Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Waste Management
1 Waste Management
A PROJECT ON
WASTE MANAGEMENT
COMMOM EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT
(A STEP TOWARDS BETTER ENVIRONMENT)
SUBMITTED BY
Ms. VIRAL PATEL
T.Y.B.M.S
SUBJECTED TO
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
2007-2008
Waste Management
WASTE MANAGEMENT
COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT
PLANT
A STEP TOWARDS BETTER
ENVIRONMENT
Waste Management
DECLARATION
Waste Management
RAJASTHANI SAMMELANS
CERTIFICATE
I, Prof. GURUNATHAN PILLAI (Project Guide) hereby certifies that
Ms VIRAL PATEL of T.Y.B.M.S (Semester V ) of GHANSHYAMDAS
SARAF GIRLS COLLEGE, MALAD
WASTE MANAGEMENT
has completed
the project
Waste Management
Project Co-ordinator
College seal
Principal
Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Waste Management
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Waste management is an important part of the urban infrastructure as
it ensures the protection of the environment and of human health. It is not
only a technical environmental issue but also a highly political one. Waste
management is closely related to a number of issues such as urban lifestyles,
resource consumption patterns, jobs and income levels, and other socioeconomic and cultural factors.
Waste prevention and minimization has positive environmental,
human health and safety, and economic impacts. Implementing a "less is
Waste Management
behaviour changes and awareness raising. These issues have been amply
demonstrated by good practices from many cities around the world.
There is a need for a complete rethinking of "waste" - to analyze if
waste is indeed waste. A rethinking that calls for
WASTE to become WEALTH
REFUSE to become RESOURCE
TRASH to become CASH
Waste Management
There is a clear need for the current approach of waste disposal that is
focused on municipalities and uses high energy/high technology, to move
more towards waste processing and waste recycling (that involves publicprivate partnerships, aiming for eventual waste minimization - driven at the
community level, and using low energy/low technology resources. Some of
the defining criteria for future waste minimization programmes will include
deeper community participation, understanding economic benefits/recovery
of waste, focusing on life cycles (rather than end-of-pipe solutions),
decentralized administration of waste, minimizing environmental impacts,
reconciling investment costs with long-term goals.
INDEX
Serial no.
1.
Content
Page no.
- What is management
Waste Management
- History of waste management
2.
3.
- Types of waste
17
22
- Preventive measures
27
31
- Water Conservation
33
41
44
45
4.
47
5.
49
- Introduction
51
- Process overview
53
- Laboratory
55
58.
Waste Management
Research Methodology
I have used both primary and secondary research method for the purpose of
my project.
Primary Research
Primary research is a data you retrieve by doing some fieldwork. I have
visited an industrial waste water purification plant in order to know the
process to purify the waste water of various industries. Primary research can
often prove more relevant than secondary research because the primary
research can be co-ordinated to facts and data you want retrieve.
Secondary Research
Secondary research is a method of research carried out of another company
or organization. I have got the required information from various sources.
Mainly, I have used the internet, some books from the library.
10
Waste Management
What is waste?
Waste is rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk is unwanted or undesired material.
There are a number of different types of waste. It can exist as a solid, liquid,
or gas or as waste heat. When released in the latter two states the wastes can
be referred to as emissions. It is usually strongly linked with pollution. Waste
may also be intangible in the case of wasted time or wasted opportunities. The
term waste implies things, which have been used inefficiently or
inappropriately.
Some components of waste can be recycled once recovered from the waste
stream, e.g. plastic bottles, metals, glass or paper. The biodegradable
11
Waste Management
What is management?
12
Waste Management
13
Waste Management
Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for
urban and rural areas, and for residential, industrial, and commercial
producers. Waste management for non-hazardous residential and institutional
waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government
authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial
waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.
14
Waste Management
Waste hierarchy
15
Waste Management
16
Waste Management
17
Waste Management
18
Waste Management
Incineration
Landfill
Resource
recovery
Recovery
landfills
were
mining
pits.
voids
or
properly-
19
Waste Management
20
Waste Management
Incineration
21
Waste Management
22
Waste Management
A relatively recent idea in waste management has been to treat the waste
material as a resource to be exploited, instead of simply a challenge to
be managed and disposed of. There are a number of different methods
by which resources may be extracted from waste: the materials may
be extracted and recycled, or the calorific content of the waste may be
converted to electricity.
