SpokenKashmiri PDF

ii
Spoken Kashmiri
A Language Course
SPOKEN KASHMIRI: A LANGUAGE COURSE
The Author
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copyright owner.
First Published 1987

Second Edition 2006
Omkar N. Koul
Published by
Indian Institute of Language Studies
C-13 Greenview Apartments
33/ Sector 9, Rohini,
Delhi 110085
www.iils.org
ISBN 81-86323-19-8
Indian Institute of Language Studies
Printed at:
Radha Press
2465 Main Road, Kailash Nagar,
Delhi- 110031
iv
Transcription
Vowels Front Unrounded Central Back Rounded
Contents
Transcription
...
Introduction ..
Lesson 1
...
Lesson 2
...
Lesson 3
...
Lesson 4
...
Lesson 5
...
Lesson 6
...
Lesson 7
...
Lesson 8
...
Lesson 9
...
Lesson 10 ...
Lesson 11 ...
Lesson 12 ...
Lesson 13 ...
Lesson 14
Lesson 15 ...
Lesson 16 ...
Lesson 17 ...
Lesson 18 ...
Lesson 19 ...
Lesson 20 ...
Appendix (Classified Vocabulary of Kashmiri)
References
4
1
6
12
17
22
26
30
35
40
45
50
56
61
67
71
76
82
86
90
95
100
104
118
High
Mid
Low
i
e
Consonants
Stops:
VI. unasp
VI. asp
Vd. Unasp.
Affricates:
VI. unasp.
VI. asp.
Vd. Unasp.
Nasals:
Fricatives: VI.
Vd.
Lateral:
Trill:
Semi-vowels
i:
e:
1
@
a
1:
@:
a:
u
o
O
P.
B.
D.
R.
p
ph
b
t
th
d
t
th
d
ts
tsh
m
n
s
z
I
u:
o:
O:
V.
k
kh
g
c
ch
j
r
y
Nasalization of vowels is indicated by the nasal sign over the vowels.

The palatalization of consonants is indicated by an apostrophe sign after
the consonantal letter: p, b , etc.
Abbreviations
Abbreviations used are as follows: s. sg. (singular), p. pI. (plural), m.
(masculine), f. (feminine), hon. (honorific) non-hon (non honorific), vl. (voiceless), vd. (voiced), unasp (unaspirated) asp. (aspirated), i. (intransitive), t.
(transitive), B(bilabial), D(Dental),R (Retroflex), P (Palatal),V (Velar), G (glottal).
Introduction
Area and Speakers

The Kashmiri language is called k@:ur or k@:ir zaba:n by its native
speakers. It is primarily spoken in the Kashmir Valley of the state of
Jammu and Kashmir in India. According to the 1981 census there are
30,76,398 speakers of the language. The census was not conducted in the
year 1991. Keeping in view the rise of the population over last many years,
the current number of its speakers will be around four million. Kashmiri is
also spoken by Kashmiris settled in other parts of India, and other countries. The language spoken in and around Srinagar is regarded as the
standard variety. It is used in literature, mass media and education.
Classification and Dialects
There is a general consensus amongst historical linguists that Kashmiri
belongs to the Dardic branch of the Indo-Aryan family. Grierson (1919),
Morgenstierne (1961), Fussman (1972) classify Kashmiri under Dardic group
of Indo-Aryan languages. The term Dardic is stated to be only a geographical convention and not a linguistic expression. The classification of Kashmiri
and other Dardic languages has been reviewed in some works (Kachru
1969, Strand 1973, Koul and Schmidt 1984) with different purposes in mind.
Kachru points out linguistic characteristics of Kashmiri. Strand presents
his observations on Kafir languages. Koul and Schmidt have reviewed the
literature on the classification of Dardic languages and have investigated
the linguistic characteristics or features of these languages with special
reference of Kashmiri and Shina.
Kashmiri has two types of dialects: (a) Regional dialects and (b) Social
dialects. Regional dialects are further of two types: (i) those regional
dialects or variations which are spoken in the regions inside the valley of
Kashmir and (ii) those which are spoken in the regions outside the valley of
Kashmir. Kashmiri speaking area in the valley is ethno-semantically divided into three regions: (1) Maraz (southern and south-eastern region),
(2) Kamraz (northern and north-western region) and (3) Srinagar and its
neighboring areas. There are some minor linguistic variations mainly at the
phonological and lexical levels. Kashmiri spoken in the three regions is not
only mutually intelligible but quite homogeneous. These dialectical variations can be termed as different styles of the same speech. Since Kashmiri,
spoken in and around Srinagar has gained some social prestige, very
frequent style switching takes places from Marazi or Kamrazi styles to that
of the style of speech spoken in Srinagar and its neighboring areas. This
phenomena of style switching is very common among the educated speakers of Kashmiri. Kashmiri spoken in Srinagar and surrounding areas continues to hold the prestige of being the standard variety which is used in
mass media and literature.
There are two main regional dialects, namely Poguli and Kashtawari
spoken outside the valley of Kashmiri (Koul and Schmidt 1984). Poguli is
spoken in the Pogul and Paristan valleys bordered on the east by Rambani
and Siraji, and on the west by mixed dialects of Lahanda and Pahari. The
speakers of Poguli are found mainly to the south, south-east and southwest of Banihal. Poguli shares many linguistic features including 70%
vocabulary with Kashmiri (Koul and Schmidt 1984). Literate Poguli speakers of Pogul and Pakistan valleys speak standard Kashmiri as well.
Kashtawari is spoken in the Kashtawar valley, lying to the south east of
Kashmir. It is bordered on the south by Bhadarwahi, on the west by
Chibbali and Punchi, and on the east by Tibetan speaking region of
Zanskar. Kashtawari shares most of the linguistic features of standard
Kashmiri, but retains some archaic features which have disappeared from
the latter. It shares about 80% vocabulary with Kashmiri (Koul and
Schmidt 1984) .
No detailed sociolinguistic research work has been conducted to study
different speech variations of Kashmiri spoken by different communities
and speakers who belong to different areas, professions and occupations.
In some earlier works beginning with Grierson (1919: 234) distinction has
been pointed out in two speech variations of Hindus and Muslims, two
major communities who speak Kashmiri natively. Kachru (1969) has used
the terms Sanskritized Kashmiri and Persianized Kashmiri to denote the two
style differences on the grounds of some variations in pronunciation, morphology and vocabulary common among Hindus and Muslims. It is true
that most of the distinct vocabulary used by Hindus is derived from Sanskrit and that used by Muslims is derived from Person-Arabic sources.
On considering the phonological and morphological variations (besides
vocabulary) between these two dialects, the terms used by Kachru do not
appear to be appropriate or adequate enough to represent the two socio-
INTRODUCTION
dialectical variations of styles of speech. The dichotomy of these social

dialects is not always clear-cut. One can notice a process of style switching between the speakers of these two dialects in terms of different
situations and participants. The frequency of this style switching process
between the speakers of these two communities mainly depends on different situations and periods of contact between the participants of the two
communities at various social, educational and professional levels. Koul
(1986) and Dhar (1984) have presented co-relation between certain linguistic and social variations of Kashmiri at different social and regional levels.
The sociolinguistic variations of the language deserve a detailed study.
Unique Characteristics
Kashmiri is closely related to Shina and some other languages of the
North-West frontier. It also shares some morphological features such as
pronominal suffixes with Sindhi and Lahanda. However, Kashmiri is different from all other Indo-Aryan languages in certain phonological, morphological and syntactic features. For example, Kashmiri has a set of central
vowels /1
, 1:, @ and @:/ , and dental affricates /ts/ and /tsh/ which are not
found in other Indo-Aryan languages. In a similar way, in Kashmiri the finite
verb always occurs in the second position with the exception in relative
clause constructions. The word order in Kashmiri, thus, resembles the one
in German, Dutch, Icelandic, Yiddish and a few other languages. These
languages form a distinct set and are currently known as Verb Second (V2) languages. Note that the word order generated by V-2 languages is quite
different from Verb middle languages such as English. In a V-2 language,
any constituent of a sentence can precede the verb. It is worth mentioning here that Kashmiri shows several unique features which are different
from the above mentioned other V-2 languages.
Script
Various scripts have been used for Kashmiri. The main scripts are:
Sharda, Devanagari, Roman and Perso-Arabic. The Sharda script, developed around the 10th century, is the oldest script used for Kashmiri. The
script was not developed for writing Kashmiri. It was primarily used for
writing Sanskrit by the local scholars at that time. Besides a large number of
Sanskrit literary works, old Kashmiri works were written in this script. This
script does not represent all the phonetic characteristics of the Kashmiri
language. It is now being used for very restricted purposes (for writing
horoscopes) by the priestly class of the Kashmiri Pandit community. The
Devanagari script with additional diacritical marks is used for Kashmiri by
writers and researchers in representing the data from Kashmiri texts in their
writings in Hindi related to language, literature and culture. It is also used as
an additional script (besides Perso-Arabic)or alternate script in certain literary works, religious texts including devotional songs written by Hindu
writers outside the valley of Kashmir after their migration from the valley. It
is being used by a few journals namely Koshur Samachar, Kshir Bhawani
Times, Vitasta, and Milchar on regular basis. Certain amount of inconsistency prevails in the use of diacritic signs. The diacritic signs for writing
Kashmiri in this script have recently been standardized and the computer
software is available for it. It is not yet used in all the publications. The
Roman script is also used for Kashmiri but is not very popular. The Roman
script with phonetic diacritic signs is used in the presentation of data from
Kashmiri in the linguistic and literary works related to the Kashmiri language and literature written in English. It is also used in instructional materials for teaching and or learning Kashmiri as a second/foreign language
through the medium of English. However, there is no uniformity in the use of
diacritic signs.
The Perso-Arabic script with additional diacritical marks now known
as Kashmiri script has been recognized as the official script for Kashmiri by
the Jammu and Kashmir Government and is now widely used in publications in the language. It still lacks standardization (Koul 1996). The computer software is available for writing Kashmiri in this script.
Learning of Kashmiri as a second/foreign language
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in learning Kashmiri as
a second/foreign language. Kashmiri is being taught as a second language
at the Northern Regional Language Centre (CIIL) Patiala since 1971. A limited number of pedagogical materials in the from of language courses and
supplementary materials have been produced in Kashmiri so far. Kachru
(1969,1973) has made first serious attempt in this regard. Koul (1985,1995)
has prepared two textbooks for teaching basic and intermediate level courses
in Kashmiri at the NRLC Patiala. They introduce all major structures of the
Kashmiri language. Bhat (1982) and Raina (1995) have prepared readers in
for teaching Kashmiri at the first two levels at the sochool level. They contain lessons on the Kashmiri script and some structures. Bhat (2001) has
prepared an audio-cassette course in Kashmiri with a manual useful for the
second language learners of Kashmiri.
The present book is essentially a self-instructional course. It contains
20 lessons presenting basic structures of the Kashmiri language. Each lesson contains usually one major structure along with related patterns. All the
lessons consist of text, mostly in the form of dialogues, followed by drills,
INTRODUCTION
exercises, vocabulary and notes on grammar. Texts are given with equivalent English translations. It is to be noted that these English translations
have no one to one correspondence with Kashmiri, either structurally or
stylistically but are intended, only to convey the general meaning.
Drills are provided for the oral practice of the structure and teachable
items introduced in each lesson. The types of drills introduced are: Substitution drill, Repetition drill, Transformation drill, and Response drill. The
main types of exercises used in this book are: Fill in the blanks using suitable words, completion of sentences, answering of questions, using of words
and phrases in sentences etc. The drills and exercise are designed to help
the development of learners linguistic competence in the language systematically. The vocabulary section lists lexical items, which occur in the lesson
for the first time. The English meanings given for the lexical items are generally restricted to the context they occur in the lesson. The notes on grammar are provided from the functional point of view and the use of technical
terms is kept to the minimum. The learners may consult other sources (Kachru
1969, 1973, Koul 1977, 1985, Koul and Hook 1984, Bhat 1986, and Wali and
Koul 1997) for more detailed grammatical descriptions. The appendix provides a list of classified vocabulary in Kashmiri.The learners who use this
book as a self-instructional course must ensure that they practice drills and
attempt exercises given in each lesson with the assistance of a native speaker
of Kashmiri or from the lessons recorded, to be obtained from the publishers.
This book was first published in 1987. It is reprinted with minor
revisions. I would like to thank Mr Sunil Fotedar for making it available on
net and encouraging me to bring out its second reprint.
Lesson 1
1. yi ka: chu?
yi chu me:z.
yi chu ka:kaz.
yi chu kalam.
What is this?
This is a table.
This is a paper.
This is a pen.
2.
hu ka: chu?
hu chu darva:z1.
hu chu pankh1
hu chu pard
What is that?
That is a door.
That is a fan.
That is a curtain.
3.
yim ka: chi?

yim chi me:z.
yim chi ka:kaz.
yim chi kalam.
What are these?

These are tables.
These are papers.
These are pens.
4.
hum ka: chi?

hum chi darva:z1.
hum chi pankh1
hum chi pard1.
What are those?

Those are doors.
Those are fans.
Those are curtains.
5.
yi ka: cha?
yi cha kita:b.
yi cha k@mi:z.
yi cha dava:th.
What is this?
This is a book.
This is a shirt.
This is an inkpot.
6.
yim ka: cha?

yim1 cha kita:b1.
yim cha k@mi:z1.
yim1 cha dav@:ts.
What are these?

These are books.
These are shirts.
These are inkpots.
7.
hO ka: cha?
hO cha g@r.
What is that?
That is a watch.
LESSON1 7
8.
hO cha v@:j
hO cha kursi:
hum ka: cha?
hum cha gari.
hum cha va:ji.
hum cha kursiyi.
That is a ring.
That is a chair.
What are those?
Those are watches.
Those are rings.
Those are chairs.
Drills
I. Substitution drill
(i) yi/hu chu duka:n a shop
maka:n a house
pa:l1
a cup
kul
tree
(ii) yim/hum chi

duka:n shops
maka:n houses
pa:l1
cups
kul
trees
hO cha (window)
hum cha (caps)
II. Answer the following questions

yi ka: chu? (darva:z)
hu ka: chu? (ko:th)
hu ka: chu? (pa:l1)
hO ka: cha? (alm\:r)
hO ka: cha? (kuz)
yi chu drava:z .
hum ka: chi? (kalam)
hum ka: chi? (pard1)
hum ka: cha?(to:pi)
hum ka: cha? (ka:piyi)
III. Write down 20 sentences using words from the table below:
yi, hu
yim, hum
hO, hum1
chu
chi
cha
kita:b, v@:j, kuz kuz1 , alma:ri

pard , dav@:ts, d@:r, daji, pa:l1 ,
to:pi, da:ri, ka:piyi
Notes
(iii) yi/hO cha .
kuz key
d@j handkerchief
tu:p cap
b@niya:n pullover
(iv) yim /hum cha kuz1

keys
daji
handkerchiefs
to:pi
caps
b@niya:n1pullovers
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
yim chi kul.

yim chi maka:n.
hum chi pa:l1.
hum chi ko:th.
yim1 cha da:ri.
yim cha alma:ri.
hum cha ka:piyi.
hum1 cha cithi.
Exercises
I.
Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words

given in brackets
yi chu (pen)
hu chu(cup)
Dernonstrative pronoun
Kashmiri has the following three term system of demonstrative pronouns
in the nominative case.
II. Transformations drill

yi chu kul.
yi chu maka:n.
hu chu pa:l1 .
hu chu ko:th.
yi cha d@:r.
yi cha alm@:r.
hO cha ka:pi:.
hO cha cit?h.
In this lesson, we lave introduced. pimple declarative and interrogative

sentences using demonstrative pronouns, forms of the copular verb in
the present tense and an interrogative word ka: what.
hu chu (tree)
hum chi (doors)
Prox
Rem II.
Rem. II
Masculine
Sg.
Pl.
yi
this
hu
that
su
that
Feminine
Sg.
Pl.
yim
yi
humhO hum1
tim
sO
yim1
tim1
These demonstrative pronouns can be used with both animate and inanimate subjects. The third category of demonstrative pronouns has not
been used in this lesson. The term ti can also be used alternately with su
or sO in case the subject is inanimate. The masculine plural forms yim,
hum and tim are used for honorific singular subjects as well.
LESSON1
Word-order
In Kashmiri, the verb usually comes in the second position. The surface
word order of a simple declarative sentence is subject +verb+object. The
word-order of a question word interrogative sentence is: subject + interrogative word + verb+ remaining constituents, e.g.,
yi chu me:z
yi ka: chu?
10
kul
mo:l
not
kot
>
>
>
>
kul
m@:l
n@t
k@t
trees
fathers
pitchers
boys
(3) Palatal consonants do not change in plural forms:

bo:y
This is a table.
What is this?
tree
father
pitcher
a boy
brother
>
b@:y
brothers
(4) The second vowel /u/ in disyllabic words changes to

/a/ in plural forms:
Copular verb
The copular verb agrees with the subject in both number and gender. Following are forms of the copular verb in present tense used with third person
subject:
Masculine
Sg.
Pl.
chu
cha
Feminine
Sg.
Pl.
cha
chi
Gender
There are two genders in Kashmiri: masculine and feminine. All the inanimate nouns (as well as animate ones) are assigned to one of the two genders.
Number
There are two numbers: singular and plural. There are different types of
rules for plural formation which apply according to the phonological structure of the words. Some of these rules are indicated below:
(1) Most of the consonant ending and vowel // ending masculine nouns do
not change in their plural form:
me:z
duka:n
table( s)
shop (s)
kalam
pard1
pen(s)
curtain(s)
kOkur
cock
batukh duck
>
>
kOkar
cocks
batakh ducks
(5) Most of the feminine plurals are formed by adding suffixes -1 or -i depending on the phonological structure of the word. After these suffixes are
added, certain other changes may take place
Sg.
Pl.
-
kita:b book + 1 > kita:b1
kami:z shirt + 1 > k@mi:z1
kuz
key
+ > kuz1
-i
ka:pi:
copy + i
> ka:piyi
g\r
watch + i
> gari
cith
letter + i
> cithi
tu:p
cap
+ i
> to:pi
(6) Besides certain changes in vowels, the consonants /th/,
/t / and /d / change into /ts/, /c/ and /j/ respectively, e.g.,
ra:th
dava:th
p@t
l@nd
night
inkpot
plank
branch
>
>
>
>
r\:ts
dav@:ts
paci
lanji
nights
inkpots
planks of wood
branches
(7) In one case there is a change of only vowel:

(2) The vowels /o:/ and /o/ changes into /e:/ and /a/ respectively and the
word final non-palatal consonants are palatalized:
ga:v
cow
> g\:v
cows
(8) The /i/ ending feminine nouns do not change in their plural forms, e.g.,
beni sister(s).
LESSON1
11
Vocabulary
yi
hu
yim
humm
hO
hum
chu
chi
cha
cha
ka:
me:z
ka:kaz
kalam
beni
l@nd
darva:z1
pankh1
pard
kita:b
k@mi:z
dava:th
g@r
m
m
f
f
m
m
f.s.
f.p.
m
m
m
f
m
m
m
f
f
f
f
this
that/he
these
those
that/she
those
is
are
is
are
what
table
paper
pen
sister
branch
door
fan
curtain
book
shirt
inkpot
watch
kursi:
duka:n
maka:n
pa:l
kul
kuz
d\j
tu:p
b\niya:n
ko:th
alm\:r
cith
ka:pi:
mo:l
not
kot
bo:y
kOkur
batukh
ra:th
p@t
ga:v
v@:j
f
m
m
m
m
f.
f.
f.
f.
m.
f.
f.
f.
m
m.
m
m
f
f
f
chair
shop
house
cup
tree
key
handkerchief
cap
pullover
coat
almirah
letter
copy
father
pitcher
boy
brother
cock
duck
night
a plank
cow
ring
Lesson 2
1.
yi kus chu?
yi chu dob.
yi chu s1ts.
yi chu cha:n.
yi chu mozu:r.
Who is this?
This is a washerman.
This is a tailor.
This is a carpenter.
This is a laborer.
2.
hu kus chu?
hu chu n@yid.
hu chu d@sil.
hu chu duka:nda:r.
hu chu gru:s.
Who is that?
That is a barber.
That is a mason.
That is a shopkeeper.
That is a farmer.
3.
yim kam chi?

yim chi dob.
yim chi s1ts.
yim chi cha:n
yim chi mozu:r.
Who are these?

These are washermen.
These are tailors.
These are carpenters.
These are laborers.
4.
hum kam chi?

hum chi n@yid.
hum chi d@sil.
hum chi duka:nda:r.
hum chi gr1:s.
Who are those?

Those are barbers.
Those are masons,
Those are shopkeepers.
Those are farmers.
5.
yim kam chi?

yim chi da:ktar s@:b.
Who is this?
This is a doctor.
LESSON 2
6.
7.
8.
yim chi ma:starji:

yim chi v@ki:l s@:b.
yim chi inji:niyar.
This is a teacher.
This is an advocate.
This is an engineer.
hum kam chi?

hum chi dar s@:b.
hum chi khan s@:b.
hum chi r@:na: s@:b.
hum chi mohanji:
Who is that?
That is Mr. Dhar.
That is Mr. Khan.
That is Mr. Raina.
That is Mohanji.
yim cha: ko:l s@:b?

a:, yim chi ko:l s@:b
yim cha: sohanji?
na, yim chin1 sohanji:
yim chi a:mji:
Is this Mr. Koul?

Yes, this is Mr. Koul.
Is this Sohan?
No, this is not Sohan.
This is Sham.
hum cha: ma:starji:?

na, hum chin ma:starji:
hum chi da:ktar.
hum cha: n@rs1?
a:, hum1 cha n@rs1.
Is that a teacher?
No, that is not a teacher.
That is a doctor.
Are those nurses?
Yes, those are nurses.
Drill
I.
13
14
hu chu sipa:h.
su chu mozu:r.
su chu d@sil.
sO cha n@r1s.
>
>
>
>
hum chi sipa:h.

tim chi mozu:r.
tim chi d@sil.
tim cha n@rs1.
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words given in brackets:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
yim chi da:ktar, yim chin1 -yim chi mozu:r, yim chin1 -yi chun n@:yid, yi chu -yi chan1 n@r1s, yi cha -hu chu duka:nda:r, hu chun1 -hu chu kha:r, hu chun1 -sO cha da:ktar, sO chan1 -sO cha dobba:y, sO chan1 -tim chi s1ts, tim chin1 -tim1 cha ma:starba:yi, tim1 chan1--
(lawyer)
(masons)
(carpenter)
(teacher)
(soldier)
(goldsmith)
(nurse)
(tailor)
(washermen)
(nurses)
II. Answer the following questions:
Substitution drill
1.
yi/hu chu
sOnur
kha:r
cu:kdar
goldsmith
blacksmith
chowkidar
3.
yim/hum cha: ?
me:jar
major
sipa:h
soldier
duka:nda:r
2. yim/hum chi swan1r

kha:r
cu:kdar
4. yim/hum chi
ma:starji:
da:ktar s\:b
v@ki:l s@:b

yi chu sonur.
>
yi chu kha:r.
>
hu chu cu:kdar. >
yam chi sorn1r.

yim chi kha:r.
hum chi cu:kdar.
1. yim cha: da:ktar s@:b?

2. yim cha: v@ki:l s@:b?
3. yim china: mozu:r?
4. hum cha: n@rs1?
5. hum1 cha: ma:starba:yi?
6. tim cha: duka:nda:r?
(a:) a:, yim chi da:k t ar s@:b.

(na)
(a:)
(na)
(a:)
(na)
yi/yim
hu/hum
su/tim
sO/tim1
chu/chun1
chi/chin1
cha/chan
gru:s/mozu:r
cha:n/cu:kdar
n\r1s/ da:kt ar
ma:s tarba:y
Notes
In this lesson demonstrative pronouns and question words have been used
LESSON 2
15
for animate subjects, along with the forms of copular verb.

