Gio n BDHSG Ton 9

Nm hc: 2012-2013

Thanh M, ngy 20 thng 7 nm 2012

CHUYN 1:

S CHNH PHNG

I. NH NGHA: S chnh phng l s bng bnh phng ng ca mt s nguyn.

II. TNH CHT:
1. S chnh phng ch c th c ch s tn cng bng 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9 ; khng th c ch
s tn cng bng 2, 3, 7, 8.
2. Khi phn tch ra tha s nguyn t, s chnh phng ch cha cc tha s nguyn t
vi s m chn.
3. S chnh phng ch c th c mt trong hai dng 4n hoc 4n + 1. Khng c s chnh
phng no c dng 4n + 2 hoc 4n + 3 (n N).
4. S chnh phng ch c th c mt trong hai dng 3n hoc 3n + 1. Khng c s chnh
phng no c dng 3n + 2 (n N).
5. S chnh phng tn cng bng 1 hoc 9 th ch s hng chc l ch s chn.
S chnh phng tn cng bng 5 th ch s hng chc l 2
S chnh phng tn cng bng 4 th ch s hng chc l ch s chn.
S chnh phng tn cng bng 6 th ch s hng chc l ch s l.
6. S chnh phng chia ht cho 2 th chia ht cho 4.
S chnh phng chia ht cho 3 th chia ht cho 9.
S chnh phng chia ht cho 5 th chia ht cho 25.
S chnh phng chia ht cho 8 th chia ht cho 16.
III. MT S DNG BI TP V S CHNH PHNG
A.
DNG1: CHNG MINH MT S L S CHNH PHNG
Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn x, y th
A = (x + y)(x + 2y)(x + 3y)(x + 4y) + y4 l s chnh phng.
Ta c A = (x + y)(x + 2y)(x + 3y)(x + 4y) + y4
= (x2 + 5xy + 4y2)( x2 + 5xy + 6y2) + y4
t x2 + 5xy + 5y2 = t ( t Z) th
A = (t - y2)( t + y2) + y4 = t2 y4 + y4 = t2 = (x2 + 5xy + 5y2)2
V x, y, z Z nn x2 Z, 5xy Z, 5y2 Z x2 + 5xy + 5y2 Z
Vy A l s chnh phng.
Bi 2: Chng minh tch ca 4 s t nhin lin tip cng 1 lun l s chnh phng.
Gi 4 s t nhin, lin tip l n, n + 1, n+ 2, n + 3 (n N). Ta c
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Gio n BDHSG Ton 9

Nm hc: 2012-2013

n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) + 1 = n.(n + 3(n + 1)(n + 2) + 1

= (n2 + 3n)( n2 + 3n + 2) + 1 (*)
t n2 + 3n = t (t N) th (*) = t( t + 2 ) + 1 = t2 + 2t + 1 = ( t + 1 )2
= (n2 + 3n + 1)2
V n N nn n2 + 3n + 1 N Vy n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) + 1 l s chnh phng.
Bi 3: Cho S = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + . . . + k(k+1)(k+2)
Chng minh rng 4S + 1 l s chnh phng .
Ta c k(k+1)(k+2) =
=

1
4
1
4

k(k+1)(k+2).4 =

k(k+1)(k+2).[(k+3) (k-1)]

k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) -

1
1
.1.2.3.4
.0.1.2.3 +
4
4
1
- 4 k(k+1)(k+2)(k-1) =

S =

(k+3)

1
4

1
4
1
4

1
4

k(k+1)(k+2)(k-1)
1

.2.3.4.5 - 4 .1.2.3.4 ++ 4 k(k+1)(k+2)

k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)

4S + 1 = k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) + 1
Theo kt qu bi 2 k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) + 1 l s chnh ph ng.
Bi 4: Cho dy s 49; 4489; 444889; 44448889;
Dy s trn c xy dng bng cch thm s 48 vo gia s ng trc n.
Chng minh rng tt c cc s ca dy trn u l s chnh phng.
Ta c 4448889 = 44488..8 + 1 = 444 . 10n + 8 . 111 + 1
n ch s 4 n-1 ch s 8 n ch s 4 n ch s 8
n ch s 1
= 4.

10 n 1
.
9

10 n 1
9
n
2.10 1

10n + 8.
=

+1=

n ch s 4

4.10 2 n 4.10 n 8.10 n 8 9

9

4.10 2 n 4.10 n 1
9

Ta thy 2.10n +1=20001 c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 3 nn

n chia ht cho 3
n-1 ch s 0

2.10 1

Z hay cc s c dng 4448889 l s chnh phng.

Bi 5: Chng minh rng cc s sau y l s chnh phng:

A = 111 + 444 + 1
2n ch s 1
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

n ch s 4
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Nm hc: 2012-2013

B = 111 + 111 + 666 + 8

2n ch s 1

n+1 ch s 1

n ch s 6

C = 444 + 222 + 888 + 7

2n ch s 4 n+1 ch s 2
Kt qu: A =

10 n 2

B=

n ch s 8
2

10 n 8

C=

2.10 n 7

Bi 6: Chng minh rng cc s sau l s chnh phng:

a. A = 22499910009
n-2 ch s 9 n ch s 0
b. B = 1115556
n ch s 1 n-1 ch s 5
a.

A = 224.102n + 999.10n+2 + 10n+1 + 9= 224.102n + ( 10n-2 1 ) . 10n+2 + 10n+1 + 9

= 224.102n + 102n 10n+2 + 10n+1 + 9= 225.102n 90.10n + 9
= ( 15.10n 3 ) 2 A l s chnh phng

b. B = 11115555 + 1 = 111.10n + 5.111 + 1

n ch s 1 n ch s 5
=
=

10 n 1
.
9
10

2n

10 + 5.

4.10 4
9
n

10 n 1
9
10 n 2

n ch s 1
+1=

n ch s 1

10 2 n 10 n 5.10 n 5 9
9

l s chnh phng ( iu phi chng minh)

Bi 7: Chng minh rng tng cc bnh phng ca 5 s t nhin lin tip khng th l
mt s chnh phng
Gi 5 s t nhin lin tip l n-2, n-1, n , n+1 , n+2 (n N , n 2 ).
Ta c ( n-2)2 + (n-1)2 + n2 + ( n+1)2 + ( n+2)2 = 5.( n2+2)
V n2 khng th tn cng bi 3 hoc 8 do n2+2 khng th chia ht cho 5
5.( n2+2) khng l s chnh phng hay A khng l s chnh phng
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Nm hc: 2012-2013

Bi 8: Chng minh rng s c dng n6 n4 + 2n3 + 2n2 trong n N v n>1 khng

phi l s chnh phng
n6 n4 + 2n3 +2n2 = n2.( n4 n2 + 2n +2 ) = n2.[ n2(n-1)(n+1) + 2(n+1) ]
= n2[ (n+1)(n3 n2 + 2) ] = n2(n+1).[ (n3+1) (n2-1) ]= n2( n+1 )2.( n22n+2)
Vi n N, n >1 th n2-2n+2 = (n - 1)2 + 1 > ( n 1 )2
v n2 2n + 2 = n2 2(n - 1) < n2
Vy ( n 1)2 < n2 2n + 2 < n2 n2 2n + 2 khng phi l mt s chnh phng.
Bi 9: Cho 5 s chnh phng bt k c ch s hng chc khc nhau cn ch s hng
n v u l 6. Chng minh rng tng cc ch s hng chc ca 5 s chnh phng
l mt s chnh phng
Cch 1: Ta bit mt s chnh phng c ch s hng n v l 6 th ch s hng
chc ca n l s l. V vy ch s hng chc ca 5 s chnh phng cho l 1,3,5,7,9
khi tng ca chng bng 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 52 l s chnh phng
Cch 2: Nu mt s chnh phng M = a2 c ch s hng n v l 6 th ch s tn
cng ca a l 4 hoc 6 a 2 a2 4
Theo du hiu chia ht cho 4 th hai ch s tn cng ca M ch c th l 16, 36, 56,
76, 96 Ta c: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 52 l s chnh phng.
Bi 10: Chng minh rng tng bnh phng ca hai s l bt k khng phi l mt s
chnh phng.
a v b l nn a = 2k+1, b = 2m+1 (Vi k, m N)
a2 + b2 = (2k+1)2 + (2m+1)2 = 4k2 + 4k + 1 + 4m2 + 4m + 1
= 4(k2 + k + m2 + m) + 2 = 4t + 2 (Vi t N)
Khng c s chnh phng no c dng 4t + 2 (t N) do a2 + b2 khng th l s
chnh phng.
Bi 11: Chng minh rng nu p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin th p - 1 v p + 1
khng th l cc s chnh phng.
V p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin nn p 2 v p khng chia ht cho 4 (1)
a. Gi s p+1 l s chnh phng . t p+1 = m2 (m N)
V p chn nn p+1 l m2 l m l.
t m = 2k+1 (k N). Ta c m2 = 4k2 + 4k + 1 p+1 = 4k2 + 4k + 1
p = 4k2 + 4k = 4k(k+1) 4 mu thun vi (1)
p+1 l s chnh phng
b.
p = 2.3.5 l s chia ht cho 3 p-1 c dng 3k+2.
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Khng c s chnh phng no c dng 3k+2 p-1 khng l s chnh phng .

Vy nu p l tch n s nguyn t u tin th p-1 v p+1 khng l s chnh phng
Bi 12: Gi s N = 1.3.5.72007.
Chng minh rng trong 3 s nguyn lin tip 2N-1, 2N v 2N+1 khng c s no l s
chnh phng.
a.
2N-1 = 2.1.3.5.72007 1
C 2N 3 2N-1 khng chia ht cho 3 v 2N-1 = 3k+2 (k N)
2N-1 khng l s chnh phng.
b.
2N = 2.1.3.5.72007
V N l N khng chia ht cho 2 v 2N 2 nhng 2N khng chia ht cho 4.
2N chn nn 2N khng chia cho 4 d 1 2N khng l s chnh phng.
c.
2N+1 = 2.1.3.5.72007 + 1
2N+1 l nn 2N+1 khng chia ht cho 4
2N khng chia ht cho 4 nn 2N+1 khng chia cho 4 d 1
2N+1 khng l s chnh phng.
Bi 13: Cho a = 111 ; b = 10005
Chng minh

2008 ch s 1
ab 1 l s t nhin.

Cch 1: Ta c a = 111 =

10 2008 1
9

2007 ch s 0

; b = 10005 = 1000 + 5 = 102008 + 5

2008 ch s 1

2007 ch s 0

2008
ch
2

s 0
2008
1)(10 2008 5)
(10 2008 ) 2 4.10 2008 5 9
ab+1 = (10
+1=
=

ab 1

10

2008

9
2 10 2008 2
=
3

Ta thy 102008 + 2 = 10002

nn

10 2008 2
3

N hay

ab 1

10 2008 2

l s t nhin.

2007 ch s 0
Cch 2: b = 10005 = 1000 1 + 6 = 999 + 6 = 9a +6
2007 ch s 0

2008 ch s 0

2008 ch s 9

ab+1 = a(9a +6) + 1 = 9a2 + 6a + 1 = (3a+1)2

ab 1 = (3a 1) 2 = 3a + 1 N
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Gio n BDHSG Ton 9

Nm hc: 2012-2013

B. DNG 2: TM GI TR CA BIN BIU THC L S CHNH

PHNG
Bi1: Tm s t nhin n sao cho cc s sau l s chnh phng:
a. n2 + 2n + 12
b. n ( n+3 )
c. 13n + 3
d. n2 + n + 1589
Gii
2
a. V n + 2n + 12 l s chnh phng nn t n2 + 2n + 12 = k2 (k N)
(n2 + 2n + 1) + 11 = k2 k2 (n+1)2 = 11 (k+n+1)(k-n-1) = 11
Nhn xt thy k+n+1 > k-n-1 v chng l nhng s nguyn dng, nn ta c th vit
(k+n+1)(k-n-1) = 11.1
k+n+1 = 11 k = 6
kn-1=1
n=4
2
2
2
2
b. t n(n+3) = a (n N) n + 3n = a 4n + 12n = 4a2
(4n2 + 12n + 9) 9 = 4a2 (2n + 3) 2 - 4a2 = 9 (2n + 3 + 2a)(2n + 3 2a)= 9
Nhn xt thy 2n + 3 + 2a > 2n + 3 2a v chng l nhng s nguyn dng, nn ta
c th vit (2n + 3 + 2a)(2n + 3 2a) = 9.1

2n + 3 + 2a = 9 n = 1
2n + 3 2a = 1
a=2
2
c. t 13n + 3 = y ( y N) 13(n 1) = y2 16 13(n 1) = (y + 4)(y 4)
(y + 4)(y 4) 13 m 13 l s nguyn t nn y + 4 13 hoc y 4 13
y = 13k 4 (Vi k N)
13(n 1) = (13k 4 )2 16 = 13k.(13k 8)
n = 13k2 8k + 1
Vy n = 13k2 8k + 1 (Vi k N) th 13n + 3 l s chnh phng.
d.
t n2 + n + 1589 = m2 (m N) (4n2 + 1)2 + 6355 = 4m2
(2m + 2n +1)(2m 2n -1) = 6355
Nhn xt thy 2m + 2n +1> 2m 2n -1 > 0 v chng l nhng s l, nn ta c th
vit (2m + 2n +1)(2m 2n -1) = 6355.1 = 1271.5 = 205.31 = 155.41
Suy ra n c th c cc gi tr sau: 1588; 316; 43; 28.
Bi 2: Tm a cc s sau l nhng s chnh phng:
a.
a2 + a + 43
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Nm hc: 2012-2013

b.
a2 + 81
c.
a2 + 31a + 1984
Kt qu: a. 2; 42; 13
b. 0; 12; 40
c. 12; 33; 48; 97; 176; 332; 565; 1728
Bi 3: Tm s t nhin n 1 sao cho tng 1! + 2! + 3! + + n! l mt s chnh
phng .
Vi n = 1 th 1! = 1 = 12 l s chnh phng .
Vi n = 2 th 1! + 2! = 3 khng l s chnh phng
Vi n = 3 th 1! + 2! + 3! = 1+1.2+1.2.3 = 9 = 32 l s chnh phng
Vi n 4 ta c 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! = 1+1.2+1.2.3+1.2.3.4 = 33 cn 5!; 6!; ; n! u
tn cng bi 0 do 1! + 2! + 3! + + n! c tn cng bi ch s 3 nn n khng phi
l s chnh phng .
Vy c 2 s t nhin n tha mn bi l n = 1; n = 3.
Bi 4: Tm n N cc s sau l s chnh phng:
a. n2 + 2004
( Kt qu: 500; 164)
b. (23 n)(n 3)
( Kt qu: 3; 5; 7; 13; 19; 21; 23)
2
c. n + 4n + 97
d. 2n + 15
Bi 5: C hay khng s t nhin n 2006 + n2 l s chnh phng.
Gi s 2006 + n2 l s chnh phng th 2006 + n2 = m2 (m N)
T suy ra m2 n2 = 2006 (m + n)(m - n) = 2006
Nh vy trong 2 s m v n phi c t nht 1 s chn (1)
Mt khc m + n + m n = 2m 2 s m + n v m n cng tnh chn l (2)
T (1) v (2) m + n v m n l 2 s chn
(m + n)(m - n) 4 Nhng 2006 khng chia ht cho 4
iu gi s sai.
Vy khng tn ti s t nhin n 2006 + n2 l s chnh phng.
Bi 6: Bit x N v x>2. Tm x sao cho x(x-1).x(x-1) = (x-2)xx(x-1)
2
ng thc cho c vit li nh sau: x(x-1) = (x-2)xx(x-1)
Do v tri l mt s chnh phng nn v phi cng l mt s chnh phng .
Mt s chnh phng ch c th tn cng bi 1 trong cc ch s 0; 1; 4; 5; 6; 9 nn x
ch c th tn cng bi 1 trong cc ch s 1; 2; 5; 6; 7; 0 (1)
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Nm hc: 2012-2013

