VSL Catalog PT PDF

T
VSL Post-Tensioning Systems

have been used commonly
throughout the world since 1956.
They are technically mature and
have earned a reputation for
quality and reliability. Today,
VSL is a recognized leader in
post-tensioning and related
engineering.
VSL Post-Tensioning is used in
virtually every area of concrete
construction. While used
primarily in bridges and
buildings, the system is also
employed for the construction of
concrete containment structures,
anchoring in rock and soil,
structural strengthening and
repair, lifting and sliding of heavy
loads, and many other
applications.
Bank of China, Hong Kong
Tsing Ma and Kap Shui Mun Bridges, Hong Kong
Harbour Front, Hong Kong
The VSL technology is based

on the principle of posttensioning. The prestress is
permanently introduced into
the structure after the
concrete has hardened. This
is achieved by the stressing
of suitably arranged, highstrength prestressing
tendons. VSL PostTensioning generates
favorable stress conditions in
the structure, enabling
efficient use of building
materials while controlling
deformations under service
conditions.
Gateway I, Hong Kong
This publication comprises a

summary of the VSL PostTensioning Systems and contains
important information of design
and construction. The dimensions
THE COMPANY
and strengths indicated are

subject to change as VSL
continuously improves its systems.
Additional tendon sizes are available
upon request. Alternate dimensions,
special conditions and various
in Raleigh. Operating Unit 4.5

covers Europe, Middle East, Africa
and South America, with the
regional office in France. This
arrangement gives VSL continuous
access to the latest construction
technologies
employed throughout
the world. Our local
based offices allow
VSL to be close to
our clients and offer
our construction
solutions effectively.
Bee-Do Bridge, South Korea
Rambler Channel Bridge, Hong Kong
The scope of VSL's value-added

services is tailored to suit client
needs.
strengths may all be accommodated.

Your local VSL Representative will
furnish additional details regarding
specific applications.
As a subsidiary of VSL
International of Switzerland and a
member of BOUYGUES S.A. of
France, VSL is part of a major
international construction group
with a combined workforce of over
80,000. VSL International Ltd.
further divides its subsidiaries and
licensees into five Operating Units
(OU's). Operating Unit 1 covers
South East Asia with the regional
office in Australia. Operating Unit 2
covers North East Asia with the
regional office in Hong Kong.
Operating Unit 3 covers the United
States with the regional office
Koshiki Daimyojin Bridge, Japan
With offices throughout the world,

VSL offers a comprehensive
range of professional services for
any post-tensioning project.
These locally based services
include feasibility studies,
structural design assistance,
contractor consulting and field
installation, all aimed at finding
the best solution and insuring the
best value for money.
As a technical leader in the posttensioning industry, VSL works

continuously, through its quality
assurance program, to refine,
improve, and expand the scope of
its systems and services.
Subscribing to the philosophy that
what is good today may always
be made better for tomorrow, VSL
has always attracted the most
talented and motivated people, all
with one goal: to be your most
valued construction partner.
MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING
The VSL multistrand system is characterized by the

following features:
standardized tendon units with up to 55 strands of
13mm (0.5") or 15 mm (0.6") diameter;
wide selection of anchorage types;
ducts of steel or plastic PT-PLUS;
grouting with cement mortar or other materials;
economical tendon manufacture on-site or in the
factory;
no need to determine tendon length in advance;
simultaneous stressing of all strands in a tendon
but individual locking of each strand at the
anchorage;
stressing in any number of steps;
simple and reliable equipment for installation,
stressing and grouting.
VSL Multistrand System Components

Grout tube
Grout tube
Stressing anchorage
Grout tube
Grout tube
Grout tube
Dead end anchorage
Strand Properties
Nominal diameter
Nominal area
Nominal mass
Yield strength
Tensile strength
Min. breaking load
Young's modulus
Relaxation 3)
15 mm (0.6")
13 mm (0.5")
EN138 or
ASTM A416
BS 5896 Super
Grade 270
12.9
12.7
100
98.7
0.785
0.775
1580 1)
1670 2)
1860
1860
186
183.7
Strand type
mm
mm 2
kg/m
MPa
MPa
kN
GPa
%
EN138 or
BS 5896 Super
15.7
150
1.18
1)
1500
1770
265
ASTM A416
Grade 270
15.2
140
1.1
1670 2)
1860
260.7
cicra 195
max 2.5
1) Measured at 0.1% residual strain (0.1% offset method)

