Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of Chemical Vessels
Chapter 2
Panorama
2.Structure of vessels:
3.Classification of vessels:
i. According to pressure and its type
(1)
Internal Pressure Vessel
vessels where the media pressure
inside the vessel is larger than that outside
(gauge pressure).
Grade (I)
Grade (II)
Grade (III)
2.2
Basic Law and
Common Standard for
Design of Pressure Vessels
1.Conditions:
i. The maximum working pressure
Pw 0.1 MPa
(neglecting the net pressure of liquid )
2.3 Standardization of
Pressure Vessel Parts
1.Significance of Standardization:
Support
Manhole
Sight (level) Glass
Stiffening Ring
Handhole
Liquid Leveler (LG)
3.Basic parameters of
standardization:
i. Nominal Diameter DN (Dg)
is a typical dimension.
(1)Rolled cylinder and head from steels
DN = Di (inside diameter)
DN Standard of pressure vessels:
300 350 400
48 grades in total.
325 377
426
10
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
Do
14
18
25
32
38
45
57
76
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
(4)DN of flanges
consistent to their suitable cylinders,
heads and tubes.
i.e. DN of flange = DN of cylinder
DN of head
DN of tube
iii. Application
In standard designing:
(1)Diameters of cylinders, heads and tubes
must be close to the standard grades.
e.p. Diameter of cylinder
should be
500 600 700
shouldnt be 520 645 750
4.Classification of standards:
i. Chinese Standard
Symbol: GB (Guo biao)
ii. Standard issued by Ministry
JB Ministry of Mechanical Industry
YB Ministry of Metallurgical Industry
HB Ministry of Chemical Industry
SY Ministry of Petroleum Industry
2.Basic Contents:
i. Selection of materials
Selecting the materials of
equipment according to the technical
indexes t, p, media and the principles of
material selection.
ii. Structure design
1.Thin-walled vessels
(1)Thin-walled vessels:
S / Di < 0.1 (Do / Di = K < 1.2)
(2) Thick-walled vessels:
S / Di 0.1
2.stress characteristics:
i. membrane stress
membrane (shell)
theory
ii. boundary stress
shell theory with
moments and conditions
of deformational
compatibility
(2)Axial Symmetry
(3)Generatrix (AB)
The plane curve
which forms the curved
surface.
(4)Longitude (AB)
Section passing OA
and intersecting with
shell, the cross-line is
AB.
B
B
(5)Normal (n)
The line passing
point M in meridian and
is vertical with midwall
surface.
The extension of
K1
normal must intersect with
OA.
C
(6)Latitude (CND)
The cross-line formed by
the conic surface passing
point K2 intersects with the
rotary curved surface.
K2
K2
Pz N z 0
2
D p m DS sin 0
4
D/2
sin
R2
putting it
pR2
m
2S
(3 - 3)
.k
C
p
z
D
R2
C
d1
k2
Sdl1
d2
Fn 0 Pn N m.n N .n 0
d1
pdl1dl2 2 m Sdl2 sin
2
d 2
2 Sdl1 sin
0
2
m p
R1 R2 S
(3 - 4)
mSdl2
pR2
m
2S
m p
R1 R2 S
Illustration of symbols:
m radial stress of a random point in
rotary thin shell, MPa
hoop stress of a random point in
rotary thin shell, MPa
3.3 Application
of Membrane Theory
Calculation equations:
pR2
m
2S
m p
R1 R2 S
pD
m
4S
p
D
R1 =
pD
2S
R1 = R 2 = D / 2
pD
m
4S
pD
4S
Solution:
(1)Find R1 and R2 of point A:
R1:
radius of curvature of A
1 y
y ''
'
3
2
A(x,y)
.k
(a)
.k
a
2
x2
y2
2 1
2
a
b
R2:
R2 = K2 A = x / sin
here:
sin
tg
(b)
1 tg 2
2
b x
tg y 2
a y
'
b 2
y b 2 x
a
putting them into (b), getting:
1
4
2
2
2
R2
a x a b
b
2
p
4
2 2
2
m
a x a b
2Sb
p
4
2 2
2
a x a b
2Sb
2 a
a
4
x a b
2
pa a
2S b
pa
m
2S
pa
a
2 2
2S
b
x=0 (Top):
S
2S
x=a (Boundary):
m
a/b=2
pa
pD
m
2S
4S
pa
pD
S
2S
Solution:
(1)Find R1 and R2 of point A:
R1 =
D
k2
R2 = A K2 = r / cos
pr 1
m
2 S cos
pr 1
S cos
.A
Solution:
(1)Meridional stress:
Cutting along section B-B, taking the
lower part as the separation body.
