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2006 Structural Seismic Design Manual 1 PDF
2006 Structural Seismic Design Manual 1 PDF
APPLICATUO
EXAMPLES
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CopyrightlPub lisher/Editor/Disclaimer
Preface
Acknowledgments
Suggestions for Improvement / Errata Notifi cation
Introduction
How to Use This Document
Notation
Definitions
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EXAMPLE
ASCEISEI 7-05
VlJ
DESCRIPTION
Example i
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Classification/Importance Factors
Seismic Design Category
Example I
Earthquake Load Combinations:
Strength Design
Example 2
Comb inations of Loads
Example 3
Design Spectral Respon se Accelerations
Introduction to Vertical Irregularities
Example 4
Vertical Irregul arity Type l a and Type Ib
Example 5
Vertical Irregul arity Type 2
Example 6
Vertical Irregularity Type 3
Example 7
Vertical Irregularity Type 4
Example 8
Vertical Irregular ity Type 5a
Example 9
Vertical Irregularity Type 5a
Introduction to Horizontal Irregularities
Example 10 Horizontal Irregularity Typ e Ia and Type Ib
Example I I Horizontal Irregularity Type 2
Example 12 Horizontal Irregularity Typ e 3
Example 13 Horizontal Irregularity Type 4
Example 14 Horizontal Irregularity Type 5
Example 15 Redu ndancy Factor p
Example 16 P-delta Effects
Example 17 Seismic Base Shear
..
PAGE
11.5-1
11.6
25
26
12.4.2.3
2.4
11.4
12.3.2.2
12.3.2.2
12.3.2.2
12.3.2.2
12.3.2.2
12.3.2.2
12.3.3.1
12.3.2.1
12.3.2.1..
12.3.2.1
12.3.2.1
12.3.2.1
12.3.2.1
12.3.4
12.8.7
12.8. 1...
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32
36
41
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50
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54
58
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63
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74
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EXAMPLE
DESCRIPTION
ASCE/SEI 7-05
Example 18
Example 19
Example 20
Example 2 1
12.8.2.I
I 2.14
I 2.2.3.I
80
83
86
I2.2.2
90
Example 23
Example 24
Example 25
Example 26
Example 27
Example 28
Example 29
Example 30
Exampl e 31
Example 32
Example 33
Example 34
Example 35
Drift
Story Drift Lim itations
Vertical Seismic Load Effect.
Design Response Spectrum
Dual Systems
Lateral Forces for One-Story Wall Panels
Out-of-Plane Seismic Forces for Two-Story Wall Panel
Example 22
Example 36
Example 37
Example 38
Example 39
Example 40
Example 4 1
Exampl e 42
Example 43
Example 44
Example 45
Example 46
Example 47
Example 48
Example 49
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Rigid Equipment..
Flexible Equipment
Relative Motion of Equipment Attachments
Deformation Compatibility for Seismic Design
Categories D, E, and F .
Adjoining Rigid Elements
Exterior Elements: Wall Panel
Exterior Nonstructural Wall Elements: Precast Panel.
Beam Horizontal Tie Force
Collector Elements
Out-of-Plane Wall Anchorage of Concrete or Masonry
Walls to Flexible Diaphragms
Wall Anchorage to Flexible Diaphragms
Determination of Diaphragm Force Fpx :
Lowrise
Determination of Diaphragm Force Fpx :
Highrise
Building Separations
I 2.2.3.2
12.8.3
12.8.4
I2.8.4.3
I 2.3.3.3
12.3.3.3
2.4
I2.I3.4
12.8.6
12.12
12.4.2.2
11.4.5
12.2.5. I
12.11
12.11. I
I2.11.2
I 3.3.1
13.3.1
I3.3.2
PAGE
92
93
97
102
106
I 10
I I3
I 16
I 19
121
124
126
129
133
137
140
143
I2.12.4
12.7.4
I3.5 .3
13.5.3
12.1.3
12.10.2
12.11.2
12.11.2.1
12.11.2.1
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148
150
153
160
162
12.10 .1.1
170
12.10.1
12.12.3
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176
165
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Table of Conten ts
EXAM PLE
DESCRIPTION
Example 50
Example 5 1
Example 52
Example 53
Example 54
Example 55
Example 56
Example 57
PAGE
15.5
15.0
15.4.2
15.7.6
IBC 1808.2.23. 1
6.4
6.4
6.5
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205
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2006 IB C Structural/Seismic D esign Man ual, Vol. I
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Preface
This document is the initial volume in the three-volume 20061BC Structural/Seismic Design
Manual, It has been developed by the Structural Engineers Association of California
(SEAOC) with funding provided by SEAOC. Its purpose is to provide guidance on the
interpretation and use of the seismic requirements in the 2006 l llfem ational Building Code
(IBC), published by the International Code Council , Inc., and SEAOC's 2005 Recommended
Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary (also called the Blue Book).
The 2006 lBC Structural/Seismic Design Manual was developed to fill a void that exists
between the commentary of the Blue Book, which explains the basis for the code provisions,
and everyday structural engineering design practice . The 2006 lBC Structural/Seismic
Design Manual illustrates how the provisions of the code are used. Volume 1: Code
Application Examples, provides step-by-step examples for using individual code provisions,
such as computing base shear or building period . Volumes 1I and lIl: Building Design
Examples, furnish examples of seismic design of common types of buildings. In Volumes"
and III, important aspects of whole buildings are designed to show, calculation-bycalculation, how the various seismic requirements of the code are implemented in a realistic
design.
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The examples in the 2006 lBC Structural/Seismic Design Manual do not necessarily illustrate
the only appropriate methods of design and analysis. Proper engineering judgment should
always be exercised when applying these examples to real projects. The 20061BC
Structural/Seismic Design Manual is not meant to establish a minimum standard of care but;
instead, presents reasonable approaches to solving problems typically encountered in
structural /seismic design .
The example problem numbers used in the prior Seismic Design Manual - 2000 IEC
Volume I code application problems have been retained herein to provide easy reference to
compare revised code requirements.
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SEAOC, NCSEA and ICC intend to update the 2006 lBC Structural/Seismic Design Manual
with each edition of the building code.
Jon P. Kiland and Rafael Sabelli
Project Managers
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Acknowledgments
The 2006 IBC Structural/Seismic Design Manual Volume J was written by a group of highly
qualified structural engineers. They were selected by a steering committee set up by the
SEAOC Board of Directors and were chosen for their knowledge and experience with
structural engineering practice and seismic design. The consultants for Volumes I, II, and III
are:
Jon P. Kiland, Co-Project Manager
Rafael Sabell i, Co-Project Manager
Douglas S. Thompson
Dan Werdowatz
Matt Eatherton
John W. Lawson
Joe Maffei
Kevin Moore
Stephen Kerr
A number of SEAOC members and other structural engineers helped check the examples in
this volume. During its development, drafts of the examples were sent to these individuals.
Their help was sought in review of code interpretations as well as 'detailed checking of the
numerical computations.
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Close collaboration with the SEAOC Seismology Committee was maintained during
the development of the document. The 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 committees reviewed
the document and provided many helpful comments and suggestions. Their assistance is
gratefully acknowledged.
ICC
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In keep ing with SEAOC's and NCSEA's Mission Statemen ts: "to adva nce the structural
engineering profession" and "to provide structural engineers with the most current
informa tion and tools to improve their practice," SEAOC and NCSEA plan to upd ate this
document as structural/seismic requirements change and new research and better
understand ing of building performa nce in earthqu akes becomes ava ilable.
Comm ents and suggestions for improvements are welcome and shou ld be sent to
the following:
Structural Engi neers Association of Cal ifornia (SEAOC)
A ttention : Executive Director
14 14 K Street, Suite 260
Sacramento, California 95814
Telephone: (9 16) 447-1198 ; Fax : (916) 932-2209
E-ma il: leeiWseaoc.org; Web address: www .seaoc .org
SEAOC and NCSEA have made a substantial effort to "ensure that the information in this
document is accurate. In the event that corrections or clarifi cations are needed, these will be
posted on the SEAOC web site at h/lP://11 1111'.seaoc.org or on the ICC website at
http:// wll1l..iccsaf e.org. SEAOC. ati ts sole discretion, mayor may not issue written
errata
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Introduction
Volume I of the 2006 lBC Structural/Seismic D esign Manual: Code App lication Examples
deals with interpretation and use of the structural/seismic provisions of the 2006
lntem ational Building Code'" (!BC). The 2006 lBC Structural/Seismic Design Manual is
intended to help the reader understand and correctly use the mc structural/seismic provisions
and to provide clear, concise, and graphic guidance on the application of specific provisions
of the code. It primarily addresses the major structural/seismic provisions of the !BC, with
interpretation of specific provisions and examples highl ighting their proper application.
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The 2006 !BC has had structural provisions removed from its text and has referenced several
national standards documents for structural design provisions. The primary referenced
document is ASCE/SEI 7-05, which contains the "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and
Other Structures." ASCE/SEI 7-05 is referenced for load and deformation design demands on
structural elements, National Material design standards (such as ACI, AISC, MSJC and
NOS) are then referenced to take the structural load demands from ASCE/SEI 7-05 and
perform specific materia l designs.
Volume I presents 58 examples that illustrate the application of specific structural/seismic
provisions of the !Be. Each example is a separate problem , or group of problems, and deals
primarily with a single code provision. Each example begins with a description of the
problem to be solved and a statement of given information. The problem is solved through
the normal sequence of steps, each of which is illustrated in full. Appropriate code references
for each step are identified in the right-hand margin of the page.
The complete 2006 lBC Structural/Selsmic Design Ma nual will have three volumes.
Volumes II and III will provide a series of structural/seismic design examples for buildings
illustrat ing the seismic design of key parts of common building types such as a large threestory wood frame building, a tilt-up warehouse, a braced steel frame building, and a concrete
shear wall building.
While the 2006 lBC Structural/Seismic Design Manual is based on the 2006 !BC, there are
some provision ofSEAOC 's 2005 Recommended Lateral Force Provisions and Commentary
(Blue Book) that are app licable. When differences between the !BC and Blue Book are
significant they are brought to the attention of the reader.
The 2006 lBC Structural/Seism ic Design Manual is intended for use by practicing structural
engineers and structural designers, building departments, other plan review agencies , and
structural engineering students.
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2006 IBC Structural/Seismic Design Manual , Vol. I
]
:JC . .'>;
The various code application examp les of Volume I are organized by topic consistent with
previous editions. To find an example for a particular provision of the code, look at the
upper, outer come r of each page, or in the table of contents.
Generally, the ASCE/SEI 7-05 notation is used throughout. Som e other notation is defined in
the followi ng pages, or in the examples.
Reference to ASCE/SEI 7-05 sections and formulas is abbreviated. For example, "ASCE/SE I
7-05 6.4.2" is given as 6.4.2 with ASCE/SEI 7-05 being understood. " Equation (12 .8-3)"
is designated (Eq 12.8-3) in the right-hand margins. Similarly, the phrase "T 12.3-1" is
understood to be ASCE/SEI 7-05 Table 12.3-1, and "F 22-15 " is understood to be Figure 2215. Throughout the document, reference to specific code provisions and equations is given in
the right-hand margin under the category Code Reference.
Generally, the examples are presented in the following format. First, there is a statement
of the example to be solved, including given information, diagram s, and sketches. This is
followed by the "Calculations and Discussion" section, which provides the solution to the
example and appropriate discussion to assist the reader. Finally, many of the examples have
a third section designated "Commentary." In this section, comm ents and discussion
on the example and related material are made. Commentary is intended to provide a better
understanding of the exampl e and/or to offer guidance to the reader on use of the information
generated in the example.
In general, the Volume I examples focus entirely on use of speci fic provisions of the code.
No building design is illustrated . Building design examples are given in Volumes II and III.
The 2006 lEe Structural/Seismic Design Manual is based on the 2006 IBC, and the
referenced Standard ASCE/SEI 7-05 unless otherwise indicated. Occasionally, reference is
made to othe r codes and standards (e.g., 2005 AISC Steel Construction Manual 13th Edition,
ACI 318-05, or 2005 NOS). When this is done, these documents are clearly ident ified.
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Notation
The following notations are used in this document. These are generally consistent with those
used in ASCE/SEI 7-05 and other Standards such as ACI and AISC. Some new notations
have also been added . The reader is cautio ned that the same notation may be used more than
once and may carry entire ly different mean ings in different situations, For example, E can
mean the tabulated elastic modulus under the AISC definition (steel) or it can mean the
earthquake load under 12.4.2 of ASCE /SEI 7-05 . When the same notation is used in two or
more definitions, each definition is prefaced with a brief descript ion in parentheses (e.g.,
steel or loads) before the definition is given.
A
ABM
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A ch
Ae
AI
flange area
Ag
Ag
Ai
the floor area in square feet of the diaphragm level immediately abo ve
the story under consideration
Nota tion
Ash
Ask
A Slmin
As,
AT
tributary area
Av
A,'J
Avr
All'
Aw
A.,
ae
ad
a,
ap
br
flange width
bu.
web width
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Notation
bit
Cd
Ce
em
C,
Cr
C,
C1'X
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De
Dh
Dp
db
db
d,
Em
N otation
s,
E.,
Fa
Fa
axial comp ressive stress that would be permitted if axial force alone
existed
Fa
flood load
Fb
FaM
Fexx
Fi,Fu,P, =
Fp
Fp ,
F"
F"
Fill
F,.
long period site coefficient (at 1.0 second period) see 11.4.3
F,
r,
Fw
F II'
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notation
h;, hn,h,
h,
hsx
hll'
Ia
Ig
t;
I,
Ig
t,
live load, except rooflive load, including any permitted live load
reduction (i.e, reduced design live load). Live load related internal
moments or forces. Concentrated impact loads
Lo
Lb
Lp
L,
he
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Notation
Ie
(steel RBS) length of radius cut in beam flange for red uced beam
section (RBS) design
t:
/;,
I"
I"
Ill'
Level i
Leveln
that level that is upperm ost in the main portion of the structure
Level,r
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Mer
"1;-
Notation
PDL,
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u,
Mpa
u;
Mpr
Mpr
M,
M,
torsional moment
M,a
M"
M"
M,.
MI
M)
number of stories
ponding load
i , r.; =
Pb
Pbl
r,
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Notation
Pc
P"
Po
P si
FyA
(concrete) factored axial load, or factored axial load at given
eccentricity
p"
p"
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p"
r,
p.,
PE
Pu
QE
rain load
R"
nominal strength
Rp
required strength
R"
R)'
R, Rl R2
ry
11
No tation
12
snow load
So
=
=
=
Sos
S,
SOl
SI
s'IIS
S,I/I
SRBS
To
To
T,
SOl 1Sos
If
thickness of flange
tw
thickness of web
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Notation
I;
the tota l design seismic lateral force or shear at the base of the building
or structure
Vc
v,,,
Vc
VDL, Vu , V,ei,
v,
V"
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Vp
Vpa
Vpx
V,
V,
V"
V"
v,
V"
v.
the seismic design story shear (forc e) in story x, (i.e. between Level x
andx-I )
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Notation
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WI'
l1'c
11';, 11-'-r
wp
wp
lVp:c
) VII'
11,=
heigh t of lower support attachm ent at Level Yas measured from the
base
ZeDs
<I>
<l>b
<l>c
<1>,..
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Notation
a,~
Uc
~c
the ratio of shear demand to shear capacity for the story between
Level x and x- I
Ph
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pn
ps
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p"
Ap
fo
flo
fn
f u
f ll'
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Notation
coefficient offriction
1-1
8a
8 aA
8 aB
no
Ox
O,WE
ONl4X
OX4
s,
OM
maximum of Ox
OAlI,OM2
Ol:4
OrB
8
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Definitions
Active Fault/Active Fault Trace. A fault for which there is an average historic slip rate of
I mm per year or more and geologic evidence of seismic activity within Holocene (past I 1,000
years) times. Active fault traces are designated by the appropriate regulatory agency and/or
registered design professional subject to identification by a geologic report.
Allowable Stress Design. A method of proportioning structural members, such that elastically
computed stresses produced in the members by nominal loads do not exceed specified allowable
stresses (also called working stress design).
Attachments, Seismic. Means by which components and their supports are secured or
connected to the seismic-foree-resisting system of the structure. Such attachments include
anchor bolts, welded connections and mechan ical fasteners.
Balcony, Exterior. An exterior floor projecting from and supported by a structure without
additional independent supports.
Base. The level at which the horizontal seismic ground motions are considered to be imparted
to the structure.
Base Shear. Total design lateral force or shear at the base.
Boundary Elements. Chords and collectors at diaphragm and shear wall edges, interior
openings, discontinuities, and re-entrant corners.
Boundary Members. Portions along wall and diaphragm edges strengthened by longitudinal
and transverse reinforcement and/or structural steel members.
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Brittle. Systems, members, materials and connections that do not exhibit significan t energy
dissipation capacity in the inelastic range.
Cantilevered Column System. A structural system relying on column elements that cantilever
from a fixed base and have minimal rotational resistance capacity at the top with lateral forces
applied essentially at the top and are used for lateral resistance.
Collector. A diaphragm or shear wall element parallel to the applied load that collects and
transfers shear forces to the vertical-foree-resisting elements or distributes forces within a
diaphragm or shear wall.
Component. A part or element of an architectural, electrical, mechanical, or structural system.
Component, equipment. A mechanical or electrical component or element that is part
of a mechanical and/or electrical system within or without a building system.
Component, flexible. Component, including its attachments, having a fundamental
period greater than 0.06 second .
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Definitions
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Definitions
Displacement.
Design Displacement. The design earthquake lateral displacement, exclud ing
additional displacement due to actual and accidental torsion , required for design of the
isolation system.
Total Design Displacement. The design earthquake lateral displacement, including
additional displacement due to actual and accidental torsion. required for design of the
isolation system.
Total Maximum Displacement. The maximum considered earthquake lateral
displacement, including additional displacement due to actual and accidental torsion,
required for verification of the stability of the isolation system or elements thereof,
design of building separations, and vertical load testing of isolator unit prototype.
Displacement Restraint System. A collect ion of structural elements that limits lateral
displacement of seismically isolated structu res due to the maximum considered earthquake.
Duration of Load. The period of continuous application of a given load, or the aggregate of
periods of intermittent applications of the same load.
Effective Damping. The value of equivalent viscous damping corresponding to energy
dissipated during cyclic response of the isolation system.
Effective Stiffness. The value of the lateral force in the isolation system, or an element
thereof, divided by the corresponding lateral displacement.
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Element
Ductile element. An element capable of sustaining large cyclic deformations beyond the
attainment of its strength.
Limited ductile element. An element that is capable of sustaining moderate cyclic
deformations beyond the attainment of nominal strength without significant loss of
strength.
Nonductile element. An element having a mode of failure that results in an abrupt loss
of resistance when the element is deformed beyond the deformation corresponding to the
development of its nominal strength . Nonductile elements cannot reliably sustain
significant deformation beyond that attained at their nominal strength.
Equipment Support. Those structural members or assemblies of members or manufactured
elements, including braces, frames, lugs, snubbers, hangers, or saddles that transmit gravity load
and operating load between the equipment and the structure.
Essential Facilities. Buildings and other structures that are intended to remain operational in the
event of extreme environmental loading from flood, wind, snow, or earthquakes.
Factored Load. The product of a nominal load and a load factor.
Flexible Equipment Connections. Those connections between equipment components that
permit rotational and/or translational movement without degradation of perform ance.
2006
Vol. I
19
Definitions
Frame.
Braced frame. An essentially vertical truss, or its equi valent , of the concentric or
eccentric type that is provided in a building frame system or dual frame system to resist
shear.
Concentrically braced frame (CB F). A braced frame in which the members are
subjected primarily to axial forces.
Eccentrically braced frame (EBF). A diagonally braced frame in which at least one
end of each brace frames into a beam a short distance from a beam-column or from
another diagonal brace.
Ordinary concentrically braced frame (OCBF). A steel concentrically braced frame
in which members and connections are designed for moderate ductility.
Special concentrically braced frame (SCBF). A steel or composite steel and concrete
concentrically braced frame in which members and connections are designed for ductile
behavior.
Frame, Moment.
Intermediate moment frame (IMF). A moment frame in which members and joints are
capable of resisting forces by flexure as well as along the axis of the members.
Ordinary moment frame (OMF). A moment frame in which members and joints are
capable of resisting forces by flexure as well as along the axis ofthe members.
Special moment frame (SMF). A moment frame in which members and joints are
capable of resisting forces by flexure as well as along the axis of the members.
Frame System.
Building frame system. A structural system with an essentially complete space frame
system providing support for vertical loads. Seismic force resistance is provided by shear
walls or braced frames.
Dual frame system. A structural system with an essentially complete space frame
system providing support for vertical loads. Seismic force resistance is provided by a
moment-resisting frame and shear walls or braced frames.