Do x l ch s nn x 9, kt hp vi iu kin bi ta c x N v 2 < x 9 (2)

T (1) v (2) x ch c th nhn 1 trong cc gi tr 5; 6; 7.
Bng php th ta thy ch c x = 7 tha mn bi, khi 762 = 5776
Bi 7: Tm s t nhin n c 2 ch s bit rng 2n+1 v 3n+1 u l cc s chnh
phng.
Ta c 10 n 99 nn 21 2n+1 199. Tm s chnh phng l trong khong trn ta
c 25; 49; 81; 121; 169 tng ng vi s n bng 12; 24; 40; 60; 84.
S 3n+1 bng 37; 73; 121; 181; 253. Ch c 121 l s chnh phng.
Vy n = 40
Bi 8: Chng minh rng nu n l s t nhin sao cho n+1 v 2n+1 u l cc s
chnh phng th n l bi s ca 24.
V n+1 v 2n+1 l cc s chnh phng nn t n+1 = k2 , 2n+1 = m2 (k, m N)
Ta c m l s l m = 2a+1 m2 = 4a (a+1) + 1
2
4a (a 1)
n = m 1 =
= 2a(a+1)

n chn n+1 l k l t k = 2b+1 (Vi b N) k2 = 4b(b+1) +1

n = 4b(b+1) n 8 (1)

Ta c k2 + m2 = 3n + 2 2 (mod3)
Mt khc k2 chia cho 3 d 0 hoc 1, m2 chia cho 3 d 0 hoc 1.
Nn k2 + m2 2 (mod3) th k2 1 (mod3)
m2 1 (mod3)
m2 k2 3 hay (2n+1) (n+1) 3 n 3 (2)
M (8; 3) = 1 (3)
T (1), (2), (3) n 24.
Bi 9: Tm tt c cc s t nhin n sao cho s 28 + 211 + 2n l s chnh phng .
Gi s 28 + 211 + 2n = a2 (a N) th
2n = a2 482 = (a+48)(a-48)
2p.2q = (a+48)(a-48)
Vi p, q N ; p+q = n v p > q

a+48 = 2p 2p 2q = 96 2q (2p-q -1) = 25.3

a- 48 = 2q
q = 5 v p-q = 2 p = 7 n = 5+7 = 12
Th li ta c: 28 + 211 + 2n = 802
C. DNG 3: TM S CHNH PHNG
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Bi 1: Cho A l s chnh phng gm 4 ch s. Nu ta thm vo mi ch s ca A

mt n v th ta c s chnh phng B. Hy tm cc s A v B.
Gi A = abcd = k2. Nu thm vo mi ch s ca A mt n v th ta c s
B = (a+1)(b+1)(c+1)(d+1) = m2
vi k, m N v 32 < k < m < 100
a, b, c, d N ; 1 a 9 ; 0 b, c, d 9
Ta c
A = abcd = k2
B = abcd + 1111 = m2
m2 k2 = 1111 (m-k)(m+k) = 1111 (*)
Nhn xt thy tch (m-k)(m+k) > 0 nn m-k v m+k l 2 s nguyn dng.
V m-k < m+k < 200 nn (*) c th vit (m-k)(m+k) = 11.101
Do
m k == 11 m = 56
A = 2025
m + k = 101
n = 45
B = 3136
Bi 2: Tm 1 s chnh phng gm 4 ch s bit rng s gm 2 ch s u ln hn
s gm 2 ch s sau 1 n v.
t abcd = k2 ta c ab cd = 1 v k N, 32 k < 100
Suy ra 101cd = k2 100 = (k-10)(k+10) k +10 101 hoc k-10 101
M (k-10; 101) = 1 k +10 101
V 32 k < 100 nn 42 k+10 < 110 k+10 = 101 k = 91
abcd = 912 = 8281
Bi 3: Tm s chnh phng c 4 ch s bit rng 2 ch s u ging nhau, 2 ch s
cui ging nhau.
Gi s chnh phng phi tm l aabb = n2 vi a, b N, 1 a 9; 0 b 9
Ta c n2 = aabb = 11.a0b = 11.(100a+b) = 11.(99a+a+b) (1)
Nhn xt thy aabb 11 a + b 11
M 1 a 9 ; 0 b 9 nn 1 a+b 18 a+b = 11
Thay a+b = 11 vo (1) c n2 = 112(9a+1) do 9a+1 l s chnh phng .
Bng php th vi a = 1; 2; ; 9 ta thy ch c a = 7 tha mn b = 4
S cn tm l 7744
Bi 4: Tm mt s c 4 ch s va l s chnh phng va l mt lp phng.
Gi s chnh phng l abcd . V abcd va l s chnh phng va l mt lp
phng nn t abcd = x2 = y3 Vi x, y N
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V y3 = x2 nn y cng l mt s chnh phng .

Ta c 1000 abcd 9999 10 y 21 v y chnh phng y = 16
abcd = 4096
Bi 5: Tm mt s chnh phng gm 4 ch s sao cho ch s cui l s nguyn t,
cn bc hai ca s c tng cc ch s l mt s chnh phng.
Gi s phi tm l abcd vi a, b, c, d nguyn v 1 a 9 ; 0 b,c,d 9
abcd chnh phng d { 0,1,4,5,6,9}
d nguyn t d = 5
t abcd = k2 < 10000 32 k < 100
k l mt s c hai ch s m k2 c tn cng bng 5 k tn cng bng 5
Tng cc ch s ca k l mt s chnh phng k = 45
abcd = 2025
Vy s phi tm l 2025
Bi 6: Tm s t nhin c hai ch s bit rng hiu cc bnh phng ca s v
vit s bi hai ch s ca s nhng theo th t ngc li l mt s chnh phng
Gi s t nhin c hai ch s phi tm l ab ( a,b N, 1 a,b 9 )
S vit theo th t ngc li ba
2
2
Ta c ab - ba = ( 10a + b ) 2 ( 10b + a )2 = 99 ( a2 b2 ) 11 a2 - b2 11
Hay ( a-b )(a+b ) 11
V 0 < a - b 8 , 2 a+b 18 nn a+b 11 a + b = 11
2
2
Khi ab - ba = 32 . 112 . (a - b)
2
2
ab - ba l s chnh phng th a - b phi l s chnh phng do a-b = 1
hoc a - b = 4
Nu a-b = 1 kt hp vi a+b = 11 a = 6, b = 5, ab = 65
Khi 652 562 = 1089 = 332
Nu a - b = 4 kt hp vi a+b = 11 a = 7,5 ( loi )
Vy s phi tm l 65
Bi 7: Cho mt s chnh phng c 4 ch s. Nu thm 3 vo mi ch s ta cng
c mt s chnh phng. Tm s chnh phng ban u
( Kt qu: 1156 )
Bi 8: Tm s c 2 ch s m bnh phng ca s y bng lp phng ca tng cc
ch s ca n.
Gi s phi tm l ab vi a,b N v 1 a 9 , 0 b 9
2

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Theo gi thit ta c : ab = ( a + b )3 (10a+b)2 = ( a + b )3

ab l mt lp phng v a+b l mt s chnh phng
t ab = t3 ( t N ) , a + b = l 2 ( l N )
V 10 ab 99 ab = 27 hoc ab = 64
Nu ab = 27 a + b = 9 l s chnh phng
Nu ab = 64 a + b = 10 khng l s chnh phng loi
Vy s cn tm l ab = 27
Bi 9: Tm 3 s l lin tip m tng bnh phng l mt s c 4 ch s ging nhau.
Gi 3 s l lin tip l 2n-1, 2n+1, 2n+3 ( n N)
Ta c A= ( 2n-1 )2 + ( 2n+1)2 + ( 2n+3 )2 = 12n2 + 12n + 11
Theo bi ta t 12n2 + 12n + 11 = aaaa = 1111.a vi a l v 1 a 9
12n( n + 1 ) = 11(101a 1 )
101a 1 3 2a 1 3
V 1 a 9 nn 1 2a-1 17 v 2a-1 l nn 2a 1 { 3; 9; 15 }
a { 2; 5; 8 }
V a l a = 5 n = 21
3 s cn tm l 41; 43; 45
Bi 10: Tm s c 2 ch s sao cho tch ca s vi tng cc ch s ca n bng
tng lp phng cc ch s ca s .
ab (a + b ) = a3 + b3
10a + b = a2 ab + b2 = ( a + b )2 3ab
3a( 3 + b ) = ( a + b ) ( a + b 1 )
a + b v a + b 1 nguyn t cng nhau do
a + b = 3a
hoc
a + b 1 = 3a
a +b1=3+b
a+b=3+b
a=4,b=8
hoc
a=3,b=7
Vy ab = 48 hoc ab = 37.

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Thanh M, ngy 23 thng 7 nm 2012

Chuyn 2:

CC TR CA MT BIU THC

I/ GI TR LN NHT ,GI TR NH NHT C MT BIU THC

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Nm hc: 2012-2013

1/ Cho biu thc f( x ,y,...)

a/ Ta ni M gi tr ln nht ( GTLN) ca biu thc f(x,y...) k hiu max f = M nu hai
iu kin sau y c tho mn:
- Vi mi x,y... f(x,y...) xc nh th :
f(x,y...) M ( M hng s)

(1)

- Tn ti xo,yo ... sao cho:

f( xo,yo...) =

(2)

b/ Ta ni m l gi tr nh nht (GTNN) ca biu thc f(x,y...) k hiu min f = m nu hai

iu kin sau y c tho mn :
-

Vi mi x,y... f(x,y...) xc nh th :
f(x,y...) m ( m hng s)

(1)

- Tn ti xo,yo ... sao cho:

f( xo,yo...) =

(2)

2/ Ch : Nu ch c iu kin (1) hay (1) th cha c th ni g v cc tr ca mt

biu thc chng hn, xt biu thc : A = ( x- 1)2 + ( x 3)2. Mc d ta c A 0
nhng cha th kt lun c minA = 0 v khng tn ti gi tr no ca x A = 0 ta
phi gii nh sau:
A = x2 2x + 1 + x2 6x + 9 = 2( x2 4x + 5) = 2(x 2)2 + 2 2
A = 2 x -2 = 0 x = 2
Vy minA = 2 khi ch khi x = 2
II/ TM GTNN ,GTLN CA BIU THC CHA MT BIN
1/ Tam thc bc hai:
V d: Cho tam thc bc hai P = ax2 + bx + c .
Tm GTNN ca P nu a 0.
Tm GTLN ca P nu a
Gii : P = ax2 + bx +c = a( x2 +

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

b
a

x ) + c = a( x +

13

b
2a

)2 + c -

b2
4a 2

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Gio n BDHSG Ton 9

t c -

b
4a

- Nu a
-Nu a

Nm hc: 2012-2013
b
2a

=k . Do ( x +

b
2a

0 th a( x +

0 th

a( x +

b
2a

)2 0 nn :

)2 0 , do P k. MinP = k khi v ch khi x = -

)2 ` 0 do P ` k. MaxP = k khi v ch khi x =

b
2a

2/ a thc bc cao hn hai:

Ta c th i bin a v tam thc bc hai
V d : Tm GTNN ca A = x( x-3)(x 4)( x 7)
Gii : A = ( x2 - 7x)( x2 7x + 12)
t x2 7x + 6 = y th A = ( y - 6)( y + 6) = y2 - 36 -36
minA = -36 y = 0 x2 7x + 6 = 0 x1 = 1, x2 = 6.
3/ Biu thc l mt phn thc :
a/ Phn thc c t l hng s, mu l tam thc bc hai:
V d : Tm GTNN ca A =
2
.=
6x 5 9x2

Gii : A =

2
.
6x 5 9x2
2
2
= (3x 1) 2 4 .
9x 6x 5
2

Ta thy (3x 1)2 0 nn (3x 1) 2 +4 4 do (3x 1) 2 4

a b th

1
1

a
b

vi a, b cng du). Do

minA = - 2 3x 1 = 0 x =

1
3

2
(3 x 1) 2 4

1
4

theo tnh cht

1

A -2

Bi tp p dng:
1
HD gii:
x 2 4x 9
1
1
1
1
A 2

. max A= x 2 .
2
x 4x 9 x 2 5 5
5

1. Tm GTLN ca BT : A

1
HD Gii:
x 6x 17
1
1
1
1
A 2

. max A= x 3
2
x 6x 17 x 3 8 8
8

2. Tm GTLN ca BT : A

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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b
2a

Gio n BDHSG Ton 9

Nm hc: 2012-2013

3. (51/217) Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc: A

3
2 x 2 2x 7

b/ Phn thc c mu l bnh phng ca nh thc.

V d : Tm GTNN ca A =

3x 2 8x 6
x2 2x 1

Gii : Cch 1 : Vit A di dng tng hai biu thc khng m

A =

2 x2 2x 1 x2 4 x 4
x2 2x 1

( x 2) 2
( x 1) 2

= 2 +

minA = 2 khi v chi khi x = 2.