Po
.A
(Po+x)
(H-x)
D
N
B-B
Fx 0
2
2
2
( po x) D ( H x) D m D S H D
4
4
4
po D
4S
(2)Hoop stress:
Infinitesimal balance equation (3-4):
m
R1
R2
For point A:
R1 =
R2 = D/2
P = Po + x
po x D
po H D
max
2S
2S
.A
Solution:
(1)Meridional stress:
Cutting along section B-B, taking the
lower part as the separation body.
Po
.A
H
D
B-B
(Po+ x)
(H-x)
m
H-x
Fx 0
2
2
H x D po x D m D S 0
4
4
po H D
4S
(2)Hoop stress:
Infinitesimal balance equation (3-4):
m
R1
R2
For point A:
R1 =
R2 = D/2
P = Po + x
po x D
po H D
max
2S
2S
6.Examples:
Solution:
(1) m and :
pD 4 420
m
52.5 (MPa )
4S
48
pD
2 m 105
2S
(MPa)
(MPa)
105
(MPa)
2S b
S
2S
pa pD
x=a (Bottom): m
52.5 (MPa)
2S 4S
2
pa
a
pa
pD
2 2
105
2S
b
S
2S
(MPa)
3.4 Conception
of Boundary Stress
1.Forming of boundary stress:
Boundary
Chapter 4 Strength
Design
of Cylinders and Heads
subjected to InternalPressure
4.1 Basic Knowledge
of Strength Design
eq
t
s
eq equivalent stress
o limiting (ultimate) stress, can be
s b n D, etc.
[] allowance stress
n safety coefficient
2.Strength Theory:
i. The first strength theory
the maximum tensile stress theory
1 3
max
Shear limit:
s
Shear limit :
2
Failure condition:
max
1
s
i.e. ( 1 - 3 )
2
2
or 1 3 s
Strength condition:
1 3 [ ]
III
eq
Applying to the
plastic materials
IV
eq
1
[( 1 2 )2 ( 2 3 )2 ( 3 1 )2 ]
2
Strength condition:
IV
eq
[ ]
Applying to the
plastic materials
pD
2S
2 m
3 r 0
pD
4S
eq f ( 1 , 2 , 3 )
According to the third strength
theory:
pD
pD
III
eq 1 3
0
2S
2S
III
eq
pD
[ ]t
2S
(4 - 3)
pc Di
S
t
2[ ] pc
(4 - 8)
(4 - 9)
(4 - 10)
pc ( Di Se )
t
[ ]
4 Se
t
(Do / Di 1.35)
Illumination of symbols:
Pc Calculated pressure MPa
Di Do Internal & external diameters of
cylinder mm
S Calculated thickness
mm
Sd Design thickness mm
Sn Nominal thickness mm
Se Efficient thickness mm
C1 Negative deviation mm
C2 Corrosion allowable thickness
mm
C Additional value of wall thickness
mm
Welded joint efficiency
[]t Allowable stress at design temperature
MPa
t Calculated stress at design temperature
MPa
[Pw] The maximum allowable pressure at
design T MPa
3.Determination of design
parameters:
i. Pressure P
(1)Working pressure Pw
(2)Design pressure P
(3)Calculated pressure Pc
Conditions
With safety devices
Evaluation of Design P
P(1.05~1.1)Pw
Single vessel
(no safety devices)
PPw
P(1.15~1.3)Pw
t
[ ]
Safe Coefficien t n
Normal T Vessel
Medium T Vessel
High T Vessel
b
[ ]
nb
ns
min
t
t
t
b
s
[ ]
,
ns
nb
min
t
t
t
s
n
D
t
[ ]
,
,
nD
nn
ns
min
ts
tD
tn
Safety
Coefficient
nb
ns
nD
nn
Carbon Steel
Low Alloy Steel
3.0
1.6
1.5
1.0
3.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
Material
Strength
Performance
Generally speaking:
Ka < 0.05 mm/year
Single corrosion C2 = 1 mm
Double corrosion C2 = 2 mm
Ka = 0.05~0.1 mm/year
Single corrosion C2 = 1 ~ 2 mm
Double corrosion C2 = 2 ~ 4 mm
For stainless steel,
when the media is little corrosive C 2 = 0
ii. Time
(1)For new vessels, the Pressure Test and
Strength Verification should be proceeded
after completely welded and heat treatment.
(2)For inservice vessels, the Pressure Test and
Strength Verification should be proceeded
after examination and repair, and before
putting into production.