2) Measured at 1% extension (1% extension under load method)
3) After 1000 hrs at 20 C (EN & BS, low relaxation to ASTM)
Tendon Properties
STRAND TYPE 13 mm (0.5")
Tendon
unit
5-4
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-27
5-31
5-37
5-42
5-48
5-55
No. of
strands
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
Duct ID/OD
4)
Min.
(mm)
Nominal
(mm)
36/39
36/39
51/54
51/54
60/67
65/72
75/82
80/87
80/87
95/102
95/102
100/107
95/102
100/107
110/117
110/117
120/127
120/127
130/137
130/137
130/137
135/142
STRAND TYPE 15 mm (0.6")

Min. Breaking load
(kN)
12.9
12.7
372
558
744
930
1116
1302
1488
1674
1860
2046
2232
2418
2604
2790
2976
3162
3348
3534
3720
3906
4092
4278
4464
4650
4836
5022
5208
5394
5580
5766
5952
6138
6324
6510
6696
6882
7068
7254
7440
7626
7812
7998
8184
8370
8556
8742
8928
9114
9300
9486
9672
9858
10044
10230
367
551
735
919
1102
1286
1470
1653
1837
2021
2204
2388
2572
2756
2939
3123
3307
3490
3674
3858
4041
4225
4409
4593
4776
4960
5144
5327
5511
5695
5878
6062
6246
6430
6613
6797
6981
7164
7348
7532
7715
7899
8083
8267
8450
8634
8818
9001
9185
9369
9552
9736
9920
10104
4) Corrugated plastic PT-Plus ducts are also available, refer to page 11
Tendon
unit
6-3
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-27
6-31
6-37
6-42
6-48
6-55
No. of
strands
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
Duct ID/OD
4)
Min.
(mm)
Nominal
(mm)
36/39
36/39
55/62
65/72
75/82
80/87
90/97
100/107
100/107
100/107
110/117
110/117
120/127
120/127
130/137
130/137
135/142
135/142
150/160
160/170
160/170
170/180
Min. Breaking load

(kN)
15.7
15.2
530
795
1060
1325
1590
1855
2120
2385
2650
2915
3180
3445
3710
3975
4240
4505
4770
5035
5300
5565
5830
6095
6360
6625
6890
7155
7420
7685
7950
8215
8480
8745
9010
9275
9540
9805
10070
10335
10600
10865
11130
11395
11660
11925
12190
12455
12720
12985
13250
13515
13780
14045
14310
14575
521
782
1043
1304
1564
1825
2086
2346
2607
2868
3128
3389
3650
3911
4171
4432
4693
4953
5214
5475
5735
5996
6257
6518
6778
7039
7300
7560
7821
8082
8342
8603
8864
9125
9385
9646
9907
10167
10428
10689
10949
11210
11471
11732
11992
12253
12514
12774
13035
13296
13556
13817
14078
14339
Stressing Anchorage VSL Type EC
Grout connection
Duct
Anchor block
Casting
Wedges
Strands
AC
F E
Dimensions
Tendon unit
5-4
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-27
5-31
5-37
5-42
5-48
5-55
6-3
6-4
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-27
6-31
6-37
6-42
135
165
215
265
290
315
315
370
390
430
465
135
165
215
265
315
315
370
390
430
465
60
60
60
70
77
92
100
107
112
122
150
60
60
60
75
92
100
112
122
142
145
85
110
150
180
200
220
230
250
290
290
320
90
110
150
180
220
230
250
270
300
320
100
100
160
210
215
300
300
320
340
340
340
100
100
160
210
300
300
320
340
340
340
58
85
120
145
150
175
175
200
217
235
250
58
85
120
145
175
175
200
217
235
250
Dimensions in mm
Dimensions are valid for:
Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder).
Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder).
Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
F
Ext. Dia.
39
54
72
87
102
107
107
117
127
137
142
39
54
72
87
107
107
117
127
137
142
G
95
125
150
200
230
250
250
305
325
365
400
95
125
150
200
250
250
305
325
365
400
Subject to modification
Stressing Anchorage VSL Type E
Grout tube
Bearing plate (steel)