Question words
Following question words are used with animate subjects agreeing with the
subject in number and gender:
Masculine
Sg
Pl.
kus
kam
Feminine
Sg.
kOs
Pl.
kam1
Yes-no answer type questions are formed by adding interrogative particle

-a: to the (copular) verb. When this particle. is, added, the preceding vowel,
if any, gets deleted, e.g.,
cha:
cha:
cha:
chun1 + a: = chuna:
chin1 + a: = china:
chan1 +a: = chana:
Short answers to such questions can either be a: yes or na no. These

short answers may optionally be followed by a complete statement as in the
following examples:
yi cha: da:ktar?
a:, yi chu da:ktar.
yim cha: v@ki:l?
na, yim chin1 v@ki:l.
Is this a doctor?
Yes, this is a doctor.
Is this a lawyer?
No, this is not a lawyer,
Negation
The negative particle n1 not- is added after the copular verb in the negative statement, e.g.,
yim chi ma:star.
yim chin1 ma:star.
names of persons for indicating respect or politeness. Whereas s@:b is added

generally to the surnames of Hindus and Muslims, ji: is added to the first
(and middle) names of Hindus only.
dar s@:b
mohanji:/mohanla:lji:
This is a teacher.
This is not a teacher.
Honorific titles
The honorific titles s@:b (Hindi-Urdu sa:hib) and ji: are added with the
Mr. Dhar
Mohanji/Mohanlalji
Both s@:b and ji: are used with the professional titles of persons belonging
to both communities, e.g.,
da:ktar s@:b
Yes-no answer type questions.
chu + a: =
chi + a: =
cha + a: =
16
ma:star s@:b/ma:star ji:
Vocabulary
kus
kam
kas
kam1
dob
s1ts
cha:n
mozu:r
n@:yid
d@sil
duka:nda:r
gru:s
da:ktar
inji:niyar
m.s.
m.p.
f.s.
f.p.
m.s.
m
m
m
m
who
who
who
who
washerman
tailor
carpenter
laborer
barber
mason
shopkeeper
farmer
doctor
engineer
ma:star
n@rs
sOnur
kha:r
cu:kdar
me:jar
sipa:h
a:
na
n1
s@:b
ji:
v@ki:l
m
m
m
teacher, master
nurse
goldsmith
blacksmith
chowkidar
major
soldier
yes
no
not
honorific title
polite title
lawyer
18
yim1 cha ni:ji k@mi:z1.
These are blue shirts.
Drills
Lesson 3
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
yim k@ts ur chi?

yim chi z1 ur.
hum k@ts chi?
hum chi tre ur.
hum1 k@ts ko:ri cha?
hum cha tso:r ko:ri
tim k@:ta:h l@dk1 chi?
tim chi p:tsh l\dk1
yim1 cha: e zana:n1
na, yim1 cha sath.
hum cha: @:th mar1d?
na, hum chi nav.
yim1 k@:tsa:h kursiyi cha?
yim1 cha d@h.
How many children are these?

These are two children.
How many are those?
Those are three children.
How many girls are those?
Those are four girls.
How many boys are those?
Those are five boys.
Are these six women?
No, these are seven.
Are those eight men?
No, those are nine.
How many chairs are these?
These are ten.
2.
yi chu akh ja:n ba:g.

yi ja:y cha sa:ph.
yi ja:y cha satha:
khu:bsu:rath.
yim po: chi saphe:d.
hum po: chi gul@:b.
ga:s1 chu sab1z.
yim z1 kul chi ja:n.
yi po:n chu sar1d.
ca:y cha gar1m.
ta:ph chu tot.
This is a good garden.

This place is clean.
This place is very beautiful.
These flowers are white.
Those flowers are pink.
The grass is green.
These two trees are good.
This water is cold.
The tea is hot.
The sun is hot.
yi l@dk1 chu tshot.

hum z1 l@dk1 chin1 tshot.
yi ku:r cha tshot.
hum1 zana:n1 cha tshOci.
yi chu nu:l kapur.
yim chi ni:l palav.
yi cha ni:j k@mi:z.
This boy is short.

Those two boys are not short.
This girl is short (in height).
Those women are short.
This cloth is blue.
These clothes are blue.
This is a blue shirt.
3.
I.
Substitution drill
(1) yim/hum kats --?
yinsa:n
l@dk1
kul
ja:nvar
(2) yim1/hum1 k\ts --?

kita:b1
kursiyi
zana:n1
ko:ri
(3) yi/hu ur chu -ga: tul

tshot
zu: t h
z@:vul
(4) yi/hO ku:r cha -tshot

zi:th
z@:vij
ga:t 1j

yi chu zu:th kul.
yi chu z@:vul kul.
hu chu nu:l po:
hu chu tshot l\dk1.
hO cha ga:t 1j ku:r.
hO zana:n cha zi:th.
su l\dk1 chu ga:t ul.
su chu da:na:.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
yim chi zi:th kul.

yim chi z@:vil kul.
hum chi ni:l po:.
hum chi tshot l\dk1.
hum1 cha ga:t1ji ko:ri.
hum zana:n cha ze:chi.
tim l@dk1 chi ga:t 1l.
tim chi da:na:.
Exercises
I.

given in brackets:
1. yim chi p:tsh ...(boys)
2. yim chi sath ... (men)
3. hum1 chan1 d@h ...(women)
4. yi ba:g chu :(beautiful)
5. yim po: chi ...(white)
6. yim kul chi (short)

7. hum1 ko:ri cha ... (slim)
8. ca:y chan1 ... (cold)
9. po: chin1 ... (blue)
10. yim1 ko:ri cha ... (tall)
LESSON 3
19

1. yim k@:ta:h chi?
2. yim k@ts maka:n1 chi?
3. yi cha: zu:th kul?
4. hu cha: saphe:d po:?
5. yi ca:y cha: gar1m?
6. ta:ph cha: tot?
7. po:n chuna: sar1d?
8. ga:s1 chuna: sab1z?
9. yim china: sa:ph palav?
10. yim china: sat ha: ga:t 1l?
(d@h)
(e)
(a:)
(na)
(a:)
(na)
(na)
(a:)
(a:)
(a:)
yim chi d@h.
II. Write down 20 sentences using words from the table

below:
yi/hu/hO
yim/hum/hum1
su/sO
tim/tim1
ur/ur chu/chun1
ba:g
cha/chan1
maka:n1 chi/chin1
po:
ko:ri
kul
sa:ph
ja:n
z@:vul/z@:vil
zu:th/zi:th
z@:vij/z@:viji
zi:Th/ze:chi
nu:l/ni:l/ni:j/ni:ji
20
Masculine
Sg.
nu:l
vOzul
1odur
kruhun
z@:vul
zu:th
voth
ga:t ul
tshot
tot
Pl.
ni:l
vOz1l
led1r
kr1h1n
z@:v1l
zi:t h
vet h
ga: t 1l
tshot
t@t
Feminine
Sg.
ni:j
vOz1j
led1r
kr1h1n
z@:vij
zi:t h
v\th
ga:t 1j
tshot
t@ts
Pl.
ni:ji
vOzji
ledri
kr@hni
z@:viji
ze:chi
vechi
ga: t1ji
tshOci
tats1
blue
red
yellow
black
slim
tall
fat
wise
short
hot
Question word k\ts how many

The question word k\ts is used for both masculine and feminine objects.
k\:ta:h/ k\ts is used for masculine, and k\:tsa:h or
k1:ts1 for feminine objects only, e.g.,
k@ts l@dk1 /ko:ri
k\:ta:h/k\ts l\dk1
k@:tsa:h/k1:ts1 ko:ri
How many boys/girls

How many boys
How many girls
Vocabulary
Notes
Numerals
In this lesson cardinal numerals from 1 to 10 have been introduced. All the
numerals have been given in the appendix.
Adjectival complements
The copular verb a:sun to be takes adjectival (adjectives/ adjective phrases)
as complements besides nominal and adverbial. There are two kinds of
adjectives: (1) those which are not inflected for number and gender of the.
nouns they modify; and (2) those which are inflected. Adjectives like sab1z
green, saphe:d white, gul@:b, pink, ja:n good, sar1d cold., da:na:
wise khu:bsu:rath beautiful gar1m hot etc. fall in the first category of
adjectives. Following are the forms of some of the adjectives which are
inflected for number and gender of the nouns they modify:
k@ts
k@:ta:h
k@:tsa:h
k@:ta:h
k1:ts1
khu:bsu:rath
saphe:d
ga:s1
sab1z
kul
po:
po:n
sar1d
ca:y
tshot
nu:l
m.
f.
m.
f.
m
m
m
f
m
m
how many
how many
how many
how many
how many
beautiful
white
grass
green
tree
flower
water
cold
tea
short
blue
ja:n
ja:y
f
sa:ph
satha:
ur
ku:r
l@dk1
zana:n
tot
m
mar1d
akh
z1
tre
tso:r
ba:gm
p:tsh
good
place
clean
very
child
girl
boy
woman
hot
man/men
one
two
three
four
garden
five
LESSON 3
kapur
palav
da:na:
ga:tul
z@:vul
ja:nvar
m.
m
m.s.
m.s.
m.
cloth
clothes
wise
wise
slim
bird
e
sath
@: th
nav
d@h
gul@:b
21
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
pink
Lesson 4
1.
yi chu mo:n pa:n.

yi chu mo:n kal1.
yi chu co:n buth.
yi chu co:n ath1.
This is my body.
This is my head.
This is your face.
This is your hand.
2.
yim chi me:n ath1.

yim chi me:n khOr.
yim chi c@:n kan.
yim chi c@:n neth.
These are my hands.

These are my feet.
These are your ears.
These are your thumbs.
3.
yi cha me:n nas.

yi cha me:n g1j.
yi cha c@:n gardan.
yi cha c\:n zav.
This is my nose.
This is my finger.
This is your neck.
This is your tongue.
4.
yim1 cha ma:ni g1ji

yim1 cha ma:ni bum1.
yim1 cha ca:ni zang1.
yim1 cha ca:ni @ch.
These are my fingers.

These are my eyebrows.
These are you: legs.
These are your eyes.
5.
yi chu tuhund mas.

yi chu tuhund koth.
yi cha tuh1nz hO~gan.
yi cha tuh1nz yad.
This is your hair.

This is your knee.
This is your chin.
This is your belly.
6.
yim chi tuh1nd koth.

yim chi tuh1nd vuth.
yim cha tuhnz1 nari.
yim cha tuh1nz1 @ch.
These are your knees.

These are your lips.
These are your arms.
These are your eyes.
7.
yi chu t\msund necuv.

This is his/her son.
yim chi t\ms1nd mo:l m@:j. These are his/her parents.
yim1 cha t\ms1nz1 ko:ri. These are his/her daughters.
LESSON 4
8.
yi chu tihund bo:y.

yim chi tih1nd @:ina:v
yi cha tih1nz beni.
yim1 cha tih1nz1 hamsa:yi.
This is his/her/their brother

These are his/her/their relatives.
This is his/her/their sister.
These are his/her/their neighbors.
23
24
4.
5.
6.
yi chu tuhund (thumb) 10. yim1 cha tuh1nz1 (sisters)

yi chu tuhund (brother)
hum chi tuh1nd... (neighbor)

Drills
I.
Response drill
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
yi cha: tuhund ath1? (a:)

yi cha: tuh1nz n@r? (a:)
yim cha: tuh1nd khOr? (a:)
yi cha: mo:n phok? (no)
yi cha: mo:n kan? (na)
yim1 cha: tuh1nz1 gji? (na)
yi cha: tuhund necuv? (na)
yi cha: tuh1nz beni? (a:)
yim china: tuh1nd b@:y? (na)
yi chana: tuh1nz ku:r? (na)
a:, yi chu mo:n ath1.

a:, yi cha me:n n@r.
a:, yim chi me.n khOr.
na, yi chun1 tuhand phok.
na, yi chun1 tuhund kan.
na, yim1 chan1 ma:ni gji.
na, yi chun1 mo:n necuv.
a:, yi cha m:e:n beni.
na, yim chin1 me:n b@:y.
na, yi chan1 me:n ku:r.

1. yi chu mo:n kan.
>
2. yi chu co:n @:ina:v. >
3. yi cha tuh1nz n\r.
>
4. yi cha tuh1nz zang.
>
5. hu chu t\msund bo:y. >
6. hu chu t\msund do:s. >
7. yi cha t\ms1nz ku:r. >
8. yi cha t\ms1nz beni. >
9. hu chu mo:n do:s.
10. hu chu co:n necuv.
>
yim chi me:n kan.

yim chi c\:n \:ina:v
yim1 cha tuh1nz1 nari
yim1 cha tuh1nz1 zang1.
hum chi t\ms1nd b@:y.
hum chi t\ms1nd do:s.
yim1 cha t\ms1nz1 ko:ri.
yim1 cha t\ms1nz1 beni.
> hum chi me:n do:s.
hum chi c\:n neciv.
1.
2.
3.

given in brackets.
yi cha me:n (nose)
yi chan1 me:n... (eye)
yi chu co:n (knee)
(do:s) yim chi me:n do:s.

(@:ina:v)
(na)
(a:)
(na)
(a:)
(mo:n)
(tuh1nd)
(me:n)
(tuh1nz1)
III. Write down 20 sentences using words given in the table

below:
yi/yim/yim1
hu/hO/hum/hum1
su/sO/tim/tim1
chu/chun1
mo:n/co:n do:s
chi/chin1
me:n/c\:n mo:l m\:j
cha/chan1
ma:ni/ca:ni ko:ri/beni
tuhund/tuh1nd @ch/kan
tuh1nz/tuh1nz1
t\msund/t\ms1nz
Notes
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns have the following forms agreeing with the subject in
number (and status) and with object in both number and gender:
Subject
Exercises
I.
1. yim kam chi?

2. hum kam chi?
3. yim cha: tuh1nd hamsa:yi?
4. hum cha: tuh1nd b@:y?
5.yi cha: tuh1nz ku:r?
6. hO cha: tuh1nz beni?
7. yi k@msund bo:y chu?
8. hum k\ms1nd do:s chi?
9. hO k\ms1nz beni cha7
10. hum1 k\ms1nz1 ko:ri cha?
7. yi chu tuhund (friend)

8. yi cha tuh1nz
(mother)
9. yim chi tuh1nd (parents)
Person
1st (sg)
1st (pl)
2nd (sg)
2nd (pl)
Masculine
Sg.
Pl.
Object
Feminine
Sg.
Pl.
mo:n
so:n
co:n
tuhund
me:n
s@:n
c@:n
tuh1nz
me:n
s@:n
c@:n
tuh1nd
ma:ni
sa:ni
ca:ni
tuh1nz1
3rd (sg.) prox.

3rd (sg) rem.
3rd (pl)prox.
Rem.
Inter.
(sg)
(pl)
y\msund
t\msund
yimanhund
yihund
timanhund
tihund
k\msund
k1hund
y\ms1nd
t\ms1nd
yimanh1nd
yih1nd
timanh1nd
tih1nd
k@ms1nd
k1h1nd
y\ms1nz
t\ms1nz
yimanh1nz
yih1nz
timanh1nz
tih1nz
k@ms1nz
k1h1nz
y\ms1nz1
t\ms1nz1
yimanh1nz1
yih1nz1
timanh1nz1
tih1nz1
k@ms1nz1
k1h1nz1
Lesson 5
1.
Vocabulary
mo:n
me:n
me:n
ma:ni
co:n
c@:n
c@:n
ca:ni
tuhund
tuh1nd
tuh1nz
tuh1nz1
t\msund
tihund
t\ms1nd
tih1nd
t\ms1nz
tih1nz
t@ms1nz1
tih1nz1
k@msund
k1hund
k\ms1nd
k1h1nd
k\ms1nz
k1h1nz
@:ina:v
m.s.
m.p.
f.s.
f.p.
m.s.
m.p.
f.s.
f.p.
m.s.
m.p
f.s.
f.p.
m.s.
m.s.
m.p.
m.p.
f.s.
f.s.
f.p.
f.p.
m.s.
m.s.
m.p.
m.p.
m.s.
f.s.
my
k@ms1nz1
my
k1h1nz1
my
pa:n
my
kal1
your
buth
your
ath1
your
khOr
your
kan
your
neth
your
nas
your
zav
your
g1j
his/her gardan
his/her bum
his/her zang
his/her \ch
his/her mas
his/her koth
his/her hO~gan
his/her yad
whose vuth
whose n@r
whose necuv
whose beni
whose mo:l m\:j
whose hamsa:yi
relatives
f.p.
f.p.
m.s.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
f.
f.
f.
f.
f.
f.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
f.
whose
whose
body, self
head
face
hands
foot/feet
ear/ears
thumb(s)
nose
tongue
finger
neck
eyebrow
leg
eye
hair
knee
chin
belly
lip(s)
arm
son
sister
parents
neighbor(s)
2.
yim chi dar s@:b.

dar s\:b chi s\:n hamsa:yi.
yi cha ru:pa:ji, dar s\:b1n
a:en.
yim chi dOvay sat tha:
@ri:ph.
dar s\:b chi da:kt ar.
rame: chu yihund necuv.
i:l1 cha yih1nz ku:r.
uma: cha rame:1n zana:n.
rame: chu bank mane:jar.
uma: cha ka:le:j lekcarar.
sohn1 chu rame:un do:s.
su chu sark\:r mul\:zim.
sohn1n beni rama: cha
i:l1n ves.
yim1 cha dOvay
an1h\rii.
sohn1n pita:ji chi akh
the:k1dar.
tim chi satha: \mi:r.
This is Mr. Dar.

Mr. Dar is our neighbor.
This is Rupaji, Mr. Dars
wife.
Both of them are very
gentle.
Mr. Dar is a doctor.
Ramesh is his son.
Shiela is his daughter.
Uma is Rameshs wife.
Ramesh is a bank manager.
Uma is a college lecturer.
Sohan is Rameshs friend.
He is a government servant.
Sohans sister Rama is
Shielas friend.
dar sa:bun maka:n chu sa tha:

bod.
maka:nuk pa chu ti:nuk.
Mr. Dars house is quite

big.
The roof of the house is (made) of
tin.
The doors of the house are
strong.
The windows of the house are
made of glass.
The rent of the house is sa:s sa:s
five thousand rupees.
Our house is small.
maka:n1k darva:z1 chi mazbu:t.

maka:nci da:ri cha i:ci
maka:n1c kira:y cha p:tsh
rOp1yi.
so:n maka:n chu lOkut
Both of them are unmarried.

Sohans father is a
contractor.
He is very rich.
LESSON 5
kul chi tso:r kamr1.

co:k1 chu bod.
ra:n1 kuth chi z1.
maka:nuk :gun chu ja:n.
There are four rooms in all.

The kitchen is big.
There are two bathrooms.
The compound of the
house is good.
Drills
I.
Transformation drill
yi chu maka:nuk darva:z1.

yi cha maka:n1c d\:r.
yi chu dar s\:bun do:s
yi chu yihund hamsa:yi.
yi chu sohnun bo:y.
>
>
>
>
>
yim chi maka:n1k darva:z1

yim1 cha maka:n1ci da:ri.
yim chi dar sa:b1n do:s.
yim chi yih1nd hamsa:yi.
yim chi sohn1n b\:y.
27
28
II. Answer the following questions using cues:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
dar s\:b k1h1nd hamsa:yi chi?

rame: kuhund necuv chu?
sohnl kus chu?
rama: kOs cha?
t?he:k1dar kam chi?
rame: ka: chu?
uma: kOs cha?
uma: k1h1nz ves cha?
sohn1 kuhund do:s chu
rama: k1h1nz beni cha?
(me:n)
(dar s\:bun).
(rame:un necuv)
(sohn1n beni)
(kha:n s\:b)
(lekcarar)
(rame:1n zana:n)
(i:l1n)
( rameun)
(sohn1n)
III. Write down 15 sentences using words from the table

given below:
II. Response drill

yi kuhnnd @:ina:v chu? (mo:n)
yi cha: tuhund hamsa:yi? (a:)
yim cha: tuh1nd do:s? (a:)
yi k1h1nz ku:r cha?
(ra:mji:yin)
yim k1h1nd neciv chi? (dar s@:b1n)
yim1 k1hnz1 ko:ri cha? (ko:l s@:b1ni)
maka:n1k m@:likh kam chi? (b1)
yi chu mo:n @:ina:v

a:, yi chu so:n hamsa:yi.
a:, yim chi me:n do:s.
yi cha ra:mji:yin ku:r.
yim chi dar s@:b1n neciv.
yim1 cha ko:l s@:b1ni ko:ri.
b1 chus maka:nuk m@:likh
rame/sohn1 chu/chun1
rama:/uma: cha/chan1
dar s@:b
chi/chin1tu
so:n/s\:n
mo:n/me:n
hund/tuh1nd
Notes
Possessive nouns
Following suffixes are added to the animate nouns changing them in possessive nouns agreeing with the object in number and gender:
Exercises
I.
Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the

words/phrases given in brackets:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
dar s@:b chi hamsa:yi.

ru:pa:ji: cha a:en.
a:mji: chi neciv
rame: chu do:s.
rama: cha beni.
pita:ji chi satha: @mi:r.
.... chu @ri:ph
cha n1 mazbu:t
chi t?he:k1dar.
chu so:n hamsa:yi.
(our)
(Mr. Dars)
(Mr. Rainas)
(Sohans)
(Sohans)
(Rams) .
(owner of the house)
(windows of the house)
(my friend)
(your friend)
rit1da:r/d?a:dktar
hamsa:yi/v@ki:l
do:s
Masculine
Sg.
Pl
-un
-in
Feminine
Sg
Pl
-in
-ini
Examples:
ra:mun necuv
ra:m1n neciv
ra:m1n g@r
ra:m1ni gari
Rams son
Rams sons
Rams watch
Rams watches
LESSON 5
29
Vocabulary
a:en
dOvay
@ri:ph
yihund
yih1nz
yih1nd
yih1nz1
bank
manejar
ka:le:j
lekcarar
sarka:r
lOkut
kamr1
co:k1
:gun
an1h@ri f.s.
ra:n1 kuth
m.s
f.s.
m.p.
f.p.
m.
m.
f
m.s.
m.
m.
m
m.
wife
both
gentle
his/her
his/her
his/her
\mi:r
pita:
bod
t i:n
darva:z1
mazbu:t
rich
father
m. big
m. tin
m. door
m strong
his/her
bank
manager
college
lecturer
government
small
room
kitchen
compound
unmarried
bathroom
d\:r
pa
i:1
kira:y
sa:s
rOp1yi
mul\:zim
do:s
ves
an1hu:r
the:k1dar
f.
m.
m.
f.
Lesson 6
1.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
toh kam chiv?

bi chus rame:.
toh chiva: k@:ir?
a:, b1 thus k@:ur.
yim kam chi?
yim chi ra:ke:
toh chiva: ba:r1n?
na, @s chi do:s.
toh chiva: panj@:b?
na, b1 chus n1 panj@:b,
b1 chus bang@:l.
me:n zana:n cha panj@:b.
Whats your name?

Im Ramesh.
Are you a Kashmiri?
Yes, Im a Kashmiri.
Who is this?
This is Rakesh.
Are you brothers?
No, we are friends.
Are you a Punjabi?
No, I am not a Punjabi, Im
a Bengali.
My wife is a Punjabi.
2.
A. toh kam chiv?

B. b1 chas rama:.
yi cha uma:.
A. toh chava: ben1ni?
B. na, \s cha ves1.
b1 chas gujr@:t.
rama: cha k@:ir.
A. b1 ti chas k@:ir
me:n bartha: chi mar@:th.
Whats your name?

Im Rama.
This is Uma.
Are you sisters?
No, we are friends.
Im a Gujarati.
Rama is a Kashmiri.
Im Kashmiri too.
My husband is a Marathi.
3.
A.
B.
A.
B.
Whats your name?