Cch 2: t x 1 = y th x = y + 1 ta c :
A =

3( y 1) 2 8( y 1) 6

3y2 6 y 3 8 y 8 6 3y2 2 y 1
1
2
1
2
2

=
3
+
2
2
2 = (
y
y -1) +
y
y 2 y 1 2 y 2 1
y
y 1 2 y 1 1

2
minA = 2 y = 1 x 1 = 1 x = 2
Bi tp p dng: (Bi dng HSG ton i s 9 TRN TH VN ANH)
1, (13/200) Tm GTNN v GTLN ca bt: P

x2 1
x2 x 1

x 2 2 x 2006
2, (36/210) Tm GTNN ca bt : B
x2

3, ( 45/ 214) Tm GTNN v GTLN ca bt: C

4, ( 47, 48 /215) Tm GTNN ca bt : a, D

x2
x 2 5x 7

x2 2 x 2
x2 2x 3

b, E

x2 2 x 1
2 x2 4x 9

c/ Cc phn thc dng khc:

V d : Tm GTNN v GTLN ca A =

3 4x
x2 1

Gii tm GTNN , GTLN ta vit t thc v dng bnh phng ca mt s :

A =

x2 4x 4 x2 1
x2 1

( x 2) 2
- 1 -1
x2 1

Min A= -1 khi v ch khi x = 2

Tm GTLN A =

4x2 4 4x2 4x 1
x2 1

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

=415

( 2 x 1) 2
x2 1

4
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Bi tp p dng: (Bi dng HSG ton i s 9 TRN TH VN ANH)

1, (42, 43/ 221) Tm GTLN ca bt:

x
a, A 2
x 2

3, (35, 36 / 221) Tm GTNN ca bt:

a, C

b, B

x2

x2 4x 4
Vi x > 0;
x

b, D

x5 2
Vi x >
x3

2
vi x > 0;
x3

b, F

x3 1
Vi x > 0
x2

0
4, (34, 36/ 221) Tm GTNN ca bt:

a, E x 2

6, (68/28 BI VN TUYN) Tm GTNN ca bt: Q

x 2 2 x 17
Vi x > 0
2 x 1

7, (69/28 BI VN TUYN) Tm GTNN ca bt: R

x 6 x 34
Vi x > 0
x 3

8, (70/28 BI VN TUYN) Tm GTNN ca bt: S

x 3 2000
Vi x > 0
x

III/ TM GTNN, GTLN CA BT C QUAN H RNG BUC GIA CC BIN

V d : Tm GTNN ca A = x3 + y3 + xy bit rng x + y = 1
s dng iu kin cho rt gn biu thc A
A = (x + y)( x2 xy +y2) + xy = x2 xy - y2 + xy = x2 + y2
n y ta c nhiu cch gii
Cch 1: s dng iu kin cho lm xut hin mt biu thc c cha A
x+y =1

x2 + 2xy + y2 = 1

(x y)2 0 Hay: x2 - 2xy + y2 0

Cng (1) vi (2) ta c 2(x2 + y2 ) 1 x2 + y2

minA =

(1)

1
2

khi v ch khi x = y =

(2)
1
2

1
2

Cch 2: Biu th y theo x ri a v tam thc bc hai i vi x. Thay y = x 1 vo A

A = x2 + (1 x)2 = 2(x2 x) +1 = 2(x2 minA =

1
2

khi v ch khi x = y =

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

1
2

)2 +

1
2

1
2

1
2

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Cch 3/ S dng iu kin cho da v mt bin mi

t x =

1
2

x2 + y 2 = (

1
2

+ a th y =
1
2

- a . Biu th x2 + y2 ta c :

+ a)2 + ( 2 - a)2 =

1
2

1
2

+2 a2

=> MinA =

a = 0 x=y = 2

Bi tp 1: Tm Min A = a 2 ab b 2 3a 3b 2014
Cch 1 Ta c: A= a 2 2a 1 b 2 2b 1 ab a b 1 2011
= a 2 2a 1 b 2 2b 1 ab a b 1 2011 =
=

a 1

a 1

a 1

b 1 a b 1 b 1 2011
1

b 1 a 1 b 1 2011
2

2 a 1

b 1 b 1
2

3 b 1
4

b 1
2011 = a 1

3 b 1
4

2011

b 1
0
a b 1
2
Min A = 2011 khi
b 1 0

a 1

Cch 2:

2A 2 a 2 ab b 2 3a 3b 2014 = a 2 2a 1 b 2 2b 1 a 2 2ab b 2 2.2 a b 4 4022

= a 1 b 1 a b 2 4022
2

a 1 0

a b 1 => Min A = 2011

Min 2A = 4022 khi b 1 0
ab2 0

BI TP T LUYN TNG T:
Bi 1 CMR : Min P = 0 Vi P = a 2 ab b 2 3a 3b 3
Bi 2 CMR: khng c gi tr no ca x, y, z tha mn T:
x 2 4 y 2 z 2 2 x 8 y 6 z 15 0

Hng dn Ta c:
VT x 2 2 x 1 4 y 2 8 y 4 z 2 6 z 9 1= x-1 2 y 2 z 3 1 1
2

Bi 3: C hay khng cc s x,y,z tha mn mi ng thc sau:

1) x 2 4 y 2 z 2 4 x 4 y 8 z 22 0
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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2) x 2 4 y 2 9 z 2 2 x 12 y 12 z 1994
Hng dn Ta c:
1) VT x 2 4 x 4 4 y 2 4 y 1 z 2 8 z 16 1
= x+2 2 y 1 z 4 1 1
2

2) VT = x 2 2 x 1 4 y 2 12 y 3 9 z 2 12 z 4 1986
= x 1 2 y 3 3 z 2 1986 1986
2

Bi 4: CMR: Min A=2 Vi A = m 2 4mp 5 p 2 10m 22 p 28

Hng dn Ta c:
A = m 2 4mp 4 p 2 p 2 2 p 1 10m 20 p 27
= m 2 p 2.5 m 2 p 25 p 1 2
2

= m 2 p 5 p 1 2 2
2

Bi 5: CMR: Max B = 4 Vi B a 2 5b2 2a 4ab 10b 6

Hng dn Ta c:

2
2
2
B a 2 4ab 4b 2 b 2 6b 9 2a 4b 1 4 = 4 - a 4ab 4b b 6b 9 2 a 2b 1

2
2
= 4 - a 2b 2 a 2b 1 b 3

2
2
= 4 - a 2b 1 b 3 4

Bi 6: Tm GTNN ca
a) A=a 2 5b2 4ab 2b 5

( Gi A = a - 2b b 1 4 )

b) B = x 2 y 2 xy 3x 3 y 2029

( Gi B = x-y y 3 x 3 2011 )

c) C x 2 4 y 2 9 z 2 4 x 12 y 24 z 30

( Gi C = x+2 2 y 3 3z 4 1 )

d) D= 20x 2 18 y 2 24 xy 4 x 12 y 2016

( Gi D= 4x-3y 2 x 1 3 y 2 2011 )

2
2
2
2
Bi 7: Tm cc s a, b, c, d tha mn : a b c d a b c d (*)

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 ab a b c
a2 b2 c2 d 2 a b c d 0

Ta c :

a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 ab ac ad 0

4 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 ab ac ad 0
a 2 4ab 4b 2 a 2 4ac 4c 2 a 2 4ad 4d 2 a 2 0
a 2b a 2c a 2d a 2 0
2

Du = sy ra khi : a 2b 2c 2d 0 a b c d 0
BI TP V NH:
2
2
2
2
2
Bi 1: Tm cc s a, b, c, d, e tha mn : 2a b c d e a b c d e

Bi 2: Tm cc s a, b, c, tha mn : a 2 b 2 1 ab a b
Bi 3: Tm cc s a, b, tha mn : 4a 2 4b 2 4ab 4a 4b 4 0
Bi 4: Tm cc s x, y, z tha mn : x 2 4 y 2 z 2 2 x 8 y 6 z 14
Bi 5: Tm cc s m, p, tha mn : m 2 5 p 2 4mp 10m 22 p 25
IV Cc ch khi gii bi ton cc tr :
1, Ch 1: Khi tm bai ton cc tr ta c th i bin
V d : Tm GTNN ca ( x 1)2 + ( x 3)2
ta t x 2 = y, biu thc tr thnh (y + 1)2 + (y 1)2 =2y2 +2 2 minA= 2 y=0
x=2
2 Ch 2, Khi tm cc tr ca biu thc , nhiu khi ta thay iu kin biu thc ny
t cc tr bi iu kin tng ng l biu thc khc t cc tr
chng hn : -A ln nht A nh nht
1
ln nht B nh nht vi B > 0
B
x4 1
1
V d : Tm GTLN ca A 2
nh nht v
2 (Ch A> 0 nn A ln nht khi
( x 1)
A

ngc li)
Ta c :

1
1
( x 2 1) 2 x 4 2 x 2 1
2 x2

=
.Vy 1
4
4
4
A
A
x 1
x 1
x 1

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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min

Nm hc: 2012-2013

1
= 1 khi x = 0 .Do maxA =1 khi x = 0
A

3,Ch 3 Khi tm GTLN, GTNN ca 1 biu thc ,ngi ta thng s dng cc BT

bit
Bt ng thc c tnh cht sau
a ) a > b , c > d vi a, b, c, d > 0 th a.c > b. d
b) a > b v c > 0 th a.c > b.c
c) a > b v c < 0 th a.c < b.c
d) a > b v a, b, n > 0 th an > bn
BT C si: a + b 2 ab ; a2 + b2 2ab ; (a + b)2 4ab ; 2( a2 + b2) ( a+ b)2
Bt ng thc Bu- nha -cp xki : (a2 + b2) ( c2 + d2) (ac + bd)2
V d Cho x2 + y2 = 52 . Tm GTLN ca A = 2x + 3y
Gii :p dng BT BCS ta c ( 2x + 3y )2 ( 22+32 ).52 ( 2x + 3y )2 13.13.4
2x 3y
2x 3y 0

2x + 3y 26. Vy maxA = 26

Thay y =

3x
vo x2 + y2 = 52 ta c 4x2 + 9x2 = 52.4 x2 = 16 x=4 hoc x= -4
2

Vi x = 4 th y =6 tho mn 2x +3y 0 x = -4 ,y = -6 khng tho mn 2x +3y 0

Vy Max A = 26 x =4 , y = 6
3/ Trong cc bt ng thc cn ch n cc mnh sau
- Nu 2 s c tng khng i th tch ca chng ln nht khi 2 s bng nhau
- Nu 2 s dng c tch khng i th tng ca chng nh nht khi 2 s bang nhau
V d: Tm GTLN, GTNN ca tch xy, bit x,y N tho mn x + y = 2005
Gii : Ta c 4xy = (x + y)2 (x y)2 = 20052 - (x y)2
xy ln nht x y nh nht ; xy nh nht x y ln nht
gi s x > y ( khng th xy ra x = y) Do 1 y x 2004 nn 1 x-y 2003
Ta c min(x y) = 1 khi x = 1003 ; y =1002

max(x y) = 2003 khi x =2004 , y = 1

Do max(xy) = 1002.1003 khi x = 1003 , y = 1002

Min ( xy) = 2004 khi x = 2004 , y = 1
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Thanh M, ngy 25 thng 7 nm 2012

MT S SAI LM THNG GP KHI GII BI TON CC TR
1, Sai lm khi s dng nhiu bt ng thc khac nhau
1

VD1: cho x, y l cc s dng tha mn x +y =1 . Tm GTNN ca biu thc : A = x y

1

1 4
Gii sai: p dng bt ng thc c si cho hai s khng m x , y ta c: x y xy (1)

Li c:

1 x y

xy (2 )
2
2

T (1) v (2) suy ra :

A=

1 4
4
4

8
. Vy Min A = 8
x y
xy 1
2

Phn tch sai lm:

1

ng thc sy ra (1) khi x y 4 x y

ng thc sy ra (2) khi x = y . T suy ra x = y = 0 ( Loi v x + y = 1)
C bn n y KL khng c gi tr nh nht cng l KL sai.
1

Gii ng: V x + y = 1 nn A = x+y

4
4x y

5
y
y x

4x y
4x y
4x y
2
. 4
p dng bt ng thc C Si cho hai s khng m y , x Ta c :
y x
y x
1

4x y
x

y 2x

Du = xy ra khi y x

x y 1 x y 1 y 2

Lu : Nu s dng nhiu BT khc nhau trong 1 bi ton th ta phi kim tra xem chng
c ng thi sy ra du bng khng. C nh vy th hng gii ca bi ton mi ng.
2, Sai lm khi khng s dng ht iu kin ca bi ton:
VD2:cho x, y l cc s dng tha mn x+y= 1. Tm GTNN ca BT :
2

1
1
A = x+ y
x
y

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Gii sai: p dng bt ng thc c si cho hai s khng m x,

1
1
1
Ta c: x+ 2 x. 2
x
x
x

(1)
1

1
1
p dng bt ng thc c si cho hai s khng m y, y Ta c: y+ 2 y. 2
y
y

(2)
T (1) v (2) =>A 8 => Min A = 8
Phn tch sai lm: ng thc sy ra (1) khi

1
x x2 1
x

2
ng thc sy ra (2) khi y y y 1 . T suy ra x = y = 1 ( Loi v x + y = 1)

Gii ng: p dng bt ng thc c si cho hai s dng ta c :

x+y
1
1
xy xy xy
2
2
4
2

1 1
1
1
Ta c : A = 4 + x +y + . Khi : x2 + y2 = (x + y)2 2xy 1 - = (1)
2 2
x
y
2

1
1
1
2
1
25
25
2 2 2 2
8 (2). T (1) v (2) =>A 8 + +4 =
=>Min A =
khi x=y =
2
x
y
x .y
xy
2
2
2
1
2

Lu : Khi gii bi ton m khng s dng ht iu kin ca u bi th cn kim

tra li gi thit. C nh vy th hng gii ca bi ton mi ng.
3, Sai lm trong chng minh iu kin 1:
VD1: Tm GTLN ca bt: A =

1
x 6 x 17
2

Li gii sai: A t Max khi x 2 6 x 17 t Min Ta c : x 2 6 x 17 x 3 8 8

2

2
Do Min x 6 x 17 8 x 3 . Vy Max A =

1
x3
8

Phn tch sai lm: Kt qu ng nhng lp lun sai ch cho rng A c t khng i
nn t GTLN khi mu t GTNN m cha ua ra nhn xt t v mu l cc s dng
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Nm hc: 2012-2013

Li gii ng: B xung thm nhn xt x 2 6 x 17 x 3 8 8 nn t v mu ca A l

2

dng
VD2:Tm GTNN cu BT: A = x2 + y2 bit x + y =4
x 2 y 2 2 xy
x y2
Ta c : A = x + y 2xy => A t GTNN
x y 4
2

Khi MinA = 8
Phn tch sai lm: p s ko sai nhng lp lun sai lm ch ta mi c/m c f(x,y)
g(x,y) ch cha c/m c f(x,y) m vi m l hng s.
Chng hn: T x2 4x 4 => x2 t nh nht x2 = 4x 4 (x 2 )2 = 0 x =2
i n min x2 = 4 x = 2 D thy kt qu ng phi l Min x2 = 0 x =0
2
Li gii ng: Ta c x + y =4 x + y =16 (1)

Ta li c : x - y

0 x 2 -2xy+y 2 0

(2)

T (1) v (2) => 2( x2 + y2 ) 16 => A = x2 + y2 8

Vy Min A = 8 khi v ch khi x = y = 2.
Lu : Cn nm vng t/c ca BT c th trong trng hp so snh hai phn
s c t v mu l s t nhin, s nguyn C nh vy th hng gii ca
bi ton mi ng.
4, Sai lm trong chng minh iu kin 2
VD1: Tm GTNN ca bt: A = x + x
Li gii sai : x + x =

1 1 1
+2 x
2 4 4
1
4

1
1
1
1
x . Vy: Min A =
4
2
4
4
1
4

P/tch sai lm: sau khi c/m f(x) cha ch ra trng hp xy ra f(x)= x

1
2

(v l )
Li gii ng: KTT x l x 0 do : A = x + x 0 => Min A = 0 x 0
VD2: Tm GTLN ca A = xyx z+y y+z z+x vi x, y , z l cc s khng m v x +y+ z
=1

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Nm hc: 2012-2013
4x z+y x+y+z 1
2

Li gii sai: p dng BT 4xy x y ta c : 4y z+x x+y+z 1

2

4z x+y x+y+z 1
2

=> 64xyx z+y y+z z+x 1 =>xyx z+y y+z z+x

1
1
. Vy Max A =
64
64

Phn tch sai lm: Sai lm ch cha chi ra kh nng xy ra du =

z+y = x
y+x = z
x yz0

x + z + y = 1 ( v l )
K Max A =
l : x+z = y
64
x + z + y = 1 x, y, z 0

x, y, z 0

Li gii ng: Ta c : 1 = x +y+ z 3 3 x.y.z

(1)

2 = x +y + z+x + y+ z 3 3 x +y z+x y+ z

(2)

2
T (1) v (2) => 2 3 x. y.z. x +y z+x y+ z hay: 2 3 A A
9

x +y = z+x = y+ z
3

1
2
x yz
Max A = khi x y z 1
3
9
x, y , z 0

VD3: Tm gi tr nh nht ca : A
x a 2 ax

Li gii sai: Ta c:

x b 2 bx

Do : A

(x a)(x b)
vi x > 0, a, b l cc hng s dng.
x

x a x b 2 ax.2 bx 4 x ab

(x a)(x b) 4x ab

4 ab vy Min A = 4 ab x a b
x
x

Phn tch sai lm: Nu a b th khng c: A = 4 ab

(x a)(x b) x2 ax+bx+ab
ab

x (a b) .
Li gii ng : Ta c A
x
x
x

Theo bt ng thc Cauchy : x

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

ab
2 ab nn A 2 ab + a + b =
x
24

a b

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min A =

a b

Nm hc: 2012-2013

khi v chi khi

ab
x x ab .

x 0
x

VN DNG BT NG THC CSI TM CC TR

1

VD1: Cho x > 0, y > 0 tha mn k x y 2 Tm GTNN ca bt: A = x y

1

1 1

Do x > 0, y > 0 nn x 0, y 0 p dng bt ng thc csi cho 2 s x , y

ta c:

1 1 1
1 1
.