Pneumatic Test
[ ]t
[ ]
PT 1.15P
[ ]t
Interpretation of symbols:
P Design pressure, MPa
PT Test pressure, MPa
[] Allowable stress at test
temperature, MPa
[]t Allowable stress at design
temperature, MPa
(2)Pneumatic Test
(2)Pneumatic test
PT ( Di S e )
T
0.8 s
2Se
5.Examples:
i. There is a boiler barrel whose Di=1300mm,
working pressure Pw=15.6MPa and it has
a safety valve. Also know that the design
T=350C, the material is 18MnMoNbR, it
is double welded butt with 100% NDE.
Try to design the thickness of this boiler
barrel.
Solution:
(1)Determining the parameters
Pc = 1.1PW = 1.115.6 = 17.16 MPa
(with the safety valve)
Di = 1300mm
[]t = 190MPa (Design T = 350C)
[] = 190 Mpa (At normal T, S > 60-100)
= 1.0 (Double welded butt, 100% NDE)
C2 = 1 mm (Single corrosion, Low alloy steel)
17.16 1300
61.5 mm
2 190 1 17.16
Design thickness
Sd = S + C2 = 61.5 + 1 = 62.5 mm
190
1.25 17.6
21.45MPa
190
*Efficient thickness:
Se = Sn - C = 65 - 2.8 = 62.2 mm
s = 410 MPa
*Stress:
PT ( Di S e )
2Se
2 62.2
234.9 MPa
*Stress verification:
0.9 s 0.9 410 1 369 MPa
T 0.9 S
Solution:
it is the problem about strength verification
Whether t []t or not
(1)Determining the parameters
Pc = 15MPa
Do = 219 mm
b 784.8
[ ]
261.6 MPa
nb
3
Sn = 6.5 mm
s 510.12
[ ]
318.8 MPa
ns
1.6
(2)Strength verification
pc ( Do S e )
t
2Se
15 219 5.5
291.1 MPa
2 5.5
13.48 MPa
219 5.5
1.Semi-spherical head
i. Molding of heads
Small diameter and thin wall
(
?)
Integrally heat-pressing
molding
Large diameter
Spherical petal welding
Di
pc Di
S
t
4 [ ] pc
pc Di
Sd
C2
t
4 [ ] pc
pc Di
Sn
C2 C1 round of value
t
4[ ] pc
i. Calculating equation
for thickness:
For the elliptical heat
whose m = a / b 2
max
ho hi (b)
pa a
m
2S b
max
4S
Then
:
mpD
[ ]t
4S
pD m
S
t
4 [ ]
(1)Replacing P with Pc
(2)Multiplying []t with welded joint efficiency
(3)Substituting D with Di, D = Di + S
(4) m = a / b = Di / 2 hi
Putting these conditions into the equation:
getting:
Di
pc Di
m
S
t
mp
2
[
0
.
5
p
4
h
t
c 2
c
i
2[ ]
2
pc Di
m = a / b = Di / 2 hi
pc Di
S
2[ ]t 0.5 pc
For the elliptical head whose m>2:
at boundary and m at the top
point
Then introducing the stress strengthening
coefficient K to replace (Di / 4hi)
K pc Di
S
t
2 [ ] 0.5 pc
In this equation:
1
2
K
6
Di
2hi
2[ ] S e
[ p]
KDi 0.5S e
t
ho
i. Structure
r
Containing three parts:
D
Sphere: Ri
Transition arc (hem): r
Straightedge: ho (height)
ii. Calculating equation for thickness
3.Dished head
M pc Ri
and
S
t
2[ ] 0.5 pc
1
M 3
4
Ri
r
2[ ] S e
[ p]
MRi 0.5S e
t
4.Conical head
i. Structure
*without hem (suitable for 30 o )
without local strength
with local strength
*with hem (suitable for > 30 o )
Adding a transition arc and a
straightedge between the joint
of head and cylinder
of conical head.
m
max max
pD
1
2 S cos
max max
pD 1
t
[ ]
2S cos
Then
pD
1
S
t
2[ ] cos
c
t
2[ ] pc cos
t
2[ ] pc cos
small aspect:
pc Dis
1
S
t
2[ ] pc cos
(2)Require reinforcing
(for the thickness of joint,
the reinforcement region)
Main aspect:
Q pc Di
Sr
2[ ]t pc
Small aspect:
Q pc Dis
Sr
t
2[ ] pc
Interpretation:
Dc inside diameter of main aspect
Di.s inside diameter of small aspect
Di inside diameter of cylinder
Q coefficient (Consulting the Figure
4-16 or 4-18 in book)
4.Flat head
i. Structure
The geometric form of flat heads:
rotundity, ellipse, long roundness,
rectangle, square, etc.