Space frame system. A structural system composed of interconnected members, other
than bearing walls , that is capable of supporting vertical loads and that also may provide
resistance to seismic forces .
Gravity Load (W). The total dead load and applicable portions of other loads as defined in
12.7.2 and 12.14.8.1.
Hazardous Contents. A material that is highly toxic or potentially explosive and in sufficient
quantity to pose a significant life-safety threat to the general public if an uncontrolled release
were to occur.
Impact Load. The load resulting from moving machinery, elevators, craneways, vehicles, and
other similar forces and kinetic loads, pressure, and possible surcharge from fixed or moving
loads.
Importance Factor. A factor assigned to each structure according to its occupancy category
as prescribed in 11.5.1.
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Definitions
Inverted Pendulum-type Structures. Structures that have a large portion of their mass
concentrated near the top and, thus, have essentially one degree of freedom in horizontal
translation. The structures are usually T-shaped with a single column supporting the beams or
framing at the top.
Isolation Interface. The boundary between the upper portion of the structure, which is
isolated , and the lower portion of the structure, which moves rigidly with the ground.
Isolation System. The collection of structural elements that includes individual isolator units,
structural elements that transfer force between elements of the isolation system and
connections to other structural elements.
Isolator Unit. A horizontally flexible and vertically stiff structural element of the isolation
system that permits large lateral deformations under design seismic load. An isolator unit may
be used either as part of or in addition to the weight-supporting system of the building.
Joint. A portion ofa column bounded by the highest and lowest surfaces of the other members
framing into it.
Limit State. A condition beyond which' a structure or member becomes unfit for service and is
judged to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe
(strength limit state).
Live Loads. Those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or other structu re
and do not include construction or environmental loads such as wind load, snow load, rain load,
earthquake load, flood load,ordead load.
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Live Loads (Roof), Those loads produced I) during maintenance by workers, equipment, and
materials; and 2) during the life of the structure by movable objects such as planters and by
people .
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). A method of proportioning structural members
and their connections using load and resistance factors such that no applicable limit state is
reached when the structure is subjected to appropriate load combinations. The term "LRFD" is
used in the design of steel and wood structures.
Load Factor. A factor that accounts for deviations of the actual load from the nomin al load, for
uncertainties in the analysis that transforms the load into a load effect, and for the probability
that more than one extreme load will occur simultaneously,
Loads. Forces or other actions that result from the weight of building materials, occupants and
their possessions, environmental effect, differential movement, and restrained dimensional
changes. Permanent loads are those loads in which variations over time are rare or of small
magnitude. Other loads are variable loads (see also "Nominal loads").
Loads Effects. Forces and deformations produced in structural members by the applied loads.
21
Definitions
Maximum Considered Earthquake. The most severe earthquake effects considered by this
code.
Nominal Loads. The magnitudes of the loads specified in this chapter (dead, live, soil, wind,
snow, rain, flood, and earthquake.)
Nonbuilding Structure. A structure, other than a building, constructed of a type included in
Chapter 15 and within the limits of 15. 1.1.
Other Structures. Structures, other than buildings, for which loads are specified in this
chapter.
P-delta Effect. The second order effect on shears, axial forces and moments of frame
members induced by axial loads on a laterally displaced building frame.
Panel (Part of a Structure). The section of a floor, wall, or roof located between the
supporting frame of two adjacent rows of columns and girders or column bands of floor or
roof construction.
Resistance Factor. A factor that accounts for deviations of the actual strength from the
nominal strength and the manner and consequences of failure (also called strength reduction
factor).
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1
Dennltions
Site Coefficients. The values of Fa and F indicated in Tables 11.4-1 and 11.4-2, respect ively.
"
Special Transverse Reinforcement. Reinforcement composed of spirals, closed stirrups, or
hoops and supplementary cross-ties provided to restrain the concrete and qualify the portion of
the componen t, where used, as a confined region.
Story Drift Ratio. The story drift divided by the story height.
Strength, Nom ina l. The capacity of a structure or member to resist the effects of loads, as
determined by computations using specified material strengths and dimensions and formulas
derived from accepted principles of structural mechanics or by field tests or laboratory tests of
scaled models, allowing for modeling effects and differenc es between laboratory and field
conditions.
Strength Design. A method of proportion ing structural members such that the computed
forces produced in the members by factored loads do not exceed the member design strength
(also called load and resistance factor design.) The term "strength design" is used in the design
of concrete and masonry structural elements.
Strength Required. Strength of a member, cross section, or connection required to resist
factored loads or related internal moments and forces in such combinations as stipulated by
these provisions.
Torsiona l Force Distrib utio n. The distribu tion of horizontal seismic forces through a rigid
diaphragm when the center of mass of the structure at the level under consideration does not
coincide with the center of rigidity (sometimes referred to as a diaphragm rotation).
To ughness. The ability of a material to absorb energy without losing significant strength .
Wall, Load-bearing. Any wall meeting either of the follow ing classifications:
I. Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more than 100 pounds per linear foot
(1459 N/m) of vertica l load in addition to its own weight.
2. Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more than 200 pounds per linear foot
(2919 N/m) of vertical load in addition to its own weight.
Wall, Non load-bearing. Any wall that is not a load-bearing wall.
W ind-res traint Seismic System. The collection of structural elements that provides restraint
of the seismic-isolated-structure for wind loads. The wind-restraint system may be either an
integral part of isolator units or a separate device.
23
Definitio ns
]
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24
Example i
11.5-1
11.6
Determine the importan ce factors and the seismic design category for a faci lity given the
following information.
Type of occupancy - Elementary School with capacity greater than 250
S DS
= 1.17
SOl
SI
=
=
0.70
0.75
[!J
[!J
Building category and importance factors for general occupancy and for
one build ing to be used for emergency shelter
Seismic Design Category (SOC)
[!J
Cd~e Referenc.~
Category
II
IV
Seismic
Factor f
\.0
1.5
Snow
Factor 1
\.0
1.20
Wind
Factor f
1.0
\.15
25
11.S 1
Example i
1 1. 6
All structures are assigned to a Seismic Design Category (SDC) based on their Occup ancy
Category and the spectral response acceleration coefficients So< and SOl, irrespec tive of the
fundamental period of vibration of the structure T. Each building and structure shall be
assigned to the most severe SDC in accordance with Table 11.6- I or I 1.6-2 as follows.
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Nature of
Occupancy
Sc hool
Occupancy
Category
II
Emergency
IV
Shelter
Recall: SI = 0.75% for this table
Table I 1.6-1
SDC
SDS
Table 11.6-2
SDC
SOl
SDC
USE*
1.I7
D*
0.70
D*
1.17
0*
0.70
0*
*Note that for Occupancy Categories I, II, and III having S, equal to or greater than 0.75 (recall Sj =
0.75 ), the building shall be assigned to SDC E. Also for Occupancy Category IV having S, ~ 0.75,
the building shall be assigned to SDC F.
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26
Ex am p le 1
12. 4.2 .3
This example demonstrates the application of the strength design load combinations that
involve the seismi c load E given in 12.4;2.3 . This will be done for the moment-resisting
frame structure shown below.
= 1.10
= 1.0
8 Ds
I
P
II
= 0.5
1.3
Snow load S = 0
A
//
r r /
rrr>
Beam A-B and Column C-D are elements of the special moment-resisting fram e.
Structural ana lysis has provi ded the follow ing beam moments at A, and the
column axial loads and moments at C due to dead load, office building live load,
and left- to-right ( ~) and right-to-left (-) directio ns oflateral seismic loading.
Dead Load
D
Live Load
L
Left-to-Right
Seism ic Load
Right-to-Left
Seismic Load
(--+QI;;)
Beam Mome nt at A
Column C-D Axial Load
Column Moment at C
-50 kip-ft
+40 kips
+20 kip-ft
+120 kip- ft
+110 kips
+160 kip-ft
(-- QI;;)
-120 kip-ft
- 110 kips
-) 60 kip-It
Sign Convention: Positive moment induces flexural tension on the bottom side of a beam and
at the right side of a column. Positi ve axial load induces compression . Note that for the
pa rticular location of Column C-D, the seism ic Axial Load and Moment at C are both
positive fo r the left-to-right ( ~) load ing and are both negative for the right-to -Ieft (-)
loading. This is not necessarily true for the other elements of the structure.
Find the following.
ILJ
[!J
[!J
27
12.4.2.3
I
[LJ
(Comb . 5)
0.9D + 1.0E
(Comb. 7)
where for a given type of load action such as moment M or axial load P
E=E,,+E,.
(Eq 12.4-1)
E; = PQE
E,. =0.2S DSD
(Eq 12.4-3)
(Eq 12.4-4)
=PQE+ 0.2SDSD
(Eq 12.4-3)
when the algebraic sign, , of QE is taken as the same as that for D, and
=PQE -
0.2SDSD
(Comb. 5)
(Comb. 5)
= 1.I2D + 1.3QE
28
(Comb. 7)
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Example 1
1 2. 4.2.3
(Comb . 7)
~ For the governin g load combin ation when the signs of Q and D are the same
1.42D + 1.3QE+ 0.5L
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MA
~ For the governing load combination when the signs of Q and D are opposite
0.68 D + 1.3QE
with
29
12.4.2.3
[!J
Example 1
Strength design interaction pairs of axial load and moment for the
design of column section at C for seismic load combinations
The seismic load combinations using the definitions of E given by Equations 12.4-1
through 12.4-4 can be used for the design requirement of a single action such as the
moment at beam end A, but they cannot be used for interactive pairs of actions such
as the axial load and moment at the column section C. These pairs must occur
simultaneously because of a common load combination. For example , both the axial
load and the moment must be due to a common direction of the lateral seismic
loading and a common sense of the vertical seismic acceleration effect represented by
0.2 SDsD. There can be cases where the axial load algebraic signs are the same for QE
and D, while the moment algebraic signs are different. This condition would prohibit
the use of the same load combination for both axial load and moment.
To include the algebraic signs of the individual actions, the directional property of the
lateral seismic load effect QE, and the independent reversible property of the vertical
seismic load effect 0.2 SDsD, it is proposed to use
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1 2.4 .2 .3
combinations along with the pairs from the gravity load combinations and wind load
combinati ons.
Combination
1.420 + 1.3 (Q i;) + O.5L
O.98D + 1.3 (Q E) + O.5L
1.42D - 1.3 (Qd + 0.5L
0.98D - 1.3 (Qd + 0.5L
1.12D + 1.3 (Qd
0.68D + 1.3 (Q E)
1. 12D - 1.3 (Qd
0.68D - 1.3 (QE)
MA kip-ft
Pc kips
and
Me kip-ft
-35
-9
-299
-255
+ 20
+64
-244
-200
+268.8
+26.8
+229.2
- 12,8
+22 1.8
+ 182.2
-2 0.2
-59 .8
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
+242. 8
+225.2
- 109.2
-126. 8
+220 .8
+203 .2
-131.2
- 148.8
The govern ing va lues are und erlined fo r MA [sam e as det erm ined in Part (2) ] and for the
interaction pairs of Pc and Me required for the design of the column section at C.
...
The eight seismic load combinations resulting from the proposed definition of E pro vid e an
automatic method of considering the individual algebraic signs of the load actions, the
direction of the lateral seismic load, and the independent action of 0.2 SDCD. There is no
nee d to use the "same sign" and "opposite sign" limitations of Equations 12 .4-2 and 12.4-3
since all possible com binations are represented . Thi s is imp ortant for interactive pa irs of
actions that must be evaluated for a common load combination.
When the Modal Respo nse Spectrum Analysis' procedure of 12.9 is used, the algebraic signs
of seismic load actions are lost because of the process of combining the individual modal
responses. The signs to be used for an interaction pair of actions due to a given direction of
lateral loading can be obtained from the primary mode response where the prim ary mode is
the mode having the largest participation fac tor for the given direction of lateral seism ic
loading. Or, alternatively, the signs can be obtained from the equivalent lateral force
procedure of 12.8.
31
2.4
Example 2
Combinations o f Loads
-:
The code permits the use of allowable stress design for the design of wood members and
their fastenings (ASCE/SEI 7-05 2.4 and 12.4.2.3). Section 2.4 defines the basic load
combinations for allowable stress design.
This example illustrates the application ofthis method for the plywood shear wall shown
below. The wall is a bearing and shear wall in a light wood framed build ing.
Gravity loads
ITnTTTTm
Plywood
shear wall
J = 1.0
P = 1.0
5 DS = 0.3
E = Ell = bQ = 4 kips (seismic
force due to the base shear
determined from 12.4.2)
Grav ity loads
Dead lVD = 0.3 kif (tributary dead
load, including weight of
wall
Live lIIL = (roof load supported by
other elements)
[!J
32
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[IJ
2.4
..
,.
.,.,.~
12.4.2.3
The governing load combinations for basic allowable stress design are Basic ASD
Combinations 5, 6, and 8, as modified in 12.4.2.3. These are used without the usual onethird stress increase.
12.4.2 defines the seismic load effect E for use in load combinations as
(Eq 12.4-1)
(Eq 12.4-3)
and
(Eq 12.4-4)
E = PQE - 0.2SosD
=QE- 0.06D
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D +0.7E
(Comb . 5)
and
D(1.0)+0 .7(-0.6D-Qd
=
(Comb. 6)
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D(J.O- 0.968) + 0.75 L,. - 0.525 QE for D and QE with the opposite sense
0.6D + 0.7E
(Comb. 8)
2006 IBC Struct ural/S eismic Design Manual, Vo l. I
33
2.4
Example 2
Combinations of Loads
For the determination of design shear capacity, dead load and live load are not
involved, and all load combinations reduce to
For the design hold-down tension capacity the governing load combination is
0.558D - 0.7QE
For the wall boundary element compression capacity, the governing load combination
would be
1.042D + 0.7QE
QE
4000 Ib
For the governing load combination ofO.7QE, the design unit shear is
= 0.7QE
L
0.7(4000) = 280 If
10ft
P
This unit shear is used to determine the plywood thickness and nailing requirements
from lBe Table 2306.4.1, which gives allowable shear values for short-time duration
loads due to wind or earthquake. For example, select 15/32 structural I sheeting
(plywood) with 10d common nails having a minimum penetration of 1-1/2 inches
34
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2.4
into 2x members with 6-inch spacing of fasteners at panel edges; allowable shear of
340 plf.
E"
Thus :
8125.88 Ib ft - 25,200 Ib ft + 9.4 ft(T) = 0
T = 1816.39 Ib tension
C(9.4 ft) = 0
Thu s:
c = 4295 Ib compression
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The tension value is used for the selection of the pre-manufactured hold-down
elements. Manufacturer's catalogs commonly list hold-down sizes with their "1.33 x
allowable" capacity values. Here the 1.33 value represents the allowed Load Duration
factor for resisting seismic loads. This is not considered a stress increase (although it
has the same effect). Therefore, the catalog "1.33 x allowable" capacity values may
be used to select the appropriate hold-down element.
Equations 12.4-1 and 12.4-2 for E create algebraic sign problems in the
load combinations. It would be preferable to use
E = pQ + 0.2 SDsD
and use E in the load combinations.
2006 IBC Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Vol. I
35
11.4
For a given building site, the maximum conside red earthquake spectral response
accelerations S, at short periods, and S) at I-second period are given by the acceleration
contour maps in 22. This example illustrates the general procedure for determin ing the
design spectral response parameters Sos and SDl from the mapped values of Ss and 8). The
parameters Sos and So, are used to calculate the design base shear in 12.8 and the Design
Response Spectrum in 11.4.5.
Note that by far the most accurate, easiest, and most effic ient way to obtain the spectral
design values is to use the USGS website iwww.eqhazmaps.usgs.govr. Given the longitude
and latitude of the site, the website provides va lues of Ss and S). The site longitude and
latitude can be obtained from an internet site such as u\I~"H'. geocode.com " by simply inputting the address.
From u\I'lI'\I'. geocode.com " it is determ ined that a building site near Sacramento, California
is located at Latitud e 38. 123 North and Longitude - 121.123 (or 121.123 west). The soil
profile is Site Class D.
D
[!.J
!TI
[!J
36
s,
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SOl
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,..
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1 1.4
Code.8eference "
11.4.1
5s = 46.2%g = 0.462g
5,
20.3%g = O.203g
response accelerations
From the USGS for the given site class D, and Ss = 0.462g, 5\ = O.203g, the site coefficients
are as follows
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Fa = 1.58
TII.4-1
= 1.99
T 11.4-2
F,.
The adjusted maximum conside red earthqu ake spectral response accelerations (based
11.4.3) are also given on the CD ROM as follows
011
(EqI1.4-1)
S'/I =F,S,
(Eq 11.4-2)
= 1.99(O.203g) =0.404g
I
2006 lac Stru ctural/S eismic De sign Manu al, Vol. I
37
1 1. 4
=-2
SMS
(Eq 11.4-3)
'J
SOl
1l.4.4
(Eq 11.4-4)
1l .4.5
For periods less than or equal to To, the design spectra l response shall be given by
So
SDS
0.6-
r:
T + 0.4 Sos
I
1
(Eq 11 .4-5)
For periods greater than or equal to To and less than or equal to T" the design spectral
response acceleration So shall be taken equal to Sos
For periods greater than T:" and less than TL , the design spectral response acceleration Sa
shall be given by
Sa = (SOI) / T
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(Eq 11.4-6)
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T,
Tt.
38
O. I I sec
SOl / 50s
0.27 / 0.49
0.55 sec
8 sec
(F 22- 15)
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11 A
Thus:
T
=Period
ScJg
0.00
0.11
0.55
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
2.00
Computation for Sa
0.4 (0.49)
0.49
0.27 /0.55
0.27 / 0.8
0.27 / 1.000.27 / 1.2
0.27 / 1.4
0.27 / 1.6
0.27 /2.0
0.18
0.49
0.49
0.34
0.27
0.23
0.19
0.17
0.135
S. in g 's
0.5
S DS
= 0.4 9g
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.18
... .....
0. 1
0.2
To =0.11 sec
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
... ...
...
-... - ... -
1.6
1.8
2.0
T, =0.55 sec
39
11.4
I
Calculation of seismic response coefficient Cs (Recall Soil Site Class D,
f = 1.0 and T= 0.60)
12.8.1
The seismic response coefficient shall be determined by
C,
SDS I (RIl)
0.49 I (6.0/1.0)
(Eq 12.8-2)
SDI I (RIlE) T
(Eq 12.8-3)
0.01
40
= 0.5S 1 I (RIl)
(Eq 12.8-5)
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12.3.2.2
-,':
'.
12.3.2.2
Tab le 12.3-2 defines vertical structural irregularities and assigns analysis and design
procedures to each type and seismic design category. These irregularities can be divided into
two categories. The first, dyn amic force-distribution irreg ularities, which are Types Ia, Ib, 2,
and 3. The second, irregularities in load path or force tran sfer, which are Types 4 and 5. The
vertical irregularities are
Ia. Stiffness Soft Story Irregu larity
Ib. Stiffness Extreme Soft Story Irregularity
2. Weight (mass) irregularity
3. Vertical geometric irregu larity
4. In-plane discontinuity in vertical latera l-force-resisting element
Sa. Discontinu ity in Lateral Stength - Weak Story Irregularity
5b. Discontinui ty in Lateral Strength - Extreme Weak Story Irregularity
Structures in Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F possessing dynamic force distribut ion
irregularities shall be analyzed using the dynamic analysis procedure (or moda l analysis
procedure) prescribed in 12.7. (Refer to Tab le 12.6.1) Structure Description 3. The vert ical
force distribution provided by 12.8.3 may be assumed to be adequate for structures lacking
vertical irregulari ty Types Ia, Ib, 2, and 3. However, stiffness and mass discontinuities may
significantly affect the vertical distribution of forces and, for this reason the modal analysis
procedure, which can account for these discontinuities, is necessary.
Although designers may opt to use the dynamic analysis procedure and bypass checks for
irregularity Types Ia, Ib, 2, and 3, the reference sections listed in Tab le 12.3-2 should still be
checked for limitations and design requirements. Note that 12.3.3.1 prohibits structures with
vertical irregularity Types Ib, Sa, or 5b for Seismic Design Categories E and F.
Regular structures are assumed to have a reasonably uniform distribution of inelastic
behavior in elemen ts throughout the lateral- force-resisting system. When vertical irregu larity
Types 4 and 5 exist. there is the possibility of having localized concentrat ions of excessive
inelastic deformations due to the irregular load path or weak story. In this case, the code
prescribes addi tiona l strengthening to correct the deficienc ies for structures in cert ain seismic
design categories (SDCs) . In the case of vertical irregularity Type 5b, limits are placed on the
building height for all SDCs except S DC A.
2006
lac
41
Ex ample 4
12.3.2.2
&le4
.Vertical Irr egularity Type 1a a nd Type 1b
12.3.2 .2
~ [';'==::;-1';::=::::::;11-
F, - . .
i:
.