2 x y
x y

Hay 4 xy => xy 4

Mt khc ta c: x > 0, y > 0 => x 0, y 0 . p dng bt ng thc csi ta c:

x y 2

xy 2 4 4

x y

Vy: Min A = 4 khi : 1 1 1 x y 4

x y 2

VD2 : Tm GTNN ca ca biu thc : A x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1

2

1
3 3
Ta c: x x 1 x x R
2
4 4

1
3 3
x x 1 x
x R
2
4 4

p dng BT C- si cho 2 s
x2 x 1 x2 x 1 2

x 2 x 1, x 2 x 1 ta c :

x 2 x 1. x 2 x 1 2 4 x 4 x 2 1 2

x 4 x 2 1 1

Max A = 2 khi

x x 1 x x 1
2

VD3 Tm gi tr nh nht ca : A

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

x0

x y z

vi x, y, z > 0.
y z x

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Cch 1 : p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 3 s dng:

A

x y z
x y z
33 . . 3
y z x
y z x
x

Do min 3 x y z
y z x
y z x
Cch 2 : Ta c :

x y
x y z x y
y z y

. Ta c 2 (do x, y > 0) nn
y x
y z x y x
z x x

chng minh

x y z
y z y
3 ta ch cn chng minh : 1
y z x
z x x

(1)

(1) xy + z2 yz xz (nhn hai v vi s dng xz)

xy + z2 yz xz 0 y(x z) z(x z) 0 (x z)(y z) 0

(2)

(2) ng vi gi thit rng z l s nh nht trong 3 s x, y, z, do (1) ng. T tm

c gi tr nh nht ca

x y z
.
y z x

VD 4: Tm gi tr ln nht ca : A = xyz(x + y)(y + z)(z + x) vi x, y, z 0 ; x + y + z =

1.
p dng BT Cauchy cho ba s khng m x, y, z ta c: 1 = x + y + z 3. 3 xyz

(1)

p dng BT Cauchy cho ba s khng m x+y, y +z, z + x ta c :

2 = (x + y) + (y + z) + (z + x) 3. 3 (x y)(y z)(z x)
(2)
2
Nhn tng v ca (1) vi (2) (do hai v u khng m) : 2 9. A A
9

1
2
max A = khi v ch khi x = y = z = .
3
9

VD 5: Tm GTNN ca A
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

xy yz zx

vi x, y, z > 0 , x + y + z = 1.
z
x
y
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Gii: Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :

xy yz
xy yz

2
. 2y .
z
x
z x

yz zx
zx xy

2z ;

2x . Suy ra 2A 2(x + y + z) = 2.
x
y
y
z
1
min A = 1 vi x = y = z = .
3
1
2
VD 6: Tm GTNN ca A 2 2 4xy vi : x > 0, y > 0, x + y < 1
x y
xy

Tng t :

2
x y
2 xy x y 4 xy
1 1
1
1 1
4

x y 2 xy .2
4
Ta c: 1 1
xy
x y x y
x y
2 1
x y
xy

1
2
1
1
1
5

4xy 2

4xy
2
2
x y
xy
2xy
4xy
4xy
x y

4
1
5
4
5
11

11
=> A x 2 2xy y 2 2 4xy. 4xy
2
2
2
2
x y x y
x y x y

Ta c: A

VD 7: : Cho x , Tm GTLN ca A = 2x 2 5 x 2 + 2 x+3 - 2x

2
1
2

Gii : Ta c : A = 2x 2 5 x 2 + 2 x+3 - 2x = 2x 1 x 2 + 2 x+3 - 2x Vi x ta c:

2x 1 0

x20

p dng bt ng thc Cosi cho 2 s 2x 1, x+2 Ta c:

Hay :

3x 3

2x 1 x+2 Du = xy ra khi

x7
2 x3.
2

Do : A

2x 1 x+2

2x 1 x+2 x=1

p dng bt ng thc Cosi cho 2 s x 3, 4 Ta c:

Hay :

2x 1 x+2

x 3 4
4 x 3 2 x 3
2

Du = xy ra khi x 3 4 x=1

x7
3x 3

- 2x = 5. Du = xy ra khi x=1
2
2
1

VD 8: : Cho x, y, z > 0 v x + y + z =1 Tm GTNN ca: S = x y z

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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1 4 9
y 4 x
= 1+4+9+
x y z
x y

Ta c: S = x + y + z

4 z 9 y 9 x

y z
z

y 4x

4x

x
y 4x

p dng bt ng thc Cosi cho 2 s dng x , y ta c : 2 . 4

x y
x y
Tng t ta c :

4z 9 y
4z 9 y

2
.
12 ;
y
z
y z

9x z
9x z
2
. 6
z x
z x

S 1 + 4 + 9 + 4 + 12 + 6 =36
y 4x
x y

4z 9 y

z
Du = sy ra khi : y
9x z

x
z
x y z 1
1
3

1
6

Vy Min S = 36 khi y , x , z

1
y3

y 2 4 x2

y 2x

z 3x

x
2
2
6
9x z

x y z 1
1
x y z 1
z2

4z2 9 y2

1
2

Khng phi lc no ta cng dng trc tip c bt ng thc Csi i vi cc s trong

bi. Di y ta s nghin cu mt s bin php bin i mt biu thc c th vn
dng BT C-si ri tm cc tr ca n:
Bin php 1: tm cc tr ca mt biu thc ta tm cc tr ca bnh phng biu thc

3x 5 0
5
7
x
3
3
7 3x 0

VD1 : Tm gi tr ln nht ca A 3x 5 7 3 x , KX :
Bnh phng hai v ta c : A2 = 2 + 2 3x 5 7 3 x
Vi

5
7
x . p dng bt ng thc csi cho 3 x 5 v 7 3x ta c:
3
3

3x 5 7 3x 2 3x 5 7 3x hay

22

3x 5 7 3x

A2 4 =>A 2 Du = xy ra khi : 3x - 5 = 7 - 3x hay x = 2

VD2: Tm GTNN ca biu thc: A = -x 2 2 x 8 -x 2 x 2 (*)

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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2 x 4
x 2 x 4 0

1 x 2

2
1 x 2
-x x 2 0
x 1 x 2 0
-x 2 2 x 8 0

KX :

2
2
Khi -x 2 x 8 -x x 2 x 6 0 => A > 0

2
2
2
2
2
T (*) => A = -x 2 x 8 -x x 2 2 -x 2 x 8. -x x 2

= -2x 2 3 x 10 2

x 2 4 x x 1 2 x

= 2 x x 2 x 1 4 x 2 2
=

4 x2

4 x2

2 x x 2 . x 1 4 x

2 x x 2 . x 1 4 x x 1 4 x

x 1 4 x

22

2
A = 2 4 x x 1 4 x x 0

BI TP T LUYN ( BT nng cao v mt s chuyn Bi vn Tuyn )

Bi 1 Tm GTNN, GTLN ca hm s : y 1 x 1 x
Bi 2: Tm GTLN ca hm s : y x 2 4 x
Bi 3: Tm GTLN ca hm s : A x 5 23 x
Bi 4: Tm GTLN ca hm s : A 2 x 3 23 2 x
Bi 5: Tm GTLN ca hm s : A 5 x 7 17 5 x
Bi 6: Tm GTLN ca hm s : A 3x 2 20 3 x
Bi 7:Tm GTLN ca : A x 1 y 2 bit x + y = 4
Bi 8 Tm GTNN ca : A = -x 2 4 x 21 -x 2 3 x 10
Bi 9( 76/29) Tm GTNN ca : A =

x
y
z

vi x, y, z dng v x + y + z 12
y
z
x

Bi 10: ( 65/ 28) Tm GTLN, GTNN ca : A x 4 y 3 bit x + y = 15

Bin php 2: nhn v chia mt biu thc vi cng mt s khc khng.
VD Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc: A =

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

x-9
5x

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Gii: KX: x 9 Ta c: A =

x-9
=
5x

1 x -9
x-9
x
3
.3

2
3
3
6 1

5x
5x
5 x 30

x-9
3

x 18
Du = xy ra khi 3
x 9

BI TP T LUYN
Bi 1: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc: A =

7x - 5
7x-9

Bi 2: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc: B =

x3 - 9
27x 3

Bin php 3: Bin i biu thc d cho thnh tng ca cc biu thc sao cho tch ca
chng l mt hng s:
1) Tch 1 hng t thnh tng nhiu hng t bng nhau
3x 4 16
VD1: cho x > 0 Tm GTNN ca biu thc: A =
x3

Gii : Ta c A =

3x 4 16
16
16
3x 3 x x x 3
3
x
x
x

p dng BT C-si Ta c : A = x+x+x+

Vy Min A = 8 x

16
16
4 4 x.x.x. 3 4.2 8
3
x
x

16
x2
x3

VD2: ( thi HTH H Ni 1993) Tm Max v Min A = x 2 y( 4 - x - y ) vi

x, y 0 v x + y 6
4

x x

Xt 0 x y 4 Ta c : A = 4. . .y( 4 - x - y )
2 2

Du = xy ra khi

x x

2 2 +y+ 4 - x - y
4.
4
4

x
= y = 4 - x - y y = 1 ; x =2
2

Xt 4 x y 6
R thy: 4 x - y 2 ( 1) Du = xy ra khi x + y = 6
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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=> A = x 2 y( 4 - x - y ) t GTNN khi x2y tGTLN

3
2 x+y
x+x+2y

=32 hay x2y 32 (2)

Ta c : 2
3
x.x.2y
3

x y=

2
2
2
3

x y 6 x 4

x 2y
y2

T (1) v (2) => x 2 y( 4 - x - y ) -64 Du = xy ra khi

VD3 . Tm GTLN ca A = x2(3 x) bit x 3.

x x
.(3 x). p dng bt ng thc
2 2
3
x x

3 x
x x
x x
Cauchy cho 3 s khng m , , (3 x) ta c : . .(3 x) 2 2
1.
2 2
2 2
3

Gii : Xt 0 x 3. Vit A di dng : A = 4. .

Do A 4 (1)
BI TP T LUYN ( BT nng cao v mt s chuyn Bi vn Tuyn )
12 16

Bi 1( 71/28) Cho x > 0 , y > 0 v x + y 6 Tm GTNN ca P 5 x 3 y x y

Bi 2( 70/28) Cho x > 0 , Tm GTNN ca N

x 3 2000
x

x 2 2 x 17
Bi 3( 68/ 28) Cho x , Tm GTNN ca Q
2( x 1)

Bi 4( 69/ 28) Tm GTNN ca M

x 6 x 34
x 3

Bi 5( 72/ 29) Cho x > y v x.y =5 , Tm GTNN ca Q

x 2 1, 2 xy y 2
x y

Bi 6( 79/ 29) Cho x ,y tha mn biu thc: x + y =1 v x > 0 , Tm GTLN ca B x 2 y 3

2) Tch 1 hng t cha bin thnh tng ca mt hng s vi 1 hng t cha bin
sao cho hng t ny l nghch o ca 1 hng t khc c trong biu thc cho.
VD1: Cho 0 < x < 2 , Tm GTNN ca B
Ta c : B

9x
2

2 x x

9x
2 x
9x 2 x

1 1 2
.
7
2 x
x
2 x x

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Min B= 7

Nm hc: 2012-2013

9x
2 x
1

x
2 x
x
2

BI TP T LUYN ( BT nng cao v mt s chuyn Bi vn Tuyn )

Bi 1( 74/ 29) Cho 0 < x <1, Tm GTLN ca B

3
4

1 x x

Bi 2( 73/ 29) Cho x >1, Tm GTLN ca A 4 x

25
x 1

Bi 3: Cho x > 0, Tm GTNN ca biu thc: A =

2x 2 6 x 5
2x

Bi 4: Tm GTNN ca biu thc: B =

Bi 5: Tm GTNN ca biu thc: A =

x-4
x
x 2 3x 4
x

(Bi dng HSG ton i s 9 TRN TH VN ANH)

Bi 6: Tm GTNN ca biu thc: A =

1
3x

( vi x > -1 )
x+1 2

Bi 7: Tm GTNN ca biu thc: B =

2 x
( vi x > 1 )
x-1 2

Bi 8: Tm GTNN ca biu thc: C =

5
x
1
( vi x >
)
2x-1 3
2

Bi 9: Tm GTNN ca biu thc: D =

x
5
( vi 0 < x < 1 )
1-x x

Bin php 4: Thm 1 hng t vo biu thc cho:

VD1 : Cho 3 s dng x, y, z tha mn iu kin x + y + z = 2 Tm GTNN ca biu
thc:
x2
y2
z2
P

yz zx yx

Ta c :

x2
yz
2
+
yz
4

x2 y z
x
.
2. x
yz 4
2

xz
y2
y2 x z
y
2
+
.
2. y
4
xz
xz 4
2

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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z2
yx
2
+
yx
4

Nm hc: 2012-2013
z2 y x
z
.
2. z
yx 4
2

x2
y2
z2
yz xz yx

x y z
=>

4
4
4
y z z x y x

x2
y2
z2
x yz

x yz
Hay:

2
y z z x y x

=> P

x2
y2
z2
x yz x yz

x yz

1
yz zx yx
2
2

x2
yz

4
yz
2
y
xz
2

x yz
Vy Min P = 1
4
3
xz
2
z
yx

4
y x

Lu : Nu ta ln lt thm ( x + y), ( z + y), ( x + z) vo

z2
x2
y2
,
,
ta vn kh
y+x y+z z+x

c (x + y), ( z + y), ( x + z) nhng khng tm c x, y, z du du ng thc xy

ra ng thi. Khi khng tm c gi tr nh nht.
VD2 : Tm GTNN ca A = x + y bit x, y > 0 tha mn

a b
1 (a v b l hng s
x y

dng).
a

ay

bx

Gii . Cch 1 : A = x + y = 1.(x + y) = x y a b .

x
y
x y
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy vi 2 s dng :
Do A a b 2 ab

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

ay bx
ay bx

2
.
2 ab .
x
y
x y

a b .

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min A

Nm hc: 2012-2013

a b

ay bx
x y

a b
x a ab
vi 1
y b ab
x y
x, y 0

Cch 2 : Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :

a b
A (x y).1 (x y)
x y

a
b
x. y.
x
y

a b .