Duct
Anchor block
Wedges
Sleeve
Strands
AD
Dimensions
Tendon unit
5-1
5-3
5-4
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-27
5-31
5-37
5-42
5-48
5-55
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-27
6-31
6-37
6-42
6-48
6-55
70
115
130
175
230
290
315
370
370
405
500
500
500
75
110
135
160
205
270
340
370
435
435
480
580
580
580
15
20
20
25
35
40
45
55
55
60
70
70
70
15
15
20
25
35
40
50
55
65
65
70
90
90
90
45
60
60
60
60
75
82
97
105
112
117
127
155
60
60
60
60
70
78
97
107
117
127
147
147
147
187
45
85
85
110
150
180
200
220
230
250
290
290
320
55
90
90
120
135
180
220
230
250
270
300
320
340
360
70
190
190
190
370
470
480
550
550
570
680
680
680
70
190
190
190
290
460
590
690
690
690
830
950
950
950
Dimensions in mm
F
Ext. Dia.
36
36
39
54
72
87
102
107
107
117
127
137
142
36
36
39
54
72
87
107
107
117
127
137
160
160
170
Couplers VSL Type K and V
Sleeve
Grout tube
Coupling block V
Casting type EC or
Bearing plate type E
Coupling
block K
Duct
Sleeve
Omega ring
Wedges
Compression
fittings
Tension ring
Compression fittings with

retainer plates
Tension ring
Couplers Type K
Couplers Type V
Fixed coupler.
For coupling to a tendon which has been placed and stressed.
Movable coupler.
For coupling to a tendon which has already been placed,
but not stressed.
Cast-in casting
type EC
E+1.5
L
Tendon 2
Tendon 1
L=Elongation of tendon 1
Coupler type K
Tendon unit
5-3
5-4
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-27
5-31
5-37
5-42
5-48
5-55
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-27
6-31
6-37
A
430
440
440
510
590
660
860
1010
1080
1080
1370
1370
380
490
520
630
730
860
930
1090
1090
1390
Coupler type V
B
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
150
150
150
170
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
138
150
170
C
130
150
170
200
240
260
310
350
390
395
420
490
150
150
160
200
240
280
310
330
350
440
Tendon
unit
5-3
290
175
230
130
5-7
410
175
330
170
5-12
510
175
420
200
5-19
600
175
490
240
5-22
690
175
570
260
5-31
1000
175
870
350
6-2
230
200
185
130
6-3
330
205
250
150
6-4
360
205
280
160
6-7
470
205
370
190
6-12
570
205
460
240
6-19
700
205
570
280
Dimensions in mm
Dead End Anchorage VSL Type H

Grout tube
Duct
Tension ring
Bulbs
Seal
Spacer
Type II
Type I
AxB
C
D
Strand type 15 mm (0.6")
Strand type 13 mm (0.5")

Tendon
unit
5-3
5-4
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-31
5-37
5-42
5-55
Alternative
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
Type
I
I
I
II
II
II
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
230
310
150
370
170
350
310
470
310
570
390
670
470
770
470
870
570
1170
870
570
70
70
170
70
190
190
270
190
390
190
390
310
430
310
550
350
550
350
430
670
930
930
930
1130
1130
1130
1130
1130
1130
1130
1130
1330
1330
1530
1530
1530
1530
1830
1830
1830
1280
1280
1280
1280
1280
1280
1280
1480
1480
1680
1680
1680
1680
1980
1980
1980
Tendon
unit
6-3
6-4
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-31
6-37
6-42
6-55
Alternative
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
Type
I
I
I
II
II
II
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
290
390
190
450
210
430
390
570
390
690
470
810
570
1050
690
1050
810
690
1410
1050
690
90
90
210
90
230
230
330
230
470
230
490
260
510
370
510
370
510
650
370
510
790
950
950
950
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
1550
1550
1850
1850
1850
1850
1850
2150
2150
2150
1330
1330
1330
1330
1330
1330
1330
1700
1700
2000
2000
20000
2000
2000
2300
2300
2300
Dimensions in mm
Intermediate Anchorage VSL Type Z and ZU
Tension ring with anchors
Grout tube
Wedges
Duct
Retainer plate
Anchor block Z
Wedges
Anchor block ZU
Intermediate Anchorage Type Z
Intermediate Anchorage Type ZU
Centre-stressing anchorages are used for ring tendons in circular structures, or for those tendons where the ends cannot be fitted
with normal stressing anchorages.
Stressing jack
Curved stressing chair
F+L
Tendon
F+L
Tendon
1
Tendon
G+L
Tendon
G+L
L = Elongation of tendon 2
C
E = + required cover
2
Intermediate anchorage type Z
Intermediate anchorage type Z
Tendon
unit
5-2 1)
5-4 1)
5-6
5-12
5-18
5-22
130
160
200
280
320
350
60
70
90
140
160
160
80
90
130
140
180
200
60
65
85
90
110
120
400 560 170