I am Nazir.
Whats your name?
Im Raja.
This is Sara.
Are you friends?
No, we are sisters.
Do you belong to a village?
Yes, I am.
Are you from the city?
Yes, we belong to the city.
window
roof
glass
rent
thousand
f rupees
employee
friend
girls girl friend
m.. unmarried
contractor
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
ts1 kus chukh?

b1 chus n@zi:r.
ts1 kOs chakh?
b1 chas ra:j1.
yi cha sa:r1.
toh chava: ves1?
na, \s cha ben1ni.
ts1 chukha: ga:muk?
a:, b1 chus ga:muk.
toh chava: a:hr1ci
a:, @s cha a:hr1ci.
LESSON 6
Drills
1.
3.
b1 chus
bang\:l
k@:ur
panj@:b
gujr@:t
ga:muk
2. @s chi
bang@:l
k@:ir
panj@:b
gujr@:t
ga:m1k
b1 chas
k\:ir
ga:m1c
a:hr1ci
panj@:b
bang\:l
4.@s cha
ves1
ben1ni
k@:iri
ga:m1ci
a:hr1ci

b1 chus da:ktar.
b1 chus duka:nda:r.
b1 chas inji:niyar.
b1 chas v\ki:l
ts1 chukh dob.
ts1 chukh na:yid.
ts1 chakh n\r1s.
ts1 chakh ma:starba:y.
su chu k@:ur.
su chu panj@:b.
sO cha ga:m1c.
sO cha a:hr1c.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
@s chi da:ktar.
@s chi duka:nda:r.
@s cha inji:niyar.
@s cha v@ki:l.
toh chiv dob.
toh chiv n@:yid.
toh chav1 n@rs1.
toh chav1 ma:starba:yi.
tim chi k@:ir.
tim chi panj@:b.
tim1 cha ga:m1c1.
tim1 cha a:hr1c1.
31
32
5. ts1 chukh (Bengali)

6. ts1 chakh (Punjabi)
7. hu chu (barber)
8. hO cha (tailor)
9. su chu (wise)
10. sO cha (wise)
15. toh chav1 (villagers)

16. toh chav1 (sisters)
17. hum chi ... (barbers)
18. hum1 cha (friends)
19. tim chi (short boys)
20. tim1 cha (tall girls)

1. toh chiva: k@:ir?
2. toh chiva: bang@:l?
3. toh chiva: da:ktar?
4. toh chiv: duka:nda:r?
5. b1 chusa: panj@:b?
6. b1 chusa: v@ki:l?
7. b1 chasa: zi:th?
8. b1 chasa: v@th?
9. ts1 chukhna: k@:ur?
10. ts1 chakhna: ga:t1j?
11. su chuna: zu:th?
12. sO chana: kr1h1n
13. tim china: panj@:b?
14. tim1 chana: ja:n ko:ri?
(a:) a: b1 chus k@:ur.

(a:)
(a:)
(a:)
(na) na, toh chivn1 panj@:b.
(na)
(na)
(na)
(na) na, b1 chusn1 k@:ur.
(na)
(na)
(na)
(na)
(na)
b1/\s
ts1/toh
su/tim
sO/tim1
chus/chas
chiv/cha/chu
chukh/chakh
chiv/chav
k\:ur/k\:ir/k\:ir/k\:iri
panj\:b/bang\:l
ga:muk/ga:m1k/ga:m1c/ga:m1ci
a:hruk/:hr1k/a:hr1c/ a:hr1ci
Notes
Exercises
I.

given in brackets:
1. b1 chus (lawyer)
11. b1 chas (Punjabi)
2. b1 chus (carpenter) 12. b1 chas (teacher)
3. @s chi (Kashmiri)
13. toh chiv (villagers)
4. ts1 chukh (shopkeeper)14. toh chiv (friends)
In this lesson personal pronouns have been introduced in the nominative

case along with the forms of the copular verb in the present tense.
Personal pronouns in the nominative case
Masculine
Sg.
Pl.
1st per.
b1
@s
2nd per.
ts1
toh
Feminine
Sg.
Pl.
b1
@s
ts1
toh
LESSON 6
3rd per.(within sight) hu

3rd per. (out of sight) su
hum
tim
hO
sO
33
hum1
tim1
Note that second and third person masculine plural forms of personal
pronouns are used for honorific singulars as well. e.g.,
toh chiv da:ktar.
hum chi v@ki:l.
tim chi k@:ir.
You are a doctor.

He is a lawyer.
He is a Kashmiri.
Copular verb forms in the present tense

Following are the forms of the copular verb be in Kashmiri in present tense
agreeing with the subject in person, number and gender:
Masculine
Sg.
Pl.
thus
chi
chukh chiv
chu
chi
1st per.
2nd per.
3rd per.
Feminine
Sg:
P1.
chas
chi
chakh chav1
cha
cha
It is to be noted that second and third person masculine plural forms are
used for honorific singulars as well. Examples are already given above.
Interrogative particle /-a: /
The interrogative particle /-a:/ can be added to the negative copular verb
form ending in -n1, e.g.,
b1 chusn1 k\:ur.
b1 chusna: k\:ur.
I am not a Kashmiri.
Am I not a Kashmiri?
Vocabulary
b1
\s
ts1
toh
chus
chas
bang\:l
s.
p.
m.s
f.s.
I
we
you
you
am
am
Bengali
gujr\:t
mar\:th
do:s
k\:ur m.s.
bartha:
ga:muk m
ahruk m
Gujarati
Marathi
friend
Kashmiri
husband
a villager
belonging
34
chukh
chakh
chivp.
chav1
k\:1r
m.s
f.s.
f.p.
f.s.
(you) are
(you) are
(you) are
(you) are
Kashmiri
ben1ni
panj\:b
k\:iri f.p.
k\:ir m.p.
to a city
sisters
Punjabi
Kashmiri
Kashmiri
36
B. na, sO @:s tasvi:r

bana:va:n.
A. ts1 ka: o:sukh kara:n?
B. b1 o:sus k@:m kara:n.
Lesson 7
A. namaska:r.
B. namaska:r. toh chiva:
va:ray?
A. ahan ma:hra: va:ray.
B. toh ka: chiv kara:n?
A. bl chus kita:b para:n.
B. i:l1 ka: cha kara:n?
A. i:l1 cha cith le:kha:n?
B. ur cha: ginda:n?
A. vi:n1 cha re:diyo: bo:za:n.
an1 cha palav chala:n.
B. mi:n1 kati cha?
A. mi:n1 cha bat1 rana:n.
B. ka:zi? no:kar kati chu?
A. su chu az be:ma:r.
B. be:bi: kati cha?
A. be:bi: cha TV vucha:n.
Namaskar (Greetings)
Namaskar. How are you?
Im fine.
What are you doing?
I am reading a book.
What is Shiela doing?
Shiela is writing a letter.
Are children playing?
Vina is listening to radio.
Shana is washing clothes.
Where is Meena?
Meena is cooking food.
Why? Where is the servant?
He is sick today.
Where is Baby?
Baby is watching TV.
***
Where were you going
yesterday?
I was going to the market.
Where were you?
I was purchasing a medicine.
Where was Mr. Nazir?
He was looking for
some papers.
What was Nasim doing?
She was stitching her clothes.
A. toh kot @:siv1 gatsha:n

ra:th?
B. b1 o:sus ba:zar gatsha:n.
toh kati @:siv1?
A. b1 o:sus dava: heva:n.
B. n\zi:r s\:b kati \:s?
A. tim \:s ke~h ka:kaz
tsh:da:n.
B. n\si:m1 ka: \:s kara:n?
A. sO @:s pan1n palav
suva:n.
A. ts1 osukha: bat1 kheva:n? Were you eating your food?
B. na, b1 o:sus ca:y cava:n. No, I was taking tea.
A. rama: \:sa: b\niya:n
Was Rama knitting a sweater?
vo:na:n?
No, she was drawing a picture.

What were you doing?
I was doing some work.
Drills
1.
b1 chus /chas
bat1 kheva:n
ca:y cava:n
kita:b para:n
cith le:kha:n
2.
@s chi/cha
palav chala:n
bat1 rana:n
saph\:yi kara:n
TV vucha:n
3.
ts1 chukh/chakh
re:diyo: bo:za:n
ca:y bana:va:n
ginda:n
ba:zar gatsha:n
4.
toh chiv/chav1 ..
ca.y bana:va:n
b\niya:n vo:na:n
palav suva:n
palav chala:n

b1 chus kita:b para:n.
b1 chas cith le:kha:n.
\s chi bat1 kheva:n.
ts1 chukh ca:y cava:n.
ts1 chakh b\niya:n vo:na:n.
toh chiv palav chala:n.
su chu re:diyo: bo:za:n.
sO cha TV vucha:n.
tim chi saph\:yi: ka:ra:n
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
b1 o:sus kita:b para:n.

b1 @:s1s cith le:kha:n.
\s \:s bat1 kheva:n.
ts1 o:sukh ca:y cava:n.
ts1 \:s1kh b\niya:n vo:na:n.
toh \:siv1 palav chala:n.
su o:s re:diyo: bo:za:n.
sO @:s TV vucha:n.
tim @:s saph\:yi: kara:n.
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words:
1. b1 kita:b
2. toh palav
3. su re:diyo:
4. tim ca:y
6. ts1 cith
7. toh bat1
8. sO TV
9. tim1 ba:zar
LESSON 7
5. rama: palav
37
10. n\si:m1 dava:
38
Notice that certain phonological changes take place while forming infinitive forms in the second category of verbs.

Present progressive
1. toh ka: chiv kara:n?
2. toh ka: chiv vo:na:n?
3. toh ka: chiv cava:n?
4. ts1 ka: chukh para:n?
5. ts1 ka: chakh le:kha:n?
6. tim ka: \:s heva:n?
7. toh kot \:siv1 gatsha:n?
8. toh ka \:siv1 bana:va:n?
9. toh ka: \:siv1 suva:n?
10. tim ka: \:s tsh:da:n?
(reading) b1 chus para:n.

(sweater)
(tea)
(book)
(letter)
(medicine)
(market)
(picture)
(clothes)
(papers)
The present progressive is formed by adding the suffix -a:n to the main verb
roots and by using the present auxiliary verbs agreeing with the subject, in
person, gender and number.
Present auxiliary verbs
Note that the present auxiliary verb forms and the copular verb forms of the
copular verb be are the same.
Past auxiliary verbs

below:
b1/\s/ts1/toh
su/tim/sO/tim1
chus/chas/chukh
chakh/chu/chiv
chi/cha/chav1
o:sus/\:s1s/\:s
a:s1/o:sukh/\:s1kh
\:siv1/a:s1v1/o:s
kita:b para:n
cith le:kha:n
bat1 rana:n
ca:y bana:va:n
palav chala:n
ginda:n/heva:n
Following are the forms of the past auxiliary verb a:s be agreeing with the
subject in person, gender and number.
1st Per.
2nd Per.
3rd Per.
Masculine
Sg.
Pl.
o:sus \:s
o:sukh \:siv1
o:s
\:s
Feminine
Sg.
Pl.
\:s1s
a:s1
\:s1kh a:s1v1
\:s
a:s1
Notes
Note that the second and third person masculine plural forms are used for
honorific second and third person singular subjects respectively, e.g.,
Main verb roots

In Kashmiri main verb roots are of two types : consonant ending roots and
vowel ending roots. Most of the verbs have consonant ending roots and
only a limited number of verbs (about seven) have vowel ending roots.
Infinitives are formed by adding -un suffix to the roots:
1.
2.
Verb roots
parkarle:khkheceni-
Infinitive
parun to read
karun to do
le:khun to write
khon to eat
con
to drink
nun
to take
toh @:siv1 cith para:n.

tim @:s kita:b para:n.
you (hon.) were reading a letter.

He (hon.) was reading a book.
Past progressive
Sentences with past progressive are constructed by adding the progressive
suffix -a:n. to the main verb and by using the auxiliary form of the verb
agreeing with the subject in person, number and gender.
LESSON 7
39
Vocabulary
namaska:r
va:ray
karun
le:khun
gindun
bo:zun
chalun
re:diyo:
kati
bat1
ranun
az
bema:r
TV
vuchun
k\:m
m
m
m
f
a term of greeting
used by a Hindu for
a Hindu.
alright
to do
to write
to play
to listen
to wash
radio
where
food
to cook
to day
sick
television
to see, to watch
work
kot
gatshun
dava:
m
hon
ke~h
ka:kaz
m
tsh:dun
panun
m.
suvun
khon
con
vo:nun
tasvi:r
f
bana:vun
saph\:yi:
f
saph\:yi kar1n
where
to go
medicine
to buy
some
paper(s)
to search
own
to stitch
to eat
to drink
to knit
picture
to make
cleanliness
to clean
Lesson 8
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
toh kati chiv ro:za:n?

b1 chus ro:za:n siri:n@gr1.
toh ka: k@:m chiv kara:n?
b1 chus ka:r1ba:r kara:n.
kamuk ka:r1ba:r?
@s chi tsu:than hund
ka:r1ba:r kara:n.
asi chu akh duka:n ami:ra:
k@dl1.
toh ka: chiv kara:n?
A. b1 chus ma:star.
B. toh kar chiv sku:l gatsha:n?
A. b1 chus navi baji sku:l
gatsha:n .
B. va:pas kar chiv yiva:n?
A. tso:ri baji.
B. toh ka: chiv par1na:va:n?
A. b1 chus hisa:b t1 gri:zi:
par1na:va:n.
B. mo:n necuv chu d@himi
para:n.
su chu sakh mehnath kara:n.
me:n ku:r cha 1:t himi para:n.
sO cha sil@:y ti hecha:n.
sO cha satha: ja:n geva:n.
A. acha:?
b1 ti o:sus geva:n.
mo:n lOkut l@dk1 chu
ha:ki: ginda:n.
su chu nav1 vuhur.
Where do you live?

I live in Srinagar.
What do you do?
I am in business.
Which business?
We deal in apples.
We have a shop at Amira
Kadal.
What do you do,?
I am a teacher.
At what time do you go to
school?
I go to school at 9 oclock.
At what time do you return?
At 4 0 clock.
What subjects do you teach?
I teach mathematics and
English.
My son studies in the tenth
class.
He works very hard.
My daughter studies in the
eighth class.She learns stitching
(of clothes) too.She sings very
well.
Is it?
I also used to sing.
My younger son plays
hockey.
He is nine years old.
LESSON 8
2.
b1 chus p:tsi baji nendri

vOtha:n.
b1 chus ath1 buth chala:n.
b1 chus dOhay s@:r kara:n.
b1 chus eyi baji ra:n kara:n
b1 chus @: thi baji ca:y cava:n
b1 chus navi baji daphtar
ne:ra:n.
b1 chus d@hi baji daphtar
va:ta:n.
b1 chus eyi baji gar1 yiva:n.
41
I get up at 5 0 clock.
I wash my hands and feet.
I go for a walk daily.
I take a bath at 6 0 clock.
I have my tea at 8 0 clock.
I start for my office at 9 0
clock.
I reach my office at 10 0
clock.
I come home at 6 0 clock.
42
III. Transformation drill

>
b1 chus/chas ro:za:n ga:m1. >
@s chi/cha ro:za:n a:hr1.
mohn1 chun1 ginda:n.
tim chi sku:l gatsha:n
tim1 cha geva:n.
>
>
>
>
toh kati @:siv1 ro:za:n?

b1 o:sus/@:s1s ro:za:n
ga:m1.
@s @:s/a:s1 ro:za:n a:hr1.
mohn1 o:sn1 ginda:n.
tim @:s sku:l gatsha:n.
tim1 a:s1 geva:n.
Exercises
I.
Drills
Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words given in

brackets:
1. Substitutionl drill
1.
b1 chus/chas ro:za:n.
bambyi (Bombay)
dili (Delhi)
a:gra: (Agra)
anantna:g1 (Anantnag)
jemi (Jammu)
2.
3.
mo:n necuv chu para:n.. 4.

doyimi
treymi
tsu:rimi
p1)::tsimi
eymi
toh chiv parna:va:n

hisa:b
gri:zi:
k@:ur Kashmiri
ko:nu:n law
saynas science
II. Response drill

toh chiva: ka:r1ba:r kara:n?
toh chiva: no:kri: kara:n?
toh chiva: geva:n?
toh chiva: siri:n@gr1 ro:za:n?
tuhund necuv cha: ha:ki: ginda:n?
tuh1nz ku:r cha: geva:n?
I. @s chin1 ga:m1 ..
2. b1 chusn1 kara:n
3. b1 chus gar1 gatsha:n.
4 @s chi va:pas yiva:n.
5. mo:n lOkut bo:y chu .para:n.
6. me:n beni cha hecha:n.
7. mohn1 chu . vuhur.
8. b1 chus/chas . kara:n.
9. @s chi .. daphtar va:ta:n.
10. toh chiv .. s@:r kara:n.
b1 chus/chas daphtar
gatsha:n .
@: thi baji
dahi baji
kahi baji
bahi baji
(a:) a:, b1 chus ka:r1ba:r kara:n.

(a:) a:, b1 chus no:kri: kara:n.
(na) na, b1 chusn1 geva:n.
(na) na, b1 chusn1 siri:n@gr1 ro:za:n
(a:) a:, su chu ginda:n.
(a:) a:, sO cha geva:n.
(live)
(business)
(8 0 clock)
(10 0 clock)
(9th class)
(stitching)
(11)
(working hard)
(11 oclock)
(daily)

1.
2.
3.

4.
toh ka: k@:m chiv kara:n? 5.
toh chiva: no:kri kara:n? 6.
toh k@ts v1lh1r chiv?

toh ka: chiv hecha:n?
toh kar chiv nendri
vOtha:n?
9. toh kar chiv daphtar/
sku:l gatsha:n?
10. va:pas kar chiv gar1
yiva:n?
7.
toh chiva: geva:n?
8.
toh ka: chiv ginda:n?
LESSON 8
43

below:
b1/@s chus/chas/chi/o:sus/@:s1s kita:b
ts1/toh chukh/chakh/chiv
ha:ki:
o:sukh/@:s1kh/@:siv1
su/sO chu/cha/o:s/@:s
ra:n
tim/tim1 @:s/@:s1kh/a:s1v1
s@:r
para:n, le:kha:n,
ginda:n,parlna:va:n
hecha:n, gatsha:n
kara:n, yiva:n
va:ta:n, ne:ra:n
daphtar
Notes
Present and past indefinite construction
The present and past indefinite constructions are formed by adding the
suffix -a:n to the main verb, and by using the forms of present or past
auxiliary verbs agreeing with the subject in person, gender and number.
Adverbs of place
The locative case markers -1 and -i are added to the consonant ending
adverbs of place for indicating the location, e.g.,
siri:n@g1r+1 = siri:n@gr1
amira: kad1l +1= ami:ra:k@dl1:
dil+ i
= dili
in Srinagar
at Amira Kadal
in Delhi
A zero suffix is added to the -a: ending adverbs of place:

a:gra:
+ = a:gra:
Adverbs of time
The suffix -i is added to all the constituents of adverbs of time phrases to
indicate the definiteness, e.g.,
tre
tso:r
p:tsh
e
+i
+i
+i
+i
baje + i
baje + i
baje + i
baje + i
= treyi baji
= tso:ri baji
= p:tsi baji
= eyi baji
at 3 oclock
at 4 oclock
at 5 oclock
at 6 oclock
Notice that certain morphophonemic changes take place after these
44
suffixes are added: The semi-vowel /y/ is added after the final vowel of
monosyllabic roots, and the final vowel of the disyllabic words is elided
before the suffix -i is added to it.
Coordinate conjunction morpheme t1 and
The coordinate conjunction morpheme t1 and is used to conjoin two or
more than two noun phrases, verb phrases or sentences which are of the
similar structure, e.g.,
mohn1 t1 ra:j1 chi para:n.
toh chiv k@:ur t1 gri:zi:
para:n
mohn1 chu zu: th t1 ra:j1 chu
tshot .
Mohan and Raj are studying.

You study Kashmiri and
English.
Mohan is tall and Raja
is short.
Vocabulary
ro:zun
ka:r1ba:r m
ha:ki:
f
vuhur m.
nend1r f
vOthun
ath1-buth
dOhay
s@:r
m
par1na:vun
daphtar m
ne:run
va:tun
gar1
m
ra:n
m
to live/stay
business
hockey
years old
sleep
to get up
hands and face
daily
a walk
to teach
office
to start
to reach
home
bath
hechun
gevun
tsu:th
@mi:ra:k@d1l
sku:l
baje
va:pas
yun
va:pas yun
hisa:b
gre:zi:
sakh
mehnath
sil@:y
ra:n karun
m
m
m
m
m
to learn
to sing
apple
Amira kadal
school
hour, oclock
return
to come
to return
mathematics
English
very hard
hard work
stitching
to take a bath
46
5.
Lesson 9
1.
2.
3.
buth chal.
k@:m kar.
kita:b par.
kalam an.
cith le:kh.
sku:l gatsh.
sabakh kar ya:d.
ha:ki: gind.
Wash your face.

Do your work.
Read your book.
Bring your pen.
Write a letter.
Go to school.
Learn your lesson.
Play hockey.
ra:n k@riv.
akhba:r p@riv.
ca:y ceyiv.
ba:zar g@tshiv.
sabzi: @niv.
k@:m k@riv.
palav badl@:viv.
daphtar ni:riv.
Please take your bath.

Please read the newspaper.
Please take your tea.
Please go to the market.
Please bring vegetables.
Please do your work.
Please change your clothes
Please start out for the office.
o:r m1 k@riv, tshOp1 k@riv.

ca:y m1 ceyiv, dOd ceyiv.
TV m1 vuchiv, pan1n k@:m
k@riv.
tsu:th m1 kheyiv, bat1
kheyiv.
re:diyo: m1 bu:ziv, g@tshiv
p@riv.
Do not make noise, keep quiet.

Do not drink tea, drink milk.
Do not watch TV., do
your own work.
Do not eat apples, eat
your meals.
Do not listen to radio,
go (and) study.
darva:z1 kart1 band.

d@:r m1tsra:vt1.
bijli: za:lt1.
sabakh part1.
nov mazmu:n le:kht1.
n@v kath bo:zna:vt1.
sku:l1c k@:m ha:vt1.
Close the door.

Open the window.
Switch on the light.
Learn your lesson.
Write down a new essay.
Narrate a new story.
Show your school assignment.
Do not waste time.
ba:zar g@tshtav.
sabzi: @ntav.
tse:r mat1 k@rtav
jaldi: k@rtav.
m@:l1 palav ch@ltav
n@v palav tshuntav.
s@:r k@rtav.
Please go to the market.