DD /
DD ./ ,
DD .I,'
F, - . .
0 " . 2.02
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/ :
Triangular
shape
10'
10'
- - - - --;,.
.'"
0', _1.75
"' :
0;\... 1.45
, -..
.'
02" , .0B
' 0'
'-..
' 2'
!",
~r-r---r7Y-.,-"'77',*:"
[!J
"
Actual shape
Determine if a Type 1a vertical irregularity from Table 12.3-2 (StiffnessSoft Story Irregularity) exists in the first story
[L]
Code Reference
2. The lateral story stiffness is less than 80 percent of the average stiffness of the three
stories above.
42
12. 3.2.2
If the stiffness of the story meets at least one of the two criteria above, the structure is
deemed to have a soft story, and a modal analysis (12.9) is generally required by Table
12.6- I.
The definition of soft story in the code compares values of the lateral stiffness of individual
stories. Generally , it is not practical to use stiffness properties unless these can be easily
determ ined. There are many structural configurations where the evaluat ion of story stiffness
is complex and is often not an available output from computer programs. Recogni zing that
the basic intent of this irregularity check is to determ ine if the lateral-force distribution will
differ significantly from the pattern prescribed by 12.8.3, which assumes a prescribed shape
for the first dynamic mode of response, this type of irregularity can also be determined by
comparing values of drift ratios due to the prescr ibed lateral forces. This deformat ion
comparison may even be more effective than the stiffness comparison because the shape of
the first mode shape is often closely approximated by the structure displacements due to the
specified 12.8.3 force pattern . Floor level displacements and corresponding story-drift ratios
are directly available from computer programs. To compare displacements rather than
stiffness, it is necessary to use the reciprocal of the limitin g percentage ratios of 70 and 80
percent as they apply to story stiffness, or reverse their applicability to the story or stories
above. The following example shows this equivalent use of the displacement propert ies.
From the given displacements , story drifts and the story-drift rat io's values are determi ned.
The story-drift ratio is the story drift divided by the story height. These story-drift ra tios will
be used for the required comparisons because they better represent the changes in the slope
of the mode shape when there are significant differences in interstory heights. (Note: story
displacements can be used if the story heights are nearly equal.)
In terms of the calculated story-drift ratios, the soft story occurs when one of the following
cond itions exists.
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s,. - Ii,.
h,
~= o ..
h,
h,
t.,
0,. - 0"
h,
h,
- '=
(0.7 1- 0)
144
= 0.00493
h,
120
43
12. 3.2.2
Ex ample 4
_t:J._, =
Iz,
Ii" - Ii"
s,
(1.75-1.45) = 0.00250
120
0.00289
0.80(~)
= 0.80(0.00493) = 0.00394 > 0.00289 ... NG
h,
.', Soft story exists. . . condition Ia
Alternately: 0.00493 > (0.00289 x 1.20 = 0.00347) . .. thus soft story.
Check for extreme soft story, (Vertical Structural Irregularity, Type l b)
Checking the 60-percent requirement:
0.60(0.00493) = 0.002958 < 0.00308 . . . o. k.
Alternately: 0.00493 > (0.00308 x 1.4 = 0.004312) .. . o.k.
Checking the 70-percent requirement:
0.70 (0.00493) = 0.003451 > 0.00289 . .. NG
Al ternately: 0.00493 > (0.00289 x 1.3 = 0.00375) . .. NG
Thus: Stiffness-Extreme Soft Story exists - condition lb.
44
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Examp le 4
tI
12.3.2.2
Recall from Table 12.3-2 for Ib , extreme soft story, reference 12.3.3. 1. This building is
SOC 0 , and is permitted, Structures having SDC E or F and also having vertical irregularity
Type Ib shall not be permitted.
Commentary
Section 12.8.6 requires that story drifts be computed using the maximum inelastic response
displac ements b.r , which include the deflection amplification factor Cd
s = Cdb.
rr
(Eq 12.8-15)
However, for the purpose of the story drift, or story-drift ratio, comparisons needed for softstory determination, the displacement bxe due to the design seismic forces can be used as in
this example. In the exampl e above, only the first story was checked for possible soft-story
vertical irregularity . In practice, all stories must be checked, unless a modal analysis is
performed. It is often convenient to create tables to facilitate this exerc ise, see Tables 4.1
and 4.2.
Table 4. I Soft-Story Status ln
Leve l
Sto ry
Displacement
Story
Drift
Story-drift
Rat io
Soft Story
Status la
2.02 in
0.27 in
0.00225
0.00180
0.00 158
No
1.75
0 .30
0.00250
0.00200
0.00175
No
3
2
1.45
0.37
0.00 246
0.00216
1.08
0. 37
0.71
0 .00308
0 .0030 8
0.0024 6
0.00 21 6
0.0026 1
No
No
0.00493
0.00 394
0.00345
0 .00289
Yes
Soft Story
Status lb
0.71
Level
S tory
Disp lacement
S tory
Drift
Story-drift
ratio
2.02 in
0.27 in
0 .00 225
0.001 58
0 .00 135
No
1.75
0 .30
0 .00250
0.00175
0.00150
No
1.45
0 .37
0 .00 30 8
0.002 16
0.001 85
1.08
0.37
0.00308
0.71
0 .71
0.00493
0.002 16
0.00345
0.00185
0.00296
No
0 .0026 1
No
0.00289
Ye s
45
12.3.2.2
Example 5
...' a!nple 5
;V~rtical lrregularity Type 2
12.3~2.2
The five-story special moment frame office building has a heavy utility equipment
installation at Level 2. This results in the floor weight distribution shown below.
Ws = 90 k
W,= 110k
W, = 110 k
W,= 100k
[!J
.
Code Reference
A weight, or mass, vertical irregularity is considered to exist when the effective mass of any
story is more than 150 percent of the effective mass of an adjacent story. However, this
requirement does not apply to the roof if the roof is lighter than the floor below. Note that it
does apply if the roof is heavier than the floor below.
Checking the effective mass of Level 2 against the effective mass of Levels 1 and 3
At Levell
1.5 X WI
At Level 3
1.5
1
1
12.3 .2 .2
, ..,
.Commentary
As in the case of vertical irregularity Type la or Ib, this Type 2 irregularity also results in a
primary mode shape that can be substantially different from the triangular shape and lateral
load distribution given by 12.8.3. Consequently, the appropriate load distribution must be
determined by the modal analysis procedure of 12.9, unless the irregular structure is not
more than two stories and is Occupancy Category l or II (see Table 12.6-1).
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2006 lac Structura l/Seismic De sign Manual, Vol. I
47
12.3.2 .2
Ex ample 6
ample 6
Vertic al Irregularity Typ e 3
12.3.2.2
The lateral-foree-resisting system of the five-story specia l moment frame building shown
below has a 25-foot setback at the third, fourth, and fifth stories.
4@2S' -100'
I.....
.....
Level
'/
[!J
....
...-
DDD
DDD
DDD
D.DDD
"/
//"/
//
/ / , /
//, /
Code Reference
A vertical geometric irregularity is considered to exist where the horizontal dimension of the
lateral-foree-resisting system in any story is more than 130 percent of that in the adjacent
story. One-story penthou ses are not subject to this requirement.
In this example, the setback of Level 3 must be checked. The ratios of the two levels are
Width of Level 2 = (lOa ft)
Width of Le vel 3
(75 ft)
= 1.33
48
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12.3.2 .2
,.
Commentary
The more than l3 0-percent change in width of the lateral-force-resisting system between
adjacent stories could result in a primary mode shape that is substantially different from the
shape assumed for proper applications of Equation 12.8- 11. If the change is a decrease in
width of the upper adjacent story (the usual situation), the mode shape difference can be
mitigated by designing for an increased stiffness in the story with a reduced width.
Similarl y, if the width decrease is in the lower adjacent story (the unusu al situation), the
Type la soft-story irregularity can be avoided by a proportional increase in the stiffness of
the lower story. However, when the width decrease is in the lower story, there could be an
overturning moment-load-transfer discontinuity that would require a dynamic analysis per
Table 12.6-1.
Note that if the frame elements in the bay between lines 4 and 5 were not included as part of
the designated lateral-force-resisting system, the vertical geometric irregularity would not
exist.
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49
12. 3.2.2
Ex amp le 7
11
,Ex, mple 7
12.3.2.2
A concrete building has the building frame system shown below. The shear wall
between lines A and B has an in-plane offset from the shear wall between lines C
and D.
rrrT
3@25'=75'
Level
5
12'
4
12'
IE< ----~
'DO' e:
3
25'
12'
--- 0
00
L--
Shear wa ll
50'
12'
Shear wall
1
12'
// '/
[!J
/ ,
'
//
'/
/ /
"/
Code Reference
A Type 4 vertical irregularity exists when there is an in-plane offset of the lateral-forceresisting elements greater than the length of those elements . In this examp le, the left
side of the upper shear wall (between lines A and B) is offset 50 feet from the left
side of the lower shea r wall (between lines C and D). This 50-foot offset is greater
than the 25-foot length of the offset wall clements .
: . In-plane discontinuity exists .
50
s:
12.3.2.2
'"
C;ommentary
The intent of this irregularity check is to provide correction offorce transfer or loadpath deficiencies. It should be noted that any in-plane offset, even those less than or equal
to the length or bay width of the resisting element, can result in an overturning momentload-transfer discontinuity that requires the application of 12.3.3.3. When the offset
exceeds the length of the resisting element, there is also a shear transfer discontinuity
that requires application of 12.3.3.4 for the strength of collector elements along the
offset. In this example, the columns under wall A-B are subject to the prov isions of
12.3.3.3, and the collector element between lines Band C at Level 2 is subject to the
provisions of 12.3.3.4.
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2006 IBC Stru ctlirallSuismic D esign Manual. Vol. I
51
12.3.2.2
Exa mple 8
IE. ampleB
Verfic a l l r r eg ularity Type 5a
12.3.2,,2
A concrete bearin g-wall building has the typical transve rse shear-wall configuration
sho wn be low. All walls in this direction are identical, and the individu al piers have
the shear contribution given below. Then , V, is the nominal shear strength calcu lated in
accordance with Chapter 19, and Vm is defined herein as the shear corresponding to the
development of the "nominal flexure strength also calculated in accordance with Chapter
19." Note that VII/ is not defined in ACI or Chapter 19.
Level
PIER
\In
V",
20 kips
30
15
80
15
30 kips
40
10
120
10
2
3
4
5
[!J
Code Reference
A Type Sa weak-story discontinuity in capacity exists when the story strength is less
than 80 percent of that in the story above. The story strength is the total strength of all
seismic-force-resisting elements shari ng the story shear for the direction under consideration.
Using the smaller values of VII and VII/ given for each pier, the story strengths are
First story strength = 20 + 30 + 10 = 60 kips
Second story strength
= 80 + 10 = 90 kips
Check if first-story strength is less than 80 percent of that of the second story.
60 kips < 0.8(90) = 72 kips
:. Weak story condition exists.
52
12.3 .2.2
Check if first-story strength is less than 65 percent of that of the second story (Irregularity
Type 5b).
60 kips < 0.65(90 kips) = 58.5 kips
:. 60 kips > 58.5 kips
. . Therefore the lower story is not an extreme soft story, Irregularity Type 5b.
Commentary
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12.3.3.1
Example 9
II
Example 9
Verticallrregulaljty Type Sa
12.3.3.1
A five-story building has a steel special moment-resisting frame (SMRF). The frame
consists ofW24 beams and W14 columns with the following member strength
properties.
o
Level
5
12'
-.
12'
3
.. -'
..
12"
2
12'
.....
..
1
14'
//
"/
/ /
//
./
///
[!J
[!J
Code Reference
A Type 5 weak-story discontinuity in capacity exists when the story strength is less than 80
percent of that of the story above (where it is less than 65 percent, an extreme weak story
exists) . The story strength is consi dered to be the total strength of all seismic-foree-resisting
elements that share the story shea r for the directi on under consideration.
To determine if a weak story exists in the first story, the sums of the column shears
in the first and second stories-when the member moment capacities are developed
by lateral loading-must be determined and compared.
In this example, it is assumed that the beam moments at a beam-column joint are
54
12.3.3.1
distributed equally to the sections of the columns directly above and below the joint.
Given below are the calculations for first and second stories.
[!J
....
200
= 250
~)
--...
250
FOR MOMENT
200
Clear height = 14 ft - 2 ft
125~
M. /2
125
=125 kip-ft
L)
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250
'-'
= 12 ft
-125+100
- -- = 187-k'
.) "iPS
12
FOR SHEAR
Mf=100kipft
200 .........
250(+)250
200"-
FOR MOMENT
200.. . . . .
Me = 200 kip-ft
200(+) 200
200'-'
200 r '
Clear height = 14 ft - 2 ft
VB= Vc=
= 12 ft
100 .....J
=100 klp-ft
FOR SHEAR
= 87.5 kips
55
12.3.3.1
Example 9
FOR MOMEN T
""""
200
v
Mb I 2= 125 kip-ft
'-'
125
Clear height
12 ft - 2 ft = 10ft
125
r-FOR SHEAR
V." --
tr
" D-
125
Mb I 2= 125 kip-ft
125"
Check ing columns B and C for strong column-weak beam con siderations
v
Me = 200 kip-ft
Clear height
12 ft - 2 ft
200( +
IO ft
10'
)200
200 ........
200 J1"""'
56
200 ........
200 '-"
FOR SHEAR
Ex ampl e 9
~ Determine
12 .3 . 3. 1
104
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12. 3.2.1
Introduction to
Horizontal Irregularities
1
12.3.2.1
Horizontal structura l irregularities are identified in Table 12.3-1. There are five types of
horizontal irregularities:
la.
lb .
2.
3.
4.
5.
Type 1a and 1b. When the ratio of maximum story drift to average story drift exceeds the
given limit, there is the potential for an unbalance in the inelastic deformation demands at the
two extreme sides ofa story. As a consequence, the equivalent stiffness of the side
having maximum deformation will be reduced, and the eccentr icity between the
centers of mass and rigidity will be increased along with the corresponding torsions.
An amplification factor Ax is to be applied to the accidental torsion M'a to represent the
effects of this unbalanced stiffness, I2.8.4. I to 12.8.4.3.
Type 2. The opening and closing deformation response or flapping action of the
projecting legs of the building plan adjace nt to re-entrant comers can result in
concentrated forces at the comer point. Elements must be provided to transfer
these forces into the diaphragms.
58
2006 IBC Stru ctural/S eism ic Des ign Manu al, Vol. I
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ri3fnple 1
oui on a/Irregulari ty Type 1a a nd ype'lb
12.3.2.1
12.3,,2 .
OR,:!.
= 1.90 in
OL,2 = 1.00 in
OR, l
= 1.20 in
OL.:!
OR,2
Level
----------------->
- ------7
OR ,1
[}J
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Code Reference
A Type 1a torsional irregu larity is con sidered to exist whe n the maxi mum story
drift, includ ing accidental tors ion effects, at one end of the structure transverse to
an axis is more than 1.2 times the average of the story drifts of the two ends of the
structure, see 12.8.6 for story drift determination
59
12.J.2.1
ITI
where
T 12.3-1
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Determining story drifts at Level 2
U al'g
0.20 + 0.70 = 0 45 .
.
In
2
D.
---"!!!!.
60
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12.3.2.1
12 .8.4.3
When torsional irregularity exists at a Level x, the accidental torsional moment M'n must be
increased by an amplification factor Ax . This must be done for each level, and each level may
have a different Ax value. In this example, A., is computed for Level 2.
Note that Ax is a function of the displacements as opposed to/versus the drift.
2
4
' .'
(jmtI.'
(
(!BC Eq 16-44)
1.260 ' 8 )
= bL,]
avg
+ b R.,
2
A , = ( 1.90 )2= 0.98 < 1.0 ... Note Ax shall not be less than 1.0
1.2(1.60)
:. use Ax = 1.0.
Commentary
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In 12.8.4.3, there is the pro vision that the more severe loading shall be considered. The
interpretation of this for the case of the story drift and displacements to be used for the
average values I'l.b",.g and bmg is as follows . The most severe condition is when both bR,X and
bL,Xare computed for the same accidental center-o f-mass displacement that causes the
maximum displacement bmax. For the condition shown in this example where b RX = bma.n the
centers-of-mass at all levels should be displaced by the accidental eccentricity to the right
side R, and both bR,X and bL..r should be evaluated for this load condition.
Table 12.3-1 triggers a number of special design requirem ents for torsionally irregular
struc tures. In fact, if irregularity Type Ib (Extreme Tors ional Irregularity) is present,
12.3.3.1 is triggered, which prohibits such structures for SOC E or F. It is important to
recognize that torsionai irregularity is defined in terms of story drift I'l.." while the evaluatio n
of A.r by Equation 12.8-14 is, in terms of displacements bxc There can be instances where the
story-drift values indicate torsional irregul arity and where the related displacement values
produce an Ax value less than 1.0. This result is not the intent of the provision, and the value
of Ax used to determine acci dental torsion should not be less than 1.0.
The displacement and story-drift values should be obtained by the equivalent lateral-force
method with the code-prescribed lateral forces. Theoret ically, if the dynam ic analysis
pro cedure were to be used, the values of I'l.ma.' and I'l.m.g would have to be found for each
dynamic mode, then combined by the appropriate SRSS or CQC procedures, and then scaled
to the code-prescribed base shear. However, in view of the complexity of this determination
and the judgmental nature of the 1.2 factor, it is reasoned that the equivalent static force
method is sufficiently accurate to detect torsional irregu larity and evaluate the Ax factor.
2006
Vol. I
61
12.3 .2.1
If the dynamic analys is procedure is either elected or required, then 12.7.3 requires the use
of a three-dimensional model if there are any irregularities.
For cases oflarge eccentricity and low torsional rigidity, the static force procedure can resul t
in a negative displacement on one side and a positive on the other. For example, this occurs if
Du = - DAD in. and DR.3 = 1.80 in. The value of Dm'g in Equation 12.8- 14 should be calculated
as the algebraic average .
When dy namic analysis is used, the algebraic average value Dm'g should be found for each
mode, and the individual modal results must be properly combined to determ ine the total
response value for Dm .g
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62
Example 11
orizontallrregularity T}'J e 2
12.3.2. 1
12.3.2.. 1
The plan configuration of a ten-story special moment frame building is as shown below.
1<
0-
0)
4 @l2S= 100'
0-~o
N
@)
0-
c<)
8-
[!J
Code Reference
A Type 2 re-entrant comer irregularity exists when the plan configuration of a structure and
its lateral -foree-resisti ng system contain re-entrant corners, where both projections of the
structure beyond a re-entran t comer are greater than 15 percent of the plan dimension of the
structure in the direction considered.
The plan configuration of this building, and its lateral-force-resisting system, has re-entrant
comer dime nsions as shown. For the sides on line I , the proj ection beyond the re-entrant
comer is
100 ft - 75ft = 25 ft
This is 25 or 25 percent of the 100-ft plan dimension . . . More than 15 percent.
100
For the sides on line E, the projection is
60 ft - 40 ft = 20 ft
63
Exam p le 11
1 2.3.2.1
This is 20 or 33.3 percent of the 60-ft plan dimension . . . More than 15 percent.
~
Whenever the Type 2 re-entrant comer irregularity exists, see the diaphragm design
requirements of 12.3.3.4 for SDC D, E, and F.
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64
Ex ampl e 12
a;8Vple 12
Horizonfal lrregularity
IZ
ype 3
12.3.2.1
12.3.2 .1
A five-story con crete building has a bearin g wall system located around the perimeter
of the buil ding. Lateral forces are resisted by the bearing walls acting as shear wa lls.
The floor plan of the second floor of the building is shown below. The symmetrically
placed op en area in the diaphragm is for an atrium , and has dimensions of 40 feet by 75 feet.
All diaphragms above the second floor are wi thout significant openings.
?~
r
125'
75'
IE
~
~
-b
CD
"
A Type 3 diaphragm discontinu ity irregularity exists when diaphragms have abrupt
discontinuities or va riations in stiffness, including cutout or open are as comprising more than
50 percent of the gross enclosed area of the diaphragm, or changes in effect ive diaphragm
stiffness of more than 50 percen t from one story to the next.
The first check is for gross area
Gro ss enclosed area of the diaphragm is 80 ft x 125 ft
= 10,000 sq ft
65
12. 3. 2. 1
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Find the simple beam mid -span deflec tions L12 and L1J for the diaphragm s at Levels
2 and 3, respectively, due to a common distri buted load IV such as I kif.
w = 1 kif
-.
I
t:.~" '"
,
}
....
. >
~
Deflected sha pe
w =1 kif
t:.~
-- ----
-------~
Denected shape
66
12.3.2.1
.... an Ie -13
rizontallrregularity
TjIj
e4
12.3.2.1
10'
10'
o
I.
