Introduction To Spectrum Sensing

Cognitive Radio for Dynamic Spectrum Access
Vision Meets Reality

Friedrich Jondral
LStelcom Summit
Lichtenau, July 4, 2012
COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING LAB (CEL)
KIT University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and

National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association
www.kit.edu
Cognitive Radio (CR)
10.07.2012
Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)
CR: Vision
ORIENT
Establish Priority
Infer on Context
Hierarchie
Immediate Urgent
Normal
Generate
Alternatives
Pre-Process
Parse
OBSERVE
LEARN
PLAN
New
States
Register to
Current Time
Evaluate
Alternatives
Receive a Message
Read Buttons
Prior
States
Save Global States
Outside
World
Allocate Resources
Send a Message
Set Display
Initiate Process(es)
ACT
10.07.2012
DECIDE
Joseph Mitola III: Cognitive

Radio An Integrated Agent
Architecture for Software
Defined Radio. KTH
Stockholm, 2000
CR: Definition
Cognitive Radio is an intelligent wireless communication system that is
aware of its surrounding environment (i.e. its outside world), and uses the
methodology of understanding-by-building to learn from the environment
and adapt its internal states to statistical variations in the incoming RF
stimuli by making corresponding changes in certain operating parameters
(e.g. transmit power, carrier-frequency and modulation strategy) in realtime, with two primary objectives in mind:
- highly reliable communications whenever and wherever needed;
- efficient utilization of the radio spectrum.
Simon Haykin: Cognitive Radio: Brain-Empowered Wireless Communications.

IEEE J. Select. Areas in Comm., vol. 23, no. 2, 2005, pp. 201-220
10.07.2012
Reality
CR is not a revolution in radio communications, it is merely the way ahead to
more automation and adaptation
in finding the optimum frequency and
in using the optimum transmission power
With these properties
higher spectrum efficiency
lower costs and
more environmental acceptability
are achieved.
The CR paradigm makes sense only in networks.
10.07.2012
Meaning of "Spectrum"
A material quantity that may be partitioned
or an immaterial medium
that may be accessed
without regulation?
10.07.2012
Spectrum Utilization
M. McHenry: NSF Spectrum Occupancy Measurements.
The Shared Spectrum Company, Tech. Rep., 2005,
http://sharedspectrum.com/?sectio=nsf_measurements
Fundamental Statement:
Even in crowded frequency regions not more then 15 percent of the
(theoretical) capacity is actually used.
However:
A hundred percent usage
of the transmission resource
is utopistic (interferences)
But: Struggling is promising.
Photo: The Shared Spectrum Company
10.07.2012
Dynamic Spectrum Access (DAS)
Dynamic Spectrum Access
Dynamic
Exclusiv Use Model
Spectrum
Property
Rights
Open Sharing Model

(Spectrum
Commons Model)
Dynamic
Spectrum
Allocation
Hierarchical
Access Model
Spectrum
Underlay
(Ultra Wide
Band)
Spectrum
Overlay
(Opportunistic
Spectrum
Access)
from: Qing Zhao, Brian M. Sadler: A Survey of Dynamic Spectrum Access.

IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, May 2007, pp. 79 - 89
8
10.07.2012
DSA: Questions
What is the meaning of Spectrum Access?
To enhance the efficiency in the usage of spectrum (briefly: spectral
efficiency) in a specific geographic region, CRs access spectrum holes
left by the licensed users system (primary users) as secondary users.
I.e.: Spectrum Access happens in time, frequency, and space.
What is the meaning of Dynamic?