The process of extracting resources or value from waste is variously referred
to as secondary resource recovery, recycling, and other terms. The practice
of treating waste materials as a resource is becoming more common,
especially in metropolitan areas where space for new landfills is becoming
scarcer. There is also a growing acknowledgement that simply disposing of
waste materials is unsustainable in the long term, as there is a finite supply
of most raw materials.
There are a number of methods of recovering resources from waste
materials,
with
new
technologies
and
methods
being
developed
continuously.
23
Waste Management
workers called waste pickers or rag pickers, are part of the informal sector,
but play a significant role in reducing the load on the Municipalities' Solid
Waste Management departments. There is an increasing trend in recognising
their contribution to the environment and there are efforts to try and
integrate them into the formal waste management systems, which is proven
to be both cost effective and also appears to help in urban poverty
alleviation. However, the very high human cost of these activities including
disease, injury and reduced life expectancy through contact with toxic or
infectious materials would not be tolerated in a developed country
Recycling
Recycling means to recover for other use a material that would otherwise be
considered waste. The popular meaning of recycling in most developed
countries has come to refer to the widespread collection and reuse of various
everyday waste materials. They are collected and sorted into common
groups, so that the raw materials from these items can be used again
(recycled).
In developed countries, the most common consumer items recycled include
aluminium beverage cans, steel, food and aerosol cans, HDPE and PET
plastic bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers,
magazines, and cardboard. Other types of plastic (PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS:
see resin identification code) are also recyclable, although not as commonly
collected. These items are usually composed of a single type of material,
making them relatively easy to recycle into new products.The recycling of
obsolete computers and electronic equipment is important, but more costly
24
Waste Management
due to the separation and extraction problems. Much electronic waste is sent
to Asia, where recovery of the gold and copper can cause environmental
problems (monitors contain lead and various "heavy metals", such as
selenium and cadmium; both are commonly found in electronic items).
Recycled or used materials have to compete in the marketplace with new
(virgin) materials. The cost of collecting and sorting the materials often
means that they are equally or more expensive than virgin materials. This is
most often the case in developed countries where industries producing the
raw materials are well-established. Practices such as trash picking can
reduce this value further, as choice items are removed (such as aluminium
cans). In some countries, recycling programs are subsidised by deposits paid
on beverage containers (see container deposit legislation).
The economics of recycling junked automobiles also depends on the scrap
metal market except where recycling is mandated by legislation (as in
Germany).
However, most economic systems do not account for the benefits to the
environment of recycling these materials, compared with extracting virgin
materials. It usually requires significantly less energy, water and other
resources to recycle materials than to produce new materials. For example,
25
Waste Management
26
Waste Management
refuse volume is
reduced by half
Open dumping
Advantages
Inexpensive
Disadvantages
ocean overburdened
destruction of food sources
killing of plankton
desalination
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
Health hazard- insects, rodents
etc.
Damage due to air pollution
Groundwater and run off
pollution.
Recycling
Advantages
Disadvantages
27
Waste Management
Expensive
Some wastes cannot push
needed
Separation of useful material
from waste difficult.
Household
waste
Industrial
waste
Biomedical
or hospital
waste
Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source:
a) Household waste is generally classified as municipal waste,
b)Industrial waste as hazardous waste
c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste.
28
Waste Management
from residential and commercial complexes. With rising urbanization and change
in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been
increasing rapidly and its composition changing. In 1947 cities and towns in
India generated an estimated 6 million tonnes of solid waste, in 1997 it was about
48 million tonnes. More than 25% of the municipal solid waste is not collected at
all; 70% of the Indian cities lack adequate capacity to transport it and there are
no sanitary landfills to dispose of the waste. The existing landfills are neither
well equipped nor well managed and are not lined properly to protect against
contamination of soil and groundwater.
Garbage: the four broad categories
Organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits.
Toxic waste: old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and
pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
Recyclable: paper, glass, metals, plastics.
Soiled: hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other fluids.