Please bring vegetables.
Please dont be late.
Please hurry.
Please wash dirty clothes.
Please put on new clothes.
Please go for a walk.
varzi k@rtav.
Please do physical exercises.
Drills
(1) kita:b par (read)
(see)
(write)
(buy)
(bring)
(3) tsu:th het1(buy)
(see)
(eat)
(take)
(bring)
(2) cith li:khiv
(write)
(bring)
(see)
(read)
(take)
(4) ha:ki gindtav (play)

(see)
(bring)
(buy)
(change)
II Transformation drill
(1)
(2)
4.
vakh1t mat1 kart1 za:yi.
(3)
kita:b par.
re:diyo: bo:z.
TV vuch.
tsu:th an.
bat1 khe.
k@:m kar.
buth chal.
sku:l ne:r.
sabzi: ran.
akhba:r par.
tshOp1 k@riv.
palav heyiv.
b@niya:n vu:niv.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
kita:b p@riv.
re:diyo: bu:ziv.
TV vuchiv.
tsu:th @niv.
bat1 kheyiv.
ts1 kar k@:m.
ts1 chal buth.
ts1 ne:r sku:l.
ts1 ran sabzi:. ts1 par akhba:r.
toh k@riv tshOp1.
toh heyiv palav.
toh vu:niv b@niya:n.
LESSON 9
(4)
tasvi:r ban@:viv.
ra:n k@riv.
gar1 g@tshiv.
ca:y cet1.
tsu:th khet1.
dOd ant1.
bat1 rant1.
k@mi:z chalt1.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
47
toh ban@:viv tasvi:r.

toh k@riv ra:n.
toh g@tshiv gar1.
ca:y ceytav.
tsu:th kheytav.
dOd @ntav.
bat1 r@ntav.
k@mi:z ch@ltav.
Imperative constructions
The imperative constructions are formed by using the imperative forms of
the verbs and the second person subject can be dropped. Imperative verb
forms are of two types: singular and plural. The singular non-honorific forms
are derived by adding - suffix to the verb root forms and the plural forms
are derived by adding -iv suffix to the verb roots. Notice that in case the
verb root ends in a vowel, /y/ glide is inserted between the two vowels. The
plural forms are used for honorific singular person as well. The singular
forms are thus used for non-honorific singulars alone.
I
lI
Verb root
Singular/Non- Plural/Honorific Sg
honorific
bo:z
bo:z
bu:ziv
par
par
p@riv
le:kh
le:kh
li:khiv
khe
khe
kheyiv
ni
ni
niyiv
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

tshOp1 kar, o:r .......
kita:b par, re:diyo: m1 .......
pan1n ......... kar, TV m1 ........
daphtar m1 g@tshiv, gar1.........
bat1........, ca:y m1 ........
tsu:th ........ dOd m1 ..........
m@:l1 palav ........., sa:ph tshuniv.
d@:r ........ band, darva:z1 .........
sabakh ....... ya:d, vakh1t mat1 ........... za:yi.
ba:zar ............, n@v k@mi:z ...........
Notice that when the suffix -iv is added to the root the vowel of the stem
is raised in height as a result of vowel harmony rule, e.g.,
II. Write down four types of imperative forms of the following verbs and
use them in your own sentences:
1. khon
6. vuchun
10. ya:d karun
15. vo:nun
19. gindun
karun
1. k@:m kar
3. k@:m kart1
1
kar
2. con
3. hon
4. parun
5. le:khun
7. gatshun 8. anun
9. ra:n karun
11. tshunun 12. badla:vun14. ranun
16. ha:vun 17. chalun 18. bo:zun
20. m1tsra:vun
2
k@riv
2. k@:m k@riv
4. k@:m k@rtav.
3
kart1
Notes
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
48
4
k@rtav
bo:z +
par +
iv
iv
=
=
bu:ziv
p@riv
Jussiv imperatives
In Kashmiri, besides the simple imperative forms indicated above, there are
additional two forms of jussive imperative forms which are formed by adding the suffix -ti to the verb roots in their singular (non-honorific), and -ytav
to the verb roots for forming the plural or honorific singular forms, e.g.,
I
II
Verb root
Singular/Non-honorific
Plural/Honorific
parbo:zle:khnihe-
part1
bo:zt1
le:kht1
nit1
het1
p@rtav
bu:ztav
li:khtav
niytav
heytav
LESSON 9
49
Notice that the initial /y/ of the suffix results in the palatalization of tine
stem final consonant. It also causes the raising of the vowel of the stem in
height. Semantically, jussive imperative forms carry extra emphasis, request
or definiteness of the proposed action.
Lesson 10
Conjunct verbs
A noun (or an adjective) and a verb are conjoined to form conjunct verbs. In
this case the main verb takes all the inflexions required. Examples of the
conjunct verbs introduced in the present lesson are as follows:
ra:n karun
ya:d karun
to take a bath
to memorize/to remember
The negative particles m1 and mat1

The negative particle m1 dont is used with simple imperative forms of the
verbs and the negative particle mat1 with the jussive imperative forms. These
morphemes precede the imperative forms of verbs, e.g.,
kita:b m1 par.
cith m1 li:khiv.
philim mat1 vucht1.
re:diyo: mat1 bu:ztav.
Dont read the book.

Dont write the letter.
Dont watch the film.
Dont listen to radio.
Vocabulary
sabakh
m
bijli:
f
ya:d
m
ya:d karun
d@:r
f
vakh1t
m
za:yi
m
za:yi karun
tse:r
m
tse:r karun
jaldi:
f
varzi
f
jaldi: kar1n
tshOp1
f
tshOp1 kar1n
lesson
electricity
memory
to memorize
window
time
waste
to waste
late
to be late
hurry
exercise
to hurry
quiet
to keep
quiet
m1tstra:vun
za:lun
mazmu:n m
bo:z1na:vun
sabzi:
anun
band karun
badla:vun
band
panun
o:r
o:r karun
m@:l1
tshunun
to open
to burn, to light
essay
to narrate
f vegetable
to bring
to close
to change
closed
m.s. self
m noise
to make noise
dirty
to wear
A. tOhi ka: gatshi?

B. me diyiv p@~:s1.
b1 hem1 k?h sa:ma:n.
A. k1:t p@~:s1?
B. hath rOp1yi diyiv.
ba:k1y p@~:s1 an1 va:pas.
A. toh ka: ka: @niv?
B. b1 an1 tomul, t1 masa:l1.
A. asi cha: ti:l?
B. ti:l chu. ba:k1y ci:z chin1.
maslan nu:n, madre:r, ca:y,
ka:phi: vag@:r1.
What do you want?

Please give me money.
I will purchase some articles.
How much money?
Give me 100 rupees.
Ill bring back the balance.
What would you bring?
Ill bring rice and spices.
Do we have oil?
Yes, we have. We do not have
other things like salt,
sugar, tea coffee etc.
A. tse ka: gatshiy?

B. me gatshi dava: ra:mas
kuth.
A. t@mis ka: chu?
B. t@mis chu kalas do:d.
A. da:ktar s@:bas pr1tsh.
B. da:ktar s@:b chin1
duka:nas path. timan ti
chun1 t@biyath thi:kh.
A. acha:. yim ni zi ph@l dava:.
yim dava: ph@l kheyi su
ca:yi s1:t. su gatshi a:m
ta:m thi:kh. a:man gatshi
su da:ktaras ni.
What do you want?

I need medicine for Ram.
What is the matter with him?
He has a headache.
Ask the doctor.
The doctor is not at his shop.
He is also not feeling well.
O.K. Take these two tablets.
He will take these tablets with
tea. He will be alright by
evening. He will go to (see)
the doctor in the evening.
***
A. kamras manz kam chi?

B. kamras manz chi ur.
A. tim ka chi kara:n?
B. mohn1 chu k\mi:zi baTan
la:gan. i:li cha palvan
Who are in the room?

There are children in the
room.
What are they doing?
Mohan is fixing buttons in his
shirt.Shiela is ironing clothes.
LESSON 10
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
kud kara:n.
yi ka: chu me:zas path?
yi chu akh lipha:ph1.
ath manz ka: chu?
ath manz chi p@~:s1.
yath kursi: tal ka: chu?
kursi: tal chu gila:s.
What is this on the table?

This is an envelope.
What is in it?
There is money in it.
What is under this chair?
There is a glass under the
chair.
Drills
1. me diyiv p@~:s1 (dun)
heyiv (hon)
h@:viv (ha:vun)
@niv (anun)
2. me ka: gatshi (me)

gatshiy (tse)
gatshiv1 (tOhi)
gatshi (t@mis)
3. me chun1 t@biyath thi:kh (me) 4. ra:mas di kita:b (ra:m)

tse chuyn1 (tse)
(ra:ji)
tOhi chun1
(tohi)
(i:l1)
t@mis chun1 (tamis)
(sa:r1)
timan chun1 (timan)
(ku:r)
II. Transformation drill
1.
3.
4.
5.
me diyiv akhba:r
tse ka: gatshiy?
t@mis chu kalas do:d
l@dkas di p@~:s1.
ko:ri an palav.
>
>
>
>
>
asi diyiv akhba:r

tOhi ka: gatshiv1?
timan chu kalas do:d.
l@dkan di p@~:s1.
ko:ran an palav.
III. Response drill

1. duka:nas path kam chi? (da:ktar s\:b)
duka:nas path chi da:ktar s@:b.
2. da:ri path ka: chu?
(pard1)
3. mezas tal ka chu?
(tomul)
4. kita:bi tal ka: chu?
(kalam)
5. darva:zas ni ka: chu? (sandu:kh)
6. kursiyi ni ka: chu?
(lipha:phl)
51
52
7. ba:gas manz kus chu?

8. na:vi manz kus chu?
(ba:gva:n)
(h@~:z)
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the cues given in brackets.
1. tOhi ka: . . . .? (want)
2. me . . . tems1nz kita:b. (give)
3. asi . . . @zuk akhba:r. (bring)
4. tse . . . n@v g@r. (want)
5. tOhi . . . . yi kursi:? (want)
6. t@mis cha: ? (headache)

7. timan . . . kus chu? (near)
8. .. . path kus chu? (shop)
9. . . manz kam chi? (house)
10. gila:s chu . . . tal. (chair)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
tuh1ndis kalas path ka: chu?

tuh1ndis athas manz k@ts gji cha?
tuh1ndis maka:nas manz k@ts kamr1 chi?
tOhi ni kam chi ro:za:n?
me:zas tal ka: chu?
tuh1ndis garas ni ka: chu?
tuh1ndis garas manz kam karn chi?
tOhi s1:t kam chi ro:za:n?
toh ka: @niv me kuth?
tOhi cha: t@biyath thi:kh?
III. Write down sentences using the following words and

phrases:
manz, path, ni, kuth, tal, s1:t, ke~h, va:pas anun,
t@biyath, kud kar1n, batun la:gun.
III. Write down the dative case forms of the following nouns:
gar1, darva:z1, mo:l, ur, d@:r, ku:r, kursi:, kita:b, i:l1, da:ktar.
LESSON 10
53
54
kita:b
kursi:
Notes
+i
+i
=
=
kita:bi
kursiyi
Personal pronouns in dative case

Notice that -as is added to the -1 vowel ending or the consonant ending
masculine nouns preceded by low vowel. The suffix -is is added to the
consonant ending masculine nouns
which are preceded by a high or mid back vowel. The suffix -i is added to all
other feminine nouns. As a result of adding of these suffixes, certain
morphophonemic changes occur.
Personal pronouns in dative case are as follows:

Mas./Fem.
Sg.
Pl.
1st Person
me
asi
2nd Person
tse
tOhi
3rd Person
t@mis
timan
Postpositions
Notice that the second and third person plural forms are used for honorific singulars as well. The pronouns do not change for gender.
Demonstrative pronouns in dative case
Following are the forms of the demonstrative pronouns used with inanimate
and animate objects in date case:
Prox.
Rem I (within sight)
Rem II(out of sight)
Inanimate
Sg.
Pl.
yath
yemis
hOth
human
tath
timan
Animate
Sg.
Pl.
yiman yiman
homis human
t@mis timan
In Kashmiri postpositions are of two types: (1) Those which follow the
nouns in dative case, and (2) those which follow the nouns in ablative case.
In this lesson, we have used the
postpositions: manz in, inside, tal under, ni near, nearby path on,
s1:t with and kuth for. All these postpositions follow the subjects in
dative case:
me:zas path/tal/ni/ /s1:t/, /kuth/ etc.
kita:bi path/tal/ni/ s1:t /kuth/ etc.
In case postpositions follow a subject noun phrase containing a determiner and noun, both the constituents of the phrase take the dative case
form:
The plural forms are used for honorific singulars as well.

Dative case
The subjects in dative case are formed by adding -as or -is suffixes to the
masculine nouns and the feminine nouns which end in -i. The suffix -i is
added to the feminine nouns:
darva:z1
akhba:r
i:l1
kul
ur
mo:l
ku:r
zana:n
+ as =
+ as =
+ as =
+ is =
+ is =
+ is =
+i =
+i =
darva:zas
akhba:ras
i:las
kulis
uris
m@:lis
ko:ri
zana:ni
akh l\dk1
mo:n bo:y
yi ur
yi gar1
hO ku:r
hO g@r
=
=
=
=
=
=
@kis l\dkas
me:nis b@:yis
yemis uris
yath garas
homis ko:ri
hOth gari
Future forms of verbs

The following suffixes are added to the consonant and vowel
ending main verb roots for forming the future forms agreeing with the subject in person and number.
LESSON 10
Person Consonant ending

Sg.
Pl.
1st
-1
-av
2nd
-akh-iv -kh
3rd
-i
-an
55
Vowel ending
Sg.
Pl.
-m1
-may
-yiv
-yi
-n
Lesson 11
Examples:
b1 kar1
@s karav.
ts1 karakh.
toh k@riv.
su/sO kari.
tim karan.
I will do.
b1 dim1
I will give.
@s dimav.
ts1 dikh.
toh diyiv.
su/sO diyi.
tim/tim1 din.
want, desire
money
things
hundred
rupees
remaining
to bring back
rice
spices
oil
for example
salt
sugar
coffee
for
headache
to ask
on, at
thi:kh
acha:
phol
s1:t
a:m
ta:m
ni
manz
bat un
h@~:z
la:gun
kud kar1n
tal
lipha:ph1
gila:s
ba:gva:n
na:v
t@biyath
Vocabulary
gatsh
p@~:s1
sa:ma:n
hath
rOpyi
ba:k1y
va:pas anun
tomul
masa:l1
ti:l
maslan
nu:n
m@dre:r
ka:phi:
kuth
kal1 do:d m
pr1tshun
path
m
m
m
f
m
m
m
m
m
f
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
f
m
well
alright
tablet
with
evening
up to
near
in, inside
button
boatman
to fix
to iron
under
envelope
glass
gardener
boat
health
A toh kar g@tshiv dili?

B. b1 gatsh1 paga:h. toh kar
yiyiv?
A. b1 yim1 k@:lkath.
B. tOhi s1:t kam gatshan?
A. rame a:si me s1:t.
t@mis chu @kis do:stas
kh:dar.
B. toh g@tshiva: basi (kath)
kin1 re:li?
A. @s gatshav basi.
va:pas yimav re:li.
B. az cha satha: garmi:.
maka:nas andar chu dam
huh. p@kiv, nebr1 kani
behmav.
A. vOn gatshi tse:r. b1 ne:r1.
paga:h vunkan @:siv toh
dili.
B. a:, @s ne:rav sub1han
@: thi baji. dili va:tav e
baje: a:m ta:m.
A. ra:me: kati a:si
vunkan? b1 so:z1 t@mis
ech.
B. tim a:san gari. toh k@riv
timan teli:pho:n.
A. acha:ji. tOhi s1:t sapdi
vOn dili mula:ka:th. tOhi
cha: mo:n pata: dili hund?
B. me chun1 pata:. toh li:khiv
yath dayri: path.
A. tOhi brh kani ka: chu?
When will you go to Delhi?

Ill go tomorrow. When will
you come?
Ill come day after tomorrow.
Who will accompany you?
Ramesh will accompany me.
A friend of his is getting
married.
Will you go by bus or by
train?
Well go by bus. Well come
back by train.
It is very hot today. It is
suffocating inside the house.
Come on, let us sit outside.
Now it will be late. Ill leave.
Youll be in Delhi tomorrow
at this time.
Yes, well start at 8 o clock
in the morning. Well reach
Delhi by 6 oclock in the
evening.
Where will be Ramesh at this
time? Ill send him a message.
Hell be at home. Ring
him up.
Alright. Ill now see you in
Delhi. Do you have my
address in Delhi?
I do not know. (Please) write
in this diary.
What is in front of you?
LESSON 11
B. yi chu akh sandu:kh.

A. ath andar ka: chu?
B. yath manz chi ke~h zaru:ri:
ka:kaz.
A. tOhi d@chin kin ka: cha?
B. yi cha alm@:r. ath manz
cha kita:b1.
A. me:zas kho:v1r kin ka
chu?
B. yi chu akh dab1.
A. dabas tal1kani ka: chu?
B. yi chu tavliya:.
A. me:zas pat1 kani ka chu?
B. yi chu ra:puc.
This is a box.
What is inside it?
There are some important
papers inside it.
What is on your right hand side?
It is an almirah. There are
books inside it.
What is on the left hand side
of the table?
It is a box.
What is under the box?
It is a towel.
What is behind the table?
It is a knife.
Drills
I. Substitution Drills
1. toh kar g@tshiv gar1?
v@:tiv
(va:tun)
yiyiv
(yun)
ni:riv
(ne:run)
ban@:viv
(bana:vun)
2. b1 a:s1 paga:h dili.

@s a:sav
(@s)
ts1 a:sakh
(ts1)
toh @:siv
(toh)
su a:si
(su)
57
58
SPOKEN KASHMIRI: A LANGUAGE COURS
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words:
1.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
toh kar. gar1?

2. gari ka: .?
me . a:san me:n do:s. 4. @s paga:h dili.
b1 re:li, va:pas basi.
tOhi . sapdi paga:h
yath al1ma:ri . kani ka: chu?
kursiyi . kani chu me:z.
s@:nis maka:nas . kani chu ba:g.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5:
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
toh kar yiyiv va:pas? (paga:h) b1 yim1 va:pas paga:h.

tOhi s1:t kam yin?
(me:n do:s)
toh kith1 k1n g@tshiv?
(ka:ri manz).
toh kati @:siv paga:h vunkan?
(gari)
tOhi s1:t kar sapdi mula:ka:th?
(k quiet.:lkath)
tuh1ndis garas brh kani ka: chu?
(sku:l)
tuh1indis daphtaras pat1 kani ka: chu? (ba:g)
tuh1nd do:s kar a:san yeti?
(a:man)
tOhi cha: mo:n pata:?
(a:)
b1 kar yim1 tuhund gar1?
(paga:h)
3. maka:nas brh kani chu ba:g.

pat1 kani
d@chin kin
kho:v1r kin
nebr1 kani
III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences:
II. Response drill
Auxiliary verb in presumptive or future tense
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Following are the forms of the auxiliary verb a:s be in presumptive or

future tense agreeing with the subject in number
and person in the nominative case:
tOhi brh kani ka: chu? (me:z) me brh kani chu me:z.
tOhi pat1 kani ka: chu? (darva:z1)
tOhi d@chin kin ka: cha? (d@:r)
tOhi kho:v1r kin ka: cha? (kursi:)
me:zas tal1 kani ka: chu? (sondu:kh)
paga:h, k@:lkath, kh:dar, basi kath, garmi:, tse:r gatshun, vunkan, ech
so:z1n, mula:ka:th sapdun, zaru:ri:
Notes
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Sg.
a:s1
a:sakh
a:si
Pl.
a:sav
@:siv
a:san
LESSON 11
Examples:
b1 a:s1 para:n
@s a:sav paka:n.
ts1 a:sakh para:n.
toh @:siv paka:n.
su/sO a:si para:n.
tim/tim1 a:san paka:n.
59
I will be reading.
We will be walking.
You will be reading.
Youll be walking.
He/she will be reading.
They will be walking.
The second and third person plural forms are used for honorific singular
subjects as well.
In case the subject is in dative case, following are the forms of the verb
a:s have agreeing with the subject in person and with object in number:
Person
1st
2nd (sg)
2nd (pl.)
3rd
Examples:
me a:si/a:san
asi a:si/a:san
tse a:siy/a:snay
tOhi a:siv1/a:snav
t@mis a:si/a:san
timan a:si/a:san
Sg.
a:si
a:siy
a:siv1
a:si
Pl.
a:san
a:snay
a:snav
a:san
Ill have
We will have
You will have
You will have
He will have
They will have
The coordinate conjunction morpheme kin1 or.

The coordinate conjunction morpheme kin1 is used to conjoin two sentences of similar structure after the deletion of repeated elements in the
second sentence. Examples:
1.
2.
3.
toh g@tshiva: basi kath?

toh g@tshiva: re:li kath?
toh g@tshiva: basi kath kin1 re:li?
Adverbs
In this lesson certain adverbs indicating direction like brh kani in front
d@chin kin right hand side, kho:v1r kin left hand side, tal1 kani underneath, pat1 kani behind have been used. When these adverbs are
60
used (as postpositions), the subject noun or noun phrase which immediately precedes them is put in the dative case using the dative case markers.
Vocabulary
paga:h
k@:lkath
kh:dar
m
bas
f.
kin1
re:l
f.
garmi:
f.
tse:r gatshun
vunkan
ech
f
so:zun
teli:pho:n
m
kho:v1r kin
pata:
m
tomorrow
day after
tomorrow
marriage
bus
or
rail
hot
to be late
at present
message
to send
telephone
towards left
address
dab1
pakun
tal1kani
tavliya:
pat1 kani
ra:puc
bihun
dam
nebr1 kani
dayri:
brh kani
sondu:kh
zaru:ri:
mula:kath
sapdun
m.
f.
m.
m
f.
m.
m
box
to walk
underneath
towel
behind
knife
to sit
suffocation
outside
diary
in front
box
important
meeting
to happen
62
mazmu:n akhba:r1 kh@:tr1.

sub1han k@r me ba:gas
manz k@:m. tOhi ka: korv1?
Lesson 12
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
tOhi porva: akhba:r?

a:, me por.
ka: cha n@v khabar?
kha:s n1 ke~h. toh ti p@riv.
acha: diyiv.
r@tiv.
azkal chu a:hras manz
s@rk1s. tOhi vuch1va:?
B. urav vuch. me mu:l n1
vakh1t.
A. tOhi hotva: nov maka:n1
m@l?
B. na, vuni ni. me vuch u:tri
akh, magar yi chu drog.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
ko:ta:h k1:math chus?

lagbag vuh lach rOp1yi.
maka:n ko:tah bod chu?
maka:n chun1 za:d1 bod.
ath manz chi tre kamr1,
akh b@:thakh, co:k1 t1 z1
ra:n1kut h. maka:nci
da:ri t1 darva:z1 chi ja:n
l@kri h1nd.
:gun cha:?
a:, akh lOkut :gun ti
chus t1 gara:j ti. maka:n a:v
me pasand.
tOhi ka korv1 az?
az @:s chuti:. me k@r
va:riya:h k@:m. me on
ba:zr1 sa:ma:n. me ch@l
palav. me le:chi ke~h cithi
do:stan. me 1uk:h akh
Did you read the newspaper?

Yes, I read.
What is new (Any new news)?
Nothing in special. Read it.
OK. Give it to me.
(Please) take it.
There is a circus in the city
these days. Did you see it?
The children saw it. I could
not get time.
Did you purchase the new
house?
No, not yet. I saw one day
before yesterday, but it is
expensive.
How much is the price?
About twenty lakh rupees.
How big is the house?
The house is not very big. It
has three (bed) rooms and a
sitting (drawing) room, a
kitchen and two bathrooms.
The windows and doors of the
house are made of good timber.
Is there a compound?
Yes, it has a small compound
and a garage too. I liked the
house.
What did you do today?
It was a holiday today. I did a
lot of work. I purchased
(certain) things from the
market. I washed clothes.
I wrote some letters to friends.
I wrote an article for the

newspaper. I worked in the
garden in the morning. What did
you do?
I went for a walk in the
morning. I came back at
me 8 oclock. I wrote a letter
to a friend. I drew money
from the bank. Sarla and I
went to market at 11.
We purchased cloth for
clothes. (We) gave the cloth
to the tailor. I went to
Rashids house. He was not
at home.I came home and
slept for an hour. I woke
up at 4 oclock. I had tea
and came to see you here.
Where will you go from here?
Ill return. home. Sarla will
be waiting for me.
A. sub1han go:s b1: s@:ras.

va:pas a:s @:thi baji. me
li:ch @kis do:stas cith.
k\d bank1 manz1 p@~:s1.
sarl1 t1 b1 g@yi ba:zar
kahi baji. asi hot palvan
kuth kapur. kapur dut
s1tsas. b1 go:s r@i:dun
gar1. su o:s n1 gari. b1 a:s
gar1 t1 gus @kis
gantas. b1 go:s huiya:r
tso:ri baji. me ceyi ca:y t1
t1 a:s tOhi ni yo:r.
B. yeti path1 kot g@tshiv?
A. b1 gatsh1 va:pas gar1.
sar:l1 asi me pra:ra:n.
Drills
I. Repetition drill
1.
me por akhba:r.
me p@r akhba:r.
me p@r kita:b.
me pari kita:b1.
2.
me lu:kh mazmu:n.
me li:kh mazmu:n.
me li:ch ciTh.
me 1echi ciThi.
3.
tse onuth akh me:z.

tse @nith z1 me:z.
tse @nith kursi:.
tse anath kursiyi.
tOhi cholv1 buth. 6.
tOhi ch@liv1 palav.
tOhi ch@jiv1 d@j.
tOhi chajiv1 daji.
4.
tse hotuth kapur.

tse hetith palav.
tse hets1th g\r.
tse hetsath gari.
tOhi nuv1 akh akhba:r.
tOhi niyiv1 palav.
tOhi niyiv1 k@mi:z.
tOhi niyiv1 k@mi:z1.
5.
LESSON 12
II. Substitution drill

1.
b1 go:s gar1 (gatshun)

a:s
(yun)
tsa:s
(atsun)
dra:s
(ne:run)
2. b1 g@yas ba:zar.
a:yas
tsa:yas
dra:yas
3.
@s g@yi daphtar.
a:yi
tsa:yi
dra:yi
4. ts1 go:kh sku:l.

a:kh
tsa:kh
dra:kh
63
64
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
t@m . cith?
(parun)
su . gar1?
(gatshun)
sO . daphtar? (yun)
tim . ba:zar?
(ne:run)
timav akhba:r? (hon)
5. toh g@yivi gar1.

a:yiv1
tsa:yiv1
dra:yiv1
6. su gav gar1.
a:v
tsa:v
dra:v
7.
8. tim/tim1 g@yi gar1.

a:yi
tsa:yi
dra:yi
sO g@yi gar1.
a:yi
tsa:yi
dra:yi
toh kot g@yiv1? (gar1)

toh kar a:yiv1? (ra:th)
ts1 kar a:kh? (u:tr1)
ts1 kar g@yakh? (sub1han)
su kot gav? (dili)
sO kot g@yi? (gar1)
tim kar dra:yi? (a:man)
(ra:th) b1 a:s ra:th.