Nobody knows
On which scale is DSA based upon? Milliseconds, seconds, minutes,
? Change in primary users behavior?
10.07.2012
Dynamic / Detection Time
high
short
Burst
Detection
Time
Dynamic
TV White Space
low
10
10.07.2012
long
Time/Frequency Plane
GSM 1800
No. of Channels: 374
Bandwidth:
270 kHz
Distance:
200 kHz
Burst Duration: 0.577 ms
11
10.07.2012
Energy Detector
r(t)
Radio Frontend
12
|v(t)|2dt
0
s(t)
Transmitter Signal
u(t)
Baseband Representation of s(t)
r(t)
Received Signal
v(t)
Baseband Representation of r(t)
Duration of s(t)
10.07.2012
Decision
Matched Filter Detector
r(t)
Radio Frontend
v(t)u(T-t) dt
0
Decision
u(t)
13
s(t)
Transmitter Signal
u(t)
r(t)
Received Signal
v(t)
Duration of s(t)
10.07.2012
Pattern Recognition Detector
Radio Frontend
Feature
Extraction
...
r(t)
Pattern
Recognition
Decision
...
14
s(t)
Transmitter Signal
u(t)
r(t)
Received Signal
v(t)
Duration of s(t)
10.07.2012
Feature
Extraction
u(t)
Signal Detection
15
Detector
A Priori
Knowledge
Detection Time/
Computational
Complexity
Applicability
Robustness
Energy
Nothing
low
universal
high
Matched
Filter
Signal
medium
specific
medium
Pattern
Recognition
Signal
Features
high
highly specific
low
10.07.2012
Energy Detector
n
b = 0.9999 b = 0.999 b = 0.99
111
93
74
56
47
37
28
24
19
14
12
10
7
6
5
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
Detection Time:
2
1
1/2
1/4
1/8
1/16
1/32
1/32
1/37
1/47
1/56
SNR
[dB]
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
15
15.7
16.7
17.5
AWGN
False Alarm Rate: 10-4
Detection Probability: b
( 2: normalized noise variance)
16
10.07.2012
Energy Detector
D = duration for one scan over the 374 channels of GSM 1800
false alarm rate:
10-4
detection probability: 0.999
SNR:
9 dB
D = 6 x No. of Channels x
D=
1
1
= 6 x 374 x
s = 8.31 ms
270000
Bandwidth
8.31
=14.4 bursts
0.577
Monitoring of the GSM band on burst basis by one scanning energy detector with
false alarm rate 10-4 and detection probability 0.999 at an SNR of 9 dB is
impossible!
And: What about the power needed in the mobile radio for permanent scanning
and detection?
17
10.07.2012
Proposed Solution 1
Distributed Detection
For networks with access point:
Timo Wei: OFDM-basiertes Spectrum Pooling. Dissertation, Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut fr
Nachrichtentechnik der Universitt Karlsruhe (TH), Band 13, Karlsruhe 2004
2 ms
MAC frame
MAC frame
detection boosting
phase
phase
MAC frame
broadcast
phase
For ad hoc networks:

Ulrich Berhold: Dynamic Spectrum Access Using OFDM-based Overlay Systems. Dissertation,
Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut fr Nachrichtentechnik der Universitt Karlsruhe (TH), Band 21,
Karlsruhe 2009
18
10.07.2012
Distributed Detection and Boosting

With Access Point
Ad Hoc
b) Boosting and Collection
19
10.07.2012
Proposed Solution 2
Off-line Sensing, Data Base Query, and Instantaneous Measurement
During idle times
The radio senses all potential transmission channels1)
The sensing results for each channel, together with the time of the day when
the sensing took place, are stored in a data base in order to establish channel
utilization statistics depending on time and frequency
When a communications request occurs
1. The radio queries the data base for a channel that is idle with highest
probability at the current time of the day and that has not been sensed yet
2. The radio instantaneously senses the chosen channel
3. If the channel is idle, the radio starts operation.
If not, it goes back to 1.
1)
20
The power problem for this remains unsolved.
10.07.2012
Data Base Query

Time
Channel Utilization Statistics
16:05
16:17
1 2 3 4 5
16:10
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
16:15
Channel No. Priority

1
2
2
5
3
4
4
5
5
1
6
3
...
...
16:20
21
10.07.2012
Dont forget
Coordination
A channel idle at station A must not be idle at station B (agreement necessary).
Continuous Sensing
As long as a SU station is active, it must permanently sense its channel (look
through).
Automated Frequency Change
If a PU signal is detected on the currently used channel, communication partners
must identify a new usable frequency and jointly switch to it.
Hidden Stations
Multicast / Broadcast
22
10.07.2012
Summary
As of July 18, 2012 there are
8 847 papers on Cognitive Radio,
9 554 papers on Spectrum Sensing, and
2 635 papers on Dynamic Spectrum Access
listed in the IEEE Xplore Digital Library.
Many of them do not observe any constraints imposed by physics.
All notions that we use in communications need to be well defined.

Detection time depends on SNR, false alarm rate, detection probability, and
further conditions imposed by wave propagation.
CR and DSA bear high potential for theoretical and practical research work.
23
10.07.2012
24
10.07.2012
24

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Cognitive Radio for Dynamic Spectrum Access

Vision Meets Reality

KIT University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and

Cognitive Radio (CR)

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Save Global States

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Joseph Mitola III: Cognitive

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Simon Haykin: Cognitive Radio: Brain-Empowered Wireless Communications.

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

The CR paradigm makes sense only in networks.

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

A material quantity that may be partitioned

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Photo: The Shared Spectrum Company

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Dynamic Spectrum Access (DAS)

Dynamic Spectrum Access

Open Sharing Model

from: Qing Zhao, Brian M. Sadler: A Survey of Dynamic Spectrum Access.

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

What is the meaning of Dynamic?

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Dynamic / Detection Time

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Baseband Representation of s(t)

Baseband Representation of r(t)

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Matched Filter Detector

Baseband Representation of s(t)

Baseband Representation of r(t)

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Pattern Recognition Detector

Baseband Representation of s(t)

Baseband Representation of r(t)

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

For ad hoc networks:

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Distributed Detection and Boosting

b) Boosting and Collection

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral

Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)