10'
10'
0)
I<E
4 @25' o l 00'
<
25'
III
"
2
0)'"
in
'"
[!J
Code Reference
An out-of-plane offset plan irregularity exists when there are discontinuities in a lateralforce path. For example: out-of-plane offsets of vertical lateral- force-resisting elements such
as shear walls . The first story shear wall on line 0 has a 25-foot out-of-plane offset to the
shear wall on line E at the second story and above . This constitutes an out-of-plane offset
irregularity, and the referenced sections in Tab le 12.3.2.1 apply to the design.
: . Offset irregu larity exists.
2006 IBC Structura l/S eis mic Desig n Manual, Vo l. I
67
12.3.2.1
Exa mple 14
Examp le 14
H oriz on ta l Irregularity Type 5
12.3.2.1
A ten-story building has the floor plan shown below at all levels. Special momentresisting frames are located on the perimeter of the building on lines 1,4, A, and F.
00- in~
N
~ @;
~ M
[!J
Code Reference
12.3.4
Ei.rample 15
Redunda ncy Factor p
12.3.4
The calculation of the redundancy factor p has changed considerably between earlier
codes (1997 UBC; 2000 and 2003 1BC; ASCE/SEI 7-02) and the ASC E/SEI 7-05 . Th e
calculation is in some ways simpler, although it nevertheless requir es some effort for
conditions that do not compl y with prescriptive requirements (unless the full penalty is
taken, as described below) .
ASCE/SEI 7-05 permits the redundancy factor to be taken as 1.0 in the following
circ umstances (12.3.4. 1):
I. Struc tures assig ned to Seismic Design Category B or C. (Note that the load
combinations that include the redundancy factor are not used for Seismic Design
Catego ry A.)
2. Drift calculation and P-delta effects.
3. Design of nonstructural components.
4. Design of nonbuilding structures that are not similar to buildings.
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5. Desig n of collector elements, splices and their connections for which the load
combinations with overstrength factor of 12.4.3.2 are used.
6. Desig n of members or connections where the load combi nat ions with overstrength
of 12.4.3.2 are required for des ign.
7. Diaphragm loads determined using Eq. 12.10-1 (note that this does not apply to
forces transferred through a diaphragm, such as due to an out-of-plane offs et in
the seismic load resisting system, and the higher p factor may apply as otherwise
required).
8. Structures with damping systems designed in accordance wi th 18.
Additionally, 12.3.4.2 ident ifies two other conditions in which p may be taken as 1.0.
Note that the criteria for these condi tions need only be met at floor levels in which more
than 35-percent of the base shea r is being resisted; for the top level or levels of taller
structures, the cond itions need not be met. The factor may be taken as 1.0 when either of
the conditions listed below is met. In all other conditions, p is taken as 1.0. There is no
longer a calcu lated p factor between the minimum and maximum value s.
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69
12.3.4
Example 15
II
Reliability/Redundancy Coefficient
Condition I
12.3.4.2(a)
Configurations in which the removal of one element (as described below
in the summary of Table 12.3-3) will not result in an increase of more than 33-percent
reduction in story shear strength or in an extreme torsional irregularity (as defined in
Table 12.3-1).
Summary of Table 12.3-3
Removal of one element is defined as:
EXAMPLE
To illustrate the application of the method for establishing the redundancy factor, the
structure shown in Figure 15.1 will be analyzed.
Wall E
Stiffness K.
Wall F
Stiffness Kf
WaliA
Stiffness Ko
Walle
Stiffness
WailS
Stiffness Kn
WaliD
Stiffness K!
Wall G
Stiffness Kg
Wall H
Stiffness
Figure 15-1
70
x,
x,
12 .3.4
Given information:
SDCD
One story, concrete shearwall building
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For purposes of the required strength of the walls, the redundancy factor must be
determined and used in Equation 12.4-3 to determine the horizontal seismic load effect.
None of the conditions listed in 12.3.4.1 apply, and thus 12.3.4.2 must be used to
determine whether is 1.0 or 1.3.
Because there are two bays of shear wall on each of the perimeter lines of resistance and
the building is completely regular, 12.3.4.2(b) might allow a factor of 1.0. However, the
length of each shear-wall bay is less than the story height, the number of bays as defined
by 12.3.4.2(b) is less than two, and thus the configuration does not automatically qualify
for a redundancy factor of 1.0. The configuration will therefore be analyzed using the
method outlined in 12.3.4.2(a), name ly, by removing a wall and assessing the effect on
story shear strength and on building torsion . In this example Wall C will be removed.
Because of the symmetry of the system, the removal of one wall covers the cases of the
remova l of each of the other walls. In a more typical system, a separate check would need
to be performed for several (or even all) of the walls.
The effect on story shear strength can be considered in at least two ways. The most
conventional way to calculate the modified story shear strength is based on the modified
elastic distribution of forces and the capacity of the most heavily stressed wall. Such an
analysis of the structure with all four bays present shows that the seismic forces in each
line of resistance (including the effects of accidental torsion) are 52.5-percent of the base
shear, with each bay on each line resisting 26.25-percent; this distribution is shown in
Figure 15.2(a). If the stiffness of one line of resistance is reduced by half, the design
seismic forces change to 42-percent resisted on the weaker line and on the stronger line;
this distribution is shown in Figure 15.2(b). Thus the increase in the force on the most
heavily loaded bay is 42%/26.25% = 1.6, and the reduced force level causing yielding of
that wall is 1/1.6 = 62.5%. Using this method, then, the effect on story drift is assessed to
be a decrease in capacity of 100% - 62.5% = 37.5%, and thus the configuration would
not qualify for a p factor of 1.0.
71
12.3.4
Example 15
Reliability/Redundancy Coefficient
23.75%
6.5%
2.5%
2.5%
23.75%
26.25%
31%
6.5%
1
-$-
-$-
26.25%
31%
~ 42 %
6.5%
6.5%
2.5%
2.5%
(b)
(a)
Figure 15-2
R.
Ru = 32.5% R.
n;> 5% R.
n,
R.
~
-$-
-$R.
~j
n, = 5% R.
R u = 5%
R.
R.
~
Ru = 32.5%
R.
(a)
Figure 15-3
72
Ru = 32.5% R.
e, = 32.5% R.
(b)
R.
~ R.
12.3.4
To qualify for a factor of 1.0, the system with one wall removed must also be checked
for an extreme torsional irregularity as defined in Table 12.3-1. For the example, using
the plastic mechanism analysis, the deflection in the direction ofloa ding is R,,1Kn The
additional deflection at each perimeter line due to rotation is 0.325RnlKn This is less than
the 40-percent maximum that is allowed by Table 12.3- 1 before an extreme torsional
irregularity is deemed to exist. Thus, the configuration qualifies for a p factor of 1.0.
73
12.8.7
Ex ample 16
P-delta Effec ts
. xample 16
P.-d Ita ERects
12.8.7
In high-rise building design, 'important secondary moments and addi tional story drifts
can be developed in the lateral-force-resisting system by P-delta effec ts. P-delta
effects are the result of the axial load P in a column being mov ed laterally by
horizontal displacements, thereby causing additional secondary column and girder
moments. The purpose of this example is to illustrate the procedure that must be used
to check the overall stabili ty of the frame system for such effects.
A IS-story building has a steel specia l moment frame (SMF).
The following informa tion is given.
Seismic Use Group I
Seismic Design Category D
R =8
Cc/ = 5.5
1
= 1.0
l:.D
l:.L
W = 8643 kips
3850 kips
VI
~=
hi = 20'
"
0.80
h,
= 20 ft
Deflection at level x = I due to seismic base shear V (without P-delta effects)
Ol e = 0.00311 1 = 0.72 in
[!J
12 .B.7
,
Code Reference
OJ
12 .8.6
where
12 .8.7
6=
where
I
I
I
I
I
I
P-,
!:J. = initial design story drift in story x occurring simultaneously with CdT!,
height of story x
C:
75
12 .8. 7
Ex ample 16
Pdelta Effects
12.8.7
Section 12.8.7 requires that the total vertical load P l at the first story be considered the
total dead J:.D plus floor live J:.L and snow load S above the first story. These loads are
unfactored for determination of P-delta effects.
I
I
J
For story x = I,
I
I
I
= 0.5 =
8
lII ax
~Cd
0.5
~=
0.80
= 0. 1136
(0.80)(5 .5)
(Eq 12.8-17)
12.8.7
When 8 > 0.10, the initial design story drift and design story shear must be augmented
by the incremental factor ad related to P-deita effects
ad=
~=
1-8
\.0
= 1.\15
1-0.103
76
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12.B.7
12. 8.7
T 12.12-1
,
Commentary
In 12.8.7 the P-delta effects on the design story drift and the design story shear are
evaluated by the follow ing procedure:
I.
Given the initial design story drift /:;" = 0.,- 0".1 at story x: compute for each story x
the stability coefficient 8x given by Equation 12.8- 16. For each story where 8., is
equal to, or greater than 0.10, compute the corresponding incremental factor relating
to P -delta effects ad = 1/( I - 8.,). This factor accounts for the multiplier effect due to
the initial story drift /:;., leading to another increment of story drift, leading to another
story drift, which would lead to yet another increment, etc. Thus both the drift and the
shear in the story would be increased by a factor equal to the series of I + 8 + 8 2 + 8 3
+ ---, which converges to 1(1 - 8) = ad. As a resu lt the initial story drift /:;" and story
shear V, need to be multiplied by the factor ad to represent the total final P-delta
effect.
2.
The fina l resulting story drift IJ. ~ = ad IJ.., need s to comply with the drift limitations of
12 .12.
3.
In each story requiring consideration of P-delta effects the initial story shears are
increased to
ad V" . The structural elements must be designed to resist the
resulting final story shears, overturning moments and element actions.
I
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,':=
Some computer programs for frame analysis state that P-delta effects are incl uded directly in
the analysis. The engineer should verify that the total gravity load employed and the method
used in these programs will provide results that are essentially equivalent to the augmented
story shear method described above.
The provisions in 12.8.6 and 12.8.7 for the evaluation of the final story drifts state that the
final story drift shall be ad times the initial drift IJ..
However, in a multi-story building having 8 > 0.1 in more than one story, the initial story
shears in these stories are increased by the ad factor. This is equivalent to an added latera l
load equal to (a d-I) V, applied to each story level having 8 > 0.1. Therefore the new story
drifts in the stories below would be inc reased not only by their own ad but by the added
lateral load effect from the stories above; thus , the fina l drifts should be found by a new
analysis with the added lateral loads equal to (ad - I) V" along with the initi al lateral loads on
the frame.
2006 la c Structural/S eism ic Design Manual, Vol. I
77
12.8.1
ii~ample 1 7
12.8.1
Find the design base shear for a 5-story steel special moment-resisting frame building
shown below .
The following information is given.
Seismic Design Category D
S DS =
0.45g
I
I
I
60'
SOl = 0.28g
J
= 1.0
R =8
W = 1626 kips
11" = 60 feet
[L]
c,
[I]
Code Reference
12.8.2.1
T; =
(Eq 12.8-7)
12.8.1
C = S os = (0.45) = 0 0561
s
(R)
J
78
(8) . 1.0
(Eq 12.8-2)
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Example 18
12.8.2.1
Setback
k--J
33'
-'-
- '- - '-
L-
L.-
L.-
h = 33 feet
CT = 0.016 ; x = 0.9
To = CT(hnY = 0.0 16(33)9 = 0.37 sec
[!J
44'
29'
29'
I~~f"
~ TYP'
60'
<
IE
Front wall elevation
45'
For this structure, CT may be taken as 0.020 and x may be taken as 0.75, the values for "all
other buil dings"
81
12. 8.2.1
~ Tilt-up building
Consider a tilt-up building 150 feet by 200 feet in plan that has a panelized wood roof and
the typical wall elevation shown below.
'- .
.
20'I ~I
I
E
4t"" ,~'"
,
15'typ
CT = 0.020; X = 0.75
I
This type of structural system has relatively rigid walls and a flexible roof diaphragm.
The code formula for period does not take into consideration the fact that the real
period of the building is highly dependent on the roof diaphragm construction. Thus ,
the period computed above is not a good estimate of the rea l fundamental period of
this type of building. It is acceptable, however, for use in determining design base
shear.
comm'fmtaf)'.
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)
82
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Example 19
II
Exam Ie 19
Simplified I ernettve Structura l Design Procedure
12.14
12.14
Determine the seismic base shear and the seismic lateral forces for a three-story wood
structural panel wall buildin g using the simplified alternative structural design procedure.
The following information is given.
Occupancy Category I
S DS
1.0
6X
TI( f
20'
Level
W = 750 kips
20'
Effective
Seismic
Weight, w,
150 kips
12'
300 kips
12'
300 kips
12'
[}J
[}J
12.14.1.1
Light-framed cons truction not more than three stories, or other buildings with bearing walls
or building frame systems not more than three stories, can use the simplified alternat ive
method when general conditions are satisfied.
83
12.14
12.14.7.1
12.14.7.2
I
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1.2(1.0)(750 kips)
6X
=
@J
138.5 kips
F =" V
x
(Eq 12.14-10)
~~~
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F2 =
750
12.8
Commen tary
The follo wing is a comparison of simplified base shear with standard design base
shear. The standard method of determining the seismic base shear is
v=csw
(Eq 12.8-1)
wher e
(Eq 12.8-2)
84
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12.14
1
The distribution of seismic forces over the height of the structure is
Fx =
C.~V
(Eq 12.8-11)
where
(IBe Eq 16-42)
2: w,h;
i.. 1
Note: distribution exponent k = 1.0 for structures having a period of 0.5 second or
less.
Level .r
h,
"'xlix
w,h.
U',
F,
Fju '.
}: wi"i
3
2
I
36 fl
24
12
150 kips
300
300
5 ,400 kip-It
7 .200
3.600
38.4 kips
5 1.2
25.6
0.333
0.444
0.222
L ~
L II',", 16.200
0.278
0.185
0.093
115.4
The seismic base shear Vand lateral forces F" at each level except the roof are all less
than the simplified method , see table below . The principal advantage of the simplified
method is that period T need not be calculated and design story drift (). may be taken
as I percent of the story height, 12.14.7.5.
Level x
Lateral Force F.
Standard
Simplified
27.7 kips
55.4
55.4
3
2
Total
138.5
38.4 kips
51.2
25.6
115.2
% Difference
72
108
216
120
85
12.2.3.1
Example 20
!~ample 20
'12.2.3.1
[!J
no factor,
Cd
Code Reference
R =6.0
nu
= 2.0
Cd = 5.0
P = 1.0
Special steel moment frame
R = 8.0
no= 3.0
C = 5.5
P = 1.0
This combined system falls under vertical combinations of 12.2.3.1. Because the rigid
framing system is above the flexible framing system, the exception for a two-stage analysis
in 12.2.3.1 cannot be used. Therefore, the structure in this direction must use the lowest
R = 6.0 and the largest no = 3.0. Recall that lithe floor and roof diaphragms could be
considered to be flexible, n u would be 2.5, per footnote g, Table 12.2-1.
86
Example 20
If
12.2.3.1
= 1.0
[!J
Applicable criteria.
T his is a vertical combination of a flexibl e system over a more rigid system.
Under 12.2.3.1, a two-stage static analysi s may be used, provi ded the structures
conform to the following four requirements.
Seism ic Design Catego ry B
Concrete specia l reinforced conc rete
mome nt-frame
R
=8.0
.00 = 3.0
C = 5.5
P = 1.3
Stiffness upper portion = 175 kip-in
T upper = 0.55 sec
T eoll/billed
= 0.56 sec
Shear walls
87
12.2.3.1
Example 20
R =6.0
no=2.5
Cd =5
P = 1.0
Stiffness = 10,000 kip-in
rlo"er
= 0.03 sec
Also note R is different for bearing wall systems versus building frame systems for special
reinforced concrete shear walls, see Table 12.2-1.
1
J
I
Check requirements of 12.2.3.1 for a two-stage analysis
a. The stiffness of the lower portion is at least 10 times the stiffness of the upper
portion. For multi-story upper or lower portions , the stiffness should be the
stiffness of the first mode.
10,000 kip-in > 10(175) = 1750 kip-in ... o.k.
b. Period of entire structure is not greater than l.l times the period of upper structure
considered a separate structure fixed at the base.
0.56 sec < 1.1 (.55) = 0.61 sec . . . o.k.
I
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c. Flexible upper portion supported on the rigid lower portion shall be designed as a
separate structure using appropriate values of Rand p.
d. Rigid lower portion shall be designed as a separate structure using appropriate
values of Rand p. Reactions from the upper structure shall be determined from
analysis of the upper structure amplified by the ratio of Rip of the upper structure
over Rip of the lower structure. This ratio shall not be less than 1.0.
88
I
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12.2.3.1
=8.0
=3.0
= 1.3
- -.......
r VIrum.
Amplified Vllil m
8.0 /1.3
=- -
Vllilme
=1.03
Vllilme
6.0/1.0
The reactions from the upper portion shall be determined from the analysis of the upper portion
amplified by the ratio of (Rip) for the upper portion over (Rip) of the lower portion.
Note that for the basic seismic load combinations the factor p must still be applied to forces
corresponding to V lower.
89
12.2.2
Example 21
Exam p l e 21
gombina tion of F!"aming Systems in Differ~nt Directions
") : ' .
12.2.2
J
_ - - Shear wall
---G
Typ ical floor Plan
Lines A and D are special reinforced concrete shear walls (bearing wall system)
R = 5, Q" = 2.5, Cd= 5, Table 12.2-1 (AI)
Lines I, 2, and 3 are special reinforced concret e moment frames
R =8.0, QQ= 3.0, Cd = 5.5 Table 12.2-1 (C5)
Determine the R value for each direction
90
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,.
.Calculations and Discussion
.,
12 .2.2
Code Reference
The provisions of 12.2.2 require that where different seismic-foree-resisting systems are
used along the two orthogonal axes of the structure, the appropriate response modification
coefficient R, system overstrength factor Q o' and deflection ampl ification factor Cd for each
system shall be used.
Use R = 5.0, Q o = 2.5, and Cs = 5 for the north-south direction.
and R = 8.0, Q o = 3.0, and Cd = 5.5 for the east-west direction.
I
~'.
Commentary
Note that since this is SDC D, ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls are not permitted.
91
12.2.3.2
..
EX~mple22
..
12.2.3.2
'-
-,
-
'--
-'Roof Plan
[!J
Code Reference
When a combination of structural systems is used in the same direction, 12.2.3.2 requires
that (except for dual systems and shear wall-frame interactive systems) the value of R used
shall not be greater than the least value of any system utilized in that direction.
: . Use R = 3.5 for entire structure.
Commentgl'Y
An exception is given for light frame , flexible diaphragm buildings of Occupancy Category I
or Il two stories or less in height. However, to qualify as a flex ible diaphragm, the lateral
deformation of the diaphragm must be more than two times the average story drift of the
associated story; see definition in 12.3.1.3.
92
12.B.l
and
,--i)-() -
SOl
R
/
(0.28)
~ (0.75)
0.0467 for T S. TL
(Eq 12.8-3)
1.0
(Eq 12.8-4)
C, = 0.01
(Eq 12.8-5)
In addition, for structu res located where S, is equal to or greater than 0.6g, C, shall not be
less than
C = 0.5S,
(~)
(Eq 12.8-6)
12.8.1
I
I
I
I
=C,W
=
0.0467(1626 kips)
75.9 kips
(Eq 12.8-1)
ComtnimtcJry
The So, value of 0.28g given in this example is based on an S, value of 0.2I g. If the S,
value were to have been equal or greater than 0.6g, then the lower bound on C, is
0.5/S,
- RCs >
z-:
(Eq 12.8-6)
79
12.8.2.1
'. ample 18
Appro~imate Fundamental Period
12.8.2.1
Determine the period for each of the structures shown below usi ng the appropriate
fundament al period formula
(Eq 12.8-7)
The coefficient CT and the exponent x are dependent on the type of structural system used.
[!J
[!J
@J
Tilt-up building
Code Reference
[!J
12.8.2.1
C r = 0.028; x
= 0. 8
-,-
96'
Supe rslructu re
Grad e
,
22'
_L
Note : In the SEAOC Blue Book, base is defmed as the level at which earthq uake
motions are considered to be imparted, or the level at which the structure, as a
dynamic vibrator, is supported. For this structure the solution is the same.
