
Scripting -11

The next macro shown sets up a physics continuum for air.
This macro was created by means of recording a physics
continuum setup from the GUI.
Scripting -12
Scripting -13
Scripting -14
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting Java API

What is the Java API?
Java API or Application Programmer Interface, contains a
comprehensive set of Java code that functions in STARCCM+ macros. It can be accessed via Help -> Java API.
Scripting -15
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting Java API
Scripting -16
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting - Summary
Scripting is used for automation of tasks.

Java Macros are used for scripting STAR-CCM+.
Easiest way of creating macros is by recording them from
the GUI and playing them.
Macros can be played interactively or in batch.
A few simple macro examples were discussed.
Scripting -17
Lecture - Field Functions - Introduction

What are Field Functions?
Field Functions provide a mechanism by which fields (i.e. raw data
from a simulation stored in cells and / or boundaries) may be viewed
and defined in STAR-CCM+.
What are System Field Functions?
These are pre-defined field functions created by models activated in
continua. They have a unique name and could either be a scalar or a
vector.
What are User Field Functions?
These are field functions created by a user to access scalar or vector
field data. They are created manually and defined in terms of already
defined field functions.
Field Functions - 1
Lecture - Field Functions - Uses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What are common uses of field functions?

Specification of boundary conditions (e.g. Varying back
pressure as a function of time).
Specifying Material Properties (e.g. specification of
density variation based on temperature).
Initialization.
Post-Processing (e.g extracting secondary quantities from
the primary variables)
Geometric manipulation (e.g. splitting of a boundary)
Field Functions - 2
Lecture - Field Functions Locations and Components

Where are Field Functions Located?
Tools -> Field Functions
What are the components of a Field

Function?
Dimension
Type (scalar or vector)
Function Name
Field Functions - 3
Lecture - Field Functions Format and Rules

- Field Functions follow ANSI C syntax
- General Syntax
(condition)? true_value : false_value
- Scalar field functions start with a $
- Vector field functions start with $$
- Scalar components of vector field functions are obtained
by including a 0,1,2 in square brackets (e.g. $$Velocity[0])
Field Functions - 4
Lecture - Field Functions Commonly Used Field

Functions
Field Functions - 5
Lecture - Field Functions Miscellaneous Operators
Field Functions - 6
Lecture - Field Functions Trigonometric Operators
Field Functions - 7
Lecture - Field Functions Vector Operators
Field Functions - 8
Lecture Field Functions - Examples

If we want to apply time varying velocity defined by:
V = 10 Sin (50t)
This can be defined as:
10 * sin(50 * $Time)
Field Functions - 9

A few field function coding examples are shown in the next
few slides.
It is assumed that the user has already defined the
dimensions and name of the field function, and only the
formula to be used is shown.
Field Functions - 10

If we want to define Turbulence Intensity as:
2
I=
k
3
This can be defined as:
sqrt (2/3 * TurbulentKineticEnergy)
Lecture Field Function - Examples

For a boundary, if we want to set a temperature of 300K if
X > 1, and 400K if X <= 1, this can be done as:
($$Centroid[0] > 1) ? 300 : 400
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Solver Memory

Requirement
How Much Memory Does STAR-CCM+ Solver Require?
For a non-polyhedral mesh with a two equation turbulence
model:
Segregated
Coupled Explicit
Coupled Implicit
500 MB per 1 million cells

1 GB per 1 million cells
2 GB per 1 million cells
FAQ -1
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ - Convergence

Convergence Problems
In numerous instances poor convergence can be traced to:
Mesh quality
-
In correctly placed or specified boundary conditions

-
Skewness angles greater than 85 degrees

eg. Placing a flow split boundary where there is recirculation.
Insufficient mesh resolution in regions of strong gradients
FAQ -2
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Tracking

Residuals
How Can I track residuals on a cell wise basis?
In solver expert properties turn on Retain Temporary

Storage
If analysis is run with this option turned on, then in the

functions available for plotting, we get residuals and
corrections for each equation.
Use this option only for debug purposes, as it increases the
memory requirement and the size of the file.
FAQ -3
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Under-relaxation Factors

Under-relaxation Factors
Coupled Solver
Turn on verbosity to low

If number of inner iterations is less than 4, increase the courant
number.
If the number of inner iterations is larger than 8, then reduce the
courant number.
Segregated Solver
Use default values

If flow and energy are coupled, use 0.5 for energy
If analysis is struggling use 0.5 for for U,V,W and 0.2 for P
If you have to lower the under-relaxation a lot lower than the above
values, it may be an indication of other problems with the mesh or
setup.
FAQ -4
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Turbulence Initialization
When is it important to initialize turbulence?