T tm c gi tr nh nht ca A.
x2
y2
z2

VD3 Tm GTNN ca A
bit x, y, z > 0 ,
xy yz zx

xy yz zx 1 .

x2
y2
z2
xyz

Gii Theo VD1 BIN PHP 4:

. Theo bt ng thc
xy yz zx
2

Cauchy
xy
yz
zx
xy ;
yz ;
zx nn x y z xy yz zx .
2
2
2
hay

x+y+z

min A =

1
2

xy yz zx 1

2
2
xyz

1
.
3

VN DNG BDT

A B A+B

TM CC TR

Bi 1: Tm GTNN ca hm s : y x 2 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1
Cch 1: y x 2 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1 x 1 x 1
Nu: x < -1 th y x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 2 x 2
Nu: -1 x 1 th y x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 2
Nu: x > 1 th y x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 2 x 2
Vy y nh nht bng 2 khi -1 x 1
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Cch 2 : p dng BT a b a b ( Du = sy ra khi a.b 0 )

Ta c : y x 1 1 x x 1 1 x 2
Vy y nh nht bng 2 khi -1 x 1
Bi 2: Cho x, y > 0 v 2x + xy = 4 . Tm GTLN ca A = x2y
Cch 1: T 2x + xy = 4 => xy = 4 -2x Th vo A ta c :

A = x(4 -2x ) = 2 x 2 2 x 2. 2 2 = 2 x 2 2

x 2 2 0
x 1

2 x xy 4
y2

=> Max A = 2 khi

1
.2 x.xy . V x, y > 0 => 2x, xy > 0. p dng bt ng thc Cosi cho 2
2

Cch 2: Ta c : A =

2 x xy
2 x xy
2 x xy
2 x.xy
x 2 y Thay s ta c :
s 2x, xy ta c:
2 x.xy
2
2
4.2

2 x 2 y =A
2 x xy
x 1

2 x xy 4 y 2

Vy Max A =2 khi

BI TP T LUYN TNG T:
Bi 1: Tm GTNN ca HS: a, y 4 x 2 4 x 1 4 x 2 12 x 9 b,
y x2 4x 4 x2 6x 9

Bi 2: Tm GTNN ca HS: a, y 4 x 2 20 x 25 x 2 8x 16

b,

y 25 x 2 20 x 4 25 x 2 30 x 9

Bi 3 Tm gi tr nh nht ca A x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Chuyn 1:
RT GN PHN THC I S
I Phng php gii:
- Phn tch t v mu thnh nhn t (nu c) tm nhn t chung.
- Chia c t v mu cho nhn t chung.
II Cc dng bi ton thng gp:
1- Rut gon phan thc.
( x a)2 x 2
a 2 4 x 2 4ax
( x a x)( x a x)

( a 2 x) 2
a (2 x a)

(2 x a) 2
a

2x a

a 4 3a 2 1
Cu : b) 4
a a 2 2a 1
a 4 3a 2 1
4
a ( a 2 2a 1)

Cu1: a )

Cu: c)

a 4 2a 2 1 a 2
a 4 (a 1) 2

(a 2 1) 2 a 2
a 4 (a 1)2

(a 2 1 a )(a 2 1 a )
(a 2 a 1)(a 2 a 1)

(a 2 a 1)
(a 2 a 1)

2 y2 5 y 2
2 y 3 9 y 2 12 y 4
(2 y 2 4 y ) ( y 2)
(2 y 3 4 y 2 ) (5 y 2 10 y ) (2 y 4)
2 y ( y 2) ( y 2)
2
2 y ( y 2) 5 y ( y 2) 2( y 2)
( y 2)(2 y 1)

( y 2)(2 y 2 5 y 2)
(2 y 1)

(2 y 1)( y 2)
1

y2
1
Vi: y -2 v y 2

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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2- Chng minh.
Cu2 : a) Hy chng minh:
Gii:

a 3 4a 2 a 4
a 1

3
2
a 7a 14a 8 a 2

a 3 4a 2 a 4
a 3 7 a 2 14a 8
(a 3 a ) (4a 2 4)
3
(a 8) (7 a 2 14a )

a (a 2 1) 4(a 2 1)
(a 2)(a 2 2a 4) 7a (a 2)

(a 4)(a 2 1)

(a 2)(a 2 5a 4)
( a 4)(a 1)(a 1)

(a 2)(a 4)(a 1)
a 1

a2

Cu2 : b) Chng minh phn thc sau khng ph thuc vo x:

( x 2 a)(1 a ) a 2 x 2 1
( x 2 a)(1 a ) a 2 x 2 1

Gii:

( x 2 a )(1 a ) a 2 x 2 1
( x 2 a)(1 a) a 2 x 2 1
x2 x2 a a a2 a2 x2 1
x2 x2 a a a 2 a 2 x2 1
x2 x2 a a2 x2 a2 a 1
2
x x2a a2 x2 a2 a 1
x 2 (1 a a 2 ) (1 a a 2 )
2
x (1 a a 2 ) (1 a a 2 )

( x 2 1)(1 a a 2 )
( x 2 1)(1 a a 2 )

1 a a2
1 a a2

Vy: Phn thc khng ph thuc vo x.

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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1

Cu2: c) Chng minh rng nu x y z x y z th trong ba s x, y, z t

nht cng c mt cp s i nhau .
Gii:
1 1 1
1

x y z x yz
yz xz xy
1

Ta c:
xyz
x yz
T ta c: ( x y z )( yz xz xy ) xyz
Hay ( x y z )( yz xz xy ) xyz 0

T:

Bin i v tri:

( x y z )( yz xz xy ) xyz
xyz x 2 z x 2 y y 2 z xyz xy 2 yz 2 xz 2 xyz xyz
( xyz xz 2 y 2 z yz 2 ) ( x 2 y x 2 z xy 2 xyz )
z ( xy xz y 2 yz ) x( xy xz y 2 yz )

( xy xz y 2 yz )( x z )
( x y )( y z )( x z )
Vy: ( x y )( y z )( x z ) 0

Tch ba nhn t bng 0 chng t rng t nht phi c mt nhn t bng 0, t

suy ra t nht c mt cp i nhau.
3- Tnh gi tr.
Cu3 : a) Tnh gi tr ca phn thc C =
Gii: C =x3 x 2 6 x

x3 x 2 6 x
vi x = 2008
x3 4 x

x3 4 x
x( x 2 x 6)

x( x 2 4)
x2 2 x 3x 6
( x 2)( x 2)
x( x 2) 3( x 2)

( x 2)( x 2)
x3

x2

Vi x = 2008 th C =
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

2011
2010

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Cu 3: b) Cho a+b+c = 5. Tnh gi tr ca phn thc

Ta c:a 3 b3 c 3 3abc

a 3 b3 c 3 3abc
a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ac

a 3 b3 c 3 3a 2 b 3ab 2 3a 2 b 3ab 2 3abc

a 3 3a 2 b 3ab 2 b 3 c 3 3a 2 b 3ab 2 3abc
(a b)3 c3 3ab(a b c )
(a b c)[(a b) 2 (a b)c c 2 ] 3ab(a b c)
(a b c)(a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca )

a 3 b3 c3 3abc
(a b c )(a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ac )

abc 5
Vy: 2 2 2
a b c ab bc ac
(a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ac )

Cu3: c) Cho a, b, c, x, y, z tha mn

a b c
x y z
0
1 v
x y z
a b c

x2 y2 z 2
Tnh: 2 2 2
a
b
c

Gii:
x y z
1
a b c
x y z
( )2 1
a b c
x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xy 2 xz 2 yz
2 2 2

1
ab
ac
bc
a
b
c
x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xyz c b a
2 2 2
( ) 1
abc z y x
a
b
c
x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xyz a b c
2 2 2
( ) 1
abc x y z
a
b
c
a b c
M: x y z 0
x2 y2 z 2
Vy: 2 2 2 1
a
b
c

4- Tng hp
Cu4 : a) Cho biu thc A =

mn 2 n 2 (n 2 m) 1
m 2 n 4 2n 4 m 2 2

a1) Rt gn A.
a2) Chng minh rng A dng.
a3) Vi gi tr no ca m th A t gi tr ln nht?
Gii:
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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2
2
2
a1) A = mn2 4 n (n4 m2) 1

m n 2n m 2
mn 2 n 4 mn 2 1
2 4
m n m 2 2n 4 2
n4 1
4
( n 1)( m 2 2)
1
2
m 2

a2) Ta c: m2 0, m.
Nn: m2 + 2 > 0, m.
1
> 0, m.
m 2
Vy: A > 0, m.

Do :

a3) Ta c: m2 0, m.
Nn: m2 + 2 2, m.
1
1
, m.
m 2 2
1
Hay: A , m.
2

Do :

Vy: A t gi tr ln nht khi A =

1
2

Suy ra: m2 + 2 = 2 hay m = 0

2
2
x2
2 4 x 3x x 1

3
:

Cu4: b) Cho M =
.

3x
23x 4 x x 31x x 2 1x 1
x

2
2

1) Rt 3gn
b

: biu thc M.
x 1
x 1
3x
3x

b2) Tm gi tr ca M vi x = 2008.

( x 2)( x 1) 2.3x 3.3x.( x 1)

x 1 3x x 2 1
b3) Vi gi tr no ca x th

. M <0 ?
x.( x tr
1)no ca x th
2 M
4 xnhn 3gi
x tr nguyn?

b4) Vi3gi
x 2 Gii:
3 x 2 6 x 9 x 2 9 x
x 1 3x x 2 1

.
2 4x
3 x.( x 1)
3x

1
(8kin:
x 2 2)(xx0,
1) x 3 x-1,
xx2 1
b1) iu

2
3 x.( x 1)(2 4 x)
3x
2
M = 2(1 2 x)(1 2 x) 3x x 1

2.3x.(1 2 x )

3x

1 2 x 3x x 1
3x
x ( x 1)
Vn T
Gv: Nguyn
3x
x 1

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b2) Vi x = 2008.
M=

2008 1
669
3

b3) M < 0 khi x 1 < 0 tc l x < 1. Kt hp vi iu kin.

Vy: M nhn gi tr m vi mi x < 1 tr cc gi tr 0, -1,
b4) M nhn gi tr nguyn khi (x-1) M3 hay x -1 = 3k
Vy: x = 3k +1 (k Z)

1
.
2

(k Z)

Cu5: a) Rt gn biu thc sau:

M = a

Gii:

ab
ab
a2 b2

a
:

a b a b
a2 b2

ab
ab
a 2 b2
a : 2
M =a a b
a b2
a b

a 2 ab ab ab a 2 ab

a 2 b2
.

2
a b
ab
a b2

a 4 a 2 b2
.
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
a 4
2
a b2

Cu5: b) Chng t:
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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a2 a 1 3
,
2
a2 1

a R

Gii:

Ta c: a 1 0 a 2 1 2a
(1)
2
Chia c hai v ca (1) cho 2(a +1), ta c:
2

1
a
2
2 a 1
1
a
Do : 1 2 1
2
a 1
2
3 a a 1

2
a2 1
a2 a 1 3
,
Vy:
2
a2 1

a R

Cu5: c) Tnh gi tr ca biu thc sau:

3

ab
x 2a b
x a
Q
vi x

2
x a 2b
x b

Gii:

ab
Vi x
, ta c:
2
ab
ba
xa
a
2
2
ab
a b
xb
b
2
2
xa ba 2

.
1
x b
2 a b

Ta li c:

ab
3b 3a 3(b a )
2a b

2
2
2
ab
3a 3b 3( a b)
x a 2b
a 2b

2
2
2
x 2a b 3(b a )
2

.
1
x a 2b
2
3(a b)
x 2a b

Vy: Q = (-1)3-(-1) = -1+1 = 0

Cu6: a) Rt gn biu thc sau:
1

A = (a b)(a c) (b c)(b a) (c a)(c b)

Vi a, b, c i mt khc nhau.

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Gii:
A=

1
1
1

(a b)(a c ) (b c )(b a ) (c a)(c b)

1
1
1

(a b)(c a) (b c)(a b) (c a )(b c)

(b c ) (c a ) (a b)

(a b)(b c)(c a )
b c c a a b

(a b)(b c)(c a )
(a, b, c i mt khc nhau)
0

Cu6: b) Chng minh rng biu thc sau khng ph thuc a, b, c.

4a 2 1
4b 2 1
4c 2 1

B=
(a b)(a c) (b c)(b a) (c a)(c b)

Vi a, b, c i mt khc nhau.
Gii:
4a 2 1
4b 2 1
4c 2 1

(a b)(a c) (b c)(b a ) (c a)(c b)

a2
b2
c2

(a b)(a c) (b c)(b a ) (c a)(c b)

1
1
1

(a b)(a c) (b c )(b a) (c a )(c b)

4.

a 2
b 2
c 2

0
(a b)(c a) (b c)(a b) (c a)(b c )
a 2 (b c) b 2 (c a ) c 2 (a b)
4.

(a b)(b c )(c a )

4.

a 2 b a 2 c b 2 c ab 2 ac 2 bc 2

(a b)(b c)(c a)

4.

a 2 c b 2 c ab 2 a 2 b ac 2 bc 2

( a b)(b c )(c a )

4.

c(a 2 b 2 ) ab(a b) c 2 (a b)
4.

(a b)(b c )(c a )

(a b)[c(a b) ab c 2 ]
(a b)(b c)(c a )

4.

(a b)(cb c 2 ab ca)
(a b)(b c)(c a)

4.

