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Unit Eight Homework Solutions, November 2, 2010: M KG M KG M KG M C V C V C V V X
Unit Eight Homework Solutions, November 2, 2010: M KG M KG M KG M C V C V C V V X
v 2 v f (40 C )
o
x2
v g (40 C ) v f ( 40 C )
o
0.95986 m
19.515 m
kg
kg
0.001008 m
0.001008 m
kg
0.04913
kg
s 2 s f ( 40 o C ) x 2 s fg ( 40 o C )
7.6832 kJ
0.5724 kJ
(0.04913)
kg K
kg K
0.9499 kJ
kg K
To find the total entropy change we have to find the system mass. We can find this from the
radiator volume and the initial specific volume.
m3
20 L
V
1000 L
m
0.02084 kg
v1 0.95986 m 3
kg
0.9499 kJ 7.2810 kJ
kg K
kg K
S m s 2 s1 0.02084 kg
= 0.132 kJ/K
Note that we can have a negative entropy change and still satisfy the second law inequality that
dS dQ/T because the heat transfer is negative. (We did not actually compute Q, but we know
that heat has to leave the system to change the state from a vapor at 150 oC to a mixture of liquid
and vapor at 40oC.)
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6.0562 kJ
1.3028 kJ
(0.25)
kg K
kg K
2.8168 kJ
kg K
0.001043 m 3
kg
1.6941 m 3 0.001043 m 3
0.4243 m 3
kg
kg
kg
(0.25)
Since we are told that the final state is a saturated vapor and we reasoned that this is a constant
volume process, we have to find the final state as the saturated vapor state where the
temperature (or pressure) is such that vg = v1 = 0.4243 m3/kg. Looking at the vg data in Table A-4,
we see that this final state lies between a temperature of 145 oC where vg = 0.44600 m3/kg, and
150oC, where vg = 0.39248 m3/kg. We can interpolate between these two specific volumes and
the corresponding values of sg to find the final entropy. This interpolation gives the following
result.
s2 s g (145o C )
s g (150 o C ) s g (145o C )
v g (150 C ) v g
o
v
(145 C )
o
6.8371 kJ 6.8827 kJ
6.8827 kJ
kg K
kg K
3
kg K
0.39248 m
0.44600 m 3
kg
kg
v g (145o C )
0.4243 m 3 0.44600 m 3
6.8649 kJ
kg
kg
kg K
6.8649 kJ 2.8168 kJ
kg K
kg K
S m s 2 s1 2 kg
3
= 8.10 kJ/K
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978, we find this entropy to be 0.06039 Btu/lb mR. Hence we compute the entropy change as
follows.
lbm R
lbm R
S m s 2 s1 2 lbm
= 0.3264 Btu/R
This is another example of a negative entropy change that presumably satisfies the
second law (dS dQ/T) because dQ < 0 for cooling.)
4
V1
0.05 m 3
m
v1 0.025621 m 3
1.952 kg
kg
For this closed system, the first law is Q = U + W. Since Q = 0, our first law reduces to W = -U
= m(u1 u2). We can find u2, because we know the pressure P2 = 0.4 MPa and the entropy s2 =
s1 = 0.91835 kJ/kgK at the final state. From the data on saturation properties at 0.4 MPa (400
kPa) in Table A-12 on page 930, we see that the value of s 2 lies between the values of sf =
0.24761 kJ/kgK and sg = 0.92691 kJ/kgK. Thus we know that we are in the mixed region. This
means that T2 = Tsat(P2 = 0.4 MPa) = 8.91oC.
We have to find the quality to determine the final internal energy.
x2
s2 s f (0.4 MPa )
s fg (0.4 MPa )
0.91835 kJ
0.24761 kJ
kg K
kg K
0.9874
0.67929 kJ
kg K
63.62 kJ
171.45 kJ
232.91 kJ
(0.9874 )
kg
kg
kg
246.79 kJ
232.91 kJ
kg
kg
= 27.08 kJ
W m(u1 u2 ) (1.952 kg )
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6.8177 kJ 6.4302 kJ
kg K
kg K
Q TS Tm s 2 s1 ( 473.15 K )1.2 kg
= 220.0 kJ
2631.1 kJ 2594.2kJ
kg
kg
W Q m u2 u1 220.0 kJ 1.2 kg
6
= 175.7 kJ
T2
We can find the mass of the water from the density and the volume.
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m w wVw
997 kg 120 L
120 kg
m 3 1000 L
m3
mw c w mCu cCu
4.18 kJ
0.386 kJ
( 25o C ) (50 kg )
(80 o C )
kg o C
kg o C
=
4.18 kJ
0.386 kJ
(120 kg )
(50 kg )
kg o C
kg o C
(120 kg )
27oC
We can now compute the entropy change. We assume that each substance undergoes an
internally reversible heat transfer such that dS = dQ/T = mcdT/T. The assumption that each
substance has a constant heat capacity allows us to integrate this equation giving S =
mcln(T2/T1). In this calculation the temperature must be in kelvins. We can apply this equation to
both substances, here using units of kelvins for the heat capacity.
T2
T1,w
S w mw cw ln
(120 kg )
T2
T1,Cu
S Cu mCu cCu ln
(50 kg )
4.18 kJ 300.15
3.335 kJ
ln
kg K
kg K
298.15 K
0.386 kJ 300.15
3.140 kJ
ln
kg K
kg K
253.15 K
The total entropy change is simply the sum of these two entropy changes.
S total S w S Cu
3.335 kJ 3.140 kJ
0.215 kJ
kg K
kg K
kg K
We see that the total entropy change for this isolated system is positive satisfying the second law
of thermodynamics that requires S 0 for an isolated system. However, the entropy change for
the copper, which is cooled in this process, is negative.
7
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