500 720 200
700 990 240
1000 1490 320
1300 1910 360
1450 2110 390
6-2 1)
6-4 1)
6-6
6-12
6-18
6-22
140
170
210
300
380
400
70
80
100
160
180
180
90
100
140
160
200
250
65
70
90
100
120
145
450
900
1000
1350
1450
1500
F 2)
G 2)
620
1180
1400
1960
2280
2380
Dimensions in mm
1) Tension ring only on side 2
2) Dependent upon the shape of the concrete surface.
The values stated apply for surfaces which are not curved.
180
210
250
340
420
440
Tendon
unit
F 2)
G 2)
5-2
5-4
5-6
165
165
185
103
103
113
80
88
95
60
65
70
450
560
650
655
815
925
200
200
220
170
170
200
105
105
120
90
92
100
65
65
75
450
560
650
655
815
925
210
210
240
6-2
6-4
6-6
1)
1)
1)
1)
Selected Design Considerations
Tendon Supports
Spacing and Cover of Ducts
Recommended spacing:
Standard steel ducts
Plastic ducts PT-PLUS:
In determining minimum spacing and concrete cover

requirements, reference should be made to
applicable standards and recommendations.
0.8 to 1.2m
0.8 to 1.0m
Minimum Radii of Tendon Curvatures and Minimum Tangent Length

Minimum radius of
tendon curvature
Minimum tangent length
Minimum breaking load of tendon (MN)
Tendon Force Losses

The effective prestressing force at a specific place
and time differs from the initial prestressing force
for various reasons.
The following values may be assumed for design:
Significant factors include:
= 0.2 (range 0.16~0.22)
friction losses due to curvature of the tendon;

shrinkage and creep of the concrete;
relaxation of the prestressing steel;
draw-in of the wedges during lock-off.
Tendon in plastic ducts PT-PLUS:
The friction losses along the tendon can be

determined with the following formula:
Px = Po e -(+kx) , where
x = Distance from stressing end (in meters)
Px = Prestressing force at x
Po = Prestressing force at stressing end
= Coefficient of friction
= sum of all angular deviations (in radians)
over the distance x
k = Wobble friction coefficient due to minor
unavoidable tendon curvatures
(placing tolerances)
The friction coefficients and k can vary fairly widely
and depend upon various factors, including: the
nature and surface condition of the prestressing
steel; the type, diameter and surface condition of the
duct; and the installation method.
Tendon in standard steel ducts:

k= 0.001 (range 0.0008~0.0012)
= 0.14 (range 0.12~0.15) k= 0.001 (range 0.0008~0.0012)
For calculating the losses due to shrinkage and

creep of the concrete, reference should be made to
the technical literature and to the standards
applicable to each project.
The relaxation of the prestressing steel depends
primarily upon the types of steel (relaxation class),
the magnitude of the prestress and the temperature.
For low relaxation strands commonly used today, the
maximum loss is 2.5% after 1000 hours at 20 C and
an initial stress of 70% of the nominal tensile
strength. Further information can be found in the
relevant prestressing steel standards and
manufacturer's literature.
Independent of the type of jack or tendon, a loss due
to wedge draw-in of approximately 6mm occurs at
lock-off. If necessary, this can be compensated for
by suitable procedures.
Sheathing and Corrosion Protection

For conventional applications, corrugated galvanised
steel ducts are used.
For applications requiring enhanced corrosion
protection and improved fatigue resistance of the
tendons, use of the VSL PT-PLUS System with
corrugated plastic duct is recommended. This fully
encapsulated and watertight system offers superb
corrosion protection, and the plastic duct eliminates
fretting fatigue between the strand and duct. It also
provides reduced duct friction. The PT-PLUS

System may, in conjunction with VSL CS
Anchorages, be configured with special details and
installation techniques to provide Electrically Isolated
Tendons. These tendons may be electrically
monitored at any time throughout the life of the
structure.
All ducts are manufactured in a variety of standard
lengths and are coupled on site.
Dimensions of Plastic Ducts PT-PLUS