Over the last few years, the consumer market has grown rapidly leading to
products being packed in cans, aluminium foils, plastics, and other such
nonbiodegradable items that cause incalculable harm to the environment. In
India, some municipal areas have banned the use of plastics and they seem to
have achieved success. For example, today one will not see a single piece of
plastic in the entire district of Ladakh where the local authorities imposed a ban
on plastics in 1998. Other states should follow the example of this region and ban
the use of items that cause harm to the environment. One positive note is that in
29
Waste Management
many large cities, shops have begun packing items in reusable or biodegradable
bags. Certain biodegradable items can also be composted and reused. In fact
proper handling of the biodegradable waste will considerably lessen the burden
of solid waste that each city has to tackle.
Type of litter
Organic waste such as a week or two vegetable and fruit peels, leftover foodstuff,
etc.
Paper
Cotton cloth
Wood
Woollen
Tin, aluminium and other
Metal items such as cans
Plastic bags
10-30days
2-5 months
10-15 years
1 year
100-500 years
one million year
30
Waste Management
Hazardous waste
Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic
substances. Certain types of household waste are also hazardous. Hazardous
wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants; are corrosive,
highly inflammable, or explosive; and react when exposed to certain things e.g.
gases. India generates around 7 million tonnes of hazardous wastes every year,
most of which is concentrated in four states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar
Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
Household waste that can be categorized as hazardous waste include old
batteries, shoe polish, paint tins, old medicines, and medicine bottles.
Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals used in hospitals is considered
hazardous. These chemicals include formaldehyde and phenols, which are used
as disinfectants, and mercury, which is used in thermometers or equipment that
31
Waste Management
measure blood pressure. Most hospitals in India do not have proper disposal
facilities for these hazardous wastes.
In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal,
chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods industries. Direct
exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanide can be
fatal.
Hospital waste
32
Waste Management
Surveys carried out by various agencies show that the health care establishments
in India are not giving due attention to their waste management. After the
notification of the Bio-medical Waste (Handling and Management) Rules, 1998,
these establishments are slowly streamlining the process of waste segregation,
collection, treatment, and disposal. Many of the larger hospitals have either
installed the treatment facilities or are in the process of doing so.
Modernization and progress has had its share of disadvantages and one of
the main aspects of concern is the pollution it is causing to the earth be it
land, air, and water. With increase in the global population and the rising
demand for food and other essentials, there has been a rise in the amount of
waste being generated daily by each household. This waste is ultimately
thrown into municipal waste collection centres from where it is collected by
the area municipalities to be further thrown into the landfills and dumps.
However, either due to resource crunch or inefficient infrastructure, not all
of this waste gets collected and transported to the final dumpsites. If at this
stage the management and disposal is improperly done, it can cause serious
impacts on health and problems to the surrounding environment.
Waste that is not properly managed, especially excreta and other liquid and
solid waste from households and the community, are a serious health hazard
33
Waste Management
and lead to the spread of infectious diseases. Unattended waste lying around
attracts flies, rats, and other creatures that in turn spread disease. Normally it
is the wet waste that decomposes and releases a bad odour. This leads to
unhygienic conditions and thereby to a rise in the health problems. The
plague outbreak in Surat is a good example of a city suffering due to the
callous attitude of the local body in maintaining cleanliness in the city.
Plastic waste is another cause for ill health. Thus excessive solid waste that
is generated should be controlled by taking certain preventive measures.
Impacts of solid waste on health
The group at risk from the unscientific disposal of solid waste include the
population in areas where there is no proper waste disposal method,
especially the pre-school children; waste workers; and workers in facilities
producing toxic and infectious material. Other high-risk group includes
population living close to a waste dump and those, whose water supply has
become contaminated either due to waste dumping or leakage from landfill
sites. Uncollected solid waste also increases risk of injury, and infection.
In particular, organic domestic waste poses a serious threat, since they
ferment, creating conditions favourable to the survival and growth of
microbial pathogens. Direct handling of solid waste can result in various
types of infectious and chronic diseases with the waste workers and the rag
pickers being the most vulnerable.
Exposure to hazardous waste can affect human health, children being more
vulnerable to these pollutants. In fact, direct exposure can lead to diseases
34
Waste Management
Waste from agriculture and industries can also cause serious health risks.
Other than this, co-disposal of industrial hazardous waste with municipal
waste can expose people to chemical and radioactive hazards. Uncollected
solid waste can also obstruct storm water runoff, resulting in the forming of
stagnant water bodies that become the breeding ground of disease. Waste
dumped near a water source also causes contamination of the water body or
the ground water source.