(u:tri)
(akhba:r)
(mazmu:n)
(palav)
(kapur)
(pankh1)
(s@rks)
(daphtar)
(@:thi baji)

1. khabar
2. azkal
5. lagbag
6. chuti: a:s1n
9. huiya:r gatshun
III. Response drill

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7
1. ts1 kar a:kh?

2. ts1 kar a:yakh?
3. tOhi ka: porv1?
4. tOhi ka: 1u:khv1?
5. tOhi ka: ch@liv1?
6. tOhi ka: hotv1?
7. tOhi ka: on1vi?
8. tOhi ka: vuch1v1?
9. toh kot g@yivi?
10. toh kar giv1?
b1 go:s/g@yas gar1.
b1 a:s/a:yas ra:th.
b1 a:s/a:yas u:tr1
b1 g@yas sub1han.
su gav dili.
sO g@yi gar1.
tim dra:yi a:man.
3. vakh1t me:lun
7. s@:ras gatshnn
10. pra:run.
4. drog a:sun
8. O~gun
Notes
Past tense
In this lesson both intransitive and transitive verbs are used in simple past
tense.
Exercises
Intransitive verbs in the past tense
I.
Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of the verbs

given in brackets:
The forms of verbs agree with the subject in person, gender and number.
Following are the forms of some intransitive verbs:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Person Masculine
1st
Sg.
yun
a:s
gatshun
go:s
gun
gus
tOhi ka: .?
(parun)
tse ka: .?
(le:khun)
tse . kita:b?
(anun)
tse . akhba:r? (vuchun)
t@m . mazmu:n? (le:khun)
Pl.
a:yi
g@yi
g
Feminine
Sg.
a:yas
g@yas
jis
Pl.
a:yi
g@yi
O~ji
LESSON 12
pon
va:tun
2nd
3rd
po:s
vo:tus
a:kh
go:kh
gukh
po:kh
vo:tukh
a:v
gav
g
pav
vo:t
peyi
v@:t
a:yivi.
g@yiv1
giv1
pey1v1
v@:tiv1
a:yi
g@yi
g
peyi
v@:t
peyas
v@:ts1s
a:yakh
g@yakh
jikh
peyakh
v@:ts1kh
a:yi
g@yi
j
peyi
v@:ts
65
peyi
va:ts1
a:yivi
g@yivi
O~jiv1
peyiv1
va:ts1v1
a:yi
g@yi
O~ji
peyi
va:ts1
66
kho:th
co:th
porv1
1u:kh1v1
on1v1
kor1v1
ho:v1v1
vuchiv1
kho:v1
co:v1
2nd Per
(pl/hon. sg)
kheyath
ceyath
p@riv1
li:khiv1
@niv1
kariv1
h@:yiv1
vuchiv1
kheyiv1
ceyiv1
kheyath
ceyath
p@rv1
li:chiv1
@niv1
k@r1v1
h@:v1v1
vuchiv1
kheyiv1
ceyiv1
kheyath
ceyath
pariv11
le:chiv1
aniv1
kariv1
ha:yiv1
vuchiv1
kheyiv1
ceyiv1
Vocabulary
Transitive verbs in the past tense
In case the subject is Ist or 3rd person, the forms of transitive verbs agree
with the object in gender and number. Following are the forms of some
transitive verbs:
Object
Person
Masculine
Feminine
1st /3rd
Sg.
Pl.
Sg.
Pl.
parun
por
p@r
p@r
pari
le:khun
1u:kh li:kh
li:ch
1e:chi
anun
on
@n
@n
ani
karun
kor
k@r
k@r
kari
ha:vun
ho:v
h@:v
h@:v
ha:vi
vuchun
vuch
vuch
vuch
vuchi
khon
khev
kheyi
kheyi kheyi
con
cav
ceyi
ceyi
ceyi
In case the subject is in second person, forms of verbs agree with it in
number and/or status, and with the object in gender and number:
2nd Per
(sg/non-hon)
Masculine
Sg.
P1.
poruth
p@rith
lu:khuth
li:khith
onuth
@nith
koruth
k@rith
ho:vuth
h@:vith
vuchuth
vuchith
Feminine
Sg.
Pl.
p@rIth
pareth
li:chith
le:chath
@nith
aneth
k@r1th
kareth
h@:v1th
ha:veth
vuch1th
vucheth
akhba:r
nov
n@v
kha:s
dun
ratun
ra:n1 kuth
l@k1r
yo:r
gara:j
pasand yun
m newspaper
m.s. new
f.s. new
special
to give
to hold/catch
m bathroom
f timber
here
m garage
to like
k1:math m
lach
m
path1
za:d1
b@:thakh f
azkal
s@rk1s
m
me:lun
m@l hon
vun
u:tr1
gant1
magar
drog
ko:ta:h
pra:run
pon
huiya:r m
chuti:
f
va:riya:h
kh@:tr1
subuh m
gun
hour
but
m expensive
m. how much
to wait
to fall
price
lakh
from
more
living room
now-a-days
circus
to get
to purchase
right now
day before
yesterday
awake
holiday
a lot
for
morning
to sleep
68
Lesson 13
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
tOhi ka: chu na:v?

me chu na:v r@hma:n.
b1 chus ka:r1ba:r kara:n.
kamuk ka:r1ba:r?
asi chi z1 duka:n. akh
chu k@:iren dastka:ren
hund. t1 ba:kh chu me:vun
hund.
toh kam ci:z chiv k1na:n?
@s chi k@:ir k@:li:n,
a:l, ri:mi: do:ti, dus1,
pe:par m@:i h1nd ci:z k1na:n.
yim s@:ri: ci:z chi k@i:ri
bana:n.
me:v1 duka:nas manz kam
ci:z chi?
@s chi za:d1tar tsu: th,
du:n t1 ba:da:m k1na:n.
bak1y mu:smi: me:v1 ti
chi @s thava:n. maslan
gila:s, tang, tse:r1, o:luv
bukha:r1, dach vag@:r1.
ami ala:v1 chi @s k@h
khOik me:v1 yane: na:rji:l,
kh@z1r, kimi, ka:ju:
vag@:r1 ti k1na:n. acha:, tOhi
vonlv1 n1 ki toh ka: chiv
kara:n?
b1 chus sark@:r no:kri:
kara:n. b1 chus puli:sas manz.
b1 chus so:po:r1 ro:za:n.
mo:n lOkut bo:y
ti chu duka:nda:r. su chu
Whats your name?

My name is Rahman.
What do you do?
I am in business.
What do you deal in?
We have two shops. In
one of the shops we sell
Kashmiri handicrafts, and
fruits in the other.
Which items do you sell?
We deal in Kashmiri
carpets, shawls, silken
saris, blankets, and
papier mache items. All
these are made in Kashmir.
Which items are there in the
fruit shop (for sale)?
We sell apples, walnuts and
almonds mostly. We keep
other seasonal fruits as
well. For example, cherry,
pears, appricots, plums
grapes etc. Besides these,
we sell some dry fruits like
coconuts, dates, raisin,
cashew nuts etc. Alright,
you didnt tell me about
your profession.
I am in government service.
I am in police (department).
I live at Sopore. My
brother too is a shopkeeper
He sells grocery. Please
kirya:ni k1na:n. toh diyiv me

panun pata: b1 yim1 tuh1ndis
duka:nas path. me chi k@h
ci:z hen @kis nebrimis do:stas
Kithvalley).
B. zaru:r li:hiv pata:. tohkar yiyiv?
address.
give me your address.I will

visityour shop. I have to
buy certain items for my
friend from outside (the
Certainly.Please write down the
When will you come?

A. b1 anan panun do:s ti pa:nas
Ill bring my friend also.
s1:t. acha: diyiv me
OK. Please permit me
yija:zath. me chu daphtar gatshun. to leave. I have to go to the
office.
B. b\div, khOda:yas hava:l1 !
Please go. May God protect you!
Drills
I.
Substitution drill
1. b1 chus ka:r1ba:r kara:n.
no:kri:
k@:m
duka:nd@:ri
3.
4.
2. @s chi a:l k1na:n.

k@:iri dastka:ri
l@kri h1nd ci:z
kiriya:n1
k@i:ri chi dus1 t1 a:l bana:n

ri:mi: do:ti
pe:par m@:i: h1nd ci:z
dastka:ri
me chi ci:z hen. (ci:z hen)
k@:m kar1n
a:l k1n1n
me:v1 an1n

me chu akhba:r parun.
me chu mazmu:n le:khun.
asi chu maka:n vuchun.
asi chu me:z k1nun
tOhi chuv patlu:n suvun.
me cha kita:b par1n.
me chi g@r hen.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
me chi akhba:r par1n.

me chi mazmu:n le:kh1n.
asi chi maka:n vuch1n.
asi chi me:z k1n1n.
tOhi chiv patlu:n suv1n.
me cha kita:b1 par1ni.
me cha gari heni.
LESSON 13
tOhi chav va:j an1n.

tOhi chav k@mi:z chal1n.
timan cha cith le:kh1n.
III. Response drill
>
>
>
tOhi chav va:ji an1ni.

tOhi chav1 k@mi:z1 chal1ni.
timan cha cithi le:kh1ni.
toh ka: chiv k1na:n? (kiriya:n1) b1 chus kiriya:n1 k1na:n

(no:kri:)
tOhi kot chu gatshun?
(gar1)
tOhi s1:t kam chi?
(me:n do:s)
tOhi ka: chu hon ba:zr1?
(dastka:ren h1nd ci:z)
tOhi k1man kith chi yim ci:z?
(do:stas kith)
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
toh kamuk . . . . chiv . . . .?

asi chu akh . . . . me:van hund t1 . . . . kiriya:nuk.
@s chi . . . . h1nd t1 . . . . hind ci:z k1na:n.
yim s@:ri: . . . .chi k@i:ri . . . .
@s chi . . . . manz k@:m . . . .
me cha do:stas cith . . . .
tOhi cha: panun maka:n1 . . . .?
me chun1 akhba:r . . . ., me cha cith . . . .
tOhi cha: kita:b1 m@l . . . . . kin1 . . . .
yija:zath . . . . , me chu daphtar . . . .

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
toh ka: k@:m chiv kara:n?

toh kati chiv k@:m kara:n?
k@:iri dastka:ri ka: ka: cha?
k@i:ri manz kam kam me:v1 chi a:sa:n?
k@i:ri kam kam dastka:ri cha bana:n?
khO1k me:van h1nd na:v li:khiv.
IV. Use the following words/phrases in sentences:

1. ka:r1ba:r 2. k@:iri dastka:ri 3. me:v1 4. kiriya:n1
5. nebrim 6. yija:zath dun 7. za:d1tar 8. no:kri: kar1n.
69
70
Notes
Verbs in infinitive from
In this lesson, infinitive forms of verbs are used along with the subject
nouns or pronouns in dative case. The forms of the verb a:sun to have
agree with the subject in person, gender and number.
Vocabulary
na:vm
ci:z
m
dastk@:r f.
ba:kh
kam kam
k1nun
k@:li:n m.
a:l
m.
ri:im
f.
du:t
f.
dus1
m.
ya:ne:
kh@z1r m.
me:v1 m
za:d1tar
nebrim
du:n
m.
ba:da:m m.
khOda: m
mu:sim
nebar
badu n
pe:par
m@:i: f.
name
thing(s)
handicraft
other,second
which ones
to sell
carpet
shawl
silk
sari
stole
like, as
date(s)
fruit
mostly
of outside
walnut
almond
God
season
outside
to move
papier mache
thavun
gila:s
tang
tse:r
o:luv bukha:r1
dach
vag@:r1
ala:v1
ami ala:v1
na:rji:l
khO1k
banun
yija:zath dun
kimi
kaju:
acha:
vanun
ha:va:l1
puli:s
lOkut
panun pa:n
kirya:nl
m.
m.
f.
m.
m
m.
m.
m.
m
m.s
m.s
m
to keep
cherry
pear
appricot
plum
grape (s)
etc.
extra
besides this
coconut
dry
to be available
to permit
raisin
cashew nut(s)
alright
to say
custody, care
police
young, small
self
grocery
72
k@i:ri @:s satha: t1:r

ti:ka:zi ba:lan path o:s
i:n po:mut. k@:i:ri:
manz cha vandas satha:
t1:r a:sa:n. s:tas manz
ti chu ru:d peva:n, magar
ret1k@:lis manz chu mu:sim
satha: ja:n a:sa:n. garmi:
chan1 a:sa:n. va:riya:h
s@:l@:ni: chi o:r gatsha:n
ret1ka:li.
Lesson 14
A.
B.
A.
B.
toh chiva: k@i:ri g@:m1t?

a:, b1 chus go:mut.
toh kar chiv g@:m1t?
b1 o:sus ka:leji para:n,
yeli b1 gOd1nici lati
k@i:ri go:s. @s g@yi
ka:leji path s@:r karni.
@s a:s kul d@h l@dk1.
s@:n profesar s@:b @:s
asi s1:t. @s ru:d k@i:ri
d@han dOhan.
A. tOhi ka: ka: vuch1v1
k@i:ri?
B. @s g@yi gulmarag,
son1marag, pahalga:m
ve:rnag, t1 kOkarna:g. asi
siri:n@gr1 sa:rey ja:yi,
kha:s kar mOgal ba:g:
a:l1ma:r, nia:t,
casm1@:hi: t1 nehru: pa:rk
vag@:r1. mOgal ba:g chi
p@z p@:th khu:bsu:rath.
asi kor dal ji:las manz ti
na:vi s@:r. @s ru:d dOn
dOhan hav1s bo:tas manz,
asi a:yi k@i:r satha: pasand.
doyimi lati chus b1 go:mut
do:st1 s1ndis
kh:dras path. me:n
k@h ba:k1y do:s ti @:s
kh:dras path
k@i:ri a:m1t. yi o:s
harduk mu:sim.
Have you visited Kashmir?

Yes, I have gone.
When have you gone?
I was studying in college, when
I went to Kashmir for the first
time. We went from the college
on tour. We were in all ten
students. Our professor was
with us. We stayed is Kashmir
for ten days.
Which places did you visit in
Kashmir?
We went to Gulmarg, Sonmarg,
Pahalgam, Verinag and Kokarnag.
We saw all places in vuchi
Srinagar, especially Mughal
gardens: Shalimar, Nishat
Cashmashahi, and Nehru Park
etc. The Mughal gardens are
indeed very beautiful. We went
for a boat-ride in Dal. We
stayed in a houseboad for
for two days. We liked
Kashmir very much.
The second time I have gone @kis
(to Kashmir) on the occasion
of the wedding ceremony of
a friend of mine.
Some of my other friends had
also come to Kashmir at this
wedding. It was autumn. It
was very cold in Kashmir,

because it had snowed on
the mountains. The winter is
very cold in Kashmir. It
rains in spring as well, but
the weather remains good
during the summer. The
summer is not hot. A numer
of tourists visit Kashmir during
Kashmir during summer.
Drills
I. Repetition drill
1.
2.
3.
b1 chus go:mut.
@s chi g@:mit.
b1 chas g@:mits.
@s cha gamts1.
b1 chus a:mut.
@s chi a:m1t.
b1 chas a:m1ts.
@s cha a:m1ts1.
b1 chus vothmut.
@s chi v@thm1t.
b1 chas v@tshm1ts.
@s cha vatshmats1.
4.
5.
6.
b1 o:sus dra:mut.
@s @:s dra:m1t,
b1 @:s1s dra:m1ts,
@s a:s1 dra:mts1.
b1 o:sus vo:tmut.
@s @:s v@:tm1t.
b1 @:s1s v@:tsm1ts.
@s a:s1 va:ts1mats1.
b1 o:sus gmut.
@s @:s gm1t.
b1 @:s1s jm1ts.
@s a:s1 O~jimats1.
II. Substitution drill

1.
3.
ts1 chukh a:mut. (yun)

ts1 chukh go:mut.(gatshun)
ts1 chukh vo:tmut.(va:tun).
ts1 chukh gmut.(O)gun)
su chv dra:mut. (ne:run)
su chu gmut. (O)gun)
su chu po:mut. (pon)
su chu vo:tmut. (va:tun)
2.
4.
toh chiv a:m1t. (yun)

toh chiv dra:m1t. (ne:run)
toh chiv v@:tm1t. (vatun)
toh chiv g@:m1t. (gatshun)
tim chi dra.m1t. (ne:run)
tim chi a:m1t. (yun)
tim chi g@:m1t (gatshun)
tim chi v@:tm1t (va:tun)
LESSON 14
73

b1 chus a:mut.
b1 chas a:m1ts.
@s chi g@:m1t.
ts1 chukh vo:tmut.
ts1 chakh v@:tsm1ts.
toh chiv dra:m1t.
su chu gmut.
sO cha jm1ts.
tim chi g@:m1t.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
b1 o:sus a:mut.
b1 @:s1s a:m1ts.
@s @:s g@:m1t.
ts1 o:sukh vo:tmut.
ts1 @:s1kh v@:tsm1ts.
toh @:siv1 dra:m1t.
su o:s gmut.
sO @:s jm1ts.
tim @:s g@:m1t.
Exercises
I.
74
Fill in the blanks using appropriate forms of the verbs given in brackets:
1. toh chiva: yo:r . . . .?
(yun)
2. b1 chusn1 to:r . . . . .
(gatshun)
3. @s chi gar1 . . . .
(ne:run)
4. toh kot . . . . gari path1? (gatshun)
5. toh kar . . . . yo:r?
(va:tun)
6. @s @:s k@i:ri dOyi lati . . (gatshun)
7. @s @:s dahi baji ka:le:j . . . .? (va:tun)
8. tim @:s kahi baji daphtar . . . . (yun)
9. tOhi ka: ka: . . . . k@:i:ri? (hon)
10. toh kot kot chiv . . . .? (gatshun)

1. toh chiva: k@i:ri g@:m1t?
2. toh kar chiv g@:m1t?
3. toh kot kot chiv k@i:ri manz g@:m1t?
4. toh k1:tis ka:las chiv k@i:ri ru:dm1t?
5. tOhi kam kam b@d ahar chiv vuchm1t?
6. tOhi kus kus ahar chuv pasand?
7. vandas manz kuth mu:sim chu k@i:ri a:sa:n?
8. ret1k@:lis manz kuth mu:sim chu ro:za:n?
9. k@i:ri path1 kar a:yiv1 toh va:pas?
10. toh kot g@tshiv yeti path1?
1.
4.
7.
10.
13.
gOd1nici lati
dal ji:l
harud
ret1ko:l
ba:k1y
2.
5.
8.
11.
14.
doyimi lati
pasand yun
vand1
i:n pon
tika:zi
3.
6.
9.
12.
15.
s@:r karni
kh:dar
s:th
ba:l
garmi:
Notes
Present perfect tense
Sentences with the present perfect tense are formed by using present forms
of the auxiliary verb and by adding the following suffixes to main verb roots
agreeing with the subject in number and gender in subjectival constructions (where main verbs are intransitive).
Mas.
Sg.
Pl.
-mut
-m1t
Fem.
Sg.
-m1ts
b1 chus a:mut.
ts1 chukh gomut
@s chi a:m1t.
toh chiv g@:m1t.
Pl.
-mats1
Past perfect tense

In the construction of sentences with the past perfect tense, the past forms
of the auxiliary verb a:sun be are used.
b1 o:sus go:mut
@s @:s g@:m1t.
Vocabulary
k@i:r
mOgal
gOd1nuk
lath
dOh
gul1marg
son1marg
pahalga:m
f.
Kashmir
Mughal
m.s. first
turn
m. day
m Gulmarg
m Sonamarg
m Pahalgam
poz
p@z p@:th
ba:l
dal ji:l
hav1sbo:t
doyum
vand1
harud
m
m
m
m
m
m.
m.
true
really
mountain(s)
Dal lake
houseboat
second
winter
autumn
LESSON 14
kokarna:g
ve:rna:g
siri:n@g1r
kha:s kar
a:l1ma:r
ni:a:t
camaa:hi:
ja:n a:sun
m
m
m
m
m
Kokarnag
Verinag
Srinagar
especially
Shalimar
Nishat
Chashmashahi
to be good
s@:l@:ni:
t1:r
tika:zi
i:n
s:th
ru:d
ret1ko:l
nahru: pa:rk
m.
f
m.
m.
m.
m.
f
75
tourist(s)
cold
because
snow
spring
rain
summer
Nehru Park
Lesson 15
A. tOhi chava: yi kita:b p@rm1ts?

B. na, vuni n1. yi k1mav chi
li:chm1ts?
A. yi cha mi:r s@:ban li:chm1ts.
yi cha k@i:ri mutalakh.
yath manz chi k@i:ri: h1nz
mOkhsar siy@:si: t@:ri:kh.
yath manz chu k@i:ri manz
vuchanas la:yakh sa:rin1y
ja:yan hund ti zikir.
B. me chu yemi kita:bi hund
riviv kath ta:m akhba:ras
manz pormut. toh yel1
mOkl@:yiv p@rith, pat1 dizav
me parn1 kh@:tr1.
A. paga:h chu yeti akh k@:ur
dra:ma:.
B. a:, me chu pata:. me:n @k
do:stan cha tikt1 hetsmats1.
toh ti vuchiva:?
A. me chu yOhay dra:ma: parus
vuchmut. k@:m karan v@:l
ti chi timay. agar me
phursat me:li, b1 ti vuch1
duba:r1. ada:ka:rav cha ath
manz ja:n k@:m k@rm1ts.
B. azkal cha akh ja:n gri:zi:
film ti cala:n.
A. a: me ti chi amik t@:ri:ph
bu:zm1t. @s vuchav yi
philm yik1vat1 k@:lketh.
Have you read this book?