80
Basemenl
Exampl e 23
Vertical Distribution of Seismic Force
12.B.3
12 .8.3
IV = 3762 kips
C, = 0.062
R = 8.0
level
= 3.0
= 1.0
T = 1.06 sec
Q"
?I fI T
I
(
27'
0) EO
27'
):
Story
weight
2 14k
12'
8
4 OSk
4 QSk
4 O~
5 54k
' 2'
' 2'
' 2'
4 22k
4 22k
440k
12'
'2'
' 2'
' 2'
4 65k
20'
//
" 1' /
1' /
~ / / /I' /
Total
3762 kips
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'/
[!J
Determine V
[!J
Determine V
12.8-1
This is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of the structure. It is determined
as follows
(Eq 12.8-1)
93
12. 8.3
Ex ample 23
Find
I
I
r, at each level
where
=
I'X
lVxhl
(Eq 12.8-12)
2: IV; hi
I
]
i- I
LJ lV /Ii
i- I
12.8.3
Find the distribution exponent k
The distribution exponent k is equal to 1.0 for buildings having a period of T s 0.5 seconds,
and is equal to 2.0 for buildings having a period oi T>: 2.5. For intermediate value of the
building period, k is determined by linear interpo lation.
Thus:
2.5
2.0
...
1.5
."
e
1.28
'C
~
0-
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.06
1.5
2.0
2.5
I
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I
I
Exponent, k
J
94
12 .B.3
Now:
for
= 1.06 sec
= 1.0 + (1.06 _ 0.5) (
I
)
2.5 -0.5
= 1.28
k
Use:
@J
= 1.28
Equation 12.8-12 is solved in the table below given V= 233.8 kips and k = 1.28
".f
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U'.
Level X
ii,
( ft)
(kips)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
116 ft
104
92
80
68
56
439
382
326
273
214
405
405
405
584
44
32
20
222
173
127
84
46
wxhx
W./I.~
C~ , = - I
LW/l i
F. = CV
(kips)
kip-It
422
440
465
93.946
154.710
132.030
110.565
129.648
73.006
53.594
36.960
21,390
0. 116
0. 192
0.169
0. 137
0. 161
0.09 1
0.067
0.04 6
0.027
27.3
44.8
38.3
32. 1
37.6
21.2
15.5
10.8
6.2
~ =3762
~ = 806.289
1.004
233.2
422
F/ w. = Su
0.127
0.1 II
0.094
0.079
0.064
0.050
0.037
0.024
0.013
Commelltary
Note that certain types of vertical irregularity can result in a dynamic response hav ing a load
distribution significantly different from that given in this section . Table 12.6- I lists the
minimum allowable analysis procedures for seismic design . Redundancy requ irements must
also be evaluated once the type oflateral-force-resisting system to be used is specified,
because this may require modification of the building framing system and vertical
distribution of horizontal forces as a result of changes in building period T.
Often, the horizontal forces at each floor level are increased when p is greater than 1.0. Th is
is done to simplify the analysis of the framing members. The horizontal forces need not be
increase d at each floor level whe n p is greater than 1.0, provided that, when stre ss check ing
the individual mem bers of the lateral-foree-resisting system, the seismic forces are factored
by p. When checking building drift, p = 1.0 (12.3.4.1) shall be used.
2006
95
12. 8. 3
Exampl e 23
Structu res that have a vertical irregularity of Type Ia, Ib, 2, or 3 in Table 12.6-1, or plan
irregular ities of Type l a or Ib in Tab le 12.6-1, and having a height exceeding five stories or
65 feet may have significantly different force distributions. Structures exceeding 240 feet in
height shall require dynamic analysis. The configuration and final design of this structure
must be checked for these irregularities. Most structural analysis programs used today
perform this calculation, and it is rarely necessary to manually perform the calculations
shown above . However, it is recommended that these calculations be performe d to confirm
the computer analysis and to gain insight to structural behavio r. Note that ( So )max is
approximately twice C , and S" = r <pSa from a modal analysis.
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96
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EKa mp!e 2 4
:Horizontal Distribution of Shear
12.BA
12.8.4
A single-story building has a rigid roof diaphragm. See appendix to this example for a
proc edure for the distribution of lateral forces in structures with rigid diaphragms and
cross walls and/or frames of any orientation . Lateral forces in both directions are resisted
by shear walls. The mass of the roof can be consid ered to be uniformly distributed, and in
this example, the weight of the walls is neglected. In actu al pract ice, particularly with
concrete shear walls, the weight of the walls should be included in the determ ination of
the center-of-mass (CM).
The following information is given.
Design base shear: V = 100 kips in north-south direction
Wall rigidi ties: RA = 300 kip/in
RB = 100 kip/in
Rc = RD = 200 kip/in
Center-of-mass: X m= 40 ft, Ym = 20 ft
Ana lyze for seismic forces in north -south direc tion.
y
0
-,
A
40'
~",,
Roof diaphragm
YR
X
)
c
BO'
IE
)1
Roof plan
97
1 2.B.4
OJ
[3J
[I]
~ode
OJ
Reference
I
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I
12 .8.4.1
eccentricity e = X m
- XR
= 40 - 20 = 20 ft
The seismic force V app lied at the CM is equivalent to having Vapplied at the CR
together with a counter-clockwise torsion T. With the requirements for accidental
eccentricity es, the total shear on walls A and B can be found by the addition of the
direct and torsional load cases .
98
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VO.A
VO,S
D
/ r
rr:
CR
20'
;20'
60'
VT, a
T= V(e:: eecc)
fa
VT,C
0.11
V
D.n
@J
VT,O
A l ~ CR~
20'
...;
VT,A
1 2. 8A
R
A
RA + RB
RD
RA + Rn
X (V)
(V) =
300
.
x 100 = 75.0 kips
300 + 100
100
x 100 = 25.0 kips
300 + 100
v'
T.A
~'
T.B
= V (e+e"cJ(xR)(R A )
j
99
12.8.4
Example 24
V;
\~.B
(NOTE: Th is is not the design force for Wall A, as accidental eccentricity here is used to
reduce the force).
The resulting displacem ents b', which for this single-story building are also the story
drift values, are
b'
V~ = 52.5
RA
=
V~
0. 18 in
47.5 = 0.48 in
100
I
I
I
0.48 in
:. Extreme Torsional Irregularity Type Ib exists. (See Example 26) Assum ing
SDC D, structural modeling must include 3 dimensions per 12.7.3, and
diaphragm shear transfer forces to collectors must be increased 25 percent per
12.3.3.4.
Section 12.8.4.3 requires the evaluation and application of the torsional amplification
factor
(IBC Eq 16-44)
Note: the factor Ax is not calculated iteratively (i.e., it is not recalculated with amplified
torsion).
300
RB
b"4'
b.,.,
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I
12.B.4
The most severe total shears result from the use of V [e - .{,ed CC ] for VT,A and
V [e + A,eacc ] for VTB
V T.A
V T,B =
13.24 kips
24 3 k'
.
IpS
v:, =
V D_, - VT.A =
VB = V D .B
V T,B =
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COmmentary
Section 12.8.4.2 requires that the most severe load combination for each element shall be
considered for design . This load combination involves the direct and torsional shears,
and the "most severe" condition is as follows.
I. Where the torsional shear has the same sense, and is therefore added to the direct shear,
the torsional shear shall be calculated using actual eccentricity plus the accidental
eccentricity to give the largest additive torsional shear.
2. Where the torsional shear has the opposite sense to that of the direct shear and is to be
subtracted, the torsion al shear must be based on the actua l eccentricity minus the
accidental eccentricity to give the smallest subtractive shear.
The 12.8.4.3 requirement to multiply only the accidental torsion al moment by Ax differs
significantly from the 2000 !Be. It restores the requirements of the 1997 UBC and 1999 Blue
Book.
I
I
2006 IBC Str uct ural/Seismic D esign Manual, Vol. I
101
12.8.4.3
12 .8.4.3
This example illustrates how to include the effects of accidental eccentricity in the lateral
force analysis of a multi-story building. The structure is a five-story reinforced concrete
building frame system. A three-dimensional rigid diaphragm model has been formu lated
for the evaluation of element actions and deformations due to prescrib ed loading conditions.
Shear walls resist lateral forces in both directions.
f f f
4 @J20'=80'
- g
II
@-M
IN
The lateral seismic forces Fein the north-south direction, structure dimensions, and
accidental eccentricity eacc for each Level x are given below.
Level.\"
5
4
3
2
I
F.
110.0 kips
82.8
65.1
42. 1
23.0
L.
80.0 ft
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
X es
24.2 ft
25. 1
27.8
30.3
3 1.5
=0.05L.r
4.0 ft
4.0
4.0
4 .0
4.0
In addition, for the given lateral seismic forces F, a computer analysis provides the
following results for the second story. Separate values are given for the application
of the forces F, at the centers of mass and the O.05Lx displacements as required by
12.8.4.2. In this example, it is assumed for simplicity that the location of the centerof-mass CAtf.e is congruent with the center of rigidity at the level in question , resulting
in zero inherent at torsion.
102
I .
Example 25
II
12.8.4.3
Force F~ Position
x ,~
X rl - e... r
185.0 kips
115.0 kips
0.35 in
0.62
0 .80
1.31
Level 2 displacement 5 8
196.0 kips
104.0 kips
0.37 in
0.56
0.85
1.1 8
X r~
+ 00
e...-.:
174.0 kips
126.0 kips
0.33 in
0.68
0.75
1.44
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Code Reference
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VA
196.0 kips
VB
126.0 kips
0.68 in
0.68 + 0.33
2
0.51 in
103
12.8.4.3
li"",.
Ax
(Eq 12.8-14)
Where:
1.44+0.75 = 1.10 in
2
1.44
((1 .2)(1.10)
)= 1.19 in
'
e"cc
10 4
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Example 25 Amplification
ct Accidental Torsion
12.8.4.3
,9 gmmentary
Example calculati ons were given for the second story. In practice, each story requi res
an evaluation of the most severe element actions and a check for the torsional irregularity
condition.
If torsional irregularity exists and Ax is greater than 1.0 at any level (or levels) ,
a second torsional analysis must be performed using the new accidental eccentricities.
However, it is 110/ required to find the resulting new Ax values and repeat the process a
second or third time (until the Ax converges to a constant or reaches the limit of 3.0). The
results of the first analysis with the use ofA., are sufficient for design purposes.
While this example involves wall shear evaluation, the same procedure applies to the
determination of the most severe element actions for any other lateral-foree-resisting
system having rigid diaphragms.
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When the dynamic analysis method of 12.9 is used, all the requirements of horizontal shear
distribution, given in 12.8.4, including torsion calculations that may be accounted for by
displacing the calculated centers of mass of each level (12.8.4.1 and 12.8.4.2) also apply .
However, 12.9.5 states that amplification of accidental torsion, need not be amplified by Ax
where accidental torsional effects are included in the dynamic analysis model. Only the
accidental torsion is required to be amplified if torsional irregularity exists . Also note that Ax
is not required to exceed 3.0.
105
12.3.3.3
Example 26
ain~/e26
T 12.2-1
12.4.2.3
L~.f
4 ,---------.,....----,
12'
....,.. ~
Shear wall
12'
12'
Column C
24" x 24"
f c =4000
12'
[!J
Required strength
~ Detailing requirements
106
psi
12.J.J.J
Code Reference
This examp le demonstrates the loading criteria and detail ing required for elements
supporting discontinued or offset elements of a seismic-force-resisting system .
Required strength
Because of the discontinuous configuration of the shear wall at the first story, the first
story columns on lines A and D must support the wall elements above this level. Column
C on line D is treat ed in this example. Because of symmetry, the column on line A would
have identica l requirements.
Section 12.3.3.3 requires that the column shall have a design strength to resi st special
seismic load combination of 12.4.3.2
12.4.2.3 (Comb. 5)
12.4.2 .3 (Comb. 7)
E.. = Q" QE+ 0.2 SDS D = 2.5( 100) + 0.2( 1.10)(40) = 259 kips
12.4.3.2 (Comb. 5)
12.4.3 .2 (Comb. 7)
where
or
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= 1.2 (40)
P"
and
107
12.3.3.3
Examp l e 2 6
ff
Cotpmentary
To transfer the shears from walls A-B and C-D to the first-story wall B-C, collector
beams A-B and C-D are required at Levell . These would have to be designed
according to the requirements of 12.10.2.
The load requirements of 12.3.3.3 and relat ed sections of the relevant materials chapters
apply to the following vertical irregularities and vertical elements.
DDD
DDD
Transfer
girder
108
12.3.3.3
Oisconllnued
wall
It should be noted that for any of the supporting columns shown above, the load
demand Em of 12.4.3.2 Equations 5 and 7 need not exceed the maximum force that
can be transferred to the element by the lateral-foree-resisting system.
109
fI" '-:-rt:
12.3.3.3
& r'!'!amp
le 2 7
.".
~~/emen ts Supporting Discontinuous Walls
orFrames
12.3.3.3
This example illustrates the application of the requirements of 12.3.3.3 for the allowable
stress design of elements that support a discont inuous lateral-foree-resisting system.
In this example, a light-framed bearing-wall building with plywood shear panels has a
Type 4 vertical structural irregularity in one of its shear walls, as shown below.
The following information is given.
Seismic Design Category C
S DS = l.IO
R
=6.5
no = 3.0
Cd =4
/I = 0.5
Axial loads on the timber column under the
discontinuous portion of the shear wall are
Timber column
[1J
Code Reference
110
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12.3 .3 .3
1
Required column desig n streng th (strength design)
In this shear wall, the timber column carries only axial loads. The appropriate dead,
live, and seismic loads are determined as
D = 6.0 kips
L
= 3.0 kips
or
For the required strength design -strength check, both load combinations must be checked.
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1.2D + L + Em
0.9D - 1.0Em
For strength design, the tim ber column must be checked for a compression load of31.0 kips
and a tension load of 14.3 kips.
In making an allowable stress design check, 12.4.3.3 permits use of an allowable stress
increase of 1.2. The 1.2 stress increase may be combined with the duration ofload increase
described in the NO S. The resulting design strength = (1.2)(1.0)( 1.33) (allowable stress
desig n). This also applies to the mechanical hold-down element required to resist the tension
load.
111
12.3.3.3
or Frames
The purpose of the design-strength check is to confirm the ability of the column to carry
higher and more realistic loads required by the discontinuity in the shear wall at the first
floor. This is done by increasing the normal seismic load in the column QE by the factor
Q o = 3.0 to calculate the maximum seismic load effect Em ( 12.4.3).
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112
le2
oil Pressure At Foundations
2A; 12.13 .4
III
2.4; 12.13.
Geotechnical investiga tion reports usua lly prov ide soil-bearing pressures on an allowable
stress design basis while seismic forces in ASCE /SEI 7-05 and most concrete design
(ACI/318-05, 15.2.2 and R 15.2), are on a strength design basis. The purpose of this
exam ple is to illustrate footing design in this situation.
A spread footing supports a reinforced concrete column. The soil classification
at the site is sand (SW).
The following information is given .
Grade
4'
)J
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11 3
2.4; 12.13.4
[L]
Code Reference
2.4
The seismic-force reactions on the footing are based on strength design. However, allowable
stress design may be used for sizing the foundation using the load combinations given in
2.4.1.
D + 0.7
(Comb. 5)
D + 0.75 (0.7 + L )
(Comb. 6)
0.6D + 0.7
(Comb. 7)
D + 0.75(0.7E)
(Comb. 5)
D + 0.75[0.7(0.75) + L]
(Comb. 6)
0.6D + 0.7(0.75)
(Comb . 7)
Because foundation investigation reports for bu ild ings typically specify bearing
pre ssures on an allowable stress design basis, crit eria for determining footing size
are also on this basis.
=,, +,.
(Eq 12.4- I)
Per 12.4 .2.2, 1' = 0 for determ ining soil p ressure. Equation 12.4 - I reduces to
(Eq 12.4-3)
For the san d class of material and footing depth of 4 feet, the allowable gross
foun dati on pressure pa from a site-specific geotechnical investigation recommendation is
114
2.4; 12.13.4
[3J
1
1
(Comb. 5)
P = D + 0.75[0.7(0.75) + L]
(Comb. 6)
P = 0.6D + 0.7(0.75)
(Comb. 7)
Equation 6 governs. The requ ired footing size is 88 kips/3.20 ksf = 27.5 sf
Use 5 ft, 3-in-square footing. A = 27.6 sf
= I.3D + 0.5L + E
=
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2.3.2 (Comb. 5)
A uniform pressure of 115k/27.6 sf = 4.17 ksf should be used to determine the internal
forces of the footing. (Note that if the footing also resisted moments, the pressure would
not be uniform.)
The other seismic load combination is
P =0.9D +
2.3.2 (Comb. 7)
I
2006 IBC StructuraVSeismic D esign Manu al, Vol. I
11 5
12.8.6
Example 29 Drift
Example 29
Drift
12"B.6
A four-story special moment-resisting frame (SMRF) building has the typical floor
plan as shown below. The typical elevation of Lines A through D is also shown, and
the structure does not have horizontal irregularity Types 1a or lb.
The following information is given .
Seism ic force
Level
DDD
DDD
DDD
12'
12'
12'
12'
Ty pical Elevati on
The following are the deflections (computed from static analysis - effects of P-delta have
been checked) bxe at the center-of-mass of each floor level. These values include both
translational and torsional (with accidental eccentricity) effects. As required by 12.8.6.2,
b.~c has been determined in accordance with design forces based on the computed
fundamental perio d without the upper limit (CI/Ta ) of 12.8.2.
11 6
Example 29 Drift
Level
0"
1.51 in
1.03
12.B.6
3
2
.63
.30
[L]
[!J
Code Reference
12.B
These are determined using the Ose values and the Cd factor
o = CA,
I
= 5.56" = 5.50
1.0
.r
CEq 12.8-15)
se
The refore:
Level
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3
2
0.(1'
1.51 in
1.03
0.63
0.30
6,
8.31 in
5.67
3.47
1.65
~J =
117
12.8.6
@J
Example 29 Drift
12.12.1
For this fou r-story building with Occupancy Importance Category I, 12.12.1, Table 12.12-1
requires that the design story drift /1 shall not exceed 0.025 times the story height.
For story 3
/1J
2.20 in
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12 .1 2
lEJralnple 30
*12.12
For the design of new buildings, the code places limits on the design story drifts, /)..
The limits are based on the design earthquake displacement or deflection Ox and not
the elastic response deflections ext! corresponding to the design lateral forces of 12.8.
In the example give n below, a four-story steel special mo ment-res isting frame (SMF)
structure has the design force deflections oxt! as shown. These have been determined
according to 12.8, using a static, elastic analysis.
Occupancy Category I
Level
4
12'
= 1.0
12'
Cd
D
Deflected
shape '
6. e
2.44 In
1.91
1.36
12'
= 5.5
0.79
16'
P = 1.3
[}J
[}J
ax
12 .8.6
Cd ,rr
(E q 12.8- 15)
1
=
5.5c5.
tr
1.0
5.50
oft!
1 19
12.12
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12.12
For this four-story building in Occupancy Category I, 12.12, Table 12.2-1 requires
that the calculated design story drift shall not exceed 0.025 time s the story height.
For SMF in SDC D, E, and F, this limit is reduced by
p per 12.12.1.1:
!1 S; 0.019211
Levell
For b. = Cl.. - Cl.._I, check actual design story drifts against limits
Level x
C."
4
3
2
1
2.08 in
1.62
1.13
0.65
Ox
11.43 in
8.92
6.24
3.59
D.
Limit
2.51 in
2.76
2.68
2.65
3.59
2.76
2.76
3.68
Status
o.k.
o.k.
o.k.
o.k.
. ,
Whenever the dynamic analysis procedure of 12.9 is used, story drift should be determined
as the modal combination of the story-drift value for each mode.
Determination of story drift from the difference of the combined mode deflections may
produce erroneous results because differences in the combined modal displacements can be
less than the corresponding combined modal story drift.
120
Exal te 31
Vertical Seismic Load Effect
12.4.2.2
12.4.2.2
Find the vertical seismic load effect, E.-, on the non-prestressed canti lever beam shown
below.
The follow ing information is given.
Seismic Design Category D
Beam unit we ight = 200 plf
SDS=
1.0
[!J
[!J
Code Reference
12.4.2.2
= E" + E\O
(Eq 12.4-1)
(Eq 12.4-2)
(Eq 12.4-3)
(Eq 12.4-4)
E" = 0.2SDsD
QE = 0 for verti cal load, giving
E
=0 -
0.2(1.0) D =- 0.2D
121
12..1.2.2
The governing load combination including the upward seismic effect from
2.3.2, (7) is
qe
0.9D + 1.0E
0.9D + (- 0.2D)
=0.7D
= 0.7(200 plf)
=
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= 1.2D + 1.0(0.2)(1.0)D + 0 + 0
=l.4D
= 1.4 (200 pit)
122
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12.4.2.2
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M.4= qe ; = 40~0)2
2000 lb/ft
The beam must have strengths .pll;, and .pM. to resist these actions, and the
actions due to the applicable gravity load combinations.
