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Lecture 10 - System Representations PDF
Lecture 10 - System Representations PDF
Instructor:
Dr. Gleb V. Tcheslavski
Contact:
gleb@ee.lamar.edu
Office Hours:
TBD; Room 2030
Class web site:
http://www.ee.lamar.edu/gle
b/power/Index.htm
From http://talklikeaphysicist.com/
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering
Spring 2009
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All devices are protected by oil circuit breakers (OCBs). We notice that the diagram
indicates the type of connection for each machine and transformer, and also the
points in the system connected to the ground.
The ground connections are important since they affect the current flowing in
nonsymmetrical faults. These connection can be direct or through a resistor or
inductor (they help reducing the fault current that flows in unsymmetrical faults, while
having no impact on the steady-state operation of the system since the current
through them will be zero). Machine ratings, impedances, and/or consumed (or
supplied) powers are usually included in the diagrams.
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering
Spring 2009
I base =
Z base =
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering
S1 ,base
VLN ,base
I base
(10.4.1)
VLN ,base
(V
=
LN ,base
2
(10.4.2)
S1 ,base
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I base =
Z base =
VLL ,base
3I base
S3 ,base
(10.5.1)
3VLL ,base
(V
=
LL ,base
2
(10.5.2)
S3 ,base
In the per-unit system, all quantities are represented as a fraction of the base value:
actual value
base value of quantity
(10.5.3)
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V S
Per unit Z new = per unit Z old old new
Vnew Sold
(10.6.1)
Example 10.2: a power system consists of one synchronous generator and one
synchronous motor connected by two transformers and a transmission line
line. Create a
per-phase, per-unit equivalent circuit of this power system using a base apparent
power of 100 MVA and a base line voltage of the generator G1 of 13.8 kV. Given that:
G1 ratings: 100 MVA, 13.8 kV, R = 0.1 pu, Xs = 0.9 pu;
T1 ratings: 100 MVA, 13.8/110 kV, R = 0.01 pu, Xs = 0.05 pu;
T2 ratings: 50 MVA, 120/14.4 kV, R = 0.01 pu, Xs = 0.05 pu;
M ratings: 50 MVA, 13.8 kV, R = 0.1 pu, Xs = 1.1 pu;
L1 impedance: R = 15 , X = 75 .
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering
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Vbase ,3 = Vbase,2
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering
14.4
= 13.2 kV
120
(10.7.1)
Region 2
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Z base
b ,1
1 =
Z base ,2 =
Z base ,3 =
VLL ,base 2
S3 ,base
VLL ,base 2
S3 ,base
VLL ,base 2
S3 ,base
=
=
=
(13.8 kV )
100 MVA
(110 kV )
= 1.904
Region 1
= 121
Region 1
= 1.743
Region 1
100 MVA
(13.2 kV )
(10.8.1)
100 MVA
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15
= 0.124 per unit
121
75
=
= 0.620 per unit
121
Rline, system =
X line , system
(10.9.1)
per unit Z new = per unit Z given (Vgiven Vnew ) ( S new S given )
2
(10.9.2)
(10.9.3)
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per unit Z new = per unit Z given (Vgiven Vnew ) ( S new S given )
2
(10.10.1)
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Note that the per-unit series impedances of the transformers and the transmission
lines between each pair of busses have been added up, and the resulting
impedances were expressed as admittances (Y=1/Z) to simplify nodal analysis.
Shunt admittance at each bus is shown between the bus and the neutral. This
admittance can include the shunt admittance of the line models and shunt
admittance associated with any generators or loads on a bus.
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According to Kirchhoffs current flow law (KCL), the sum of all currents entering
any node equals to the sum of all currents leaving the node. KCL can be used to
establish and solve a system of simultaneous equations with the unknown node
voltages
voltages.
Assuming that the current from the current sources are entering each node, and that
all other currents are leaving the node, applying the KCL to the node (1) yields:
(10.13.1)
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(10.14.1)
(10.14.2)
(10.14.3)
In matrix form:
Ya + Yb + Yd
Ya
Yb
V1 I1
Ya
Yb
Yc
Ya + Yc + Ye
V2 = I 2
Yc
Yb + Yc + Y f V3 I 3
(10.14.4)
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Ybus
b V = I
((10.15.1))
where Ybus is the bus admittance matrix of a system, which has the form:
Ybus
(10.15.2)
Ybus
b has a regular form that is easy to calculate:
1) The diagonal elements Yii equal the sum of all admittances connected to node i.
2) Other elements Yij equal to the negative admittances connected to nodes I and j.
The diagonal elements of Ybus are called the self-admittance or driving-point
admittances of the nodes; the off-diagonal elements are called the mutual
admittances or transfer admittances of the nodes.
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((10.16.1))
Simple technique for constructing Ybus is only applicable for components that are not
mutually coupled. The technique applicable to mutually coupled components can be
found elsewhere.
Once Ybus is calculated, the solution to (10.15.1) is
or
1
V = Ybus
I
(10.16.2)
V = bus I
(10.16.3)
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Ax = b
(10.17.1)
where A is an n x n matrix and b is and n-element column vector; the solution will be
x = A1b
(10.17.2)
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Example 10.3: a
power system
consists of four
busses
interconnected by
five transmission
lines. It includes
one generator
attached to bus 1
and one
synchronous
motor connected
to bus 3.
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The first step in solving for bus voltages is to convert the voltage sources into the
equivalent current sources by using the Nortons theorem. Next, we need to convert
p
values into admittances and form the admittance matrix Ybus
all of the impedance
then use it to solve for the bus voltages, and finally use voltages on buses 1 and 2 to
find the current in line 1.
First, we need to find the Norton equivalent circuits for the
combination of G1 and T1. The Thevenin impedance of this
combination is ZTH = j1.1, and the short-circuit current is
I sc =
Voc 1.110
=
= 1.0 80
ZTH
j1.1
11
(10.21.1)
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I sc =
Voc 0.9 22
=
= 0.563 112
ZTH
j1.6
(10.22.1)
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Ybus
j 5.0
0
j 6.667
j12.576
j 5.0
j12.5
j 5.0
j 2.5
=
0
j 5.0 10.625
j 5.0
j 2.5
j 5.0
j14.167
j 6.667
(10.24.1)
1.0 80
I =
0.563 112
(10.24.2)
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0 989 00.60
60
0.989
0.981 1.58
1
V
V = Ybus
I =
0.974 2.62
0.982 1.48
(10.25.1)
(10.25.2)
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