(a bVn
)(b T
c)(c a)
Gv: Nguyn
4.
4
(a b)(b c)(c a)

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( a, b, c i mt khc nhau )
Cu6: c) Tnh gi tr ca biu thc sau:
P

x 2a x 2b
4ab

vi x
x 2a x 2b
ab

Gii:
x 2a x 2b

x 2a x 2b
( x 2a )( x 2b) ( x 2a)( x 2b)

( x 2a )( x 2b)
P

x 2 2bx 2ax 4ab x 2 2bx 2ax 4ab

x 2 2(a b) x 4ab

2( x 2 4ab)
2
x 2(a b) x 4ab

Thay x

16a 2 b 2

4ab
2
(a b)

4ab
vo P ta c:
ab

16a 2 b 2
8ab 4ab
(a b) 2
16a 2 b 2

4ab
2
( a b)

16a 2 b 2

4ab

2
( a b)

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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CHUYN 2:
PHNG TRNH
C CHA DU GI TR TUYT I
1) Nhc li gi tr tuyt i:
x khi x 0
-x khi x < 0

V d:
a) 8 8; 10 10
2x+1 khi 2x+1 0
-(2x+1) khi 2x+1<0

b) 2x+1

2) Gii phng trnh: A(x) b (b 0), A(x) B(x)

a) Cch gii phng trnh: A(x) b (b 0),
A(x) b

A(x) b

A(x) b

V d:
Gii phng trnh: 3x+1 5
Gii

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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x=
3x+1 5

3x+1 5

3x+1 5
x=-2
b) Cch gii phng trnh: A(x) B(x)
B(x) o
B(x) 0

A(x)=B(x)
Cch 1: A(x) B(x)
A(x)= B(x)
A(x)=-B(x)

A(x) 0

A(x)=B(x)
Cch 2: A(x) B(x)
A(x)<0

-A(x)=B(x)
V d: Gii phng trnh: 3x+2 5x-1

Gii

2
x - 3

3x+2 0
x= 3


2
3x+2=5x-1
3x+2 5x-1

3x+2<0
x<- 2


3
-3x-2=5x-1
x=- 1
8

3, Gii phng trnh dng: A(x) B(x)

(Nhan)
(Loai)

A(x)=B(x)

Cch gii: A(x) B(x)

A(x)=-B(x)
V d: Gii phng trnh: 2-3x 5 2x
Gii
x=-3
2-3x=5 2x
2-3x 5 2x

x= 7
2-3x=-(5

2x)

4,: Gii phng trnh: A(x) B(x) b

Cch gii 1:
Bc 1: Lp bng ph du gi tr tuyt i
Bc 2: Gii cc phng trnh theo cc khong trong bng
V d: Gii phng trnh: x+1 x-1 10
Gii
Bc 1: Lp bng ph du
x
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

-1
46

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-x-1
0
x+1
x-1
-x+1
-x+1
0
x+1 + x-1
-2x
2
Bc 2: Giai cac phng trnh theo cac khoang
x<-1: -2x=10 x=-5 tho k x<-1
1 x 1:2=10
V nghim
X>1: 2x=10 x=5 tho k x>1
Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim x=5 v x=-5
Cch gii 2: a v 4 trng hp sau
x+1

A(x) 0
B(x) 0

TH1:

A(x) 0
B(x)<0
A(x)<0
TH 3:
B(x) 0
A(x)<0
TH 4:
B(x)<0

TH 2:

x+1
x-1
2x

ta gii phng trnh A(x) + B(x) =b

Ta gii phng trnh A(x) B(x) =b

Ta gii phng trnh A(x) + B(x) = b
Ta giai phng trnh sau A(x) B(x) = b

V d: Gii phng trnh : x+1 x-1 10 (*)

Gii
x+1 0 x 1

x 1
x-1 0 x 1

TH1:

Phng trnh(*) tng ng vi phng trnh x+1+x-1=10 x=5 tho

x 1

x+1 0 x -1

1 x<1
x-1<0
x<1
(*) x+1-x+1=10 2=10 V nghim
x+1<0 x<-1

TH 3:
: Khng xy ra
x-1 0 x 1
x+1<0 x<-1

x<-1
TH 4:
x-1<0 x<1
(*) (x+1)-(x-1)=10 2x=10 x=-5 tho k x<-1

TH 2:

Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim: x=5 v x=-5

V d 2: Gii phng trnh: 2 x x-1 2 0 (1)
Gii
Lp bng ph du:
x
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

1
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2x
x-1
2 x x-1 +2

Nm hc: 2012-2013

-2x
-(1-x)
-x+1

2x
-(1-x)
3x+1

2x
-(x-1)
x+3

x<0 : (1) -x+1=0 x=1 khng tho x<0

1
3

0 x 1 : (1) 3x+1=0 x=- khng tho 0 x 1

x>1 : (1) x+3 =0 x=-3 khng tho x>1
Vy phng trnh v nghim
V d 3: Gii phng trnh: x-1 x-2 x-3
Cch gii tng t nh cc v d trn.

Chuyn 3:
T S LNG GIC
CA GC NHN V CC BI TON
I. Mc tiu:
1/Kin thc c bn:
Hnh thnh cc cng thc nh ngha cc t s lng gic ca gc nhn. Quan h
gia cc t s ny i vi hai gc ph nhau.
S dng bng s hoc my tnh b ti tnh cc t s lng gic khi bit gc
hoc ngc li tm gc khi bit mt trong cc t s lng gic ca n.
T nh ngha ca cc t s lng gic ca gc nhn, xy dng cc h thc gia
cc cnh v gc ca tam gic vung. Bn cnh cc h thc ny, u chng cn
xy dng cc h thc lng gia cnh v ng cao, cnh v hnh chiu ca
cnh, ca tam gic vung.
Ap dng cc ni dung trn tnh chiu cao v khong cch ca vt th trong
thc t.
Nm vng cc cng thc nh ngha t s lng gic ca gc nhn. Hiu v nm
vng cc h thc lin h gia cnh, gc, ng cao, hnh chiu trong tam gic vung.
Hiu cu trc ca bng lng gic. Nm vng cch s dng bng lng gic hoc my
tnh b ti tnh xui v tnh ngc. Hiu cch gii thch kt qu trong cc hot
ng thc t.
C th :
1/ nh ngha TSLG ca gc nhn.
2/ H thc gia cc t s LG ca hai gc ph nhau.
3/ Ch : a/ sin2 + cos2 = 1
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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sin
cos
tg 2
sin 2
1 tg 2

b/ tg =
d/

e/

f/ tg . cotg = 1
l/

cos
sin
1
cos 2
1 tg 2

c/

k/

1
1 tg 2 ,
cos 2

......

cot g

1
1 cot g 2
2
sin

( C/M cc h thc ny)

4/ H thc gia cc cnh v gc ca mt tam gic vung. ( t nh ngha suy ra).

5/ Gii tam gic vung.
6/ ng dng thc t t s LG ca gc nhn. ( o chiu cao, o khong cch, o din
tch)
7/ Vit c t s LG cc gc c bit ( 0o. 30o, 45o, 60o, 90o )
8/ S dng tho my tnh b ti tm t s LG gc nhn, tm gc nhn khi bit t s LG
ca n
9/ Khi nim ng trn lng gic lin h, nhn bit su sc hn v t s LG gc
nhn.
( gii hn phn t th nht)
2.K nng cn rn:
Bit cch lp cc t s lng gic ca gc nhn mt cch thnh tho. S dng thnh
tho bng lng gic hoc my tnh b ti tnh cc t s lng gic hoc tnh gc.
Bit vn dng linh hot cc h thc trong tam gic vung tnh mt s yu t hoc
gii tam gic vung - Dng mt gc nhn - Chng minh cc ng thc - Rt gn biu
thc - Tnh khong cch - Tnh chiu cao - Tnh din tch tam gic -Tnh di on
thng
II.Cc dng bi ton nng cao:(Trc nghim & t lun)
Dng 1: Chng minh cc hng ng thc:
a) (sinx + cosx)2 = 1 + 2sinx.cosx
b) (sinx cosx)2 = 1 2sinx.cosx
c) sin4x + cos4x = 1 2sin2x cos2x
d) sinxcosx(1 + tgx)(1 + cotgx) = 1 + 2sinx . cosx .
e) Cho l gc nhn ca mt tam gic vung. Chng minh cc h thc:
i) sin2 =

tg 2
;
1 tg 2

ii) cos2 =

1
1 tg 2

Dng 2: Dng mt gc nhn bit t s LG ca n.

Dng gc nhn , bit rng:
sin =

1
2

cos = 0,8 ;

tg = 1.

Dng 3: i cc t s LG ca gc nhn thnh t s LG ca gc nh hn 45o .

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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i cc t s lng gic ca cc gc nhn sau y thnh t s lng gic ca gc

nh hn 45o.
sin82o; cos47o; sin48o; cos55o.
Dng 4: Xp th t t nh n ln cc t s LG cho.
a) Cho tam gic ABC c AB = 3 cm, AC = 4 cm, BC = 5 cm. Hy tnh cc t
s lng gic ca gc B, C.
b) Xp theo th t t nh n ln cc t s lng gic sau:
sin78o; cos14o; sin47o; cos87o.
Dng 5: Bit sin . Tnh cos. . . .
1)
Bit rng sin = 0,6. Tnh cos v tg.
2)
Bit rng cos = 0,7. Tnh sin v tg.
3)
Bit rng tg = 0,8. Tnh sin v cos.
4)

Bit cosx =

1
2

, tnh P = 3sin2x + 4cos2x.

5) a) Cho gc nhn m sin =

1
4

. Tnh cos v tg.

b) Cho gc m cos = - 3 . Tnh sin, tg v cotg .

c) Cho tgx = 2 2 . Tnh sinx v cosx.
6)
Hy tnh sin, tg nu:
a)

cos

12
13

Bit rng sin 15o =

7)

b)
6 2
4

cos

3
5

. Tnh t s lng gic ca gc 15o .

Dng 6: Cc biu thc dng chng minh khi bit mt s iu kin ca bi ton ( p
dng cc h
thc chng minh cc ng thc khc).
V d:
1/ Cho cc gc , nhn, < . Chng minh rng:
a) cos( -) = coscos + sinsin
b) sin( - ) = sincos - sinsin.
2) Cho tam gic ABC nhn. Chng minh rng:
a)

sin

A
B
C 1
sin sin
2
2
2 8

b)

cos A cos B cos C

3
.
2

3) Cho tam gic ABC nhn c ba cnh l a, b, c. Chng minh rng:

c = a2 + b2 2ab.cosC (AB = c, BC = a, CA = b).
Gi :
2

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Ta c: AHC c H = 90o do x2 + h2 = b2 ( nh l Pytago)

Mt khc:
BH2 = AB2 AH2
Hay (a x)2 = c2 h2
a2 + x2 -2ax = c2 (b2 x2)
Hay a2 2ax = c2 b2
c2 = a2 + b2 2ax
Vy c2 = a2 + b2 2abcosC.
4) a/ Cho tam gic ABC c AB = 6cm, BC = 10cm, AC = 8cm. Tnh sinB,
cosB, tgB.
b/ Cho tam gic ABC c AD, BE, CF l 3 ng cao. Chng minh rng:
AE.BF.CD = AB.BC.CA.cosA.cosB.cosC
Dng 7: Chng minh cc ng thc sau:
a) Chng minh rng sin2 + cos2 = 1, tg =
b)

1
1

1
1 tg 1 cot g

sin
cos

c) sin4x cos4x = 2sin2x 1

1
1

tg2x + cotg2x + 2
2
sin x cos 2 x
1 sin 2
1 2tg 2 ,.....
e)
1 sin 2

d)

f) Cho , l hai gc nhn. Chng minh rng:

cos2 cos2 = sin2 - sin2 =

1
1
2
1 tg 1 tg 2

Gi : cos2 + sin2 = cos2 + sin2 = 1

1

1 tg 2

a)

1
cos 2
2
cos

sin

sin

cos 2
cos

sin
cos
tg = cos , cotg = sin
2

b) a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)
c) Chng minh rng:

sin2x + cos2x = 1.

1
1 cot g 2
sin 2

1
1 tg 2
cos 2

Dng 8: Rt gn biu thc:

1) sin210o + sin220o + sin230o + sin280o + sin270o + sin260o.
Gi : b) sin80o = cos10o; sin70o = cos20o; sin60o = cos30o.
M sin2 + cos2 = 1
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Do : sin210o + sin220o + sin230o + sin280o + sin270o + sin260o =

2) sin6x + 3sin4x.cos2x + 3sin2x.cos4x + cos6x
3) (1 + cos)(1 cos) sin2. . . .
4) n gin cc biu thc:
A = cosy + siny . tgy
B = 1 cos b . 1 cos b
C = sin a 1 tg a
5) Tnh:
a) cos2 12o + cos2 78o + cos2 1o + cos2 89o
b) sin2 3o + sin2 15o + sin2 75o + sin2 87o .
6) n gin biu thc:
A = sin(90o x)sin(180o x)
B = cos(90o x)cos(180o x)

= 3

Dng 9: Bi ton cc tr
Cho tam gic ABC c hai ng trung tuyn BD v CE vung gc nhau. Tm gi
tr nh nht
ca tng

1
1

tgB tgC

Dng 10: Gii cc tam gic vung C, bit rng:

a) b = 10cm, A = 30o ;
b) c = 20cm, B = 35o ;
c) a = 21cm, b = 18cm;
d) a = 82cm, A = 42o .
Dng 11: Tnh khong cch - Tnh chiu cao - Tnh din tch tam gic - Tnh di
on thng - C /m cc h thc trong tam gic. :Bng cch p dng t s LG gc nhn.
BT 1: Cho tam gic ABC c AB = 26cm, AC = 25cm, ng cao AH = 24cm. Tnh
cnh BC.
BT 2: Cho tam gic ABC cn (AB = AC) v ng trn tm O tip xc vi hai cnh
AB v
AC ln lt B v C. T im M trn cung nh BC (M khc B v C) k
MD, ME, MF
ln lt vung gc vi cc ng thng BC, CA, AB.
1/ Chng minh cc t gic MDBF, MBCE ni tip.
2/ Chng minh cc tam gic DBM v ECM ng dng.
3/ Cho gc BAC = 60o v AB = 2, tnh bn knh ng trn tm O.
BT 3:
Mt con sng rng 250m. Mt chic cho vung gc vi dng nc, v nc chy
nn bi 320m mi sang c ti b bn kia. Hi dng nc git chic lch i mt
gc bng bao nhiu.
BT 4:
a) Cho tam gic ABC c A nhn. Chng minh rng:
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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b)

SABC =

Nm hc: 2012-2013
1
AB. AC . sin A.
2

Gi : V BH l ng cao ca tam gic

ABC.
BH = ABsinBAH; SABC =

1
2

BH.AC.

c) Cho t gic ABCD c AC ct BD ti O v AOB nhn.

Chng minh rng: SABCD =

1
2

AC.BD.sin AOB.

BT 5:
Cho im A nm bn trong dy to bi hai ng thng song song d v m ln lt
ti B v C.
Xc nh v tr ca B v C. Xc nh v tr ca B v C din tch tam gic ABC
nh nht.
BT 6:
Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, ng phn gic AD. Chng minh rng:
a)

1
1
2

AB AC
AD

b)

1
1
1

.
2
2
AB
AC
AD 2

BT 7:
Cho hnh thang ABCD c hai cnh bn l AD v BC bng nhau, ng cho AC
vung gc vi cnh bn BC. Bit AD = 5a, AC = 12a.
a) Tnh

sin B cos B
sin B cos B

b) Tnh chiu cao ca hnh thang ABCD.

BT 8:
Cho tam gic ABC. Bit AB = 21cm, AC = 28cm, BC = 35cm.
a) Chng minh tam gic ABC vung;
b) Tnh sinB, sinC.
BT 9:
Cho hnh thang ABCD. Bit y AB = a v CD = 2a ; cnh bn AD = a, gc A =
o
90
a) Chng minh tgC = 1 ;
b) Tnh t s din tch tam gic DBC v din tch hnh thang ABCD ;
c) Tnh t s din tch tam gic ABC v din tch tam gic DBC.
BT 10:
Gi AM, BN, CL l ba ng cao ca tam gic ABC.
a) Chng minh: ANL ~ ABC ;
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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b) Chng minh: AN.BL.CM = AB.BC.CA.cosAcosBcosC.

III.Ti liu tham kho:
1/ Gip em gii Hnh hc lp 9 ca Nguyn c Tn V Tt Lc.
2/ Sch gio khoa Hnh hc Lp 10 Xut bn nm 2000.
3/ Hnh hc lp 9 nng cao ca V Hu Bnh.

Chuyn 10 :
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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BI TON DNG HNH

Ni n dng hnh phi nh l dng bng thc v compa.
Ta hc nhng php dng hnh c bn sau:
Dng mt on thng bng mt on thng cho trc.
Dng mt gc bng mt gc cho trc.
Dng ng trung trc ca mt on thng cho trc ,dng trung im ca
mt on thng cho trc.
Dng tia phn gic ca mt gc cho trc .
Qua mt im cho trc ,dng mt ng thng vung gc vi mt ng
thng cho trc .
Qua mt im nm ngoi ng thng cho trc ,dng ng thng song
song vi ng thng y .
Ta vn dng cc php dng hnh c bn dng tam gic bit ba cnh ,hoc
bit hai cnh v gc xen gia,hoc bit mt cnh v gc k.
Trong cc bi ton dng hnh phc tp hn,ta phi tun th cc bc ca phng
php dng hnh nh sau:
Bc 1:Phn tch hnh.
Bc 2: Dng hnh.
Bc 3:Chng minh cch dng trn tho mn yu cu ca ton.
Bc 4:Bin lun: Xem li tng php dng thc hin xem c iu kin rng
buc khng.T suy ra bi ton c my nghim hnh.
Th d 1:Dng tam gic ABC ,bit cnh BC = a ,trung tuyn AM = m (a v m l
nhng di cho trc ) v gc gia AM v ng cao AH.