ii. Characteristics of load
Round flat with shaft symmetry which is
subjected to uniform gas pressure
r .max
D
0.188P
R PD
0.75
S 2S
t
0
r
r.max
max = r.max
P
S
t
r
0
r.max
D
r .max 0.31P
S
R PD
1.24
S 2S
S D
0.31P
t
[ ]
K Pc
t
[ ]
Sn S p C2 C1 round of value
5.Examples
Design the thicknesses of cylinder and heads
of a storage tank. Calculating respectively the
thickness of each heads if its semi-spherical,
elliptical, dished and flat head as well as
comparing and discussing the results.
Known: Di = 1200 mm Pc = 1.6Mpa
material: 20R []t = 133Mpa C2 = 1 mm
The heads can be punch formed by a complete
steel plate.
Solution:
(1)Determining the thickness of cylinder
pc Di
1
.
6
1200
S
7.26 mm
t
2 [ ] pc
2 133 1.0 1.6
(2)Semi-spherical head
pc Di
1
.
6
1200
S
3.62
t
4 [ ] pc
4 133 1.0 1.6
mm
pc Di
1
.
6
1200
S
7.24 mm
t
2[ ] 0.5 pc 2 133 1.0 0.5 16
1.2 pc Di
1
.
2
1
.
6
1200
S
8.69 mm
t
2[ ] 0.5 pc 2 133 1.0 0.5 1.6
= 1.0 (wholly punch forming)
(5)Flat head
K = 0.25; Dc = Di = 1200 mm; []t = 110 Mpa
S p Dc
K Pc
0.25 1.6
1200
72.36 mm
t
[ ]
110 1.0
Comparison:
Head-form Semi-sphe.
Sn mm
kg
Elliptical
Dished
Flat
10
12
80
106
137
163
662
Selection:
Its better to use the standard elliptical
head whose thickness is the same to that of
cylinder.
Chapter 5 Design of
Cylinders
and Formed Heads
subjected to ExternalPressure
5.1 Summarization
2.Classification of Failure
90
(1)
Pcr
mm HO2 500
90
90
0.3
350
0.3
175
175
Degree of
vacuum in failure
0.51
350
0.3
90
(2)
(3)
(4)
300
120~150
300
Ellipticity:
Dmin
Dmax
Dmax Dmin
e
100%
DN
i. Long cylinder
cylinders with large L / Do
Calculating equation of the critical P:
3
2E Se
t Se
2.2 E
Pcr
2
1 Do
Do
t
cr
1.1E
2Se
2Se
Do
P 2.59 E
'
cr
Se / Do
L / Do
2.5
Pcr Do
t
1.3 E
2Se
'
cr
Se / Do
L / Do
4.Critical Length
Short cylinder
Rigid cylinder
Do
Se
cr
1.3E S e
Do
t
comp.
Se
f Do S e , L Do
2 t
B E
3
Se
[ P] B
Do
(4)Calculating [P]
Putting the value of B into Equation (9) [P]
Se
B
[ P] B
Do Do S e
(5)Comparing
~
~
If [ P ] Pc i.e. the supposed Sn is usable, safe
If [ P] Pc
should be decreased
appropriately, repeating the previous calculating
steps until satisfying
first condition.
i.e. the the
supposed
Sn is too small and
If [ P] Pc
Solution:
(1)Assuming Sn = 14 mm
Then Do = Di + 2 Sn = 1828 mm
Se = Sn - C = 12 mm
Finding out:
L / Do = 10350 1828 = 5.7
Do / Se = 1828 12 = 152
(2)Calculating the value of (A)
Checking the Figure 5-5, getting:
A = 0.000102
(4)Calculating [P]
B
12
.
78
[ P]
0.0834 MPa
Do S e
152
(5)Comparing [P] and Pc
[P] < Pc = 0.2 MPa unsatisfied
Reassuming Sn, or setting the stiffening ring.
Lorigin
3
10350
3450 mm
3
3450
Then L D o
1.9
1828
(D o Se 152)
(4)Calculating [P]
[ P]
B
Do S e
42.5
0.28 MPa
152
(4)Calculating [P]
B
27
.
5
[ P]
0.27
Do S e
102
MPa
B
[P]
Ro S e
0.0833E
[ P]
( Ro S e ) 2
iv. Comparison
~~
i.e. the original assuming Sn is
If [ P ] P c
usable, and safety.