Direct dumping of untreated waste in rivers, seas, and lakes results in the
accumulation of toxic substances in the food chain through the plants and
animals that feed on it.
Disposal of hospital and other medical waste requires special attention
since this can create major health hazards. This waste generated from the
hospitals, health care centres, medical laboratories, and research centres
such as discarded syringe needles, bandages, swabs, plasters, and other types
of infectious waste are often disposed with the regular non-infectious waste.
35
Waste Management
Waste treatment and disposal sites can also create health hazards for the
neighbourhood. Improperly operated incineration plants cause air pollution
and improperly managed and designed landfills attract all types of insects
and rodents that spread disease. Ideally these sites should be located at a safe
distance from all human settlement. Landfill sites should be well lined and
walled to ensure that there is no leakage into the nearby ground water
sources.
Recycling too carries health risks if proper precautions are not taken.
Workers working with waste containing chemical and metals may
experience toxic exposure. Disposal of health-care wastes require special
attention since it can create major health hazards, such as Hepatitis B and C,
through wounds caused by discarded syringes. Rag pickers and others who
are involved in scavenging in the waste dumps for items that can be
recycled, may sustain injuries and come into direct contact with these
infectious items.
Occupational hazards associated with waste handling
Infections
Skin and blood infections resulting from direct contact with waste, and from
infected wounds. Eye and respiratory infections resulting from exposure to
infected
dust,
especially
during
landfill
operations.
Different diseases that results from the bites of animals feeding on the waste.
Intestinal infections that are transmitted by flies feeding on the waste.
36
Waste Management
Chronic diseases
Incineration operators are at risk of chronic respiratory diseases, including
cancers resulting from exposure to dust and hazardous compounds.
Accidents
Bone and muscle disorders resulting from the handling of heavy
containers. Infecting wounds resulting from contact with sharp objects.
Poisoning and chemical burns resulting from contact with small amounts of
hazardous
chemical
waste
mixed
with
general
waste.
37
Waste Management
metals found in plastics are copper, lead, chromium, cobalt, selenium, and
cadmium. In most industrialized countries, colour plastics have been legally
banned. In India, the Government of Himachal Pradesh has banned the use
of plastics and so has Ladakh district. Other states should emulate their
example.
Preventive measure
38
Waste Management
39
Waste Management
40
Waste Management
2.
3.
4.
41
Waste Management
Water is one of the most essential parts for human survival. Human water
demand for industrial water supply, irrigation, and generation of power is
ever increasing with development of civilization. Since the start of the
industrial revolution and the fast expanding agricultural activities water
resource began to deteriorate with time. In view of the wide range of
42
Waste Management
Domestic waste waters: These waters are produced by the mere acts
of living such as using the bathroom, doing laundry, or washing the
dishes. These wastes are normally handled by the sanitation department,
which eliminates pathogens before disposal.
43
Waste Management
cleaning, where at least some may be released into the environment. This
type of waste must also be monitored and often treated, and is also a
major factor in thermal pollution of water sources.
44
Waste Management
Water conservation
Our ancient religious texts and epics give a good insight into the water
storage and conservation systems that prevailed in those days.
Over the years rising populations, growing industrialization, and
expanding agriculture have pushed up the demand for water. Efforts have
been made to collect water by building dams and reservoirs and digging
wells; some countries have also tried to recycle and desalinate (remove
salts) water. Water conservation has become the need of the day. The idea
of ground water recharging by harvesting rainwater is gaining importance
in many cities.
In the forests, water seeps gently into the ground as vegetation breaks the
fall. This groundwater in turn feeds wells, lakes, and rivers. Protecting
forests means protecting water 'catchments'. In ancient India, people
believed that forests were the 'mothers' of rivers and worshipped the
sources of these water bodies.
Some
ancient
Indian
methods
of
water
conservation
45
Waste Management
Wastewater treatment
46
Waste Management
discharged and lower energy costs due to the recovery of heat in recycled
wastewater.
Industrial water treatment seeks to manage four main problem areas: scaling,
corrosion, microbiological activity and disposal of residual wastewater.
Boilers do not have many problems with microbes as the high temperatures
prevents their growth.