1. Phn tch:Gi s bi ton gii xong,v ta dng c tam gic ABC tho
mn yu cu ca ton .Phn tch hnh theo hng pht hin mt b phn ca
hnh hi cc iu kin dng c mt cch chnh xc. l tam gic vung

AHM c cnh huyn AM = m,v HAM

= cho trc.Tam gic hon ton xc
nh nn dng c. Sau khi dng xong tam gic vung AHM ,ta hon tt hnh
phi dng chng kh khn g.Vy ta c cch dng nh sau :
2. Cch dng:
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Dng on thng AM c di m cho trc (php dng c bn a).

Dng MAx
= cho trc (php dng c bn b).
T M k MH Ax ti H (php dng c bn e).
By gi ch cn dng hai nh B,C .Cnh BC nm trn ng thng MH,nn trn
ng thng MH ,ta ly hai pha khc nhau i vi im M hai imB,C sao cho MB
= MC =

a
(php dng c bn c v a).
2

3. Chng minh: R rng tam gic trn y tho mn y cc yu cu ca ton

:c cnh BC = a cho trc , trung tuyn AM = m cho trc , MAH

= cho trc .
4. Bin lun :Ln li tng khu dng hnh , khu no cng c thc hin khng c

g tr ngi.Duy ch c gc cho trc v yu cu ra l MAH

ca tam gic

vung AMH phi bng ,th r rng phi l gc nhn .Vy vi iu kin ny
th bi ton bao gi cng gii c v c mt nghim hnh .
Th d 2 :Dng mt tam gic ABC vi trung tuyn AM c di bng mt
on thng m cho trc ,v cc gc MAB v MAC ln lt bng nhng gc
v cho trc.

1. Phn tch :
Gis bi ton gii xong v ta dng c tam gic ABC tho mn
yu cu bi ton .Hnh v trn cho thy khng c mt b phn no ca hnh
hi iu kin dng c.

Th d:Tam gic AMC ch c hai yu t c bit l MAC

= v AM =
m ,nn khng th dng c.y l lc nh li c nhng bi ton tng
t rt qu gi .
Th d ,nh bi :nu ko di trung tuyn AM thm mt on MD = AM ,th

hai tam gic AMB v DMC bng nhau (c,g,c) nn A 1= D

. T ,hnh thnh
= A 1= v AD = 2m. Tam gic hi
tam gic ACD vi A 2= , D
iu kin dng c .Sau khi dng c tam gic ny ,ta s dng c
im B,chng g kh khn.
2. Cch dng:
Dng on thng AD = 2m.

Dng hai gc k cnh l DAC

= v ADC =
,hai cnh AC v DC giao nhau ti C.Sau ta v trung

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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tuyn CA ca tam gic ACD v ko di thm mt on MB =MC ,t xc nh

nh B ca tam gic ABC cn dng .
3. Chng minh:Theo cch dng ny ,r rng tam gic AMB v tam gic DMC bng
nhau(c,g,c).T AM =

AD
= , A 2= .Cho nn ,tam gic ABC
= m , A 1= D
2

dng c tho mn y cc yu cu bi .
4. Bin lun :Trn y ta ni hai cnh AC v DC giao nhau ti C.Thc ra l chng
ch giao nhau nu + < 2v .Do bi ton lun gii c v c mt nghim
hnh.
Th d 3: Cho mt gc xOy v mt im M bn trong gc y .Dng mt on
thng AB sao cho A Ox , B Oy v M l trung im ca AB.

1. Phn tch :Gi s bi ton gii xong v ta dng c on thng AB tho mn

yu cu ca bi l A Ox, B Oy v M l trung im ca AB.
Nu ko di OM thm on MD = OM th
1= D
.T ,
AMO = BMD(c,g,c) O
DB P Ox .Ngc li, nu t D k DB POx
1= M
2 (i
(B Oy ,ri BM n ct Oxti A th AMO = BMD (g,c,g) vi M
1= D
(so le trong ,DB POx) v MD =OM (do dng ),t AM = MB.
nh) , M
2. Cch dng :Ko di OM thm on MD= OM ,ri t D k ng thng song vi
Ox ,ct Oy ti B.Tip n k BM cho n ct Ox ti A th M l trung im ca
AB.
3. Chng minh: AMO v BMD c :
1= M
2 (i nh)
M
MO = MD (cch xc` nh imD)
1= MDB

(so le trong DB P Ox)

O
Do : AMO = BMD (g,c.g)
AM = MD.
4.Bin lun : Bi ton lun c mt nghim.
Ph ch :Bi ton c th phn tch cch khc :
K MN POx (N Oy) th MN=
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

OA
.Ngc li,
2

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nu k MN POx(N Oy),v ly im A trn Ox sao cho OA = 2MN,ri k AM n ct

Oy ti B th c AM =MB.Qu vy ,gi B l trung im ca OA OP = PA PM P
ON.Vy BM phi i qua trung im ca AB,tc AM = MB .
Qua phn tch ny ta thy r cch dng v chng minh .Bi ton lun c mt nghim
.
Th d 4 :Cho mt gc xOy v hai im A,B .Dng mt im cch u hai cnh
Ox,Oy v cch u hai im A,B.
1. Phn tch :
Gi s bi ton gii xong v ta dng
c im M cch u hai cnh Ox, Oy v
cch u hai im A,B ,ngha l c MH =
MK (MH Ox,H Ox, MK Oy,K Oy) v
MA=MB.
Vy M v thuc tia phn gic Ot ca
xOy, va thuc ng trung trc d ca AB
nn M l giao im ca Ot v d .
2. Cch dng :
Dng tia phn gic Ot ca gc xOy v
ng trung trc d ca AB ,d ct Ot ti M.
M l im cn dng.
3.Chng minh :
M Ot nn MH = MK .
M d nn MA = MB.
4.Bin lun :
a. d ct Ot nu AB khng vung gc vi Ot .Bi ton c mt nghim hnh .
b. Nu AB Ot v OA OB th Ot P d :Bi ton v nghim.
c. Nu AB Ot v OA = OB th d Ot .Bi ton c v s nghim,ngha l bt k
im no ca Ot cng va cch u hai cnh Ox v Oy,va cch u A v B.
Th d 5 :Cho mt gc nhn xOy v mt im A trn Oy.Tm mt im M trn
on OA sao cho nu k MP = MA.
1. Phn tch :Gi s bi ton gii xong v ta dng c im M theo
yu cu ca bi.
K PN PAM v PN = AM th
AN P NP ,
C ngha l AN Ox (1)
Mt khc PN = AM = OP nn
tam gic OPN cn :
1= N
1
O

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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2= N
1(gc so le trong-PN POy)
M O
1= O
2.
Nn O
iu c ngha l N nm trn tia phn gic ca gc xOy .
Theo (1) th N nm trn ng thng vung gc vi Ox h t A.Vy N l giao
im ca ng thng vi tia phn gic ca gc xOy . V tr N hon ton
xc nh .,do dng c.
2. Cch dng :K tia phn gic Ot ca gc xOy v t A ,k ng thng
vung gc vi Ox , ct Ot ti N .T N k NP POy ,ct Ox ti P .T P k
ng thng vung gc vi Ox, ct Oy ti im N cn dng .
1= O
2 (so le trong )
3. Chng minh :NP POy nn N
1= O
2.
M Ot l tia phn gic : O
1= N
1 Tam gic OPN cn ti P : OP = PN.
T : O
MP v AN cng vung gc vi Ox nn MP P AN .
Do : PN = AM (on thng song song b chn bi hai ng thng song song).

(2)
T (1),(2) suy ra: OP = AM.
4. Bin lun : Gc xOy nhn nn tia phn gic Ot ct ng thng k t A
vung gc vi Ox ti mt im N duy nht.Do bi ton c mt nghim
hnh .

BI TP

Bi 1:Cho tam gic ABC vung cn, cnh huyn BC = 2a khng i .Gi H l trung im
ca BC .
1. Hy dng im M trn on AH sao cho khong cch t M n BC bng tng
khong cch n AB v AC .
2. Tnh theo a di ca HM tng ng .
HD: 1/ Gi N l im i xng ca M qua AB.
1. Phn tch :Gi s dng c M thuc AH m khong cch t M n BC bng
tng khong cch t M n AB v AC.
Ta c N AP

MH = MK + ML =MN.

MNH cn ti M MNH
MHN
MHN
=

PHN
.

2. Cch dng :+Dng im P l i xng ca im H qua AB.

AHB.

+Dng NM PH , M AH th ta c M l im cn dng .
MH = MN = MK+ ML.
3. Chng minh: Tht vy : MHN cn ti M
+Dng phn gic HN ca

4. Bin lun:Bai ton c mt nghim hnh .

2/t MH = x.TA c : AH = AM + MH .

MA = a x

MH = 2MK

x = 2 (a x)

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

a 2
2
2 x = 1 2 x = a(2- 2 ).

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Bi 2: Dng mt tam gic ,bit hai gc v mt ng phn gic .

Bit hai gc ca mt tam gic tc l bit c gc th ba ,nn cho bit ng phn gic thuc gc no cng vy thi.Do vy ta s dng
tam gic ABC,bit gc B bng
1.

2.

,gc C bng

v ng phn gic BD bng mt on thng a cho trc .

B
= 2 = 2

Phn tch :Gi s bi ton gii xong v ta dng c tam gic ABC theo yu cu ca bi .Ta hy tm khu t phtc l

tm mt tam gic hi cc iu kin dng c.D dng pht hin c tam gic BDA c BD =a , ABD

BDA
= 2 +C= 2 +
Cch dng :

Trc ht dng mt gc

xBy

Dng tia phn gic Bt ca gc .Trn tia Bt

dng on

BD = a.
T D dng ng thng song song vi By ct Bx
gc

EDv
=

ti E.Dng

BDE DBC
2
3. Chng minh :
=
=
(so le trong ).

2
BDA
BDE
EDA
Vy
=
+
=
+
.T suy
Cnh Dv ct Bx ti A v tia i ca tia Dv ct By

.
Vy tam gic ABC dng c

C
,

BD = a .
4.Bin lun :bi ton lun c nghim hnh nu

ti C.
ra

v tia
+

phn

<

=
gic

2v.

Bi 3 :Dng tam gic cn ABC (AB = AC ),bit chu vi bng 2p v chiu cao AH=h
1.

Phn tch :Gi s bi ton gii xong v ta dng c tam

gic

ABC

theo yu cu bi .
Nu trn tia i ca tia CB ta dng on thng CD = AC ,v trn tia i ca tia BC dng on thng BE = AB th c on DE = 2p,v
ng cao AH=h l dng c .Sau khi dng c tam gic cn DAE ,ta xc nh v tr hai nh B v C chng kh khn g ,bng cch dng
ng trung trc ca AE v AD.
2.

Cch dng :Dng on thng DE = 2p.Dng ng trung trc d ca DE ,vung gc vi DE ti H.Dng im A trn d sao cho AH = h .Dng
ng trung trc ca AE v AD ln lt ct DE ti nh B v C cn dng .

3.

Chng minh : Ro rng AB = BE , AC = CD nn tam gic ABE v ACD l tam gic cn.
l tam gic cn(AE = AD) nn

.T

ABC

ACB

ABC

=2

ACB
E
,

= 2 D .M tam gic AED

,v tam gic ABC l tam gic cn vi ng cao AH = h .Mat khc , chu

vi tam gic ABC = AB +AC +BC =EB + BC + CD = 2p .Vy l tam gic cnABC dng p ng cc yu cu ca bi.
4.

Bin lun :
Bi ton lun c mt nghim hnh .

Bi 4:Dng tam gic ABC bit chu vi bng 2p v

1.

C
,
=

Phn tch :Gi s bi ton gii xong v ta dng c tam gic ABC theo yu cu bi.

C = 2 .Vy l tam gic ADE hi cc iu kin dng c.

tam gic ABE v ACD l tam gic cn nn:
=
= 2 v D = 2
E 2
D 2
2. Cch dng : Dng on thng DE = 2 p , dng gc
=
v gc
= ,hai cnh EA v DA ca hai gc E v D ct nhau ti A . Dng
1

2 B

Nu trn tia i ca tia BC ta dng on thng BE = AB , v trn tia i ca tia CB dng on thng CD = AC th ta c on thng DE = 2p .Hai

ng trung trc ca AE v AD , ct DE ti B v C cn dng .

3.

Chng minh : Cc tam gic ABE vACD l tam gic cn v B thuc ng trung trc ca AE(AB = BE ) v C thuc ng trung trc ca

AD (AC = CD ).T , B =2 E =

v gc

=2 D =

Mt khc , chu vi tam gic ABC = AB+AC+BC=BE+CD +BC = 2p.

Vy tam gic ABC tho mn yu cu bi .
4.

Bin lun : Bi ton c mt nghim hnh nu

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

< 2v.

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BI TP
Bi 1:Dng tam gic ABC ,bit v tr ca ba im : nh A ,trung im M ca cnh AC v trng tm G ca tam gic .
Hng dn :Trng hp dng hnh nh th ny l rt thun li ,v ngay t u c tam gic AGM lm cs hon tt hnh cn dng .
Bi 2:Dng tam gic ABC (

= 1v) ,bit ng cao AH v trung tuyn AM ng vi cnh huyn.

Bi 3: Dng mt tam gic vung bit cnh huyn v trung tuyn ng vi mt cnh gc vung.
Hng dn :Ch rng trong tam gic vung ,nu bit cnh huyn th bit lun trung tuyn ng vi n,thnh ra bit hai trung tuyn v trng tm ca
tam gic .
Ba 4: Dng mt tam gic bit mt cnh v hai trung tuyn xut pht t hai mt ca cnh .
Bi 5:Dng tam gic ABC bit cnh BC v trung tuyn AM,BN.
Hng dn :Bi 4,5 bit hai trung tuyn tc l bit trng tm ca tam gic .

1
3 AD.

Bi 6:Dng mt tam gic bit di ca ba trung tuyn .

Hng dn :Ko di AD thm mt on DI = GD =

Chng minh CI = BG .Vy tam gic CIG l hon ton xc nh,dng c .T

hon tt

hnh cn dng .
Bi 7: Dng tam gic ABC bit giao im ca ba ng cao vi ng trn

ngoi

tip

ABC

,khi

l D,E,F.
Hng dn : Gi s tam gic ABC dng xong ,gi H l trc tm ca tam gic
,D,E,F l cc im i xng ca H qua BC, CA v AB .

DA,BE, CF l ba ng phn gic ca tam gic DEF ct (O) ti

A,B,C.Tam

gic ABC l tam gic cn dng.

Bai 8: Dng hnh thoi ABCD ,bit E l im trn AC ,M l mt im trn BD,

E cch giao

im hai ng cho l a ( cm ) v Q l im i xng ca M qua cnh AD .