Strand Type
Strand Type
Duct
13 mm (0.5")
15 mm (0.6")
Dimensions (mm)
Tendon unit
Tendon unit
5-12
5-19
5-31
5-43
5-55
6-7
6-12
6-19 / 6-22
6-31
6-37
59
76
100
130
130
73
91
116
146
146
s
2
2.5
3
3
3
Other units on request
Steel Duct
Plastic Duct PT-PLUS
Strand bundle
Strand Type 13 mm (0.5")

Steel
Tendon
duct
unit
e (mm)
5-1
4
5-3
7
5-7
8
5-12
11
5-19
13
5-22
12
5-27
13
5-31
14
5-37
23
5-42
26
5-48
17
5-55
23
Plastic
duct
e (mm)
7
9
22
17
14
32
28
24
14
Centre line of duct

Centre of gravity of strands

Tendon
unit
6-1
6-3
6-4
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-27
6-31
6-37
Steel
duct
e (mm)
5
6
6
10
14
17
14
13
22
25
Plastic
duct
e (mm)
9
12
18
15
32
28
22
Strand Position at High Point of Tendon
Strand Position at Low Point of Tendon
Dead End Anchorage VSL Type L

Duct B
Hairpin Bar Reinforcement

Hairpin bar
Required cross-sectional area of hairpin bars:
As n
= Po
As
[mm2 ] = Cross-section area of one hairpin bar
n
[-]
= number of hairpin bars
Po
[kN]
= Prestressing force in the tendon
Aext. [mm] = External diameter of duct
T
[mm] = Concrete thickness
X
[mm] = Required anchoring length
according to applicable standard
Duct A
Grout tube
A
Yield strength of hairpin bars: 400 MPa

Concrete cover to ducts shall not be less than the
external duct diameter.
T
B
Layout of L-Anchorages:
a
T3 A ext.
T4 A ext.
T4 A ext.
Hairpin bar reinforcement

T

Tendon
unit
A
Internal/external
B
Internal/external
R
min.
Tendon
unit
A
Internal/external
B
Internal/external
R
min.
5-4
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-31
42/45
60/67
80/87
90/97
95/102
110/117
36/39
51/54
65/72
80/87
85/92
100/107
600
600
900
1100
1200
1400
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-7
6-12
6-19
42/45
42/45
65/72
75/82
90/97
110/117
36/39
36/39
55/62
60/67
80/87
95/102
600
600
600
750
1000
1300
Dimensions in mm
Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 80% of its nominal strength.
Maximum prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
Dead End Anchorage VSL Type LD

When loops with a smaller radius are required,
special half round ducts are available upon request.
VSL Type LD Loops are available with a 590 mm
radius. The tendon sizes available are the same as
Type L - the difference is in duct configuration as
indicated. A tight radius is good for nailing of precast
box segments to piers.
Duct sized such that

only two (2) layers of
strand occur in the
loop.
Stressing
The unique feature of the VSL Post-Tensioning
system lies in its special procedure for locking the
wedges. The wedges always remain in contact with
the strands during the stressing operation. As the
pressure in the jack is released, the wedges
automatically lock in the conical holes of the anchor
head.
Placing of anchor block
Placing of anchor block and wedges
Positioning of the jack

Positioning of jack
Stressing
Seating of wedges
Stressing, measuring, seating of wedges
Grouting
VSL grouting equipment includes mixer and pump in
one unit. Grouting is usually carried out as soon as
possible after stressing.
Grouting equipment
Grouting of tendon
Push Through Machine
Hydraulic Pump
Jack type
60
ZPE-23FJ
ZPE-30
ZPE-3
ZPE-60
ZPE-7/A
ZPE-12/St2
ZPE-200
ZPE-19
ZPE-460/31
ZPE-500
ZPE-750
ZPE-1000
ZPE-1250
Concrete cover according

to applicable standard
A min.
30
30
30
30
50
50
50
60
80
80
80
90
300
600
550
650
800
700
1100
850
700
1150
1350
1300
1350
1200
1100
1000
1100
1200
1300
2100
1500
1500
2000
2300
2200
2250
116
140
200
180
300
310
330
390
485
585
570
790
660
90
100
150
140
200
200
210
250
300
330
365
450
375
Dimensions in mm
D
Stressing Jack Data
Type I (ZPE-23 FJ)