Scaling occurs when the chemistry and temperature conditions are such that
the dissolved mineral salts in the water are caused to precipitate and form
solid crystalline deposits. These can be mobile, like a fine silt, or can build
up in layers on the metal surfaces of the systems. Scale is a problem because
it insulates and heat exchange becomes less efficient as the scale thickens,
which wastes energy. Scale also narrows pipe widths and therefore increases
the energy used in pumping the water through the pipes.
Corrosion occurs when the parent metal oxidises (as iron rusts, for example)
and gradually the integrity of the plant equipment is compromised. The
corrosion products can cause similar problems to scale, but corrosion can
also lead to leaks, which in a pressurised system can lead to catastrophic
failures.
Microbes can thrive in untreated cooling water, which is warm and
sometimes full of organic nutrients, as wet cooling towers are very efficient
air scrubbers. Dust, flies, grass, fungal spores and so on collect in the water
and create a sort of "microbial soup" if not treated with biocides. Most
47
Waste Management
48
Waste Management
Liquid contaminated waste (e.g., human tissue, blood, feces, urine and other
body fluids) requires special handling, because it may pose an infectious risk
to healthcare workers who contact or handle the waste.
STEP 1: Wear PPE (utility gloves, protective eyewear and plastic apron)
Note: Liquid wastes can when handling and transporting liquid wastes.
also be poured into the latrine.
STEP 2: Carefully pour wastes down a utility sink drain or into a flushable
toilet and rinse the toilet or sink carefully and thoroughly with water to
remove residual wastes. Avoid splashing.
STEP 3: If a sewage system doesnt exist, dispose of liquids in a deep,
covered hole, not into open drains.
STEP 4: Decontaminate specimen containers by placing them in a 0.5%
chlorine solution for 10 minutes before washing them.
STEP 5: Remove utility gloves (wash daily or when visibly soiled and dry).
STEP 6: Wash and dry hands or use an antiseptic handrub as described
above.
Cholera Epidemic In case of a cholera epidemic, hospital sewage must also
be treated and disinfected.
49
Waste Management
50
Waste Management
Process of recycling
51
Waste Management
52
Waste Management
1995). Modern urban living brings on the problem of waste, which increases
in quantity, and changes in composition with each passing day. There is,
however, an inadequate understanding of the problem, both of infrastructure
requirements as well as its social dimensions. Urban planners, municipal
agencies, environmental regulators, labour groups, citizens groups and nongovernmental organizations need to develop a variety of responses which are
rooted in local dynamics, rather than borrow non-contextual solutions from
elsewhere.
There have been a variety of policy responses to the problem of urban solid
waste in India, especially over the past few years, yet sustainable solutions
either of organic or inorganic waste remains an untapped and unattended
area. All policy documents as well as legislation dealing with urban solid
waste mention or acknowledge recycling as one of the ways of diverting
waste, but they do so in a piece meal manner and do not address the
framework needed to enable this to happen. Critical issues such as industry
responsibility, a critical paradigm to enable sustainable recycling and to
catalyse waste reduction through, say better packing, has not been touched
upon.
This new paradigm should include a cradle-to-grave approach with
responsibility being shared by many stakeholders, including product
manufacturers, consumers and communities, the recycling industry, trade,
municipalities and the urban poor.
53
Waste Management
COMPANY PROFILE
Constitution : The CETP at Vatva is managed by a Co.operative Society
named The Green Environment Services Co. Operative Society Limited
formed by the member units of GIDC Estate, Vatva. (Registration No. S
24106 Dated 08-09-1992)
Land Area : The Total Land area is 21000 sq. mtrs. The land for the project
is given at the token price of Rs. 1 by GIDC.
Cost of Project : The total cost of the project is about Rs. 32.00 crore.
Internal collection systems
Rs. 10.17 crore
Treatment units
Rs. 18.00 crore
Conveyance line upto AMC Pirana Plant
Rs. 5.11 crore
Sabarmati
Total
Rs. 33.28 crore
Source of Finance :
Contribution from Member units
Subsidy from Central/State Govt.
Total
Society has obtained the loan amounting Rs. 1150 lacs from Industrial
Development Bank of India and same has been prepaid before maturity.
Power Requirement : The total connected power is 1100KW Supplied by
A.E.C. Ltd. In case of power failure they have stand by DG set of 1000
KVA which is sufficient to run the entire project.