Hng dn : Gi s hnh thoi ABCD dng xong ,tm O ca n l giao im ca:-ng trn ng knh ME (v MOE=1v)
-ng trn (E; a) ,(v EO = a (cm) )
Cc ng thng EO v MO l nhng ng thng cha cc ng cho AC v BD.
A v D l giao im ca EO v MO v ng trung trc ca MQ .T xc nh C v B i xng vi A v D qua O.
Bi 9: Cho hai im A v B cng mt pha i vi ng thng xy .Dng mt im M sao cho t M nhn on AB di mt gc

cho trc v hai

cnh AM v MB chn trn xy mt on thng c di bng m cho trc .

Hng dn : Gi s bi ton dng xong.

P
xy v BC = m .

AEC = M
=
E trn cung cha gc

V BC

dng trn on AC v E thuc xy.

Ly on ED trn xy c ED = m .
M l giao im ca AE v BD.

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Chuyn : 12
DIN TCH A GIC V PHNG PHP
S DNG DIN TCH TRONG CHNG MINH
I. NI DUNG KIN THC C BN CN NH:
1. a gic li.
2. a gic u
3. Tng cc gc trong a gic n cnh l (n 2). 1800
4. S ng cho ca mt a gic n cnh l

(n 3).n
2

5. Tng cc gc ngoi ca mt a gic n cnh l 3600

6. Trong mt a gic u, giao im O ca hai ng phn gic ca hai gc l tm
ca a gic u. Tm O cch u cc nh, cch u cc cnh ca a gic u, c mt
ng trn tm O i qua cc nh ca a gic u gi l ng trn ngoi tip a gic
u.
7. Din tch tam gic:
1
a.h (a: cnh y; h: chiu cao tng ng)
2
1
S a.b.sin C ( a = AB; b = CA )
2
S

8. Din tch hnh ch nht

S = ab
9. Din tch hnh vung
S = a2
10. Din tch hnh bnh hnh
S = ah (h l chiu cao k t mt nh n cnh a)
11. Din tch hnh thoi
S

1
AC.BD
2

(AC; BD l hai ng cho)

12. Din tch hnh thang

1
S ( AB CD ). AH (AB, CD l hai y; AH: chiu cao)
2

13. Mt s kt qu cn nh
a). SABM = SACM ( AM l trung tuyn tam gic ABC)
b). AA // BC => SABC = SABC
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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BD

AH

S AMN

AM AN

ABD
c). S CD
DBC
ABD
d) S DK
DBC

(D thuc BC ca tam gic ABC)

(AH; DK l ng cao ca tam gic ABC v DBC)

e) S AB . AC (M thuc BC; N thuc AC ca tam gic ABC)

ABC
II. PHNG PHP DIN TCH: S dng cng thc tnh din tch thit lp mi
quan h v di ca cc on thng
- Ta bit mt s cng thc tnh din tch ca a gic nh cng thc tnh din
tch hnh tam gic, hnh thang, hnh bnh hnh, hnh ch nht, hnh thoi .. khi bit
di ca mt s yu t ta c th tnh c din tch ca nhnh hnh y. Ngc li nu bit
quan h din tch ca hai hnh chng hn bit din tch ca hai tam gic bng nhau v c
hai y bng nhau th suy ra c cc chiu cao tng ng bng nhau. Nh vy cc
cng thc din tch cho ta cc quan h v di ca cc on thng. S dng cc cng
thc tnh din tch cc hnh c th gip ta so snh di cc on thng.
- so snh di cc on thng bng phng php din tch, ta c th lm theo
cc bc sau:
1. Xc nh quan h din tch gia cc hnh
2. S dng cc cng thc din tch biu din mi quan h bng mt ng
thc c cha cc di.
3. Bin i cc ng thc va tm c ta c quan h v di gia hai on
thng cn so snh.
V d 1:
Cho tam gic u ABC. T im O trong tam gic ta v OH AB ; OI BC ;
OK CA . Chng minh rng khi O di ng trong tam gic th tng OH + OI + OK khng
i.
Gii
Gi di mi cnh ca tam gic u l a, chiu cao h
Ta c:
S AOB S BOC SCOA S ABC
1
1
1
1
a.OH a.OI a.OK a.h
2
2
2
2
1
1
a (OH OI OK ) a.h
2
2
(OH OI OK ) h (khng i)

A
H

C
B
I
Nhn xt :
- C th gii v d trn bng cch khc nhng khng th ngn gn bng phng
php din tch nh trnh by.
- Bi ton trn vn ng nu O thuc cnh ca tam gic u
- Nu thay tam gic u bi mt a gic bt k th tng cc khong cch t O n
cch cnh cng khng thay i.
Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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V d 2:
Chng minh nh l Pitago: Trong mt tam gic vung, bnh phng ca cnh
huyn bng tng bnh phng hai cnh gc vung:
Gii:
- Dng ra pha ngoi ABC cc hnh vung BCDE; ABFG; ACMN
- Mun chng minh BC 2 AB 2 AC 2 ta phi chng minh S BCDE S ABFG S ACMN
- V ng cao AH ko di ct DE ti K. ta s chng minh S ABFG S BHKE v
S ACMN SCHKD

- Ni AE; CF

FBC ABE (c-g-c) S FBC S ABE (1)

FBC v hnh vung ABFG c chung y BF, ng cao ng vi y ny bng

nhau (l AB)
S FBC

1
S ABFG
2

(2)

1
(3)
2
T (1); (2) v (3) S BHKE S ABFG
Chng minh tng t ta c: SCHKD S ACMN
Do : S BHKE SCHKD S ABFG S ACMN
S BCDE S ABFG S ACMN (pcm)

Tng t: S ABE S BHKE

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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Nm hc: 2012-2013

N
\

M
\

B
\

E
\

H
\

C
\

D
\

K
\

Nhn xt:
- im mu cht trong cch gii trn l v hnh ph: v thm ba hnh vung.
Ta phi chng minh: BC 2 AB 2 AC 2 m BC2; AB2; AC2 chnh l din tch ca cc
hnh vung c cnh ln lt l BC; AB; AC.
- chng minh S BCDE S ABFG S ACMN ta v ng cao AH ri ko di chia hnh
vung BCDE thnh hai hnh ch nht khng c im trong chung ri chng minh hai
hnh ch nht ny c din tch ln lt bng din tch ca hai hnh vung kia.
Bi tp p dng: (Khong 5 bi tp)
III. TNH DIN TCH A GIC BNG PHNG PHP I S
- t cc din tch cn tm bi cc n ri a v phng trnh hoc h phng
trnh vi cc n .
- Gii phng trnh hoc h phng trnh tm nghim
V d 1:
Cho ABC c din tch bng n v, trn cnh AB ly M v trn AC ly N sao cho
AM = 3BM. BN ct CM O. Tnh din tch ca AOB v AOB
Gii:
A\
t SAOB = x; SAOC = y
(x,y > 0)
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M
\

N
\THCS Thanh M
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C
\
\

Gio n BDHSG Ton 9

Ta c:

S
S

OAM
OAB

Nm hc: 2012-2013

3
AM 3
)
(v
4
AB 4

3x
S OAM
4
AN 4
nn
V
AC 5
4y
S OAN
5

OAN

B\

AN 4

AC 5

4y
5
4
4
4y 4
m S BAN S ABC nn x (1)
5
5
5 5
3x
mt khc: S CAM SCOA SOAM y
4
3
3
m: S CAM S ABC
4
4
3x 3
do : y (2)
4 4

Ta c: SBAN = SBAO + SOAN = x +

T (1) v (2) ta c h phng trnh

5x + 4y = 4
(3)
3x + 4y = 3
(4)
Ly (3) tr (4) theo tng v ta c x
Thay x
Vy S AOB

1
2

1
3
vo (3) ta c x
2
8
1
3
v S AOC
2
8

V d 2:
Gi s MNPQ l hnh vung ni tip tam gic ABC, vi M AB; N AC v
P; Q BC . Tnh cnh hnh vung bit BC = a v ng cao AH = h
Gii:
Gi I l giao im ca AH vi MN. t cnh hnh vung MNPQ l x (x > 0),
Ta c:
1
1
MN . AI x (h x )
2
2
1
1
S BMNC ( BC MN ) MQ (a x ) x
2
2
1
S ABC a.h
2
Ta li c: S ABC S AMN S BMNC nn
1
1
1
a.h x (h x ) x(a x)
2
2
2
S AMN

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

M
\
B
66
\

A
\
I
\

N
\

C
Q H
P
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\

Gio n BDHSG Ton 9

Hay: a.h x(a h) x

Nm hc: 2012-2013
ah
ah

Vy cnh hnh vung MNPQ l

ah
ah

Bi tp p dng: khong 5 bi
IV. BT NG THC DIN TCH:
- Ta s dng h qu ca bt ng thc Csi: nu hai s c mt tng khng i th
tch ca chng ln nht khi hai s y bng nhau.
- s dng cc bt ng thc i s ta t di cn xc nh l x biu th i
lng cn tm gi tr nh nht (hay gi tr ln nht) bng mt biu thc c bin x ri tm
iu kin ca x biu thc c gi tr nh nht (hay gi tr ln nht).
V d 1:
Cho tam gic ANC vung ti A, AB = 4cm. Trn hai cnh AB v AC ln lt ly
cc im M, N sao cho AM = CN. Xc nh v tr ca M, N sao cho t gic BCMN c
din tch nh nht. Tnh din tch nh nht
B

Gii:
t: S BCMN S ; AM = CN = x
=> AN = 4 - x
S = SABC - SAMN

4.4 x(4 x)
x (4 x)
S

8
2
2
2
x(4 x)
S nh nht
ln nht
2
x(4 x)

ln nht
2

V x + (4 x) = 4 (khng i) nn x(4 x) ln nht

x=4x
x = 2 (h qu bt ng thc Csi
Khi M v N ln lt l trung im ca AB v AC
S min 8

2(4 2)
6cm 2
2

V d 2:
Cho ng trn tm O bn knh r ni tip trong tam gic ABC. Qua O v ng
thng ct hai cnh AC v BC ln lt tio M v N. Chng minh SCMN 2r 2
Gii:
t SCMN S
1
2

Ta c SCMN SOCM SOCN ( MC NC )r

Theo bt ng thc Csi:

1
( MC NC ) CM .CN 25
2

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Gio n BDHSG Ton 9

1
2

Nm hc: 2012-2013
1
2

(V S ( MC NC ).sin C CM .CN )
1
( MC NC ).r 2S .r
2
S 2 2 S .r 2
S

Du = xy ra khi CM = CN hay MN OC
Bi tp p dng: Khong 5 bi
V. BI TP V DIN TCH V CHNG MINH
V d 1:
Cho hnh thang ABCD, y AB = 3cm, AD = 4cm, BC = 6cm, CD = 9cm. Tnh
din tch hnh thang
Gii
V BE // AD ta c:
39
h 6h (cm2)
2
CBE cn C
S

B
I

IC2 = 36 4 = 32
IC 4 2
4.4 2
S BCE
8 2
2
8 5.2 8 2
h BK

6
3
8 2
S ABCD 6h 6.
16 2
3

V d 2:

Cho ABC c chu vi l 2p, cnh BC = a, gi gc BAC

, ng trn ni tip
tam gic ABC tip xc cnh AC ti K.
Tnh din tch AOK
+ Gii
C
AK = AL; CK = CM; BM = BL
2 CM + 2 AK + 2 BM = 2p
K
AK = p (BM + CM)
M
AK = p a

A
KAO

B
L
2
OK = (p - a)tan

1
1

AK .AO = ( p a ) 2 tan
2
2
2
* Bi tp p dng:
SAOK =

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Nm hc: 2012-2013

1. Cho ABC c 3 gc nhn, cc ng cao AA, BB, CC v trc tm H.

Tnh tng:

HA ' HB ' HC '

AA ' BB ' CC '

2. Mt tam gic c di cc ng cao l cc s nguyn v bn knh ng trn ngoi

tip bng 1. Chng minh tam gic u.
, ,C
, ng trn ni tip tam gic c bn
3. Cho ABC bit A , , B
knh bng r; P, Q, R l cc tip im.
Tnh din tch tam gic PQR
4. Cho ABC. Trn cnh AB ly im M, trn cnh AC ly im N sao cho
AM AN 1

. Gi O l giao im ca BN v CM. Gi H, L ln lt l chn ng

AB AC 3

vung gc k t A, C ti ng thng BN.

a/ Chng minh CL = 2 AH.
b/ Chng minh: SBOC = 2 SBOA
K CE v BD vung gc vi AO. Chng minh BD = CE.
c/ Gi s SABC = 30 cm2, tnh SAMON.
5. Cho hnh thang ABCD, y AB, O l giao im ca hai ng cho AC v BD.
a/ Chng minh rng: SOAD = SOBC.
b/ SOAB.SOCD = (SOBC)2
HNG DN GII
1
S HBC 2 HA '.BC HA '

1. Ta c:
(1)
S ABC 1 AA '.BC AA '
2
S HAB HC '
Tng t: S CC ' (2)
ABC
S HAC HB '

(3)
S ABC BB '

A
C

B
H
A

Cng (1), (2) v (3) ta c:

HA ' HB ' HC ' S HBC S HAB S HAC S ABC

=
= S 1
S ABC
AA ' BB ' CC '
ABC

2.
t a = BC, b = AC, c = AB
Gi x, y, z l di cc ng cao tng ng vi 3 cnh a, b, c ca tam gic.
V bn knh ng trn ni tip bng 1 nn x, y, z > 2
Gi s: x y z 2
1 1 1
3
Theo kt qu bi 1: =1
x y z
z
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z 3 z=3

1 1 1
1 1 2
=1
hay 3(x+y) = 2xy
x y z
x y 3
(2x-3)(2y-3) = 9 = 3 . 3 = 9 . 1
x = y = 3 hoc x = 6; y =2 (loi)
Vy = y = z khi a = b = c
3.
OP = OQ = OR = r.
SPQR = S OPR + SOPQ + SOQR
1
SPQR = r2sin(1800 - )
2
1
= r2sin
2
1
SORQ = r2sin
2
1
SORQ = r2sin
2
1
Do SPQR = r2 (sin + sin + sin )
2
4.
a/ CN = 2 AN SBNC = 2S BNA
SBNC 2 SBNA
M
CL 2 AH
BNchung

O
1

SBOC
BO.CL
E
B
2

BO. AH SBOC 2S BOA (1)

/ SBOA
D
2

CL= 2AH

Chng minh tng t

SBOC = 2SCOA (2)
T (1) v (2) SBOA = 2 SCOA (3)
K CE AO, BD CE
Ta chng minh c:
BD = CE
c/ Gi s SBOC = 2a (cm2) SBOA = a (cm2), SCOA= a (cm2)
Ta tnh c:
T:

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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H
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SABC = 4a (cm2) a = 3 cm2

1
Ta li c SONA = SOMA = a= 1 (cm2)
3
2
Vy: SOAMN = 2 cm
5.
a/ K ng cao AH v BH, ta c : AH = BH
1
AH .DC
Ta c: SADC =
2
1
A
BH '.DC
SBDC =
2
SADC = SBDC SODA = SOBC
b/ K ng cao BK ca ABC, ta c :

B
L

SOAB OA

SOBC OC

K
S

OA

OAD
Tng t: S OC
OCD

SOAB SOAD

(SOBC)2 = SOAB.SOCD ( V SOBC = SOAD)

SOBC SOCD

Gv: Nguyn Vn T

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