No, not yet. Who has
written it?
Mr. Mir has written it. It is
about Kashmir. It presents
brief political history of
Kashmir. It also mentions
all the worth seeing places
of Kashmir.
I have read the review of
this book in some news
paper. After you have read
it, please lend it to me to
read.
A Kashmir pay will be
staged over here tomorrow.
Yes, I know about it. One of
my friends has purchased
tickets. Will you also watch it?
I have seen the same play
last year.The performers too
are the same. If I get time,
Ill see it again. The artists
have done a good work in
it.
There is a good English
movie being shown these
days.
Yes, I have heard its praise.
We will watch this film
together day after tomorrow.
LESSON 15
B.
ti chu ti:kh, philim vuchith

gatshav @s rame:un gar1 ti,
t@msund gar1 chu n@zdi:kh
tati path1.
A. toh yiyiv daphtar1 yith so:n
a:man eyi baji. b1 a:s1
taya:r.
B. acha: me gav tse:r. me chu
ba:zar gatshun: me cha
ba:zr1 sabzi: an1n. sabzi:
@nith chu me haspata:l ti
gatshun.
A. ad1s@: teli samkhav paga:h
a:man. toh k@rzev
ku:i vakhtas path
yin1c.
That is good. After watching the film, we will visit

Rameshs house. From
there, his house is close by.
Please come to my house
on return from the office
at 6 oclock. I will be ready.
Alright. I am late. I have
to go to market. I have to
bring vegetables from the
market. After bringing
vegetables, I have to go to
hospital.
OK. Well meet
tomorrow in the evening.
You should try to come on
time.
77
78

me cha yi philim vuchm1ts.
me chu dra:ma: 1u:khmut.
me cha yi khabar bu:zm1ts.
asi chu maka:n1 k1n1mut.
tse chuth bat1 ron1mut.
tse chith mo:z1 hetm1t.
tse chath b@niya:n
tshunim1ts.
tOhi chuv1 kal1 cholmut.
tOhi chiv p@~:s1 @nm1t.
tOhi chav1 g@r i:rm1ts.
t@m chu bu:th u:rmut.
timav cha ka:r @nm1ts.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
me @:s yi philim vuchm1ts.

me o:s yi dra:ma: 1u:khmut.
me @:s yi khabar bu:zm1ts.
asi o:s maka:n1 k1n1mut.
tse o:suth bat1 ron1mut.
tse @:sith mo:z1 hetm1t.
tse @:s1th b\niya:n
tshunim1ts.
tOhi o:s1vi kal1 cholmut.
tOhi @:s1v1 p@~:s1 @nm1t.
tOhi @:s1v1 g@r i:rm1ts.
t@m o:s bu:th u:rmut.
timav @:s ka:r @nm1ts.
Exercises
Drills
1. me cha yi kita:b p@rm1ts.
(parun)
(hon)
(anun)
(le:khun)
2. tse chuth nov ko:th suvmut.

(suvun)
(tshunun)
(bana:vun)
(hon)
3. tOhi chiv palav hetm1t.

(hon)
(vuchun)
(k1nun)
(bana:vun)
4. timav o:s mazmu:n 1u:khmut

(le:khun)
(parun)
(vuchun)
(dun)
5. b1 gatsh1 gar1 k@:m k@rith.

(k@m kar1n)
(kita:b par1n)
(cith le:kh1n)
(khabar bo:z1n)
1. tOhi chuva: yi dra:ma: . . . .?

2. tOhi kar chav yi kita:b . . . . .?
3. yi kita:b cha: k@i:ri . . . . .?
4. k@i:ri manz cha vuchanas. . . . va:riya:h. . . .
5. yi k@:m. . . . yiyiv so:n gar1.
6. yi akhba:r. . . . g@tshiv ba:zar.
7. me diyiv kita:b . . . . . . kh@:tr1.
8. rne cha yi philim parus . . . . .
9. tOhi chava: n@v ka:r . . . .?
10. b1 yim1 tuhund gar1, agar me phursat . . . ..
1. tOhi cha: n@v palav suvm1t?
(a:)
2. tOhi cha: yi mazmu:n pormut?
(a:)
3. tuh1nd do:stan cha: yi dra:ma: vuchmut? (a:)
4. tOhi cha: ka:lij1c k@:m k@rm1ts?
(na)
5. yim k@m chi palav ch@lm1t?
(i:lan)
6. tuh1nd do:stan cha: nov saykal hotmut? (na)
7. tOhi chava: pan1n k@:m mokl@:vm1ts?
(na)
8. s1tsan cha: n@v palav suvm1t?
(na)
9. tOhi kar mOkl@:viv ki:ta:b p@rith?
(paga:h)
LESSON 15
79
80
3rd (within sight)

(out of sight)
10. tOhi cha: yeti panun makam bano:vmut? (a:).

Person
Notes
Present and perfect tense
In this lesson, sentence constructions with the present and past perfect
tenses have been used in objectival constructions (using transitive verbs).
In case main verbs are transitive, the forms of auxiliary verb a:sun be are
used in ergative. The present and past forms of the auxiliary verb are used
in the present and past perfect constructions respectively.
Following are the present and past forms of the auxiliary verb in the ergative
agreeing with the subject in person, and with object in gender and number:
Present
1st /3rd
2nd (non-hon sg.)
2nd (pl./hon. sg.)
Masculine
Sg.
Pl.
chu
chi
chuth chith
chuv
chiv
Feminine
Sg.
cha
chath
chav
Pl.
cha
chath
chav1
1st/3rd
2nd (non-lion. sg.)
2nd (pl./hon. sg.)
o:s
o:suth
o:slv1
@:s
@:s1th
@:s1v1
a:s1
a:sath
a:s1v1
Past
Personal pronouns in ergative

Following are the forms of the personal pronouns in ergative:
1st
2nd
Masculine
Sg.
P1.
me
asi
tse
tOhi
Feminine
Sg.
me
tse
Pl.
asi
tOhi
humav
timav
Pl.
yimav
humav
timav
Feminine
Sg.
yemi
homi
tami
Pl.
yimav
humav
timav
Nouns in ergative case

The following suffixes are added to the nouns in ergative case:
Masculine
Sg.
Pl.
-an
-av
Auxiliary verbs in ergative
Person
Masculine
Sg.
yem
hom
t@m
Proximate
Remote (within sight)
(out of sight)
a:s
@:sith
@:siv1
humav homi
timav tami
Demonstrative pronouns in ergative
1. mutlakh
2. siy@:si:
3. zikir
4. mOkla:vun
5. phursat me:l1n 6. ada:ka:r 7. t@:ri:ph
8. n@zdi:kh
9. tse:r gatshun 10. samkhun. 11. ku:i kar1n
Person
hom
t@m
Feminine
Sg.
Pl.
-i
-av
Examples
l@dk1 +an
l@dk1+av
ku:r +i
ko:ri +av
=
=
=
=
l@dkan
l@dkav
ko:ri
ko:rav
(yem l@dkan p@r yi kita:b.)

(yimav l@dkav p@r yi kita:b.)
(yemi ko:ri p@r yi kita:b.)
(yimav ko:rav p@r yi kita:b.)
Vocabulary
mutalakh
m
mokhsar
siy@:si:
t@:ri:kh
f
zikir
m
riviv
m
kath ta:m
mOkla:vun
tikath
f
yOhay
bu:th
m
phursat
f
phursat me:l1n
duba:r1
about
brief
political
history
mention
review
some
to complete
ticket
the same
shoes
leisure
to get time
second time
ka:r
yik1vat1
n@zdi:kh
so:n
taya:r
taya:r a:sun
pata: a:sun
drama:
sabzi:
haspata:l
ad1s@:
teli
samkhun
ku:i
car
together
near, close by
m.s our
ready
to be ready
to know
m play
f vegetable(s)
m hospital
OK.
then
to meet
f try
LESSON 15
ada:ka:r
philim
calun
t@:ri:ph
e:run
suvun
f
f
artist
film
to be on
praise
to repair
to stitch
ku:i kar1n
bat1
m
mo:z1
m
parus
saykal
m
81
to try
flood
socks
last year
cycle
Lesson 16
A. r@:na: s@:b kati chi?

B. timan chun1 az t@biyath
thi:kh. timan o:s sub1han
taph. beyi @:s1kh tsa:s
yiva:n. ami kin hek n1
yo:r yith.
A. tim g@ya: da:ktars ni?
B. a: tim g@yi. da:ktar
s\:ban dut timan dava:.
tim karan dOhas a:ra:m.
A. me ti chu kalas do:d. b1
hek1n1 az k@:m k@rith.
B. dava: kheyiv. jal1d g@tshiv
thi:kh. me o:s ra:th
zuka:m. me khav dava: t1
go:s thi:kh.
A. azkal chun1 yeti mu:sim
thi:kh. aksar chi lu:kh
bema:r peva:n.
B. tOhi onva: sa:ma:n m@l
ba:zr1?
A. me het ke~h ci:z. ci:z @:s
gob. me hek n1 yo:r
@nith.
B. tOhi ka: ka: hotv1?
A. me hot tomul, o:t ,
m@dre:r, masa:l1, nu:n,
ti:l, beyi kapur vag@:r1.
B. b1 gatsh1 a:man ba:zar.
me ti chi ke~h ci:z an1n
gar1 kith.
A. teli gatshav @s yik1vat1
daphtar1 yith.
Where is Mr. Raina?

He is not feeling well today.
He had fever in the morning
and was suffering from
cough. Therefore; he could
not come here.
Did he go to the doctor?
Yes, he did. The doctor gave
him medicine. He will take
rest for the day.
I too have headache. I cannot
work today.
Take medicine. You will be
alright soon. I had badcold
yesterday. I took medicine
and got well.
The climate over here is not
good these days. People be
become sick mostly.
Did you buy things from the
market?
I bought a few things. They
were heavy (in weight).
I
could not bring them here.
What items did you buy?
I bought rice, flour, sugar,
spices, salt, oil, and cloth etc.
Ill go to the market in the
evening. I too have to bring a
few things for home.
Then we will go together after
coming from the office.
LESSON 16
B. acha: bihiv. ca:y ceyiv.

A. na, me gatshi tse:r. b1
heki n1 panun daphtar
vakhtas path v@:tith.
B. acha: b1 pra:r1 tOhi
a:man.
OK. Please sit down. Have

(a cup of) Tea.
No,.Ill be late. I cannot reach
my office in time.
OK. Ill wait for you in the
evening.
83
84
III. Response drill

toh hekiva: az yith?
(na)
tsi hek1kha: n@tsith?
(na)
toh hekiva: gar1 g@tshith? (na)
so heka: te:z du:rith?
(na)
tim hekna: yi cith p@rith? (na)
tim1 hekna: ga:d1 t@lith?
(na)
na, b1 hek1n1 (yith).

na, b1 hek1 n1 (n@tsith).
na, @s hekav n1.
na, su heki n1.
na, tim hekan n1.
na, tim1 hekan n1.
Drills
Exercises
I. Repetition drill
1.
2.
b1 hek1 gar1 g@tshith.

@s hekav yi k@:m k@rith.
ts1 hekakh yo:r yith.
toh hekiv yi kita:b p@rith.
sO heki cith li:khith.
tim hekan palav ch@lith.
b1 chus/chas heka:n k@:ur p@rith.
@s chi heka:n akhba:r p@rith.
ts1 chukh/chakh heka:n bat1 r@nith
toh chiv heka:n ka:r cal@:vith.
su chu heka:n g@r i:rith.
sO cha heka:n b@niya:n vu:nith.
tim chi heka:n ca:y ban@:vith.
tim1 cha heka:n palav suvith.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II. Transformation drill.

b1 chus heka:n yo:r yith.
@s chi heka:n gar1 g@tith.
ts1 chukh heka:n saph@:yi: k@rith:
ts1 chakh heka:n tsOci ban@:vith.
toh chiv/chav1 heka:n n@tsith.
su chu heka:n du:rith.
sO cha heka:n ts@lith.
tim chi heka:n kulis kh@sith.
tim1 cha heka:n ga:d1 r@tith.
me chun1 az .. thi:kh. b1 .. daphtar ge~tshith.

tOhi chav tsa:s .. toh g@tshiv .. ni.
me o:s .. da:ktar s@:ban .. me dava:
toh k@riv .. a:ra:m, toh hekiv n1 k@:m
tOhi cha: kalas ..? dava:
sa:ma:n1 o:s gob. me .. tulith.
b1 .. az a:man .. g@tshith. toh g@tshva:?
tOhi gov1v1 tse:r. toh .. daphtar vakhtas v@:tith?
toh pr@:riv. b1 .. a:man va:pas
@s yik1vat1 g@tshith?
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
b1 o:sus heka:n
@s @:s heka:n
ts1 o:sukh heka:n
ts1 @:s1kh heka:n
toh@:sivi/a:s1v1
su o:s heka:n .
sO @:s heka:n
tim @:s heka:n .
tim1 a:s1 heka:n .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
toh chiva: heka:n gevith?

toh chiva: heka:n n@tsith?
toh chiva: heka:n bat1 r@nith?
toh chiva: heka:n vakhtas path daphtar g@tshith?
toh chiva: heka:n palav suvith?
toh chiva: heka:n te:z du:rith?
toh chiva: heka:n ka:r cal@:vith?

1. amikin
2. a:ra:m 3. te~hi:kh gatshun 4. mu:sim
5. bema:r pon 6. kuth 7. vakhtas path
8. taph a:sun 9. kal1 do:d 10. zuka:m a:sun.
LESSON 16
85
Notes
The modal verb hekun
In this lesson the modal verb hekun can, be able to is used in different
types of sentences. When the modal verb hekun is used, the suffix -ith
is added to the main verb stem. The verb hekun takes all the person,
gender, number, and tense markers, like all other verbs in different types
of constructions, e.g.,
b1 chus heka:n yith.
me hok yith.
tse hokuth yith.
t@m hok yith.
I am able to come.
I could come.
You could come.
He could come.
The modal verb hekun can be used with the subject in nomi-native or
dative/ergative.
Vocabulary
taph
m
tsa:s
f
tomul
m
hekun
khasun
a:ra:m
m
a:ra:m karun
do:d
m
natsun
jal1d
thi:kh gatshun
pra:run
zuka:m
m
aksar
talun
do:run
tsalun
fever
cough
rice
to be able to
to climb
rest
to rest
pain, ache
to dance
soon
to be ok
to wait
bad cold
mostly
to fry
to run
to run away
ke~h
amikin
m@l anun
o:t
m@dre:r
masa:l1
nu:n
ti:l
beyi
kapur
ratun
ga:d1
ka:r
cala:vnn
bema:r pon
lu:kh
tsot
m
m
m
m
m
m
f
f
f
f
some
therefore
to purchase
flour
sugar
spices
salt
oil
and
cloth
to catch
fish
car
to drive
to be ill
people
bread
Lesson 17
A. yimtiha:n chu n@zdi:kh.
tOhi paziv1 sakh mehnath
kar1n. tOhi paziv1 n1 vakh1t
za:yi karun.
B. me chu pata:. b1 chus yatsha:n
magar me chun1 za:d1
vakh1t me:la:n.
A. toh chivn1 dil diva:n parnas
manz. tuh1nz lagi n1 ara:rath
kar1n. toh chiv vOn
sam1jda:r.
B. b1 chusn1 ara:rath kara:n.
k:h chun1 yatsha:n
yimtiha:nas manz phe:l
gatshun, ya: kam nambar nun.
A. teli ka: d@li:l cha?
B. tOhi chun1 pata: so:n gar1
chu yeti path1 sa:tha: du:r.
me chu peva:n p:tsh mi:l
dOhay saykalas path yun.
A. toh kath mazmu:na manz
chiv kamzo:r?
B. b1 chus hisa:bas manz
kamzo:r. gri:zi, t@:ri:kh,
jagra:phi t1 hendi vag@:r1
mazmu:nan chi me ja:n
nambar yiva:n.
A. agar tOhi hisa:b chun1 pu:r1
pu:ri yiva:n, tuhund gatshi
me pr1tshun.
B. acha. me h@:viv toh mukil
mukil sava:1. bak1y tagan
The exams are not far off.

You should work very hard.
You should not waste time.
I know it. I want to study, parun,
but I dont get much time.
You are not paying attention to your studies. You
should not do mischief. You
are wise.
I am not doing mischief. No
one wants to fail in
examination, or obtain low
marks.
Then what is the matter
(with you)?
You dont know. Our house
is far away from here. I
have to travel five miles
by bicycle daily.
In which subject are you
weak?
I am weak in mathematics.
I get good marks in English,
history, geography, Hindi
etc.
If you do not know maths

well, you should ask me.
Alright. Please help me in
difficult questions, the rest I
LESSON 17
me pa:nay kar1n. b1 a:s1

tOhi ni dOhay yiva:n.
tOhi peyivi takli:ph karun.
A. k:h phikir chan1. azkal
chan1 me pan1n za:d1 k@:m.
b1 chus yatsha:n toh g@tshiv
ja:n nambar nin. agar n1
azkal mehnath k@riv, pat1
peyiv1 pachta:vun. badan
kala:san manz chun1 a:s@:ni:
sa:n d@:khl1 me:la:n.
B. b1 kar1 satha: mehnath.
toh m1 b@riv parva:y.
87
can do myself. I will be

coming to you daily. You
will have to take trouble
(for my sake).
Dont worry at all. I dont
have much work of my own
these days. I want you to
obtain good marks. If youll
not work hard these days,
youll have to repent later
on. It is not easy to get
admission in higher classes.
Ill work very hard. Please
dont worry (for me).
Drills
I. Repetition drill
1.
2.
3.
4.
me pazi mehnath kar1n.

asi pazi k@:m kar1n.
tse paziy gar1 gatshun.
b1 chus/chas yatsha:n ba:zar
gatshun.
@s chi yatsha:n maka:n
bana:vun.
ts1 chukh/chakh yatsha:n
gun.
me/asi lagi tihund gatshun.
tse lagiy n1 tsi:r yun.
lagiv1 n1 ara:rat kar1n.
t@mis/timan lagi yo:r yun.
me/asi gatshi kath van1n.
me/asi gatshan p@~:s1 hen.
tse gatshiy rOpay dun.
timan gatshan kita:b1 dini.
tOhi paziv1 yo:r yun.

t@mis pazi maka:n hon.
timan pazi va:pas yun.
toh chiv yatsha:n asun.
su chu yatsha:n natsun.
sO cha yatsha:n do:run.
tim chi yatsha:n gevun.
tim1 cha yatsha:n tsalun.
me/asi peyi ba:zar gatshun.
tse peyiy paydal gatshun. tOhi
tOhi peyiv1 pa:nay yun.
t@mis/timan peyi yo:r yun.
tOhi gatsh1nav palav din.
t@mis gatshi kita:b din.
tse gatshnay palav a:s1n.

b1 chus yatsha:n yun.
@s chi yatsha:n gatshun.
>
>
b1 o:sus yatsha:n yun.

@s @:s yatsha:n gatshun.
88
toh chiv yatsha:n k@:m kar1n.

su chu yatsha:n saph@:yi: kar1n.
tim chi yatsha:n kita:b le:kh1n.
sO cha yatsha:n cith vuch1n.
tim1 cha yatsha:n yimtiha:n dun.
>
>
>
>
>
toh @:sivi yatsha:n ....

su o:s yatsha:n ....
tim @:s yatsha:n ....
sO a:s yatsha:n ...
tim1 a:s1 yatsha:n ...
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
tOhi paziv1 gar1 .. tOhi .. tse:r.

timan .. pan1n k@:m .. vakh1t gatshi n1 za:yi ..
@s chi yatsha:n kita:b .. asi gatshi .. me:l1n.
tim .. yatsha:n cith .. timan chun1 .. me:la:n.
tOhi .. peva:n paydal .. tuhund .. chu du:r.
me .. peva:n ba:zar .. b1 chus sayklas path ..
tuhund gatshi sava:l ma:staras ... ..
me gatshi pan1n kita:b ..
me tagan yim sava:l ..

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
tOhi ka: pazi karun?

toh ka: chiv yatsha:n karun?
tOhi laga: ara:rath kar1n?
tOhi cha: taga:n k@:ur parun?
tOhi cha: peva:n daphtar paydal gatshun?
tOhi paza: vakh1t za:yi karun?
toh chivna: yatsha:n ja:n k@:m kar1n?
tOhi pazina: vakhtas path k@:m kar1n?

1. n@zdi:kh
5.paydal
8. pr1tshun
11. pachta:vun
2. mehnath
6. ra:rath
9. takli:ph karun
12. a:s@:ni: sa:n
3. za:yi karun
4. dil dun
7. kamzo:r
10. phikir kar1n
13. parva:y barun.
LESSON 17
89
Notes
Modal verbs
The modal verbs pazi, gatshi, pon, yatshun and tagun have been introduced in this lesson. When these modal verbs are used, the main verbs are
put in infinitive form. They take the gender, number, person and tense
markers, and the main verb in infinitive agrees with the object in gender
and number.
Vocabulary
yimtiha:n
m
nambar nin
pazi
sakh
phikir
f
mehnath f
mehnat kar1n
takli:ph
m
yatshun
pa:n
m
sava:1
m
dil
m
dil dun
lagun
ara:rath f
sam1jda:r
vOn
k:h
phe:l
m
pach1ta:vun
karun tagun
examination
to obtain marks
should
hard, strong
worry
hard work
to work hard
pain, trouble
to want
self
question
heart
to show interest
should
mischief
wise
now
any (one)
fail
to repent
to be able to do
phe:l gatshun
kam
nambar
m
d@li:l
f
du:r
m
mi:l
m
kamzo:r
hisa:b
m
t@:ri:kh
f
jagra:phi:
f
hendi:
m
parva:y
m
tagun
d@:khl1
m
parva:y barun
pu:r1
gatshi
mukil
m
pat1
kala:s
m
a:sa:n
to fail
less
marks
matter
far away
mile
weak
maths
history
geogrphy
Hindi
worry
to know
admission
to worry
complete
should
difficult
later on
class
easy
Lesson 18
A. toh k@:ta: zi: th chiv?

B. b1 chus p:tsh phut t1
e inc. toh k@:ta: chiv?
A. b1 chus tuh1ndi khOt1 z1 inc
tshot. toh chiv ma:ni khOt1
veth ti. tOhi ko:tah chu
vazan?
B. b1 chus satath kilo. toh @:siv
p:ts1h@: th kilo.
A. na, b1 chus tsuh@:th kilo.
mohanji: cha: tOhi
zith kin1 k1~:ts?
B. tim chi me akh v@ri: k1~:ts,
magar tim chi me zith
ba:sa:n.
A. toh chiv t@ms1ndi khOt1
z@:vil. t@ms1nz1 beni i:l1 t1
rama: cha hiay akli.
B. mohan1 ti chu timn1y huh.
rama: cha sa:r1v1y khOt1
lOk1t . sO cha ca:la:kh ti
satha:. sO cha hame:1
pan1nis kala:sas manz sa:riv1y
khOt1 za:d1 nambar h@:sil
kara:n.
A. tuhund su:th chu ma:ni su:t1
khOt1 drog. tuh1nz g@r ti cha
ma:ni gari khOt1 droj.
Whats your height?