If [ P]
And
Se
Pcr 2.2 E
Do
t
Pcr
[ P]
m
Pcr' 2.59 E t
Se
Do
Do
2.5
then Pcr = m Pc
(a)
S e Do
'
t
Pcr 2.59 E
L Do
P 2.59 E
'
cr
Se
Ls
Do
Do
2.5
m pc
Do S e
0.86 E
Pc Do
t
2.5
For example:
There is a horizontal external pressure vessel.
When the stiffening ring is set inside the
cylinder, in order not to affect the fluid flowing
or fluid discharging, we must leave a hole at
the lowest position of the stiffening ring or set a
thoroughfare of fluid.
Chapter 5 Components
and
Parts of Vessels
6.1 Flanges Connection
i.
Connection Structure
Three parts:
(1)Connected parts
a couple of flanges
(2)Connecting parts
several couples of
bolts and nuts
(3)Sealing parts
gasket
W.N.flange
Interlink on the
turn-down rims
(3)Screwed flange
Square flange
Elliptical flange
*Metal gasket
such as octagon ring gasket, elliptical
gasket, lens ring (washer) [grooved
metallic gasket]
(3)Selection of gasket
of medium
Penetrant
Penetrant Characteristics
Characteristics
Greatly affecting the sealing
Combined effect
Plain
M&F
M F
T&G
T G
Plain
M&F
M F
T&G
T G
A-S.O.Flange
JB/T 4701-2000
A T
S C
A T
S C
B-S.O.Flange
JB/T 4702-2000
A T
S C
A T
S C
W.N.Flange
JB/T 4703-2000
A T
S C
A T
S C
Type
Code
For example:
PN=1.6MPa, DN = 800mm, T&G B-S.O.Flange
with lined ring
T Flange: C-S 800 1.6 JB4702-92
G Flange: C-C 800 1.6 JB4702-92
Standard
Standard
Code
Code
Nominal
Nominal
Pressure
Pressure
MPa
MPa
Nominal
Nominal
Diameter
Diameter
mm
mm
Example:
There are flanges to connect the body of a
fractionating (rectifying) tower and the heads.
Knowns:
Inside diameter of tower: Di = 1000mm
Working temperature: t = 280
Design Pressure: P = 0.2MPa
Material of tower: Q235-AR
Solution:
(1)From P157 Table 6-2, A-S.O.Flange is selected.
(2)Confirming the nominal diameter DN and
nominal pressure PN
DN = 1000 mm
(Equal to the inside diameter of tower)
From P160 Table 6-4, choose the material of
tower as that of flanges, i.e. Q235-AR
t = 280
Number: 36
1.Double-saddle support
i. The structure of double-saddle support
Gasket
120
Web-plate
Sub-plate
Anchor bolt
Model
Model Type
Type
Nominal
Nominal Diameter
Diameter
Type
Type
2.Checking calculation of
stress in double-saddle
horizontal vessels
i. Load analysis for horizontal vessels
A F
F A
Shearing Force
Diagram
M1
M3
M2
Bending Moment
Diagram
22 RRm2m2 hhi2i2
11
22
FL
4
A
FL
4
A
L
L
M
M11
44hhi i
44
LL
11
33LL
(N
(Nmm)
mm)
A R h
1
L
2 AL
M 2 FA 1
4
h
1 i
3L
2
m
2
i
(N mm)
22
22SSee KK11 RRmm SSee
The most lowest point in section (Point 4):
PPccRRmm
M
M22
44
comb
.
tensile
comb. tensile max
max
tt
comb
comb. comp
. comp. . max
max
tt
the
thesmaller
smaller va
value
lue
crcr BB
Small opening
in plate
2.Opening reinforcements
Designing
i. Designing Criterions
(1)Equi-area criterion of reinforcement
(2)Plastic failure criterion of reinforcement
Stiffening Ring
Shell
(2)Structure of
Method Taking the
parts of nozzles or vicinity of
shells openings which need
to be reinforced as the
, then welding these
parts with nozzles or shells.
min
25
32
3.5
38
45
4.0
48
57
65
5.0
76
6.0
89
3.Designing methods of
equi-area reinforcement
Metallic
Metallic areas
areas in
in local
local reinforcement
reinforcement
the
the area
area of
of sections
sections which
which are
are
the
the position
position of
of openings
openings
h2
h1
A1
A2
A3
A4
Effective width: B 2d
B d 2 S n 2 S n. t
max
d S n.t
min
Inside height
h2
d S n.t
min
In these equations:
Sn Nominal thickness of cylinders
Sn.t Nominal thickness of connecting
tubes (nozzles)
d Diameter of openings
d = di +2C
A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 A
250