Designation
ZPE-23FJ
Type
I
Length
(mm)
790
Diameter (mm)
116
Stroke
(mm)
200
Piston area (cm 2) 47.10
Capacity
(kN)
230
(bar)
488
Weight
(kg)
23
Used for 13 mm
5-1
(0.5") tendon types
Used for 15 mm
6-1
(0.6") tendon types
ZPE-30
III
720
140
250
58.32
320
549
28
5-1
6-1
Type II (ZPE-19)
ZPE-3
III
475
200
160
103.6
500
483
47
5-2
5-3
6-2
ZPE-60
III
615
180
250
126.4
632
500
74
5-2
to 5-4
6-2
6-3
Type III (ZPE-500)
ZPE-7/A ZPE-12/St2 ZPE-200 ZPE-19 ZPE-460/31 ZPE-500

II
III
II
III
III
II
550
960
750
1000
690
580
310
315
390
550
280
485
100
300
100
200
160
100
309.4
325.7
500.3
894.6
203.6
804.0
1850
2000
2900
5000
1064
4660
598
614
580
559
523
580
151
305
294
1064
115
435
5-12
5-12
5-18
5-22
5-6
5-22
5-19
5-31
5-7
5-31
6-6
6-6
6-12
6-18
6-4
6-18
6-7
6-7
to 6-22
6-19
ZPE-750 ZPE-1000 ZPE-1250

II
III
II
1185
1200
1290
520
790
620
150
200
150
1247.0
1809.5
2168.0
7500
10000
12500
601
553
577
1100
2290
1730
5-31
5-37
5-37
5-37
to 5-55
to 5-55
6-31
6-31
6-31
to 6-43
to 6-55
Harbour Front (Hunghom Marine Redevelopment), Hunghom, Hong Kong
Owners and designers of the

buildings of today and tomorrow
need to incorporate sufficient
flexibility into their structures to
accommodate the changing
needs of the users of the
building.
Post-tensioning offers larger
spans with reduced structural
depth, resulting in larger
column-free areas. Internal
tenancy layouts are thus not
restricted by tight column grids.
Positive deflection and crack
control and, if necessary, crackfree water-tight slabs offer the
designer the opportunity to
break free of the limitations of

the passive methods of
reinforced concrete or structural
steel.
VSL Post-Tensioning is more
economical than other systems,
especially when faster
construction cycles are
considered. There is less
material handling on site and
also a reduced site labour force
which minimises congestion on
site. Most importantly, there is
the quality and service of VSL
specialized high-performance
teams and optimum back-up on
site.
The VSL Post-Tensioning slab

system has been used in many
prestigious buildings and
structures throughout the Far
East. The system uses up to
five strands in flat-shaped
ducting and anchorages. The
strands are individually stressed
and are gripped by wedge
action. After stressing, the duct
is subsequently filled with a
cementitious grout, which is
injected under pressure, so that
the strands are fully bonded to
the surrounding concrete.
Construction Sequence
Stressing
Placing tendons
Concreting
Grouting
BONDED S
LAB
POST- TENSIONING
Strand Properties
Nominal diameter
Nominal area
Nominal mass
Yield strength
Tensile strength
Min. breaking load
Young's modulus
Relaxation 3)
15 mm (0.6")
13 mm (0.5")
EN138 or
ASTM A416
BS 5896 Super
Grade 270
12.9
12.7
100
98.7
0.785
0.775
1580 1)
1670 2)
1860
1860
186
183.7
Strand type
mm
mm 2
kg/m
MPa
MPa
kN
GPa
%
EN138 or
BS 5896 Super
15.7
150
1.18
1)
1500
1770
265
ASTM A416
Grade 270
15.2
140
1.1
1670 2)
1860
260.7
cicra 195
max 2.5
1) Measured at 0.1% residual strain (0.1% offset method)

2) Measured at 1% extension (1% extension under load method)
3) After 1000 hrs at 20 C (EN & BS, low relaxation to ASTM)
Tendon Properties
Duct Dimensions
Min. breaking load (kN)
Strand type
13 mm (0.5")
15 mm (0.6")
Tendon
unit
5-4
5-5
6-4
6-5
Number
of
strands
4
5
4
5
Duct Dimension in mm
(Height x Width)
BS 5896 ASTM A416