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20061BC Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Vol.J
123
11.4.5
Exam
. ", p l e 32
'!.esign Response Spectrum
11.4.5
Determine the general design response spectrum for a site where the followi ng
spectra l response acceleration parameters have been evaluated accordin g to the general
procedure of 11 .4.
0.45g
SOl = 0.28g
TL = 8 sec
S DS=
[!J
J
'Calculations and Discussion
Code Reference
Section I J .4.5 provides the equations for the 5-percent damped accele ration response
spectrum Sa for the period T intervals of
---""- =
T, =
S DI
S DS
124
0.2(0.28)
0.45
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11.4.5
Sa
= 0.6
SDS T+ OASDS
= 0.6
g
(0.45 ) T + 0.4(OA5g)
2.
3.
0.12
[2.25T + 0.18]g
Sa
(Eq 11 .4-5)
T"
r.
SDS = 0.45g
For r. <
T:::: TL
- SOl _ 0.28
- --g
Sa - -
4.
For
T~
nsc Eq 16-2 1)
TL
sa -- SDI
TL _ 2.24 g
T2 - ~
From this information the elastic design response spectrum for the site can be drawn as
shown in Figure 33.1 below, per Figure 11.4-1, in ASCE/SEI 7-05
So
0.45g
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0.28g
_ __ :
LI
~0.28g
_
T
0.18g
'--_--'-
To =0.12 sec
.1...-_ - 4 -
Ts =0.62 s ec 1.0
.1..----.
T(sec)
TL = 8 sec
125
12.2.5.1
. example 33
II
Dual Systems
1
12.2.5.1
This example illustrates the determination of design lateral forces for the two basic
elements of a dual system. 12.2.5.1 prescribes the following features for a dual system .
I. Resistance to lateral load is provided by the combination of the moment frames and by
shear walls or braced frames. Recall that the moment-resisting frames provided must be
able to resist at least 25 percent of the design forces.
2. The two systems are designed to resist the total design base shear in proportion to
their relative rigidities.
In present practice, the frame element design loads for a dual system are usually a
result of a computer analysis of the combined frame-shear wall system.
In this example, the Equivalent Lateral-Foree-Procedure of 12.8 has been used to determine
the seismic demand QE at point A in the dual system of the building shown below.
Shear wall
This is the beam moment MQE .
Moment frame
Point A
126
[!J
Design criteria
[!J
V=400kips
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12.2.5.1
CodeReference
Design criteria
According to the two listed requirements, the moment frame must be designed for the
greater value of either the Q E value due to the design base shear V loading on the
combined frame - shear wall system, or the Q~ value resulting from at least 25 percent
of the design forces. Th is 25-percent requirement may be interpreted in two ways.
~ Q~
~ Q~
M~E
O.2~~400) (53.0) =
117.8 kip-ft
127
12 .2 .5. 1
Example 33
Du al Sy st em s
.Comrriel1Jary
Use of a dual system has the advantage of providing the structure with an independent
vertical load-carrying system capable of resisting 25 percent of the design base shear, while
at the same time the primary system, either shear wall or braced frame, carries its
proportio nal share of the design base shear. For this configuration, the code permits use of a
larger R value for the primary system than would be permitted without the 25-percent frame
system .
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Design Criterion la involving the design of the moment frame independent from the shear
wall or bracing system for 25 percent of the design base shear should be considered for highrise buildings . The slender configuration of the shear walls or bracing systems can actua lly
load the moment frame at the upper levels of the combined model, and excessively large
moment frame design actions would result from the use of Design Criterion Ib, where these
.
. I'ie db y -O.25V
large aclions
wou ld be muIlip
VF
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12.1 1
xa
Ie 34
eteret orees for'Olle-Star
12.11
all Panels
This example illustrates the determi nation of the total design lateral seismic force
on a tilt-up wall panel supported at its base and at the roof diaphragm level. Note that the
panel is a bearing wall and shear wall.
For the tilt-up wall panel shown bel ow, determine the out-of-plane sei smi c forces
required for the design of the wall section. This is usually done for a representative
1-foot width of the wall length, assuming a uniformly distributed out-of-plane
loading.
T he fo llow ing information is given.
Top of parapet
4'
Roof
= 1.0
SDS= l.Og
Till-Up panel
20'
[!J
Ground
[!J
Code Reference
12 .11
Under 12. I 1.1, the design lateral loading is determ ined using
Fp = 0.40 SDsI wp
0.1 wp
129
12.11
Ex ample 34
:I
Note that if the diaphragm is flexible , 12.l1.2. 1 requ ires the anchorage force (but not the
wall force) to be incre ased.
The force Fp is considered to be applied at the mid-height (centroid) of the panel, but
this must be uniformly distributed between the base and the.top of parapet.
For the given SDS = 1.0 and J = 1.0, the wall panel seismi c force is
F p = OAO(1.0)(1.0)w = OAOw
The weight of the panel between the base and the top of the parapet is
w\\' =
r
JP
960 Ib/ft
24 ft
= 40.0
lflft
3 20
RR
20'
184 3
Rs
384
Loading
130
Shear (Ib/ft)
Moment Ib-ftIft
12.11
When the uniform load is also applied to the parapet, the total force on the panel is
40 .0 plf/ft (24 ft) = 960 lb
ft
RR= 960(12)
576 Ib/ft
20
13.3.1
This section requ ires that the design force for parapets (note that parapets are classified as
architectural components) be determined by Equation 13.3-1 with the Table 13.5-1 values of
T 13.5-1
z=h
The weight of the parapet is
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Wp
F=
p
0.4 (2.5)(1.0)(1.0)
2.5
(1 + 2 20)w
20
F p = 1.2Wp = 1.2 (400) = 480 lb/ft < 1.6 SDsIpWp = 640 lb/f] . . . o.k.
(Eq 13.3-2)
(Eq 13.3-3)
131
12.11
h = 480
4
4'
480
-960
Moment (lb-fUft)
Shear (Ib/ft)
Loading
..... .
.,.
'I
Note that for a large portion ofthe lower south-east region of the USA (Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana,
Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida) the minimum wind forces may govern over the seismic
forces.
132
12. 11.1
12.1 1.2
This example illustrates determination of out-of-plane seis mic forces for the design
of the two-story tilt-up wall pane l shown below. A typical solid panel (no door or window
openings) is assume d. Wa lls span from floor to floor to roof. The typica l wall panel in this
building has no pilasters and the tilt-up wall s are bearing walls. Th e ro of consists of 1-1/2inch, 20-gage metal deck ing on open web steel joists and has been determ ined to be a
flexible diaph ragm. The seco nd floor consists of I-inch, I S-gage compo site decking with a 2II2-inch ligh tweight conc rete topp ing. T his is considered a rig id diaphr agm .
Th e followi ng information is given.
Seismic Design Category D
S DS
=
=
2'
1.0
Wall
panel
1.0
Wall weight
20'
16'
Wan section
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Code Reference
12.11.1
Requirements for out-of-p lane seismic forces are speci fied in 1620.1.7
r,
45 .2 psf
133
12. 11.1
1 2. 11.2
For a repre sentative 1-foot-wide strip of wall length, Fp is appl ied as a uniform load
~
2'
...
~
~
20'
~
~
....
16'
....
....
For the purpose of wall design, the required shears and moments may be evaluated
by using reaction va lues base d on the tributary area for the l-ft strip
16 ft ) 1"
R 1( - 2-YP= 8(45.2) = 362 1b
R,
[C:) (2;)}';' ~
+
18(45.2)
~ 814 Ib
Note that the 2-foot-high parapet must be des igned for the seismic force F p specified
in 13.3.1, with height z at parapet centroid 37 ft, Gp = 2.5 and Rp = 2.5
[!;]
12.11.2.1
r, = 0.8 8 s/wl\'
D
where
Ww
(Eq 12.11-1)
134
E1Camp/~
12.11.1
12.11. 2
12.11.2
For the case of rigid diaphragms the anchorage force is given by the greater
of the following:
a. The force set forth in 12.11.1.
Wp =
ft
F = 0.4(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) [I + 2
2.5
)
=
0.302Wp
(.!i)]
36
0.302(2034)
IV
p
615 plf
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2006 IBC Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Vol. I
135
12.11.1
12.11 .2
Commentary
For flexible or rigid diaphr agms for all seismic design categories (SDCs), the seismic out-ofplane forces for the design of the wall are not dependent on the height of the wall in
relati onship to the total height of the building, 12.11.
For flexible diaphragms of SDCs A and B, the seismic anchorage forces are given in
12.11.2 and for SDCs C, D, E, and F, the seismic anchorage forces are given in 12.11.2.1.
For rigid diaphragms of SDCs A and B, the seismic anchorage forces are given in 12.11.2.
For rigid diaphragms of SDCs C, D, E, and F, the seismic anchorage forces are given in
12.11.2.
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136
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Example 36
Rigid Equipmen
13. 3. 1
13.3.1
Thi s example illustrates determination of the design seismic force for the attachments
of rigid equipment (see commentary). Att achment, as used in the code, means those
components, including anchorage, bracing, and support mountings, that "attach" the
equipment to the structure.
The three-story building structure shown below has rigid electrical equipment supported
on nond uctile porcelain insulators that provide anchorage to the structure. Identical
equipment is located at the base and at the roof of the building.
Ip
Wp
= 1.1
Wp
Roof
...
r------ -~--
12'
= 1.0
= 10 kips
~ NOndUCljle allachmenls-
Level
2
12'
12'
[!J
Design criteria
[!J
and Discussion
Code Reference
Design criteria
13.3-1
Th e total des ign lateral seismic component force to be transferred to the structure
is determined from
(Eq 13.3-1)
137
13.3 .1
Values of Q p and Rp are given in Table 13.6-1. Also note that for shallow
expansion anchors Rp = 1.5, see 13.4.2.
T 13.6-1
13.3-1
Zx
=0
36
r,
s 0.3 SDs l p W p
S DS Jp W p
(Eq 13.3-3)
Zx
36
Fp
s
P
Wp
(Eq 13.3-2)
pommentary
The definition of a rigid component (e.g. , item of equipment) is given in 11.2. Rigid
equipment (including its attachments; anchorages, bracing, and support mountings)
that has a period less than or equal to 0.06 seconds.
138
13.3 .1
The fundamental period Tp for mechanical and electrical equipment shall be determined by
the formula given in 13.6.2
(Eq 13.6-1)
Where:
g = acceleration of gravity in inches/sec/
Kp = stiffness of resilient support system
Tp = component fundamental period
IVp = component operating weight
The component anchorage design force Fp (i.e., the force in the connected part)
is a function of l/Rp , where Rp = 1.5 for shallow anchors, (see 13.4.2).
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139
13.3.1
13.3.1
This example illustrates determination of the design seismic force for the attachments
of flexible equipment, see commentary. Attachment as used in the code means those
components, including anchorage, bracing, and support mountings, that "attach" the
equipment to the structure.
The three-story building structure shown below has flexible air-handling equipment
supp orted by a ductile anchorage system. Anchor bolts in the floor slab meet the
embedment length requirements. Identical equipment is located at the base and at
the roof of the building.
~ '/DUClileall achmenls
Level
Roof
1. I
= 1.0
= 10 kips
SDS=
Ip
W;
2
12'
'~ wp
[!J
Design criteria
[!J
Code Reference
Design criteria
13 .3.1
The tota l design lateral seismic component force to be transferred to the structure is
determined from
CEq 13.3-1)
140
13.3. 1
Values of ap and Rp are given in Tabl e 13.6-1. Sin ce the equ ipment is flexible and
has limited defonnability elements and attachm ents
ap
= 2.5,
Rp = 2.5
T 13.6-1
36
Section 13.3.1 has a requirement that Fp be not less than 0.3 SvslpWp
r,
Chec k
(Eq 13.3-3)
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= 0.4(2.5)(1.1)(1 0 kip s)
h = 36 ft
(2.5/1.0)
[I + 2 36] = 13.2 ki
36
Sect ion 13.3.1 states that Fp nee d not exceed 1.6 Sos JpWp
Ch eck
Fp
:s 1.6 SvsWp =
CEq 13.3- 2)
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20061BC Structural/Se ismic Design Manual, Vol. /
14 1
Example 37
13.3.1
Flexible Equipment
'commentary
The definition of flexible equipment is given in 11 .2. Flexible equipment (including its
attachments anchorages, bracing, and support mountings), has a period greater than 0.06
second .
It should be noted that the component anchorage design force, Fp (i.e., the force in the
connected part), is a function of l/Rp , where anchorage of any kind is shallow (see 13.4.2).
Generally, only equipment anchorage or components need be designed for seismic forces.
Where the equipment, which can be either flexible or rigid, comes mounted on a supporting
frame that is part of the manufactured unit, then the supporting frame must also meet the
seismic design requirements of 13.3.
Also note that 13.2.1 requires that, "Architectural, mechanical, and electrical components
supports and attachments shall comply with the sections referenced in Table 13.2-1."
Those architectural, mechanical, and electrical systems and their components that are part of
a designated seismic system, as defined in 13.2.1, shall be qualified by either test or
calculation. A certificate of compliance shall be submitted to both the registered design
professional in responsible charge of the design of the designated seismic system and the
building official for review and approval. ICC ES has published Acceptance Criteria (AC
156) that addresses the qualification test to satisfy the referenced code requirements.
A component importance factor greater than 1.0 (Ip = 1.5) is required for the following.
142
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Example 38
II
13.3.2
Exa o11J Ie 38
e a i ve
otion
S uipment
ttachments
13.3.2
Section 13.3.2 requires that the design of equipment attachments in buildings have the
effects of the relative displacement of attachment points considered in the lateral force
design . This example illustrates appl ication ofthis requ irement.
A unique control panel fram e is attached to the floor framing at Levels 2 and 3
of the special steel moment frame building show n below.
The follo wing information is given .
Seismic Design Category D
Occupancy Category II,
(}xAe
Level
I.OR in
,~ r"",
4
12'
0.72 in
by Ae
R
Cd
6 aA
= O.015hx
8.0
5.5
3
12'
s.,
Level
12'
1
12'
-Y..
..
Deflected
shape
Code Reference
= bxA - by A = 1.98 in
Governs
(Eq 13.3-5)
whe re
b xA = b x,.w C d =
5.94 in
bxAe= 1.08 in
C d = 5.50
143
13.3.2
0.72 in
Cd = 5.50
6.1'..1('=
= (x - y ) ---E.t.L
hn
6.48
= (432 - 288) = 2.26
432
(Eq 13.3-6)
where
x
y
!1 a :l
hsx
Thus : D p
36 ft x 12 = 432 in
=24ftxI2=288in
= 0.0 15 h = 0.015 (432) = 6.48 in
= 36 ft x 12 = 432 in
= 1.98 in
13.3.2
A liberal estimate of the moment and shear can be made using the following equations.
57,29
-- -2M -_ - -H
0795
kiipS
.
72
Dp
l<--tf
M~(~_
:
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v ... ~
6EID
M=--P
2
H
M
2M
v=-
The attachment details, including the body and anchorage of connectors, should follow the
applicable requirements of 13.4. For example, if the anchorage is provided by shallow
anchor bolts, then Rp = 1.5.
When anchorage is constructed of nonductile materials, Rp = 1.0. One example of a
nonductile anchorage is the use of adhesive . Adhesive is a "glued" attachment (e.g.,
attachment of pedestal legs for a raised computer floor). It should be noted that attachment by
adhesive is not the same as anchor bolts set in a drilled hole with an epoxy type adhesive.
144
12. 12. 4
12. 12.4
- ".
A two-level concrete parking struct ure has the space frame shown be low . The
designated lateral-force-resisting system con sists of a tw o-bay speci al rein forced
concrete mom ent- fram e (SRCMF) located on each side of the stru cture. The secondlevel gravity load-beari ng sy stem is a pos t-ten sione d flat plate slab supported on
ordinary rein forced concrete columns,
fffff
0- ~~=
0-
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lixc = 0.57 in
R = 8.0
Cd = 5.5
Column section = 12 in x 12 in
Column clear heig ht = 12 ft
Concre te E; = 3 x 10J ksi
1 = 1.25
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ff ?
'-
SRCMF
r:l l J"jV
Elevation L10e E
[!J
145
12. 12.4
Exam ple 39
[!J
Code Reference
12.12.4
Section 2 1. JJ of ACI 318-05 specifies requirements for frame members that are not
part of the designated lateral forc e-resisting system. The ordinary columns located
in the perimeter frames, and the interior flat plate/column system, fall under these
requirements and must be checked for the moments induced by the maximum
inelastic response displacement. For this example, the columns on line E wi ll be
evaluated.
= ei l " = 5.5(0.57 )
I
2.51 in
1.25
(Eq 12.8-15)
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The moment induced in the ordinary column due to the maximum inelastic response
displacement Ox on line E mu st be determined.
For purposes of this example, a fixed-fixed condition is used for simplicity. In actual
applications, column moment is usually determined from a frame analysis.
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h
= 12 ft x
= bd
12 inches = 144 in
12 (12) 3 = 1728 in 4
12
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12
The cracked sec tion moment of inertia Ie can be appro ximated as 50 percent of the
gross section 19 . Section 2 1.1 1 of ACI 31 8-05 impl ies that the stiffness of elements that
are part of the lateral-foree-resisting system shall be reduced - a common approach is to
use one half of the gross section properties. This requirement also applies to elements
that are not part of the lateral-foree-resisting system,
I
. 4
= .s.
= 864 In
2
M eol
= 6(3 x 10
)(864 )(2.51)
(144)2
= 1883 kip-in
E~ample
12.12.4
Gommentary
In actual applications, the flat plate slab must be checked for flexure and punchin g shear due
to gravity loads and the frame analysis actions induced by
ox.
Note that this example problem shows only one way to configure this structure - that is to
combine a ductile SRCMRF with an ordinary, or non-ductile, interior column. ACI
requirements for this configuration stress that the non-duc tile interior column must resist the
structure lateral deformation by strength alone.
However, the code also permits an altern ative way to configure this structure - by combining
the ductile SRCMRF with ductile interio r columns. In this configuration, if interior concrete
columns are detailed according to the requirements of ACI 3 I8 21.11.3, then design
moments resulting from lateral structure seismic displacements need not be calculated for
that column at all.
147
12. 7.4
Example 40
A dj oining !}ligid Elements
12.7.4
The concrete special reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame (SRCMF) shown below is
restrained by the partial height infill wall that is not considered to be a part ofthe seismic
force-res isting system. The infill is solid mas onry and has no prov ision for an expansion jo int
at the column faces. The des ign story drift t; was computed according to the procedure given
in 12.8.6.
I
f
= 2.5 in
Column properties
f: = 3000 psi
E,
Ac
= 3 x 10
= 144
in
Inrlll wall
ksi
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t, = 854 in4
[::LJ
[::LJ
Code Reference
12.7.4
The infi ll wall, which is not required by the desig n to be part of the latera l-force-resisting
system, is an adjo ining rigid element. Under 12.7.4, it must be shown that the adjo ining
rigid element, in this case the masonry infill wall, must not impair the vertical- or lateralload-resis ting ability of the SRCMF columns. Thus, the columns must be checked for
ability to withsta nd the t; displacement of 2.5 inches whi le being simultaneously restrained
by the 6-foot-high infill walls.
148
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[f]
1'.7.4
3)(854)(2
= l2E,Ill. = 12(3 x 10
col
(72)3
11 3
.5)
= 205.9 ki s
P
I,
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V,I
3)(854
12(3 x 10
c"
(144)
)(2.5)
3.3-JJ:.
,Commentary
It is also possib le that the restraint of the infill walls could cause an irregularity, such as a
building torsional irregularity . This should be evaluated if such restraints are present.
149
13.5.3
Exa mp le 4 1
13.5.3
Th is example illustrates the determinat ion of the design lateral se ism ic forc e Fp
on an ext erior element of a building , in this case an exterior wall panel.
A five-story moment frame building is shown below. The cladding on the exterior
of the bu ilding consists of precast reinforced concrete wall panels.
Level
5
12'
= 1.0
1.0
Panel size: I I ft 11 in by 19 ft 11 in
Panel thickness: 6in
Panel weight: Wp = 14.4 kips
Ty pical
exlerior
panel
12'
S DS=
3
12'
2
12'
12'
[!J
Design criteria
[I]
@J
[!J
Design criteria
Code Reference
13.5.3
For design of ext erior elements, such as the wall panels on a building, that are
attached to the building at two levels, design lateral seismic forc es are determined
from Equation 13.3-4. Th e panels are attached at the two elevations ZL and z., '
Th e intent of the code is to pro vide a val ue of F p that represents the average of the
acc eleration inputs from the tw o attachment locations. This can be taken as the average
of the two ~} values at z equal to ZL and z" .