Technology : M/s. Advent Corporation USA has carried out the process
design of the CETP. The construction work was started in March 96 and the
plant was pre-commissioned in just two year i.e. in May 98.
Salient features of the plant :
a) It has a state of art technology called as AIS (Advent's Intergral System)
54
Waste Management
INTRODUCTION
55
Waste Management
In this Industrial Estate there are approximately 1800 units, out of which
approximately 680 industries generates the effluent. These units include
Pharmaceutical products manafacturers, rolling mills, Process houses, Dyes
& Dye Intermediates manufacturers, Pigment manufacturers etc.
To treat the effluent by individual member units at source was very difficult
and Techno-economically not viable hence to solve this problem, the most
practical and cost-effective approach was adopted by establishing the
Common Effluent Treatment Plant under the name "The Green Environment
Services Co-op. Soc. Ltd.", with the support of Vatva Industries Association
and Gujarat Dyestuff Manufacturer's Association.
The process designing is carried out by M/s. Advent Corporation, U.S.A.
one of the internationally renowned consultants for the industrial wastewater
treatment. The commissioning and operations supervision is done by
advent's Indian Collaborators Advent Envirocare Technology Pvt. Ltd.,
Ahmedabad. Detailed engineering for the CETP project is carried our by
renowed consultant M/s. Sudarshan Chemicals Ind. Ltd., Pune (India).
56
Waste Management
PROCESS OVERVIEW
INTERNAL COLLECTION SYSTEM & CONVEYANCE NETWORK
There are 680 member units spread in an area of 13.5 sq. km. in Vatva
Insustrial Complex. The effluent from every member is conveyed through
the ICS to CETP in a most scientific and economical way. To Control the
57
Waste Management
58
Waste Management
and are made up of R.C.C. and stoneware. The rising mains have a total
length of 6119m and their sizes vary from 180mm to 400mm and are made
up of HDPE.
LABORATORY
The CETP has its own in house well equiped, laboratory. The laboratory has
been divided into four sections :
The Chemistry lab.
The Microbiology lab.
The TOC lab.
The R&D lab.
59
Waste Management
The physical and the chemical analysis of the wastewater from different units
of the CETP as well as influent from the individual member is carried out in
the laboratory. We have modern and Imported Analytical Instruments for the
Analysis.
The laboratory is functioning round the clock for the determination of
various parameters of the effluent and solid waste.
This CETP is a result of joint efforts and strong determination put together to
make environment pollution free and earth a better place.
TOC Laboratory
Analytical Laboratory
60
Waste Management
Instrument Laboratory
61
Waste Management
62
Waste Management
63
Waste Management
CONCLUSION
Vasundhara or earth is the only planet in our solar system which can
support life so it is very important to save it from various waste hazards.
Thus, Waste management is of great concern to mankind as it affects the
entire planet and all its living creatures. Increasing amounts of wastes
generated everyday is becoming a major problem particularly in urban cities
around the globe.
With the rapid growth of population, there has been a substantial
increase in the generation of solid waste resulting into the contamination of
air, water and land resources. Human activities create waste, and it is the
way these wastes are handled, stored, collected and disposed of that pose
risks to the environment and to public health.
64
Waste Management
CASE STUDY
65
Waste Management
WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN THE
PETROLEUM
INDUSTRY
Indian Oil Corporation is the largest commercial enterprise in India, engaged in the
business of refining, transportation and marketing of petroleum products throughout the
country. For sustainable growth, safe disposal of oily sludge in a cost-effective manner is
a key issue that has confronted the oil industry in India for a long time. At a conservative
estimate, over 20,000 MT of oily sludge gets generated in the country every year.
To find an environmentally safe and cost effective solution to the problem, a
collaborative research project was launched by Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL) and
Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI). This led to development of OiliVorous-S, a
commercially produced microbial consortium to biodegrade the hazardous constituents of
oily sludge. This product was successfully field tested in Mathura, Barauni and Digboi
refineries of IOCL and 4000 MT of sludge was biodegraded during the year 2002-2003 at
an
average
cost
of
about
US$15
per
MT
of
sludge.
Indian Oil Corporation has adopted a holistic approach for handling oily sludge at its
refineries and other locations.
The strategies adopted include:
66
Waste Management
Incineration .