I am six feet and six inches
(tall). How about you?
I am shorter than you by
two inches. You are fatter
than me. How much do you
weigh?
I am seventy kilos. You will
be sixty-five kilos.
No, I am sixty-four kilos.
Is Mohanji elder to you or
younger?
He is younger to me by
one year, but looks older
to me.
You are slimmer than
him. His sisters Shiela and
Rama look alike.
Mohan is also like them.
Rama is youngest of all.
She is very clever too.
She always obtains highest
marks in her class.
B. me cha tuh1nz tsa:dar pasand.

yi cha saphe:d i:n hi.
I like your blanket. It is

as white as snow.
Your suit is more expensive

than mine.Your watch also
is more expensive than mine.
LESSON 18
91
92
Drills
II. Sustitution drill
I.
Repetition drill
1.
1.
b1 chus tuh1ndi khOt1 bod.

toh chiv ma:ni khOt1 lOk1t.
b1 chus tuh1ndi khOt1 zu:th.
toh chiv ma:ni khOt1 tshot.
b1 chus tuh1ndi khOt1 z@:vul.
b1 chus tuh1ndi khOt1 zu: th.

z@:vul
voth
g@ri:b
2. toh chiv ma:ni khOt1

ca:la:kh
da:na:
ga:t1l
3.
ra:m1 chu a:mni khOt1

da:na:
@ri:ph
ca:la:kh
mehnti:
4. i:l1 cha k:tni khOt1

pr@n
ga:t1j
khu:bsu:rath
@mi:r
V.
Respons drill
2.
3.
4.
5.
ra:m1 chu mohnas huh i:ma:nda:r.

i:l1 chan1 rama:yi hi ca:la:kh.
ra:j1 chu aslamas huh mehnti:
sa:r1 cha pha:tas hi z@:vij.
a:m1 chu r@hi:mas huh ak1lmand.
yi tsa:dar cha saphe:d i:n hi.
hO tsa:dar cha kr1h1n k1t1ka:l hi.
yi tsu:th chu vOzul na:r huv.
hO tse:r cha ni:j ka:ts hi.
su chu 1odur kO~g huh.
yi sangtar chu modur kand huh.
ra:m1 chu mohn1ni khOt1 ga:tul.
i:l1 cha k:tni khOt1 pr@n.
ra:j1 chu aslamni khOt1 da:na:.
sa:r1 cha pha:t1ni khOt1 khu:bsu:rath.
a:m1 chu r@hi:mni khOt1 za:d1 be:vku:ph.
sarl1 cha ra:da:yi h1ndi khOt1 ga:t1j.
toh chiv sa:riv1y khOt1 ja:n.
ra:m1 chu sa:riv1y h1ndi khOt1 ga: tul.
mohn1 chu sa:riv1y h1ndi khOt1 huiya:r.
i:l1 cha sa:riv1y khOt1 ja:n geva:n.
ra:da: cha sa:riv1y khOt1 za:d1 ja:n natsa:n.
mohn1 chu sa:r1v1y khOt1 mehnath kara:n.
toh chiva: ma:ni khOt1 zi:th?

na, b1 chus tuh1ndi khOt1 tshot.
toh chiva: a:mni khOt1 z@:vil?
a:m1 cha: mohn1ni khOt1 bod?
i:l1 cha: k:tni khOt1 te:z?
toh chiva: sa:riv1y khOt1 tshot?
toh chiva: sa:riv1y khOt1 @mi:r?
(tshot)
(voth)
(lOkut)
(@ri:ph)
(zu:th)
(g@ri:b)
B. Exercises
I.
Fill in the blanks using suitable words.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
b1 chus . . . khOt1 zu: th. b1 chusn1 tuh1ndi . . . tshot.

ts1 chukh ma:ni . . . . voth, ts1 . . . . ma:ni . . . .
toh chiv . . . . khOt1 @mi:r, toh . . . .ma:ni khOt1 . . . .
ra:m1 . . . . mohn1ni . . . . zu:th, su chun1 t@ms1ndi . . . .
mohn1 . . . . ra:m1ni . . . . bod, su . . . . tas1ndi . . . .
i:l1 . . . k:tni . . . . zi:th, sO . . . . tshot.
k:t1 . . .i:lni . . . pr@n, sO .... khu:bsu:rath.
mohn1 . . . . sa:riv1y . . . . ga:tul, . . . . chun1 be:vku:ph.
lI.
Answer the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
toh k@:ta: zi:th chiv?

toh k@ts ba:r1n chiv?
toh chiva: sa:riv1y khOt1 zith?
LESSON 18
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
93
toh chiva: pan1nis lOktis b@:y s1ndi khOt1 zi:th kin1 tshot?
tuh1ndis daphtaras manz kam chi sa:riv1y khOt1 veth?
tuh1ndis garas manz kam chi sa:riv1y khOt1 z@:vil?
tuh1ndis daphtars manz kam chi sa:riv1y khOt1 za:d1
@ri:ph?
toh chiva: garas manz sa:riv1y khOt1 zith kin1 k1~:s?

1.
4.
8.
ma:ni khOt1 2. zuth kin1 ku:s

sa:riv1y khOt1 5. huvuy.
saphe:d i:n 9. kr1hun k1t1ka:l
3. zu:th kin1 tshot

6. hiay 7. h@:sil karun
10 nu:l ka:ts.
Notes
Comparatives
Sentences with comparative degree constructions are formed by adding
-i suffix to the genitive or possessive forms of the subject noun or pronoun with whom the comparison is made, which is followed by the comparative morpheme khOt1 . When the suffix is added the forms undergo
some morphophonemic changes. Examples are given below.
mo:n + i = ma:ni khOt1 (toh chiv ma:ni khOt1 zi:th.)
co:n
+ i =ca:ni khOt1 (b1 chus ca:ni khOt1 z@:vul.)
mohnun + i= mohn1ni khOt1
(toh chiv mohn1ni khOt1 ca:la:kh.)
ra:mun + i = ra:m1ni khOt1 (su chu ra:m1ni khOt1 bod)
l\dk1 sund+ i = l\dk1 s1ndi khOt1
(toh chiv yemis l\dk1 s1ndi khOt1 zi:th)
ko:ri hund+ i = ko:ri h1ndi khOt1
(sO cha yemis ko:ri h1ndi khOt1 zi:th.)
Superlatives
Sentences with superlative degree of comparison constructions are
formed by adding the suffix -v1y to s@:riy all or by adding genitive
marker hund to sa:rin1y which is followed by khOt1.
sa:ri:
sa:rin1y hund
+
+
v1y =
i =
sa:riv1y khOt1
sa:rin1y h1ndi khOt1
94
toh chiv sa:riv1y khOt1 @ri:ph.

toh chiv sa:rin1y h1ndi khOt1 @ri:ph.
Interrogoitve pro-adjective ku:t how much
Following are the forms of the interrogative pronoun ku:t how much
agreeing with the subject in gender and number:
Mas.
Fem.
Sg.
Pl.
Sg.
Pl.
ku:t/ko:ta:h
k1:t/k@:ta:h
k1:ts
k1:ts1/k@:tsa:h
ts1 ku:t/ko:ta:h zu:th chukh?
toh k1:t/k@:ta:h zi:th chiv?
ts1 k1:ts zi:th chakh?
toh k1:ts1/k@:tsa:h ze:chi chav1?
The masculine plural forms are used for honorific singulars as well.
Vocubulary
zu:th
phut
inc
khOt1
modur
kand
sangtar
h@:sil karun
su:th
drog
tsa:dar
pasand a:
v@ri:
ba:sun
huv
ni:j
ni:j ka:tas
kruhun
huiya:r
vOzul
na:r
pron
m.s. tall
sa:riv1y kwhat1
m foot/feet
ca:la:kh
m
m inch
s@:ri:
in comparison
hame:1
m sweet
vazan
m
m a sweetener
satath
m orange
kilo
m
to obtain
p:ts1h@:th
m suit
tsuh@:th
m.s expensive
zuth
m.s
f. blanket
ku:s
m.s.
sun to like
voth
m.s
m year
kO~g
m
to appear
z@:vul
m.s
m.s like
1odur
m.s
f.s blue
be:vku:phm
unripe
(y)i:ma:nda:r
m. black
kltlka:l
alert
ak1lmand
m. red
ar1mda:r
m fire
vOzul na:r
m fair complexioned
of all
clever
all
always
weight
seventy
kilogram
sixty-five
sixty-four
elder
younger
fat
suffron
slim
yellow
idiot
honest
jet black
wise
shy
deep red
96
Lesson 19
so:n a:har chu lOkut. kul

a:b@:di: cha lagbag akh lach
tsatji: sa:s. yeti chu akh re:lve:
ste:an. yeti chi tre b@d
sark@:ri: ka:le:j.z1 l@dkan
h1nd t1 akh ko:ran hund.
yimav ala:v1 chi z1 g@:r
sark@:ri: ka:le:j ti, yeti chi
va:riya:h soku:l
yeti chi va:riya:h sark@:ri:
daphtar ti. yiman manz chi
da:kh kha:n1, ta:rgar, teli:pho:n
m@hkam1, haspata:l, bank,
puli:s m@hkam1, t@hsi:l
ada:lath @:mil.
yath ahras manz chi ke~h
lOk1t mOk1t ka:rkha:n1 ti.
yeti chi ke~h dastaka:ri ti
bana:n. yetici vu:ni b@niya:n1,
a:l t1 kaml1 cha ma1hu:r.
yath a:hras manz chi ro:za:n
mukhtaliph mazhaban h1nd
lu:kh. yiman manz chi hend,
musalma:n, sikh, t1 yis@:y
@:mil. yeti chi mandar,
masjid1, t1 girja:gar. lu:kh chi
pa:n1v@:n amn1 t1 mil1tsa:r1
sa:n ro:za:n. yi a:har chu
khu:bsu:rath t1 sa:ph. yeti chi
z1 ja:n ba:g. yo:r chi va:riya:h
saya:h ti yiva:n. so:n gar1 chu
ba:zras n@zdi:kh. so:n gar1 chu
Our city is small. Total

population is about one
lakh forty thousand.
There is a railway station.
There are three big collages
Two for boys and one for
girls. Besides these, there
are two private colleges.
There are a number of schools.
There are many government
offices over here. They include
post offices, telegraph office
hospitals, banks, police
department, tehsil, court etc.
There are some small
factories in this city. Some
handicrafts are also made here.
The woollen sweaters, shawls
and blankets of this place are
famous.
People belonging to different
religions live in this city. They
include Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs
and Christians. There are
temples, mosques, temples,
gurdwaras and churches here.
The people live (here) with
peace and amity. This city is
beautifiul and clean. There are
two good gardens. Many
visitors too visit this city. Our
house is near the market. Our
na za:d1 bod t1 na za:d1

lOkut. @s chi kul e b@:ts
yath garas manz ro:za:n.
@s chi mohnas athi ba:zr1
sabzi: t1 ba:k1y ci:z an1na:va:n.
s@:nis garas n@zdi:kh chi z1
duka:n. akh chu s1ts1 sund t1
ba:kh chu dob sund. @s chi
s1tsas athi palav suv1na:va:n.
dobis athi chi palav
chal1na:va:n. yeti cha ba:k1y
suhu:liy@ts ti maysar.
house is neither too big nor too

small. We are total six
members living in this house.
We make Mohan bring
vegetables and other things
from the market. There are two
shops near our house. One is of
a tailor and the other of a
washerman. We get our clothes
stitched by the tailor. We get
our clothes washed by the
washerman. There are all other
facilities available over here.
Drills
I. Repetition drill
1.
b1 chus/chas tOhi athi k@:m kar1na:va:n.

b1 chus/chas timan athi cith le:kh1na:va:n.
toh chiv me athi sa:ma:n an1na:va:n.
toh chiv timan athi palav suv1na:va:n.
tim chi me athi ech so:z1na:va:n.
tim chi tOhi athi bat1 ran1na:va:n.
2.
me an1na:v1no:v tOhi athi sa:ma:n1.

asi an1na:v1no:v su saykal.
tse le:kh1na:v1no:vuth t@mis athi mazmu:n.
tOhi so:z1n@:viv1 t@mis athi p@~:s1.
t@m da:v1na:v1na:vi me sa:rey kita:b1.
timav do:r1na:v1no:v su satha: te:z.
3.
b1 an1na:v1 t@mis athi dOd.

@s an1na:vav t@mis athi ka:kaz.
ts1 kar1na:vakh kamr1 sa:ph.
toh kar1n@:viv t@mis athi s@:r1y k@:m.
su kha:v1na:vi tOhi bat1.
tim ca:v1na:van tOhi tre:.
LESSON 19
98
I.
Substitution drill
1.
b1 chus tOhi athi k@:m kar1na:va:n.
2.
toh @:siv1 me athi b@niya:n vo:n1na:va:n. (vo:n1n )

(k1n1n )
(m@l hen)
(an1n)
(chal1n)
(k@:m kar1n)
(sa:ma:n anun)
(ca:y bana:v1n)
(palav chal1n)
(cith par1n)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
toh chiva: ga:m1 ro:za:n kin1 ahr1?

tuh1ndi ga:m1c/ ahr1c a:b@:di: k@:tsa: chi?
toh k@ts b@:ts chiv kul garas manz?
toh k@mis athi chiv gar1c k@:m kar1na:va:n?
toh ke~mis athi chiv palav suv1na:va:n?
tuh1ndis a:hras manz kam kam sarka:r daphtar chi?
tuh1ndis a:hras/ga:mas manz kam kam ka:rkha:n1 chi?
toh kati path1 chiv sa:ma:n an1na:va:n?

1. lOkut mOkut
5. mil1tsa:r
9. ca:v1na:vun
VI. Transformation drill

b1 chus palav chala:n.
@s chi cith i le:kha:n.
su chu maka:n bana:va:n.
toh chiv sabzi: ana:n.
su chu k@mi:z suva:n.
sO cha bat1 rana:n.
tim chi saph@:yi: kara:n.
97
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
b1 chus palav chal1na:va:n.

@s chi cithi le:kh1na:va:m.
su chu maka:n bana:v1na:va:n.
toh chiv sabzi: an1na:va:n.
su chu k@mi:z suv1na:va:n.
sO cha bat1 ran1na:va:n.
tim chi sapha:yi kar1na:va:n.
Notes
Causal constructions
The causative suffixes 1na:v and -1na:v1na:v are added to the verb stem
for forming the first and second causative forms respectively.
Exercises
Verb
I.
an
le:kh
kha:v
ca:v
Fill in the blanks using suitable words:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
sa:ni ahr1c . . . . cha . . . . lach t1 . . . . sa:s.

yeti chi variya:h sark@:r . . . .
yeti chi ke~h lOk1t . . . .
yeti chi . . . . mazhaban h1nd lu:kh . . . .
lu:kh chi amn1 t1 . . . . sa:n . . . .
ba:zar chu na za:d1 bod t1 ....
@s chi dobis athi palav . . . . t1 s1tsas athi palav . . . .
toh chiv me . . . . cith . . .
b1 chus tOhi . . . . ech . . . .
me . . . . t@mis athi saph@:yi.
2. lagbag
3. dastka:ri 4. mukhtaliph maz1hab.
6. chal1na:nvun 8. kar1na:vun
10. kha:v1na:vun.
bring
write
feed
give to drink
1st causal
2nd causal
an1na:v
le:kh1na:v
kha:v1na:v
ca:v1na:v
an1na:v1na:v
le:kh1na:v1na:v
kha:v1na:v1na:v
ca:v1na:v1na:v
In case the postposition athi through is used the causative agent is

put in dative case, e.g.,
@s chi s1tsas athi palav suv1na:va:n.
In case the postposition -z@riyi through is used, the causative agent
is put in ablative case, e.g.,
@s chi mohn1ni z@riyi sa:ma:n an1na:va:n.
LESSON 19
99
Vocabulary
ahar
a:b@:di:
vu:ni:
kamal
ma1hu:r m
mukhtaliph
maz1hab
hond
saya:h
@:mil
suhu:liyath
masjid
gurdva:r1
pa:n1e~:n
miltsa:r
m
f
f
m
m
m
f
f
m
m
city
banun
population lach
woollen
sa:s
blanket
re:lve:
famous
ste:an
different
sark@:ri:
religion
musalma:n
Hindu
sikh
visitor(s)
yis@:y
included
mandar
facility
b@:ts
mosque
maysar
gurdwara
girj1
mutual
am1n
togetherness
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
to be available
lakh
thousand
railway
station
of government
Muslim
Sikh
Christian
temple
members of family
available
church
peace
Lesson 20
A. yus l\dk1 bema:r o:s, su kot

gav?
B. su gav haspata:l dava: an1n1
kh@:tr1.
A. yes ku:r tsi:r a:yi, sO kati
cha?
B. sO g@yi gar1 va:pas.
A. yim ur o:r @:s kara:n, tim
kati chi?
B. tim chi kala:sas manz.
A. yim1 ko:ri yeti para:n cha,
tim1 cha: sa:rey ho:stalas manz
ro:za:n?
B. na, sa:rey chan1 ho:stalas
manz ro:za:n. ke~h cha gari
path1 yiva:n.
A. toh kot kot g@tshiv?
B. yot yot toh g@tshiv, b1 ti gatsh1
tot tot.
A. mohnun saykal cha: tuh1ndis
saykalas ni?
B. yetan mo:n saykal chu, tatan
chun1 mohnun.
A. me:n palav kath alma:ri manz
chi?
B. yath alma:ri manz me:n palav
chi, tath alma:ri manz chin1
tuh1nd.
A. toh kap@:r g@tshiv cakras?
B. yap@:r toh cakras g@tshiv, b1
gatsh1 n1 tap@:r.
A. yemsund yi duka:n chu,
t@msund gar1 kati chu?
Where is the boy who was:

sick?
He has gone to hospital for
bringing medicine.
Where is the girl who came
late?
She returned home.
Where are the children who
were making noise?
They are in the class.
Do all the girls, who study
here, reside in the hostel?
No, all of them do not stay
in the hostel. Some of them
come from their homes.
Where will you go?
Wherever you go, I will
also go over there.
Is Mohans bicycle near
your bicycle?
Mohans bicycle is not at
that place where mine is.
In which almirah are my
clothes?
Your clothes are not in the
same almirah in which my
clothes are.
In which direction will you
go for a walk?
I will not go for a walk in
the direction youll go .
Where is the house of the
person who owns this shop?
LEESON 20
B. me chun1 pata: ki yi k@msund

duka:n chu. b1 kar1 mo:lu:m.
A. toh kar yiyiv duba:r1 yo:r?
B. yuthuy toh ech su:ziv, b1
yim1 tithuy.
I dont know whose shop

this is. I will find it out.
When will you come here again?
The moment you will send
(me) a message, I will
come at the same moment.
Drills
I. Repetition drill
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
yus suli a:v, su gav gar1.

yOs tsi:r a:yi, sO cha yetiy.
yim1 ko:ri para:n cha, tim1 gatshan pa:s.
yemis duka:nda:ras me p@~:s1 dit, t@mis ditiv1 tOhi ti.
yemsund yi maka:n chu, t@msund chu hu duka:n ti.
yap@:r toh gatshiv, b1 ti gatsh1 tap@:r.
yetath tuhund me:z chu, tatath chun1 mo:n.

la. mohn1 chu mo:n do:s.
lb. mohn1 chu dili ro:za:n.
1. mohn1, yus dili chu ro:za:n, chu mo:n do:s.
2a. mo:n do:s yiyi az.
2b. mo:n do:s chu da:ktar.
3a. yim ur chi o:r kara:n.
3b. yim ur chi kala:sas manz
4a. salm1 g@yi haspata:l.
4b. salm1 @:s bema:r.
5a. yi alm@:rcha me:n.
5b. yath alma:ri manz chi palav.
6a. yi maka:n1 chu mo:n.
6b. yi maka:n1 chu bod.
III. Response drill
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5.
6.
7.
101
yOs ku:r bema:r cha, sO kati cha? (gari) sO cha gari.

yOs ku:r natsa:n cha, sO kati cha? (ba:gas manz)
yus ur ara:rti: chu, su kati chu? (kala:sas manz)
yus l@dk1 dili path1 a:mut chu, su kati chu? (ba:gas manz)
yim l@dk1 phe:l gatshan, tim ka: karan? (yimtiha:n din)
yim ur o:r @:s kara:n tim kati chi?
yim1 ko:ri geva:n cha, tim1 kati cha? (para:n)
yim1 zana:n1 van1na:van, tim1 kati cha? (ca:y bana:va:n)
102
Exercises
I.
Fill in the blanks using sutiable words:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
yOs ku:r gar1 g@yi .. chan1 ..

yim l@dk1 k@:m chi kara:n .. kati ..?
yim yath .manz ro:za:n chi .. cha s@:riy ..
yot yot toh g@tshiv .. gats1 .. ti..
yap@:r yap@:r b1 go:s .. a:yiv1 toh ti.
yemsund yi me:z chu .. chu yi sondu:kh ti.
. toh ech su:ziv, tithuy yim1 b1.
yath maka:nas manz b1 chus ro:za:n . n@zdi:kh chun1
k:h
9. yetan tuhund gar1 chu chun1
10. yeti toh... ro:za:n ... chu mo:n do:s ti
IV. Complete the following sentences using co-relative
pronouns:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
yithuy toh to:r g@tshiv ....

yetan toh bihith chiv .....
yap@:r toh g@tshiv .....
yath kulis me:v1 chi .....
yemsund yi kalam chu ....
III. Use the following correlative pronoun forms in sentences :

1. yus .. su 2. yOs .. sO
3. yim .. tim
4.yim1 .. tim1 5. yus yus .. su su 6. yas yas .. sO
sO 7. yim yim .. tim tim 8. yim1 yim1 .. tim1 tim1.
Notes
Relative clause constructions.
Relative clause constructions are formed by the use of relative and
correlative pronouns : yus . . . su, yim . . . tim, yOs . . . sO, yim1 . . . tim1, yath
. . . . tath etc. as examplified above. The relative forms are used in the
first clause and the correlative in the second.
LESSON 20
103
Vocabulary
va:pas gatshun
kap@:r
ho:stal
m
ni
tap@:r
mo:lu:m karun
ara:rti:
tithuy
to return
which direction
hostel
near
the same
direction
to enquire
mischievous
at that moment
yeti
s@:ri:
yap@:r
yetan
tatan
pa:s gatshun
duba:r1
yithuy
suli
here
all
this direction
where at
there at
to pass
next time, again
the moment
early
APPENDIX
Classified Vocabulary in Kashmiri
Nouns
4.1 Parts of body
@ch
@:s
ath1
g1j
kal1
kan
kamar
koth
khOrm.
gal
gardan
g:tsh
zang
zav
tu:n
d@:r
dand
dema:g
dil
f.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
f.
f.
f.
f.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
eye
mouth
hand
finger
head
ear
waist
knee
foot
cheek
neck
moustache
leg
tongue
navel
beard
teeth
brain
heart
n@r
nam
nas
net h
dak1
pa:n
phok
buth
bum
mas
manz ath1
mOm1
yad
vach
vut h
a:n1
hots
hot
hO~gan
f.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
f.
arm
nail
nose
thumb
forehead
body
shoulder
face
eyebrow
hair
palm
breast
belly
chest
lips
back
wrist
throat
chin
patlu:n
pOa:k
pheran
b@niya:n
makhmal
ma:l
malmal
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
f.
m.
pants
dress
a dress
sweater
velvet
garland
muslin
1.2. Clothes and Ornaments

go:c1
k@mi:z
kapur
kambal
kor
ko:th
kurt1
m.
f.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
towel
shirt
cloth
blanket
metal bracelet
coat
loose shirt
APPENDIX
g@hn1
gunus
gulo:band
p@:ja:m1
tavliya:
dasta:r
du:t
nor
tsa:dar
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
f.
m.
f.
ornaments
bracelet
muffler
trousers
towel
turban
saree
sleeve
blanket
mo:z1
ye:r
ri:im
ruma:l
v@:j
ilva:r
a:l
sa:ph1
phira:k
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
m
socks
wool
silk
hanky
ring
trousors
shawl
turban
frock
1.3. Jewels, Metals and Minerals

gandukh
c@~:d
tra:m
ti:n
mOkht1
la:l
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
m.
sulphur
silver
copper
tin
pearls
ruby
lOy
i:1
at1r
sartal
sOn
hi:r1
f.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
bronze
glass
iron
brass
gold
diamond
tul1r
to:t1
d:d
poz
bro:r
m@ch
m@:
mo:r
ra:t1mOgul
rey
ru:sk@t
vu:th
s1h
so:r
ha:put
h:gul
hos
h@:r
f.
m.
butterfly
parrot
bull
monkey
cat
fly
buffalo
peacock
owl
ant
deer
camel
lion
pig
bear
stag
elephant
maina
1.4. Animals, birds and insects

kath
m.
ka:v
m.
k:tur n.
kom
m.
kOkur m.
ko:tur n.
kukil
f.
khar
m.
khargo: m.
g@~:th
f.
ga:v
gur
gagur
g@:d
f.
ts@r
f.
tsar
m.
tsha:vul m.
g@b
f
sheep
crow
sparrow
insect
roost, cock
pigeon
cuckoo
donkey
rabbit
eagle
cow
horse
mouse
fish
sparrow
bed-bug
goat
sheep
m.
m.
f.
f.
m.
m.
f.
f.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
105
106
1.5. Flowers
gula:b
guliaphta:b
came:li:
ja:ph1rpo:
m.
m.
f.
m.
rose
sun-flower
jasmine
marigold
pampo:
po:
yamb1rzal
m.
m.
f.
lotus
flower
narcissus.
f.
m.
f.
m.
f.
m.
f.
m.
m.
f.
m.
f.
m
m
ginger
potato
bottle gourd
bitter gourd
carrot
onion
turnip
beet root
tomato
coriander
lotus root
spinach
green garlic
cucumber
ruhun
m.
pud1n1
m.
phua gu:bi: m.
band gu:bi: m
bindi:
f.
matar
m.
marts1v:gun m.
muj
f.
ra:zma:h
m.
ruv1v:gun m.
v:gun
m.
akarkand m.
ha:kh
m.
garlic
mint
cauliflower
cabbage
ladyfinger
peas
chilli
radish
beans
tomato
brinjal
sweetpotato
sweeds
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
plum
mango
black plum
guava
cashewnut
raisin
banana
date
melon
coconut
jambo
appricot
apple
pear
walnut
tul
d@:n
dach
na:rji:l
nom
papi:t1
pist1
ba:da:m
mO~g1phol
munk1
yenji:r
l@:r
sangtar1
sup@:r
hend1vend
mulbery
pomegranate
grapes
coconut
lemon
papaya
pistachionut
almond
ground nut
raisin (big)
big
cucumber,
orange
betal nut
watermelon
1.6. Vegetables
adrakh
o:luv
k@:ir al
kare:l1
ga:z1r
gd1
gOg1j
cukandar
tama:tar
da:nival
nadur
pa:lakh
pra:n
l@:r
1.7. Fruits
@:r
amb
o:luvbukha:r
amru:d
ka:ju:
kimi
ke:l1
kh@z1r
kharbuz
khu:pr1
ja:nun
tse:r
tsu:th
tang
du:n
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
f.
m.
APPENDIX
1.8. Eatables and Spices