It is important to initialize turbulence when zero velocity initialization is
used.
Reasonable values are 2% intensity and turbulence viscosity ratio

between 1 and 100.
K = 1.5 * I^2 * U^2 ; epsilon = (rho * 0.09 * k^2) / (viscosity ratio *
mu)
Note: Failure to use appropriate initialization tends to show as large
normalized residual values for k and epsilon.
FAQ -5
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Residual

Monitoring
What residuals are reported by STAR-CCM+ as
default?
The residuals reported by STAR-CCM+ as default are the
residuals normalized with respect to the maximum residual
value (in any cell) in the first 5 iterations.
If I want to print the absolute residuals, how can I do
this in STAR-CCM+?
Under Monitor, if the Normalization option is set to off,
then the RMS (root mean square) of the residuals of the
entire domain will be plotted.
FAQ -6
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Residual

Monitoring
FAQ -7
STAR-CCM+ - FAQ - Precision

What is the precision used in STAR-CCM+?
STAR-CCM+ starts out as double precision. Anything that
does not need double precision is downgraded to single
precision.
Spatial Coordinates and Pressure are stored using double
precision. Volume and Pressure residuals are stored using
single precision.
FAQ -8
Lecture STAR-CCM+ FAQ Meshing Memory

How much memory does STAR-CCM+ require for mesh
generation?
Rough conservative numbers are:
Advanced Hexahedral (Trim)
Tetrahedral
Polyhedral
250 MB for 1 million cells

250 MB for 1 million cells
1 GB for 1 million cells
FAQ -9
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Tessellation Density

What feature angle value is used at various tessellation
densities for parasolid / iges / step import?
The angles used are 12, 6, 3, 1.5, 0.75 degrees, moving
from coarse to very fine.
FAQ -10
Lecture STAR-CCM+ FAQ Stopping Mesh Generation
FAQ -11
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ FAQ Cell Sets

Where Can I access the Cell Set Tool?
Cell Set Tool is present in the Representations Folder.
What are the main methods for creating a new cell set?
-Cell List (proSTAR cell number)
-Threshold (using a scalar criteria)
-Zone (drawing a box)
-Geometric Range
FAQ -12
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Adding Materials

How can I add a material to the material properties database?
1.
2.
Make a copy of props.dbs in the starccm+ installation directory for

safe keeping.
Edit database and add material to database.
FAQ -13
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Finding Scalar Values

How can I find the value
of a scalar and location of
a cell in a scalar scene?
1. Move mouse over cell of
interest, and hit .
The output window shows
the value.
FAQ -14
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Reference Pressure

What is the use of reference pressure?
Reference pressure is means of reducing numerical round off error in
pressure calculations. This is necessary since differences in pressure
are small relative to the absolute value of pressure (especially in
incompressible and low Mach Number flows).
When is the location of pressure reference important?
If the domain does not have a pressure boundary, the location of
pressure reference is important.
Why is the location of pressure reference required for a problem
without pressure boundaries?
In such cases, Neumann conditions are applied at the boundary. If the
pressure is not pinned, pressure can become arbitrarily high causing
problems.
FAQ -15
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Reference

Pressure
How does STAR-CCM+ determine the location of
reference pressure?
STAR-CCM+ sets the reference pressure on the boundary
face that has the smallest x,y,z coordinates.
FAQ -16
STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Saving Notes to sim file
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
Step 4.
FAQ -17
Lecture STAR-CCM+ FAQ Graphics Hardware
STAR-CCM+ requires use of latest graphics drivers.

On LINUX workstations, make sure that latest glx drivers
are installed (older drivers can make the measuring tool
freeze)
If graphics problems persist after installation of latest
drivers, users can launch starccm+ with the mesa option
to bypass the installed graphics hardware.
FAQ -18

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CD-adapco, Americas Agency Training Document

CFD Basics Boundary Conditions Free Stream

CD-adapco, Americas Agency Training Document

CFD Basics Boundary Conditions

CFD Basics Boundary Conditions Pressure

CD-adapco, Americas Agency Training Document

Day 1 : CFD Basics Boundary Conditions - Internal

CD-adapco, Americas Agency Training Document

CFD Basics Boundary Conditions Internal Flow Examples

Flow inside ducts

CD-adapco, Americas Agency Training Document

CFD Basics Boundary Conditions Internal Flow

CD-adapco, Americas Agency Training Document

CFD Basics Boundary Conditions - Inlets

CD-adapco, Americas Agency Training Document

CFD Basics Boundary Conditions - Outlet

n is the unit normal.