Bio-remediation / bio-degradation.
General
Manager
(Safety
&
Environment
Protection)
APPENDIX - 1
67
Waste Management
more than 2 million tonnes. While independent TSDFs are open for
industries to use at a price, some large companies build their own. However,
since TSDFs involve multi- crore investments for development and
maintenance, most companies, especially small ones, rely on independent
TSDFs. The 10 TSDFs are spread out in a few states including Andhra
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan. In Kerela, Tamil Nadu, West
Bengal and Haryana, among others, the TSDFs are still in the process of
development.
Since in many states such facilities dont exist, many companies
transport the waste to a state where a TSDF exists while others allow their
waste to remain untreated, environment ministry official said. According to
the hazardous waste management rules under the Environment Protection
Act, that came into play in 1989, hazardous waste must be kept in storage
after which it is to be treated in a TSDFs facility. In 2002, the environment
ministry issued guidelines under the rules, one of which states the storage
time should not exceed three months. The three month guideline is rarely
followed and most of the hazardous waste is dumped in open spaces.
Contamination of ground water due to this is common, Delhi- based NGO
Toxic Link director Ravi Agarwal said.
In 2003, the Supreme Court asked states to strictly implement the
hazardous waste management rules under the Environment Protection Act
and had appointed a committee to monitor the implementation of the rules.
The apex court said every state must have at least one TSDF. Officials said
the Centre and the monitoring committee have repeatedly asked states to
identify land for TSDFs.
68
Waste Management
APPENDIX - 2
69
Waste Management
corporate
to
make
it
commercial
success.
the
liquid
hydrocarbons
produced
from
plastic
waste.
The new initiate will take shape through the projects of joint venture
company, Green Hydrocarbons (GHL) which is registered in Japan, Europe
and the US. The power plants will be set up in Navi Mumbai, Bhiwandi,
Thane and Rajasthan at a total capex of Rs 128 crore. On experimental basis,
AEL had set up a 2 MW plant in Nagpur, which is running in full steam,
according
to
The AEL board is expected to clear the proposals on Thursday (July 5), said
the official. AEL is already in talks Hindustan Petroleum Corporation
(HPCL) for a JV to develop technology for optimum conversion of crude oil
into petrol and diesel. In the present scenario, only 70% of the crude is
70
Waste Management
official.
month.
management
and
recycling
industry,
he
said.
can
generate
revenue
of
up
to
$10-$12
million.
Mrs Zadgaonkar, who developed the technology for producing fuel from
plastic waste, owns the patent for her invention. While working as the head
of chemistry department in Raisoni Engineering College in Nagpur, Mrs
Zadgaonkar invented the new method to reuse the hydrocarbons in plastic.
On a December morning almost a decade ago, when 300 gm of plastic
71
Waste Management
waste she was processing in her college lab broke down into a dark brown
liquid. It took time to reach a happy confirmation that the derivative was
indeed liquid hydrocarbons. After years of refining processes, she tested the
fuel
in
bikes
and
proved
successful,
said
the
official.
family,
said
the
official.
As per the request of President APJ Abdul Kalam, the ministries, including
coal and mines, science and technology, petroleum and natural gas, have
done studies on the process and given permission to start commercial
production of fuel from plastic waste. Maharashtra Energy Development
Agency had signed a memorandum of understanding with Mrs Zadgaonkar
for a JV to develop commercial process for fuel from plastic. Rajasthan State
Industrial Development & Investment Corporation has expressed interest in
setting
up
similar
plants
across
the
state.
Plastic, a product of petroleum, gives a fuel better than petrol and diesel as
the impurities are less when compared to the crude oil. Through the new
technology, we can convert the waste plastic into oil (70%), gas (20%) and
coke (10%), said the official.
72
Waste Management
APPENDIX - 3
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Why did you decided to have a plant for industrial waste water treatment?
2. How the process of the plant works?
3. What do you with the water that is purified?
4. How much percent of waste do you think is purified?
5. Is the technology oriented or labour oriented?
6. Does the government provide any assistance or subsidy for the work
done?
73
Waste Management
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Reference Material
Company (GESCSL) Booklet
Pamphlets
Newspapers
The Economic Times
Times of India
74
Waste Management
Websites
www.gescsl.com
www.wikipedia.com
75