150
1.0, Rp = 2.5
13.S.3
(Eq 13.3-1)
T 13.5- 1
=47 ft
ZL
11
37 ft
= ft
= 0.4(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) [I + 2(47)]
2.5
60
11'
= 0.4 11W
[I 2 60
pL
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Fp~
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Fp~
Fpu + FpL
2
= (0.411 + 0.357) w
2
(Eq 13.3-3)
(Eq 13.3-2)
Check: Fp4
1.6 SDslpWp
=Ilft
ZL
=0
= 60 ft
151
13.5 .3
F
= 0.4( 1.0)(1.0)(1.0) [I + 2 (~)]W
2.5
2.5
60
= 0.21 9 if':
pu
1
Check that Fpu is greater than 0.3 SvsIpWp
J
Fpl = Fp u + FpL = 0.30Wp = (0.30)(14.4) = 4.32 kips
2
(:ommentary
Note that the design of the panel may be controlled by non-seismic load conditions of the
fabrication process, transportation, and installation . Also note that the forces induced by
disp lacement Dp from Equation 13.3-5 need to be checked per 13.3.2.1.
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152
Ex ample 42
xample42
Exterior ons ruc turei
all Elements:
13.5.3
13.5.3
reces Panel
Th is example illustrates the det ermination of the total design seismic lateral force for the
design of the conne ctions of an exterior wa ll pan el to a building.
An exterior nonb earing panel is located at the fourth story of a five-story moment fram e
bu ilding. The panel support system is shown below, where the pair of upper brackets must
prov ide resistance to out-of-plane wind and seismic forces and in-plane vertical and
horizontal forces. Th e panel is supported vertically from these bracket s. The lower pair of
rod connections pro vides res istance to only the out-o f-pl ane forces.
fp
= 1.0
1.0
0.5
Height to roof, h = 60 ft
Panel weight = 14.4 kips
P = 1.0 per 12.3.4.1(3).
Panel live load, L = 0
fi
12'
[!.J
@J
[!.J
Code Re(~relJce
2.3.2
For desi gn of the panel connections to the building, the app licable strength design
load combinations are
153
1J.5.J
Example 42
(Comb. 5)
(Eq 12A-I)
+ 0.2(1.0)D
Q +0 .2D
lAD + Q , for Q and D with same signs and type of load action.
b) 0.9D + 1.0
I
(Comb. 7)
(Eq 12A-I )
1
J
= Q +0.2D
c) 0.9D + 1.0Q
(Comb. 7)
(Eq 12A-2)
In the seismic load combinations, Q is the load action on the connection due to
the lateral load Fp applied either in-plane or out-o f-plane at the panel center-of-mass
per 13.3.
154
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13 . 5.3
z) IV
F = O.4o pSDs l p ( 1+ 2-
(Eq 13.3-1)
(Eq 13.3-3)
n,
Op
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T 13.5-1
47 ft
0.4(1.0) [I + 2 (47)] IV
2.5
60
p
pU
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= 1.0
=ZL
= 37 ft
60
o.k.
155
13.5.3
Ex ampl e 42
Fp u + Fp L = (0.411 + 0.357)
2
2
I'
= 0.384Wp = 0.384(14.)
=
5.53 kips
This force is applied at the panel centroid C and acts horizontally in either the out-ofplane or the in-plane direction.
13.5.2
There are two seismic load conditions to be considered: out-of-plane and in-plane .
These are shown below as concentrated forces , In this examp le, Combination 5 of 2.3.2,
1.2D + QE, is the controlling load combina tion,
g'
I~
_ _-
.._.. ..
5'
I
_ _ _..-
5'
.. .. ..
f- ._ .. _ _ -J
0~
,It
..
g'
I.-
f- . _ .. _ .. _ ..... t -
Fp = 5.5 3 kips
Each bracket and rod connection takes the following axial load due to the
out-of-plane force Fp at center-of-mass
156
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Examplo 42
IR
13.5.3
Each bracket takes the following downward in-plane shear force due to
vertical loads
I AWp
20.16
.
= - - = 10.08 kips
VB = - -
Note that each rod, because it carries only axial forces, has no in-plane,
dead, or seismic loading.
5'
9'
,/
F, = 5.53 kips
5'
Each bracket takes the following in-plane horizontal shear force due to lateral
seismic load
r,
H B =-
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5.53
ki
= =2.77 IpS
Each bracket takes the following upward or downward shear force due to
the reversible lateral seism ic load
FB -- -5(F- p )
18
Each bracket takes the following downward force due to vertical loads:
RB =
1.4Wp
20.16
.
= - - = 10.08 kips
157
13.5.3
Example 42
1
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~ Body of connection
Under 13.5.3 and Tab le 13.5.1 the body of the connection must be designed for
= 1.0 and Rp = 2.5. These are the up and Rp values used for the determination of Fp .
Up
Therefore, there is no need to change the load actions due to this force.
The bracket must be designed to resist the following sets of load actions.
and
H B = 2.77 kips horizontal shear together with
~ Fasteners
Under 13.5.3, Item d., and Table 13.5.1, fasteners must be designed for
u p = 1.25 and Rp = 1.0. Thus, it is necessary to multiply the Fp load actions by
( 1.25)(2.5) = 3.125 because these values were based on ap = 1.0 and Rp = 2.5.
Fasteners must be designed to resist
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and
1 58
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[!J
13.5.3
F asteners
Fasteners in the connecting system must be des igned to resist a force based on
ap = 1.25 and Rp = 1.0
(3. I 25)PR = 3.125(1.38) = 4.31 kips axial load
r
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2006 IBC Structural/Se ismic D esign Manual, Vol. I
159
12.1.3
Example 43
EXa m p le 43
'Bea m H orizonta l Tie Force
12. 1.3
p~~~~~~~ k"
= 1.0
[!J
[!J
Cod~ Reference
= 0.133
SDSW p
or
F p = 0.05H'p
160
12 .1.3
(~O) = 10 kips
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2006 IBC Structural/Seismic Des ign Manual, Vol. I
161
12 .10.2
12.10.2
Collectors "collect" forces and carry them to vertical shear-resisting elements. Collectors are
sometimes called drag struts. The purpose of this example is to show the determination of the
maximum seismic force for design of collector elements. In the example below, a tilt-up
building, with special reinforced concrete shear walls and a panelized wood roof, has a
partial interior shear wall on Line 2. A collector is necessary to "collect" the diaphragm loads
tributary to Line 2 and bring them to the shear wall.
The following information is given .
3
100'
Occupancy Category I
50'
50'
--l-_-u--Colleclor
R =5.5
no = 2.5
1 = 1.0
8 DS = 1.20
Roof dead load = 15 psf
Wall height = 30 ft, no parapet
Wall weight = 113 psf
lI=j::============!l
Roofplan
k""Shear walls
By inspection, for the one-story shear wall build ing, Equation 12.8-2 will govern.
Base shear = V=
W=
(Eq 12.8-2)
DS W = 0.2 l 8W
R
structure weight above one half hi
Interior
shear wall
50'
Collector
[!J
162
C!.J
12.10.2
Code Reference
12.10.2
The seismic forc e in the collector is made up of two parts : I) the tribut ary out-of-plane
wall forces, and 2) the tributary roof diaphragm force. The paneli zed wood roof has been
determined to be flexible ; thus the tribut ary roof area is taken as the IOO-foot by 50-foot
area shown on the roof plan above. Seism ic forces for collector design are determined from
Equat ion 12.10-1 used for diaphragm design. This equat ion reduces to the following for a
sing le story structure.
F,
=-w,
WI
Fp l max
0.3 Sp,lWpx =
O.30Wpx
1.2 S p,
= V
W
x
giving:
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Fp 1
= -Wpl =
Wpl
Wp l
0.218Wp l
12.10.2
I
2006 IBC Structural/Seismic Design Man ual. Vol . I
163
12.1 0.2
Given the force Fpl specified by Equation 12.10-1, the collector elements, splices , and their
connections to resisting clements shall have the design strength to resist the earthquake loads
as defi ned in the Specia l Load Combinations of 12.4.3.2.
The governing load combination is
1.2 D + 0.5L + Em
2.3.2 (Comb . 5)
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1
where
(Eq 12.4-5)
Here, Q is the horizontal collector desig n force
Fpl =
I
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The strength design of the collector and its connections must resist the following load
components.
n "Q = 2.5(53.3) = 133.25 kips axial tension and compression load
and vertica l downward load equal to
1.2D + 0.5L + 0.2 D = 1.4 D + 0.5 L
with
3525 lb
which is applied as a uniform distributed load w = 3525/50 ft = 70.5 plf on the 50-foot
length of the collector element.
:'l
Commentary
,.
Note that 12.4.3.1 specifies that the term noQ in Equation 12.4-7 need not exceed the
maximum force that can be delivered by the lateral-force-resisting system as determined by
rational analysis . For example, the overturning moment capacity of the shear wall can limit
the required strength of the collector and its connection to the shear wall.
1 64
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Out-at-Plene Wall Anch orage of Concrete or Masonry Walls to FlexIble Dia phragms
Example 45
12. 11.2
12. 11.2. 1
am le45
Out-of..Plane Wall Anchorage of Concrete or
Masonry Walls to Flexible Diaphragms
12.. 11..2 and 12.11.2.1
For the tilt-up wall panel shown below, the seismic force required for the design of
the wall anchorage to the flexible roo f diaphragm is to be determined. This will be
done for a representative I-foot width of wa ll.
The following information is given.
Top of parapet
4'
F. n: l +---+
Roof
J
= 1.0
SDS
= 1.0
Panel thickness = 8 in
Normal weight concrete CI50 pet)
20'
~ ~
Ground
[!J
Design criteria
[!J
Code Reference
Design criteria
12.11.2.1
Because of the frequent failure of wall/roof ties in past earthquakes, the code requires
that the force used to desig n wall anchorage to flexible diaphragms be greater than that
given in 12. I 1.2.1 for the desig n of the wall panel sections . The following equation is
to be used to determine anchor design forces, with minimum limit given in 12.11.2.
Fp
CEq 12.11-1)
0.8 SDS!ElVl\'
WI\'
is the weight ofa I-foot width of wa ll that is tributary to the anch or.
1 65
12.11.2
12. 11 .2. 1
IV w
= 150C~)(4 ft + 10 ft)(I
For the given values of Sos = 1.0 and 1= 1.0 , Equation 12. 11-) gives
Fp = 0.8( 1.0)( 1.0)wp = 1.2wp
= 0.8(1400 )
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166
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I
ample 4 6
all nchorage to Flexible
iap ragms
12 .11.2.1
12.11.2.1
Th is example illustrates use of the allowable stress design proced ure for the design of
stee l and wood elements of the wall anchorage system in a building with a flexible roof
diaphragm.
Th e drawing below shows a tilt-up wall panel that is connected near its top to a flexible
roof diaphragm. The anchorage force has been calculated per 12.11.2.1 as Fonch = 1680 lb/ft.
The wall anchorage connections to the roof are to be provided at 4 feet on center.
Wall panel
[IJ
[IJ
Code Reference
The steel hold-down elements of the anchorage system resist only the axial anchorage
load and there are no dead or live load effects.
167
12.1 1.2.1
Example 46
J
J
The allowabl e stress design axial load requirement for each pair of hold-down elements is
0.7 = 0.7PE 0.7(6720) = 4800 lb
From the manufacturer's catalog , select a hold-down element having a capacity of at least
J
4800 lb = 2400 Ib
2
The hold-down detail must provide both tensile and compress ive resistance for this load.
Whenever hold-downs are used in pairs, as shown in the wall-roof tie detail above, the
throug h-bol ts in the subpurlin must be checked for double shear bearing. Also, the paired
anchorage embedment in the wall is likely to involve an overlapping pull-out cone
condition in the concrete : refer to ACI 3 I8 Append ix D for design requirements.
When single-sided hold-downs are used, these must consider the effects of eccentricity.
Generally, double hold-downs are preferred, but single-sided hold-downs are often
used with all eccentricities fully considered.
PE = (1680)(4) = 6720 lb
Using the seismic load combinations of 2.4, select the wood element such that the
allowable capacity of the element, for the combined bend ing and axial stress including
dead and live load effects, can support a axial load of
16 8
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Example 46
l:f
12.11.2.1
1-
Commentary
For comparison , the forces acting on wood, co ncrete, and steel elements are shown below. For wood,
the load is divided by the dura tion fac tor Cd of 1.0 to permit comparison. For stee l, the load is
increased by 1.4 per 12.11.2.2.
ASD
Material
Wood
I
I
Concrete
Steel
0.8SDsIW
1.6
0.5 SoslW
(0.35 SoslW)
0.8 SoslW
N/A
(0 .78 SoslW)
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169
12. 10.1.1
Ex ample 4 7
~ mple 4 7
!#
12.'10. 1.1
cp
200 '
Normal wall
1.0
S DS = 1.0
R =5.0
P = 1.0
Diaphragm weight = 15 psf
Wall weig ht = 80 psf
Roof diaphragm
[!J
170
[!J
12.10.1. 1
Code Reference
12.10.1.1
12.10.1.1 requires that the design seismic force for diaphragms be determined by
n
Fp:r =
2: F,
2:
~=
l t,'px
n
(Eq 12.10- 1)
lV j
i-.t
with limits of
0.2
which for
S DS =
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
are
For a short period single story building, Equation 12.10-1 becomes (see commentary
below for derivation)
F pl
= weight of diaphragm
(1.0)(1.0)
5.0
11'p.t = 0.2
Wpl
Note that the redundancy factor of p is to be applied to the Q load actions due
to Fp l (such as chord forces and diaphragm shear loads in the diaphrag m).
17 1
12.10.1. 1
Commentary
I. The we ight W p., includ es the weight of the diaphragm plu s the tributary weight
of elem ents nonnal to the diaphragm that are one-half story height belo w and
above the diaphragm level. Walls parallel to the direction of the seismic forces are
usually not considered in the.detennination of the tributary roof weight because
these walls do not obta in support, in the direction of the force, from the roof
diaphragm.
2. The sing le-story building version of Equation 16-65 is derived as follows .
m
2: F,
Fps
= ~w
px
2:
(Eq 12.10-1)
Wi
F X = CIX V =
I
I
I
v
n
w,h,
2: W/l:
(Eq 12.8-11 )
i.. 1
where
C,_., =
- J1.(
}\'.r
I , x = 1, and
11
= I
11';
I
I
I
2:
(Eq 12.8-12)
i- I
F) =
W/I,
V= V
w,lz,
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I
1
172
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Examp le 47
12. 10. 1. 1
where
1
I
V= C W = 50 S ! IV
F,
P1
= -
IV
11'
1'1
= -
IV
lV
s!
1'1
5
= -0 - 11'
1'1
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I
17 3
12.10.1
Example 48
ample 48
,De termina tion of Diaphragm Force Fp x : Highrise
t-
12. 0.1
This example illustrates determination of the diaphragm design force Fpx of Equation
12. 10- 1 for a representative floor of a multi-story building.
The nine-story moment frame bui lding shown below has the tabulated design seismic
forces P.r:. These were determined from Equations 12.8-11 and 12.8-12 , the design
base shear.
The following information is given.
Seismic Design Category 0
W = 3,762 kips
C, = 0.06215
8Ds = 1.0
P = 1.3
I = 1.0
T = 1.06 sec
V = CW= 233.8 kips
k = 2 for Eq 12.8-12
Level
1<
27'
*
'1
27':J
Story
1 Weight, kips
12
12'
12'
214
405
405
12'
12'
405
584
422
422
440
465
20 '
/ /
' // / //// // /
/ /
C =
Level x
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
I
Totals:
174
h (ft)
11 6
104
92
80
68
56
44
32
20
13456
10816
8464
6400
4624
3136
1936
1024
400
I\'
kips
214
405
405
405
584
422
422
440
465
3,762
II'h
2879584
4380480
3427920
2592000
2700416
1323392
816992
450560
186000
18,757,344
vr
WJ l"
t
L I\'.h.
,
I
0.153
0.233
0.183
0.138
0.144
0.071
0.044
0.024
0.010
' /
FI
Fx =Cl.rV
35.8
54.4
42.8
32.3
33.7
16.6
10.3
5.6
2.3
233.8
IV
0.167
0.134
0.106
0.079
0.058
0.039
0.024
0.013
0.005
[I]
1Z. 10. 1
Code Reference
12.10-1
Seismic forces on the floor and roof diaphragm are specified in 12.10-1. The following
equation is used to determine the diaphragm force Fpx at Level x
(Eq 12.10-1)
For Level 7, x = 7
p7
Check limits:
0.2 SDsIwpx
I,
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I
I
0.4 SDsIwpx
0.2wpx
O.4wpx
175
12.12.3
i#.a.~ple 49
..
12.12.3
SUilding Separations
Building separations are necessary to prevent or reduce the possibility of two adjacent
structures impacting during an earthquake. Requirements for building separations are
due to the prescribed
given in 12.12.3. In this example, the static displacements
lateral forces of 12.8 and information about each structure are given below. Note that
the displacements given are at the plan view edges of the building.
oxe
--.-----r-1~ ~aralion
""'~
II
Structure 2
Structure J
Levelr
0..
1.38 in.
1.00
0.47
0.75 in
0.35
0
R= 6
C,/ =5
o
Structure 1
Structure 2
[!J
[!J
[!J
12.12.3
Expansion joints are often used to break a large building or an irregular building into
two or more parts above the foundation level. This effectively creates separate structures
within the same building. The code requires that the structures be separated by the
amount OMf
where
176
OMI =
0,"12 =
~aximum
12.12.J
where
s _ )
U/d-
Ux
CJ 6,n.
max - -
(Eq 12.8-1)
/-
I2.8.6
For Structure I
s,
U '\(I -
C~2J _ 5.5(1.0) - 5 5 .
-
/- -
- . in
1.0
(Eq 12.8-15)
For Structure 2
I
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I
6MT
I 2.I2.3
6U T
9.25 in
177
912.12.3
12.12.3
(Eq 12.8-15)
Structure I must be set back 7.59 inches from the property line, unless a sma ller
separation is justifie d by a rati onal analys is ba sed on maximum ground motion s.
Such an analys is is difficul t to perform, and is ge nerally not requ ired except in very
special cases.
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178
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Ex ample 50
Example 50
Flexible onbuildiJ1Jg'
1 5. 5
15,,5
TUC UTe
A tall steel bin tower is supporte d by a con crete found ation. The tower sits on
symmetrically braced legs
The following information is given.
Seismic Design Category D
Weight of towe r and maximum
normal operating co ntents = 150 kips
Occupancy Category III
Site Class D
I = 1.25 per Table 11.5-1
S, = 1.70, S, = 0.65
SDS = 1.20, SD/ = 0.65
The stiffness of the supporti ng
tower is 8.30 kip/in
Determ ine the following.
[TI
Period of vibration
[TI
Period of vibration.
For calculation purposes, the mass is assum ed to be located at the top of the tower.
The period must be determined by 15.4.4.
/f
n
T = 2n - = 2n
k
1 36
=.
sec
Because the period is greater than .06 second, the vessel does not qual ify as a rigi d
nonbuilding structu re and thus is considered flexible. See 15.4.2.
17 9
15.5
It should be noted that the value of the period, T, should not be calculated using any
of the approximate methods in 12.8.2.1, nor is it intended to be subject to the limitations
presented in 12.8.2. This is because the approximate method presented is intend ed for
buildings and is not applicable to structural systems that differ significantly from typical
building configurations and characteristics. Refe r to Section CI 09.1.4 of the 1999 SEAOC
Blue Book for further discussion.
I
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]
SDS
R /I
= 0.50
1.2
R = 3.0
Q o = 2.0
CD = 2.5
I = 1.25
(Eq 12.8-2)
SDS =
T
T
T
T
15.4-2
15.4-2
15.4-2
11.5-1
The value of C, computed in accordance with Eq. 12.8-2 need not exceed
S
DI
=0.199
CR t!)T
(Eq 12.8-2)
where
SOl = 0.65
R = 3.0
I = 1.25
T = 1.36 sec
where
SDS=
I =
180
1.20
1.25
(Eq 12.8-5)
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15. 5
c, =
0.5S,
(RI l)
= 0.135
(Eq 12.8-6)
where
SI =0.65
R = 3.0
[
= 1.25
Thus: C,
= 0.199
governs
Also note that if this tower (Occupancy Category 11) were located on a site with mapped
maximum considered earthquake spectral response accele ration at I- second period S"
equal to or great er than 0.75g, it would be assigned to SDC E (11.6). Thu s, the height
would be limited to 100 ft per Tabl e 15.4-2.
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2006 IBC Structural/Seism ic D esign Manual, Vol. I
181
15.0
I;xaniple 51
Lateral
Force on Nonbuilding Structure
,,--
15.0
A nonbuilding structure with a special reinforced concrete mom ent frame (SRCMF)
supports some rigid aggregate storage bins. Weights U~ and W2 include the maximum
normal op erating weights of the storage bins and contents as well as the tributary
frame weight. See 15.4.1.1 and Table 11.5. 1
The follow ing information is given.