@:l
f.
:ca:r
m.
o:t
m.
k1n1kh
m.
kaba:b
m.
kulici
m.
kOrm1
m.
kO?g
m.
khir
m.
gav
m.
can1
m.
ca:y
f.
tsa:man
f.
tsot
f.
tsa:man
f.
za:mut dOd m.
thu:l
m.
dabal tsot f.
ti:l
m.
tembar hendi: f.
tomul
m.
th@n
f.
da:l
f.
cardamom
pickles
flour
wheat
minced meat
a breadcake
a mutton dish
saffron
a sweet dish
purified butter
gram
tea
cheese
a thin bread
cheese
curd
egg
bread
oil
tamirind
rice
butter
pulses
dOd
neni
na:t1
nu:n
pa:n
bat1
m@dre:r
ma:z
masa:l1
mar1ts
ma:ch
mith@:y
yakh1n
rOng
1ed1r
1@s
m.
f
f
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
f
m.
f.
f
O~:th
sabzi:
sun
hOga:d1
hedar
da:lci:n
m.
f.
m.
f.
m.
f
milk
meat
meat
salt
betal leaf
cooked rice
sugar
mutton
spices
pepper
honey
sweets
a meat dish
cloves
turmeric
a beverage
of milk/curds
ginger
vegetable
mutton
dry fish
mushrooms
cinnamin
cith
co:k1
ch@t1r
chat
the:11
dab
dab1
t@:v
ta:r
tasvi:r
ta:s
tham
tha:l
d@:r
f.
m.
f.
m
m.
f.
m.
f.
f.
f
m.
m.
m.
f.
letter
kitchen
umbrella
roof
bag
balcony
box
iron pan
wire
picture
playing cards
pillar
plate
window
107
108
kursi:
kuz
kho:s
g@r
gab1
gar1
gila:s
ca:rpa:y
cas
p@~:s1
pa
pankh1
pa:l1
batun
ba:l
ba:g
ba:zar
ba:nl
bijli:
me:z
bistar
bohgun
br:d
m@:da:n
maka:n
f.
f.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
chair
key
a cup
watch
woollen carpet
home
tumbler
cot
chess
money
roof
fan
cup
button
ball
garden
market
vessel
electricity
table
bedding
a vessel
varandah
an open field
house
darva:z1
duk@:r
dava:h
de:va:r
duka:n
namd1
na:r
not
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
mi:l
raz@:y
l@r
le:ph
lu:r
lipha:ph1
vaguv
vath
i:1
ra:puc
sat1r@nd
sandu:kh
sadak
sa:ma:n
s1tsan
he:r
f.
f.
f.
f.
f.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
f.
m.
f.
m.
f.
f.
door
scissors
medicine
wall
shop
a carpet
fire
earthern
pitcher
ink
quilt
house
quilt
stick
envelope
mat
way, path
glass
knife
cotton carpet
box
road
goods
needle
staircase
po:n
paha:d
ba:l
ret1ko:l
reth
ra:th
ra:m ra:m
b@dr1n du:n
ru:d
v@ri:
v@hra:th
van
vand1
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
water
mountain
mountain
summer
month
night
f.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
rainbow
rain
year
rainy season
forest
winter
1.9. Household articles

1.10. Nature, time and seasons
@:n1
@:nakh
akhba:r
alm@:r
k@:li:n
kamr1
kap
kalam
kanguv
ka:pi:
ka:kaz
kita:b
kuluph
kul
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
f.
m.
m.
mirror
spectacles
newspaper
almirah
carpet
room
cup
pen
comb
copy
paper
book
lock
nail
aphta:b
asma:n
a:b
a:ba:r
obur
kul
k@:lketh
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
kOl
khOphtan
ga:
ga:s1
jangul
f.
m.
m.
m.
m.
sun
sky
water
waterfall
clouds
tree
day after
tomorrow
stream
dusk
light
grass
forest
APPENDIX
tse:r
z@mi:n
zu:n
zu:n1ga:
digar
ta:rukh
ta:ph
t1:r
d@riya:v
d1h
dOh
dup1h@:r
nab
harud
hava:h
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
late
land
moon
moon-light
afternoon
star
sunshine
cold
river
smoke
day
noon
sky
autumn
air
vuz1mal
vunar
abnam
ab
a:m
i:n
sahar
sabza:r
samandar
s:th
siriyi
subuh
sul
hapht1
sO~zal
f.
f.
m.
m
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
f.
109
lightning
mist
dew
night
evening
snow
dawn
greenery
ocean
spring
sun
morning
early
week
rainbow
1.11. Occupations
aphsar
aktar
(y)inji:nar
kal@:rk
kaminar
k:dur
k@:rgar
kuli:
kha:r
gra:kh
g@di:sa:z
ga:di vo:l
gru:s
capr@:s
cu:kdar
cha:n
da:ktar
da:k1vo:l
til1vo:n
tha:n1da:r
m. officer
actor
engineer
clerk
commissioner
m. bakeryman
m artisan
m. coolie,porter
m. blacksmith
m. customer
m watch maker
m vehicle driver
m. farmer
m. peon
m. watchman
m. carpenter
doctor
m. postman
m. oilman
m. police officer
duka:nda:r
dob
n@:yid
no:kar
phe:rivo:l
ba:gva:n
ba:p@:r
m@:likh
m@:li:
mozu:r
mul@:zi
v@:zi:r
v@zi:ri az1
va:tul
va:z1
vOsta:d
s1ts
sOnur
h@ki:m
hal1vo:y
m. shopkeeper
m. washerman
m. barber
servant
m. hawker
m. gardener
businessman
m. master
m. gardener
labourer
m employee
minister
m prime minister
m. cobbler
cook
teacher
tailor
m. goldsmith
Unani doctor
m. sweets seller
110
1.12. Relationships
ku:r
daughter, girl
kOlay
wife
kh:da:r
husband
bad1bud
bab
great grandfather
benth1r
sisters son
beni
sister sisters
husband
zana:n
wife,
za:m
husbands sister
za:m1tur
son-in-law
zur
grandson/
granddaughter
tr1y
wife
do:s
friend
duman
enemy
druy
husbands brother
necuv
son
na:n
grandmother
nO
daughter-in-law
pit1r beni.
fathers
brothers daughter
pitur bo:y
fathers
brothers son
pet1r
paternal uncle
b@yka:kan brothers wife

bad1na:n great grand mother
kh:da:ren wife
kha:vand
z@:mi:
husband
husbands
be:m1
sisters
husband
brother
father
mother
mothers sister
mothers sisters
husband
bo:y
mo:l
m@:j
ma:s
ma:suv
ma:stur bo:y mothers sisters son

ma:st1r beni mothers sisters
daughter
ma:m
mothers brother
ru:n
l@dk1
ves
vo:r1 beni
pecan
paternal aunt
vo:r1 m@:j
pOph
fathers sister
vo:r1 mo:l
pOphuv
fathers sisters
vo:r1 bo:y
daughter
v:or1 necuv
pOpht1r beni fathers sisters daughter
pOphtur bo:y fathers sisters son
potsh
guest
vo:r1 ku:r
bartha:
husband
ur
ba:p@th1r
brothers son
sa:l
ha
mother-in-law
h@har
husband
boy, son
girls girl friend
step sister
step mother
step father
step brother
step son
step daughter
child
wifes sister
wifes brother
APPENDIX
1.13 Days of the week

ts@nd1rva:r
bomva:r
bOdva:r
brasva:r
f.
f.
f.
f.
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
ok1rva:rf.
juma:h
bat1va:r
a:th1va:r
Friday
m. Friday
f. Saturday
f. Sunday
111
112
maza:kh
madath
mandar
masjid
mohbath
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
joke
help
temple
mosque
love
o:kh
ra:n
sava:l
saph@:yi:
haspata:l
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
we
what
some, a few
who
somebody
your
you
his, her
he, they
his/her, their
his/her,their
your
panun
b1
mo:n
yi
yus
so:n
su
sO
hu
hum
hum1 f.
strange
rich
last
easy
wet
half
less
weak
single
whole
expensive
unripe, raw
black
empty
bad
special
open, loose
left
bad
badakal
band
be:vku:ph
bod m.
toth
m.
thand1
thi:kh
dol
ta:z1
te:z
turun
thod
dochun
drog
namki:n
nar1m
nov
fondness
bath
question
cleanliness
hospital
2. Pronouns
1.14. Months of the year
vayakh
ze:th
ha:r
ra:vun
b@:d1r
@:id
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
April-May
May-June
June-July
July-August
August-Sept.
Sept-Oct.
katakh
rnOnjiho:r
pOh
ma:g
pha:gun
tsith1r
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
Oct-Nov.
Nov-Dec.
Dec.-Jan.
Jan-Feb.
Feb-March
Mar.-April
1.15 Miscellaneous
aphsu:s
ada:lath
a:ra:m
k1:math
kira:yi
khabar
khoi:
kha:h
gam
galti:
ga:m
tama:1
dar1m
dOkh
do:kh1
duniya:h
nema:z
m
f.
m.
m.
f.
f.
f.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
neth1r
pu:za:
bOchi
maksad
maz1
m.
f.
f.
m.
m.
regret
court
rest,comfort
price
rent, fare
news
happiness
field
sorrow
mistake
village
show
religion
grief
fraud
world
prayer of
Muslims
marriage
worship
appetite
aim
pleasure
java:b
tsa:s
zaba:n
zil1
tala:kh
t@hsi:l
t@:ti:l
t@:ri:ph.
takdi:r
takli:ph
taph
mukil
mus@:phir
mi:l
yazath
ya:d
yintiza:r
ukriya:
yela:j
vakh1t
varta:v
ahar
ika:yath
m.
f.
f.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
f.
answer, reply
cough
language
district
divorce
tehsil
holiday
praise
luck
pain
fever
difficulty
traveller
mile
respect
memory
wait
thanks
treatment
time
behaviour
city
complaints
@s
ka:
ke~h
kus
kus ta:m
co:n
ts1
t@msund
tim
timan hund
tihund
tuhund
ones own
I
my, mine
this, it, he, she
who/that
our
he,that(out ofSight)
she,that(out of Sight)
he,that(within sight)
he (hon), they
they
3. Adjectives
@ji:b
@mi:r
@:kh1ri:
a:sa:n
odur
od
kam
kamzo:r
kun
kul
k1:mti:
koc
kruhun
kh@:li:
khara:b
kha:s
khul1
kho:vur
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
bad
ugly
closed
fool
big
bitter
cold
correct
loose
fresh
sharp, fast,
cold
high
right
expensive
salty
soft
new
APPENDIX
g@ri:b
gand1
gar1m
galath
gob
gon
go:l
gul@:b
z@:vul
zakhmi:
za:d1
zu:th
rut
la:jv@r
1odur
lOkut
modur
mot
mul@:yim
va:riya:h
vult1
poor
dirty
hot, warm
wrong
heavy
dense, thick
round
pink
slim, thin
wounded
much, more
tall, long
good
purple
yellow
small
sweet
fat
soft
many
opposite
nu:l
patl1
pop
pu:r1
pro:n
ca:la:kh
ja:n
tsok
vOzul
s@hi:
sakh1t
saphe:d
sab1z
sast1
sa:d1
sod
m.
sOndar
hokh
m.
hol
m.
halk1
hava:da:r
blue
thin
ripe
complete
old
clever
good
sour
red
correct
hard
white
green
cheap
simple
straight
beautiful
dry
bent, crooked
light
airy
2. z1
6. e
10. d@h
14. tsOda:h
18. arda:h
21. z1to:vuh
26. at1vuh
30. tr1h
34. tsOyitr1h
38. ar1tr1h
42. dOyit@:ji:
46. eyit@:ji:
50. pantsa:h
54. tsuvanza:h
58. arvanza:h
3. tre
7. sath
11.ka:h
15. panda:h
19. kun1vuh
23. tro:vuh
27. sato:vuh
31. aktr1h
35. p:tstr1h
39. kun1t@:ji:
43. teyit@:ji
47. sat1t@:ji:
51. akvanza:h
55. p:tsvanza:
59. kunh@: th
4. tso:r
8. @:th
12. ba:h
16. ura:h
20. vuh
24. tso:vuh
28. atho:vuh
32. dOyitr1h
36. eyitr1h
40. tsatji:
44. tsOyit@:ji:
48. ar1t@:ji:
52. duvanza:h
56. vanza:h
60. e: t h
4. Numerals
4.1 Cardinals
1. akh
5. p:tsh
9. nav
13. truva:h
17. sada:h
21 ak1vuh
25. p1~ts1h
29. kun1tr1h
33. teyitr1h
37. sat1tr1h
41. ak1t@:ji:
45. p:tst@:ji:
49. kunvanzah
53. truvanza:h
57. satvanza:h
113
114
61. ak1h@:th
62. duh@:th
63. truh@:th
64. tsuh@:th
65. p:ts1h@:th
66. uh@:th
67. sat1h@:th
68. arh@:th
69. kun1satath
70. satath
71. ak1satath
72. dusatath
73. trusatath
74. tsusatath
75. p:ts1satath 76. usatath
77. sat1satath
78. ar1satath
79. kun1i:th
80. i:th
81. ak1i:th
82. dOyi1:th
83. treyii:th
84. tsOyii:th
85. p:ts1i:th
86. eyii:th
87. sat1i:th
88. ar1i:th
89. kun1namath 90. namath
91. ak1namath
92. dunamath
93. trunamath
94. tsunamatli
95.p:tsnamath 96. unamath
97. sat1namath. 98. ar1namath
99. namnamath 100. hath
101
akh hath t1 akh
100,000
lach
1000
sa:s
1,000,000
dah lach
1001
lakh sa:s t1 akh
10,000,000
karo:r
10,000 d@h sa:s
4.2. Ordinals
@ki:m
doyim
treyim
tsu:rim
p1~:tsim
eyim
s@tim
1: thim
n@vim
d@him
first
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
k@him
b@him
truv@:him
tsOd@:him
pand@:him
ur@:him
sad@:him
ar1d@:him
kun1vu:him
vuhim
4.3. Fractions
pa:v
od
sO:d
sO:d1 z1
du:n
du:n1 z1
dOd
da:yi
sa:d1 tre
sa:d1 tso:r
quarter ()
half ()
one and a quarer (1)
two and a quarter (2 )
three quarters ()
one and three quarters (1)
one and half (1 )
two and half (2 )
three and half (3 )
four add half (4 )
eleventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeeth
eighteenth
nineteenth
twentieth
APPENDIX
5. Verbs
asun
a:sun
anun
a:lav karun
a:vra:vun
k@~:pun
kadun
kama:vun
karun
k1nun
khasun
kho:lun
khon
g@~zrun
gavun
ga:brun
guza:run
grakun
grak1na:vun
con
chalun
cha:pun
chupun
prazlun
prazna:vun
pr1tshun
phatu n
phe:run
phut u n
phut1ra:vun
b@:gra:vun
barun
baca:vun
bada:vun
bana:vun
basun
bihun
budu n
bo:zun
i.
t.
i.
i.
i.
t.
to laugh
tsalun
to be
tsa:pun
to bring
tsu:r kar1n
to call
tsh:dun
to cover
tshnuun
to shiver
za:nun
to take out
za:lun
to earn
ze:nun
to do
to:lun
to sell
tulun
to climb
tra:vun
to open
daba:vun
to eat
dazun
to count
dun
to sing
do:run
to be afraid
ne:run
to spend (time) th@hrun
to boil
de:~ shun
to boil
pakun
to drink
parun
to wash
pon
to print
piun
to hide
tsatu n
to shine
yun
to recognise
ranun
to ask
ratun
to sink/drown ra:van
to turn, travel ro:zun
to be broken
ladun
to break
lamun
to distribute
labun
to fill
la:yun
to save
vanun
to increase
valun
to make/build vasun
to inhabit
vOthun
to sit
vuchun
to become old vuphun
to listen
e:run
to run away
to chew
to steal
to look for
to wear
to know
to burn
to win
to weigh
to lift
to leave
to press down
to burn
to give
to run
to get out
to stay
to see
to walk
to read/study
to fall
to grind
to cut
to come
to cook
to catch/hold
to loose
to reside
to quarrel
to pull
to get/acquire
to beat
to say
to wrap
to get down
to stand up
to see
to fly
to serve/set right
115
116
ma:h karun
m@ra:vun
maun
marun
ma:run
mangun
ma:nun
yatshun
i.
to kiss
to forget
to forget
to die
to kill
lo ask for
to admit
to desire
samjun
so:zun
s:cun
suvun
ha:run
hechun
hon
yi:run
to understand
to send
to think
to stitch
to loose
to learn
to buy
to flow
6. Adverbs
@:kh1r
aksar
aca:nakh
az
azkal
k@:lkath
kar
kati
kith1k1n
gOd1
jal1d
tshOp1 k@rith
tika:zi
teli
du:r
n@zdi:kh
be:akh
nebar
zaru:r
paga:h
pat1
pat1kani
after all
bilkul
often,generally bOn
suddenly
brh
to day
brh kani
now-a-days
manz
day after
manz1
tomorrow
when
yeti
where
yeli
how
yith1k1n
in the beginningyu:t
quickly
ra:th
silently
va:riya:h
because
va:r1 va:r1
then
vun
away.
vOn
near
a:yad
of course
satha:
outside
siriph
certainly
hame:1
tomorrow
heri
after
hor
behind
hoti
quite
down
before
in front of
among
sometimes
if
hence, so
that
and
but
or
here
when
in this way
as much as
yesterday
plenty
slowly
just now
now
perhaps
much, enough
only
always
above
upward
there
7. Cojunctions
agar
amikin
ki
beyi
magar
ya:
APPENDIX
b@lki
contrary
but, on the
kin1
ya..ya:..
or
117
118
either.. or
8. Postpositions
@ndr1
andar
tal
tal1 path1
ni
from within
in, inside
under
from bottom
near
nii
path
path1
manz
manz1
from
on
from
in, inside
from within
References
Bailey, T.Grahme 1937. The Pronunciation of Kashmiri London: Royal
Asiatic Society.
Bhat, Roop Krishen 1986. A Descriptie Study of Kashmiri. New Delhi:
Amar Prakashan.
Grierson, George A. 1911. Standard manual of the Kashmiri language. 2
Vols. Oxford; Reptd. Rohtak: Light and Life Publishers, 1973.
Grierson, George A. 1919. The Linguistic Survey of India. vol. VIII, Part II.
Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society. Reptd., Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas
1968.
Hook, Peter Edwin and Omkar N Koul (forthcoming). Kashmiri:A Study in
Comparative Indo-Aryan. Tokyo: IAAS.
Kachru, Braj B. 1969. A Reference Grammar of Kashmiri.Urbana: Univer
sity of Illinois.
Kachru, Braj B. 1973. An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri. Urbana:
University of Illinois.
Koul, Omkar N. 1977. Linguistic Studies in Kashmiri. Delhi: Bahri
Koul, Omkar N. 1985. An Intensive Course in Kashmiri. Mysore: CIIL.
Koul, Omkar N 1994. An Intermediate Course in Kashmiri Mysore: CIIL.
Koul, Omkar N. 2003. Kashmiri. In Cardona, George and Dhanesh Jain
(eds.) The Indo-Aryan Languages. London:Routledge.
Koul, Omkar N 2000. Kashmiri Language, Linguistics and Culture:An
Annotated Bibliography. Mysore: CIIL.
Koul, Omkar N. 2005. Studies in Kashmiri Linguistics. Delhi: IILS
Koul, Omkar N. and Ruth L. Schmidt 1983. Kashmiri: A Sociolinguistic
Survey. Patiala: IILS.
Koul, Omkar N. and Peter Edwin Hook (Eds.) 1984. Aspects of Kashmiri
Linguistics. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
Koul, Omkar N. and Kashi Wali 2006. Modern Kashmiri Grammar.
Springfield: Dunwoody Press.
Wali, Kashi and Omkar N Koul 1997. Kashmiri: A Cognitive-Descriptive
Grammar. London, New York: Routledge.

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ii

SPOKEN KASHMIRI: A LANGUAGE COURSE

First Published 1987

Indian Institute of Language Studies

SPOKEN KASHMIRI: A LANGUAGE COURSE

Nasalization of vowels is indicated by the nasal sign over the vowels.

Area and Speakers

SPOKEN KASHMIRI: A LANGUAGE COURSE

dialectical variations of styles of speech. The dichotomy of these social

SPOKEN KASHMIRI: A LANGUAGE COURSE

yim ka: chi?

What are these?

hum ka: chi?

What are those?

yim ka: cha?

What are these?

(ii) yim/hum chi

SPOKEN KASHMIRI: A LANGUAGE COURSE

hum cha (caps)

II. Answer the following questions

kita:b, v@:j, kuz kuz1 , alma:ri

(iv) yim /hum cha kuz1

yim chi kul.

Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words

II. Transformations drill

In this lesson, we lave introduced. pimple declarative and interrogative

SPOKEN KASHMIRI: A LANGUAGE COURSE

(3) Palatal consonants do not change in plural forms:

(4) The second vowel /u/ in disyllabic words changes to

(7) In one case there is a change of only vowel:

yim kam chi?

Who are these?

hum kam chi?

Who are those?

yim kam chi?

yim chi ma:starji:

hum kam chi?

yim cha: ko:l s@:b?

Is this Mr. Koul?

hum cha: ma:starji:?

SPOKEN KASHMIRI: A LANGUAGE COURSE

hum chi sipa:h.

II. Answer the following questions:

2. yim/hum chi swan1r

II. Transformations drill

yam chi sorn1r.

1. yim cha: da:ktar s@:b?

(a:) a:, yim chi da:k t ar s@:b.

for animate subjects, along with the forms of copular verb.

Yes-no answer type questions are formed by adding interrogative particle

Short answers to such questions can either be a: yes or na no. These

SPOKEN KASHMIRI: A LANGUAGE COURSE

names of persons for indicating respect or politeness. Whereas s@:b is added

Yes-no answer type questions.

ma:star s@:b/ma:star ji:

SPOKEN KASHMIRI: A LANGUAGE COURSE

yim1 cha ni:ji k@mi:z1.

These are blue shirts.

yim k@ts ur chi?

How many children are these?

yi chu akh ja:n ba:g.

This is a good garden.

yi l@dk1 chu tshot.