Occupancy Importance Category 1"
1 = 1.0
Level
2
Site Class D
2.0, Sf = 2.0
S Ail = 1.5, SI = 1.0
S DS = 1.33
SOl = 1.00
T = 2.0 sec
TV = 300 kips
S MS=
15'
F, _ - - .
[!J
30'
[!J
Code Reference
15.4
Because this is a flexible structure, (i.e., the period T > 0.06 sec, see 15.4.2, and the
structu re is similar to a building, see 15.4. 1) the general expressio ns for design base shear
given in 12.4 and 15.4 must be used. Note that an interm ediate reinforced concrete
moment frame (lRCMF) building structure is not permitted for SDC D, E, or F per Tab le
15.4. 1. Also note that the value for R is 8 for normal design of an SRCMF.
The total base shear in a given direction is determined from
(Eq 12.8- 1)
V= CsW
where
C,
S DS
(R I I)
182
(1.33) = 0.166
(8.0) 1(1 .0)
(Eq 12.8-2)
15.0
where
5DS = 1.33
R =8
I
1.0
The value of C., computed in accordance with Equation 12.8-2 need not exceed
C,
SOl =
(1.0)
for T :::J L = 0.063
(R II)T (8/ 1.0)2.0
(Eq 12.8-3)
where
5D/ = 1.0
R = 8.0
I = 1.0
T =2 .0
Check T'S TL = > TL = 12.0 sec
(Region 1, F 22-16)
(..!-)
(R I I)
(Eq 12.8-6)
1.0
where
5, = 1.0
R =8
Note 5, 2: 0.6g
I = 1.0
T =2.0
I
\
I
I
Thus: C, = 0.063
(Eq 12.8-1)
12 .8-2
The design base shear must be distributed over the height of the structu re in the
same manner as that for a building struc ture.
r, = c, V=
C.~
( 18.9 kips)
(Eq 16-41)
I
2006 lac Structural/Se ismic Design Manual, Vol. I
183
15.0
]
where
J
C"., =
CEq 12.8-11)
' " W il l
Lj- I "
where
and
and
J
J
Thu s:
I
I
K
2.0
1.01--_ _ -
Now for T
= 2.0
.5
1.0
sec
184
2.0
2.5
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15.0
1
Sto ry Shears (k
Height
= 1.75)
Weight
I
Story
Force
Story
Shear
V,
Level
Iz:r
!t.t
W,
W.Jl.f
C,x
F,
2
1
45
30
781.85
384 .56
200
100
156369.45
38455.83
0.803
0.197
15.17
3.73
300
194825.28
1.00
Note: k = 1.75
It, in feet
W, in kips
15.17
18.9
Sa
0 .076
0.037
18.9
c, = W,h; /
194825.28
F, = C,., (18.9)
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2006 IBC Structural/Se ismic Design Manual, Vol. I
185
15.4 .2
'~ample 52
15.4.2
The code has special requi rements for the determination of seismic forces for design
of rigid nonbuilding structures. In this example, rigid ore crushing equipment is supported
by a massive concrete pedestal and seismic design forces are to be determined.
The following information is given.
SOS = 1.33
1.0
0.02 sec
100 kips
W SUPPORT = 200 kips
W EQUlPAfENT =
30'
20'
Grade
[!J
[3J
15.4.2
(Eq 15.4-5)
186
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(Eq 12.8-1 1)
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Example 52
15. 4.2
(Eq 12.8-12)
Weight
Height
I
I
I
Iz x
h.t
W,
W.Jlx
e ll.>;
2
1
30
20
30
20
100
200
3000
4000
0.429
0.571
300
7000
1.00
c,
Story
Shear
F,
v,
Level
Story
Force
51.25
68.45
51.35
119.7
Sa
0.516
0.342
119.7
1-rr,lzx
Sa = Fx / fV, .. nPSa
= effective story acceleration
187
15.7.6
Example 53
, ~ample 53
.!In
15.7.6
A small liquid storage tank is supported on a concrete slab. The tank does not contain
toxic or explosive substances.
The following informati on is given.
SDS=
I
W
I3J
'C~/c;yla tions
[!J
1.20
= 1.0
Weight of tank and
max imum normal
operating contents
= 120 kips
= 0.50 inch
=
20'
Slab
Grade
and Discussion
15.7.6
Code Reference
The tank is a nonbu ilding structure, and seismic requirements for tanks with
supported bottoms are given in 15.7.6. This secti on requires that seismic
forces be determined using the procedures of 15.4.2.
The period may be computed by other rational methods, similar to Example 51
where
= 20 ft
L
D
= 10ft
LID = 20/10 = 2.0
w
= W/L = 120,000 Ib/20 = 6000 plf
= 0.50 in
I
6000(10)
wd
1,440,000
(0.50/12)
t
188
Now:
15. 7. 6
V =0.3SDsIW=0.36W
=
(Eq 15.4-5)
where
SDS= 1.20
I = 1.00
W = 120 kips
The design lateral seismic force is to be applied at the center-of-mass of the tank and its
contents. Note that the center-of-mass of the contents and of the tank do not normally
coincide. The distribution of forces vertically shall be in accordance with 12.8.3.
Commentary
The procedures above are intend ed for tanks that have relati vely small diameters (less
than 20 feet) and where the forces generated by fluid-sloshing modes are small. For large
diameter tanks , the effects of sloshing must be considered. Refer to American Wate r Works
Association Standard ANSI! AWWA D100 "Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage," or
American Petroleum Institute Standard 650, "Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage" for more
detailed guidance.
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189
IBC 180B.2.23.1
Example 54
ample 54
Pile Interconnections
IBC'1808.2.23.1
A two-story masonry bearing wall structure has a pile foundation, Piles are located
around the perimeter of the building. The foundation plan of the building is shown
below.
The following information is given.
Original grade
2'0"
2' 0"
Dead
Load
Reduced
Live Load
3
10
46 kips
58
16 kips
16
~
A
a<0
Seismic QE
N/S
E/W
14 kips
14
0
0
f f f
4 11iI 2S'
= 100 '
:=lA
0
II
- a@)
'"
N
10
11
Foundation plan
[!J
Interconnection requirements
[!J
190
Example 54
Pilc Interconnections
..
[!J
IBC 1BOB.2.23.1
Code Reference
IBC 1808.2
The code requires that individual pile caps of every structure subject to seismic forces be
interconnected with ties. This is specified in 1808.2.23.1. The ties must be capable of
resisting in tension and compression a minimum horizontal tie force equal to 10 percent of
the larger column vertical load. The column vertical load is to be considered the dead,
reduced live, and seismic loads on the pile cap. An exception to 1808.2.23.1 allows use of
"equivalent restraint" which , in this example, is provided by the confinement of very dense
granular soil at the site.
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[!J
1 91
IBC 1808. 2. 23 .1
Example 54
Pile Interconnections
1,200 plf
-.-
E--------,
Equivalent restraint system in plan
::::~::::
~:::::::::::~
2'0"
6.2'
.....
......
::::.~::::: ::::~
--'<-
~--4
800 psflf!
Normally, buildings on pile foundations are required to have interconnecting ties between
pile caps. This is particularly true in the case of high-rise buildings and buildings with heavy
vertical loads on individual pile caps. Ties are essential in tall buildings. Ties are also
necessary when the site soil conditions are so poor that lateral movements, or geotechnical
hazards, such as liquefaction, are possible.
In the design of relatively lightweight one- and two-story buildings, the exception to the
interconnecting tie requirement of 1808.2.23.1 may permit a more economical foundation
design. However, when interconnecting ties are omitted, a geotechnical engineer should
confirm the appropriateness of this decision, and the project specifications should call for
the back-fill and compaction methods necessary to provide required passive pressure
resistance.
192
Example 55
aStory
BUildings
6.4
~l
The following is an example of the simplified wind load procedure of ASCE/SEI 7-05.
Calculate the wind loads on the following building.
Dimensions :
Exposure:
Enclosure:
F 6-1
6.5.6
6-2
Topography: Height of adjacent hills is less than 60 feet - Wind speed-up effects not a concern.
(6.5.7.1.5) x; = 1.0
Structure:
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I
The structure is an X-braced steel frame with evenly distributed braces on all four
exterior walls. The second floor is concrete slab on metal form deck on steel floor
beams. The roof is metal roof deck on steel joists on steel joist girders.
Design Method:
To utilize ASCE/SEI 7-05 Simplified Procedure (Method 1) all ofthe following
criteria must be met.
1) With no breaks in the roof or floor (structural separations) the diaphragms are
simple, as defined in 6-2
2) The building height is less than 60 feet and least horizontal dimensions
3) The building is enclosed and not prone to wind-borne debris
4) The building is regular shaped
5) The building is rigid with a period less than I second
6) The site is not subject to wind speed-up effects
7) The building is symmetrical
8) For a building with well distributed MWFRS torsional load case in note 5 of
Figure 6-10 will not govern the design. Therefore design by Method 1 6.4
193
6.4
25'
[!J
Edge Strip
[1J
194
Ex ampl e 55
6 .4
3ft
Therefore :
J
Tran svers e MWFRS - 90 mph, E xposure B, Height 25.0
Type
Zone
Surface
End
Horiz
Int
End
Ven
Int
Label
W all
Roof
Wall
Roof
Wind
Lee
Wind
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Lee
P IJ O
Roof Angle
0'" to 5'"
12.8
8.5
-15.4
-8.8
-10.7
-6.8
A
HI. & Exp.
Factor
rt
Topographic
1
Import.
Factor
Factor
K:1
A 1.00
A 1.00
A 1.00 - 12.8 psf
No Roof Projection for Flat Roofs
A 1.00 I A 1.00 IA 1.00 I ~
8.5 psf
Nn Roof Proiection for Flat Roofs
A 1.00
A 1.00
A 1.00 - - 15.4 psf
x 1.00
A 1.00
A 1.00 -8.8 psf
1.00
1.00
A
A
A 1.00 = -10.7 psf
A 1.00
A 1.00
A 1.00 6.8 psf
Type
Zone
P 130
Surface
Label
Wall
Roof
Wall
Roof
Wind
Lee
Wind
Lee
A
B
12.8
8.5
Base
Press.
End
Horiz
Int
End
Vert
Int
D
E
F
G
H
15.4
-8.8
-10 .7
-6.8
p,
Design
Pressure
A
HI. & Exp,
rt
x;
p,
Topographic
Import.
Design
Pressure
Factor
Factor
Factor
A 1.00
1.00
A 1.00 - 12.8 psf
No Roof Projection in Lonaitudi nal Direction
A 1.00 I A 1.00 I )" 1.00
8.5 psf
No Roof Pro 'ecticn in Lonzitudinal Direction
).
A 1.00
1.00
A 1.00 - -15.4 psf
A 1.00
A 1.00
A 1.00 - -8.8 psf
A 1.00
A 1.00
A 1.00
-10.7 psf
A 1.00
A 1.00
A 1.00
-6.8 psf
=
-
195
6.4
In addition, the minimum load case from 6.4.2.1 .1 must also be checked. App ly a load of 10
psf on the buildin g projection on a vertica l plane normal to the wind. In other words , create a
load case with all horizontal zones equal to 10 psf, and all vertical zones equal to O. Check
this load case as an independent case, do not combine with the case from 6.4.2.1. It should
be applied in each direction as well.
196
1
1
EYsmple 55
6. 4
<:
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~f"'enc.
Being Evacuated
Corner
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Accordi ng to 6.1.1, all "bu ildings .. ..and all components and cladding" must be designed for
wind loads. Therefo re, all parts of the exterior building envelope and any load paths, that are
not part of the main wind-force-resisting system (lateral frame), should be designed as
Components and Cladding (C&C) . For buildings such as this that qualify under 6.4.2.1, the
C&C can be designed using 6.4.2.2, Eq 6-2.
Look up the base pressures directly from Figure 6-3, then modify for Height, Exposu re, Topography
and Importance Category. With the mean roof height of25 feet and the exposure being "B," the
Height and Exposure Adjustment Factor from Figure 6-3 = 1.00. Since the building is a leve l site
from 6.5.7, K, = 1.0, and for a Building Category II , the Importance Factor f lO' = 1.00.
197
6.4
Example 55
Zo ne
Item
EfT
Wind
Direction
Interpolation
= 25.0 ft
Pnl:tJO
Base
Press
Area
Ku
HI. &
Exp.
Topo.
I
Imp ort.
Design
Factor
Factor
Pressure
P JJO
Factor
Deck
Screw
Positive
< 10 sf
Ne gative
Positive
Int
( I)
Roof
Dec k
Joist
Deck
Screw
'",
"0
0
Edge
(2)
12 sf
Negative
> 100
x 1.00
x 1.00
+5. &
-14.5
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.0 0
- 14.5
+4 .7
+4 .7
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
-13.3
< 10 sf
+5.9
-24 .4
+5.&
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
+5.9
-24.4'
+5 .&
-23.9
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
-23.9
+4.7
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
+4 .7
Negati ve
Positive
None Required
10 s f I 20 sf
12 sf
-24.4 I -2 1.&
-23.9
No ne Required
sf
Nega tive
None Required
-15.&
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
- 15.&
< 10 sf
Pos itiv e
Negative
+5.9
-36 .&
+5.&
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
+5 .9
-36.8
+5.&
-35.5
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.0 0
-35 .5
Roof
Deck
12 s f
JOiSl
> 100
Negative
Posi tive
None Required
None Required
10 sf
-36.&
20 sf
-30.5
12 sf
-35.5
None Required
+4 .7
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
+4.7*
x 1.00
x 1.00
-15.&
sf
Negati ve
None Required
-15.&
x 1.00
None Required
< 10 sf
Posi tive
Negat ive
14.6
-15.8
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
14.6
- 15.&
+ 14. 1
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
+ 14. 1
- 15.3
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
- 15.3
+ 14.6
-1 9.5
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
+ 14.6
-1 9.5
+14.1
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
+14. 1
- 1&. 6
x 1.00
x 1.00
x 1.00
- 18.6
Positive
Stud
17.3 sf
Siding
< 10 sf
Negative
Positive
Neg ative
None Required
20 sf
10 sf
17.3 sf
+ 14.6 + 13.9
+ 14. 1
10 s f
20 sf
17.3 sf
- 15.& - 15.1
-15.3
None Required
None Required
10 s f
20 sf
17.3 sf
Posi tive
Int
+ 14.6 + 13.9
+ 14.1
Stud
17.3 sf
(4)
17.3 sf
10 s f
20 sf
Negative
- 19.5
- 1&.2
-1 &. 6
Note. A minimum pressure of 10 psf 15 required per6.4.2.2.1
198
x 1.00
-1 3.3
-;;
:::
+5.&
None Required
None Required
Int
(4)
+5 .9
-14.6
None Required
> 100
Siding
x 1.00
x 1.00
Positive
Negative
Positive
Joist
(3)
x 1.00
x 1.00
Neg ative
Positive
Comer
x 1.00
x 1.00
sf
12 sf
Screw
20 sf
12 sf
10 sf
+5.6
+5.9
+5. &
10sf
20 sf
12 sf
- 14.6 - 14.2
- 14.5
No ne Req uired
+5.9
-14.6
x 1.00
Roof
Deck
Deck
Positive
None Required
Non e Required
I
)
Examp / a 55
6.4
The component and cladding pressures should be applied as described in Figure 6-3
and as shown in the diagram below.
Interior Zones
End Zones
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1
1
199
Example 56
6.4
Per 6.4. 1.1 , for conform ing low-rise bui ldings, wind loads can be determined using simplified
provisions.
1 -
2 -
(0
Typ
3 -
1<
100'
PLAN
/'
WaII mu II"10 ns
spaced 5 ~eel typ
Flexible
Diaphragm
Typ
1/
Longitudinal Elevation
[}J
200
Ex amp l e 56
6A
1
[!J
6.4.1 .1
Yes
6.2
Yes
6.2
3. Building enclosed
Yes
6.2
4. Regular shape
Yes
6.2
Yes
6.2
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Yes
Yes
Yes
Note 5, F 6- 10
F 6-la
F 6-2
K, = 1.0
6.5.7
201
Exam ple 56
6.4
T 6-1
F 6-2
Load
Dir.
90
mph
Transverse
Roof
Angle
o to
Horizontal Loads
End Zone
Int. Zone
A
8
C
D
Wall
Roof
Wall
Roof
12.8
-6.7
8.5
-4.0
Vertical Loads
End Zone
lnt. Zone
E
F
G
H
WW
LW
WW
LW
Roof Roof Roof
Roof
-15.4 -8.8
-10.7
- 6.8
17.8
-4.7
11.9
-2.6
-15.4
-10.7
- 10.7
- 8. 1
13.7
-6.4
(use 0)
9.1
- 3.8
(use 0)
- 15.4
-9.1
-10.7
-7.0
5"
20"
Interpolating: For
examp le, roof angle
=
arctan
10
7.6"
7.6"
End Zone
2a = 12 ft
F 6-2
6.4. 2.1
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Ex ample 56
6.4
0.34 kif
VR = 1.49 k
V3 =
z.se'
V2 = 3.72
>
>
10 ft/2 + 10 ft/2 = 10 n
Elevation
203
6.4
Example 56
cr C( cr
0-r
r
l
:JD
Load Cases:
10 psI x Trib HI
6.4.2.1
6.4.2 .1 .1
Plan
[!J
F 6-3
p,
ps
ps
= AK ztl Pnel30
= 13.0 psfpositive
= -14.3 psfnegative (suction)
F 6-3
r~
(
=
75 plf or 68.5 plf
..... lJ
204
3' floor
,/
2nd floor
,/
Ex ample 58 .
Floor Vibrations
~I
12'
12'
12'
12'
12'
12'
3"
12'
12'
Elevation
Determ ine:
[TI
Icai~ulationsJ!n(f Discussion
[TI
11
a.1
Chapter 6
6.5
I
2006 IB C Structural/S eismic Design Manual, Vol. I
205
6.5
Example 57
Confirm building is regular shaped and not subject to across wind loading, vortex
shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter ; or does not have a site locatio n for
which channeling effects or buffet ing in wake of upwind obstructions warrant special
conditions
6.5.1
li b1
Design procedure
6.5.3
6.5.4,
F 6-1
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6.5.4.4,
T6-4
6.5.5,
T 6-1
Exposure Category B
6.5.6
(Case 2)
"
0 15 fl
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
11 6
120
206
Exposure 8
Case 2
0.57
0.62
0.66
0.70
0.76
0.81
0.85
0.89
0.93
0.96
0.99
1.03
1.04
6.5.6.6,
T 6-3
By Interpolation
Topographic factor K Z1 = I
(example building on flat land, no nearby hills)
6.5.7
6.5.8
9.5.5.3.2
(Eq 9.5.5.3.2-la)
6.2
6.5.8.1
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Enclosure Classification
Example building enclosed
6.5.9
6.5. 10
Eq 6- 15
0.00256K=KrK2 V 2/
= O.00256K=( 1.0)(0.85)(90)2( 1.0)
0-15 ft
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
116
11 c.1
10.0 psf
10.9
11.6
12.3
13.4
14.3
15.0
15.7
16.4
16.9
17.4
18.2
6.5.11
6.5.11.1,
F 6-5
6.5.11.2,
F 6-6
Plan
Elevation
2006 IBC Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Vol. I
207
6.5
Example 5 7
F 6-6
II
,GC
0 15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
116
I
I
, (0 .85)(0 .8)
6.80
7.41
7.89
8.36
9.11
9.72
10.2
10.7
11.2
11.5
11.8
12.4
Leeward wall
50
= - = 1 ---> C = - 0.5
50
p
B
L
ll 6 fi
F6-6
= 18.2 psf
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Side walls
c,
=-0.7
F 6-6
c,
F 6-6
208
6.5.12
6.5.l 2.2
6.5. 12.2.1
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CEq 6-17)
Windward wall
qh(GCp i ) = (18.2)(0. 18) =3.28 psf()
Ii
0-15 ft
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
116
p = CJ=GCp - Q1J(GCp ;)
Case 1 shown
10. 1
10.7
11.2
11.6
12.4
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
14.8 / Sample Calculation
15 I
P = 12.4 - 1B.2(-0.18) = 15.7 Case 1
.
15.7
12.4 - 18.2(+0.18)
=9.1 Case 2
Leeward wall
p = q"GCp - qh (GCp i )
p = - 7.74 -1 8.2(-0.1 8) = - 4.5 psf
Case 1
Case 2
Side walls
209
6.5
11
e.1
Wind
.....----:J-f---'--L---L.---l-~
11.0 psf
~I--~
14.1 psf
Plan
Wind
-----,)
Elevation
Case 1: Internal Pressure Inwa rd
Case 2: Internal Pressu re Outward
6.1.4.1
To obtain frame loads, multiply pressures by tributary width = 50/2 = 25 ft or perform Rigid
Diaphragm Analysis
210