Super
Grade 270
744
735
930
919
1060
1043
1325
1304
Standard
flat duct
Corrugated
flat duct
Plastic duct
PT-PLUS
20 x 75
25 x 80
35 x 86
25 x 90
25 x 90
not available
Selected Design Considerations

Spacing of tendon supports:
0.75 to 1.2 m (conventional steel ducts)

0.75 to 1.0 m (plastic ducts PT-PLUS)
Minimum radius of curvature:
2.5 m
6.0 m
Min. straight length at anchorage:
0.75 m
(vertical profile)
(horizontal profile)
A wedge draw-in of approximately 6 mm occurs at lock-off

Friction losses can vary fairly widely from one tendon to another and from one structure to another,
depending on factors such as surface condition of strands, type and surface condition of ducts, material
properties, installation methods and workmanship on-site. In general, the following friction parameters can
be used, without additional consideration for anchorage losses:
- Tendons in standard steel ducts:
- Tendons in plastic ducts:
= 0.20
= 0.001
= 0.14
= 0.001
(range: 0.16 ~ 0.22)

(range: 0.0008 ~ 0.0012)
(range: 0.12 ~ 0.15)
(range: 0.0008 ~ 0.0012)
BONDED S
LAB
POST- TENSIONING
Stressing Anchorage VSL Type S

E
Grout tube
Wedges
Strands
Duct
Casting
Recess
former
Anchor block
Type
S 5-4
S 5-5
S 6-4
S 6-5
A
265
265
315
315
B
100
100
105
105
C
240
240
254
266
D
73
73
82
82
E
90
90
100
100
F
305
305
338
338
X
350
350
400
400
Couplers VSL Type SK

600
D
C
Grout tube
Compression
fittings
Coupling block
Flat duct
B
Casting
Wedges
Strands
Type
S 5-4
S 5-5
S 6-4
S 6-5
A
265
265
265
265
B
110
110
110
110
C
95
95
95
95
D
215
215
215
215
Dimensions in mm.
Dimensions are valid for a concrete transfer strength of 25 MPa (Cube), 20 MPa (Cylinder).
BONDED S
LAB
POST- TENSIONING
Dead End Anchorage VSL Type H and Type P

C
Type H
Grout tube
AxB
Seal
Flat duct
Type
H 5-4
H 5-5
H 6-4
H 6-5
Bulb
A
310
390
390
490
B
70
70
90
90
C
750
750
950
950
B
75
75
80
80
C
370
370
435
435
Type P
C
Grout tube
AxB
Seal
P-plate
Compression
fittings
Type
P 5-4
P 5-5
P 6-4
P 6-5
Dimensions in mm.
Dimensions are valid for a concrete transfer strength of 25 MPa (Cube), 20 MPa (Cylinder).
A
250
300
260
410
VSLAB Encapsulated Two Strand System

F
E
G
Grout cap
End anchor head
Bearing plate
A C
Half shell
Duct
Clip
Grout vent
B D
Wedge
Gasket
High performance grout

Encapsulated strand
Type
SA5-2
163
163
150
90
105
130
40
k5-2
163
163
150
90
105
130
70
Anchorage Reinforcement
Details at Slab Edge
Extra links where
shown for S6-5 only
Anchorage at Slab Edge
Extra links where

shown for S6-5 only
Grout vent
Place innermost links

hard against casting
as shown
Grout vent
Details at Edge Beam
Plan
Anchorage at Edge Beam

The above sketches show the preferred arrangement for the local confinement reinforcement at the anchorages. Please consult your local VSL
representatives for more details.
BONDED S
LAB
POST- TENSIONING S
YSTEMS
Stressing Jack Clearance Requirements

Tendon
unit
5-4
5-5
6-4
6-5
5-4
5-5
6-4
6-5
Jack type
ZPE-23FJ
B=Strand projection
DKP-5
DKP-6
A
(mm)
1100
1100
1100
1100
800
800
850
850
B
(mm)
260
260
260
260
260
260
400
400
C
(mm)
280
400
280
400
250
320
300
400
ZPE-23FJ DKP-5
790
560
116
162
105
195
150
200
200
47.10
31.03
230
147
488
473
23
19
DKP-6
615
240
84
165
200
49.26
230
467
30
Stressing Jack Data

DKP-5/DKP-6
Jack type
A
B
C
D
Stroke
Piston area
Capacity
ZPE-23FJ
Weight
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(cm 2)
(kN)
(bar)
(kg)
Internal Stressing Pocket

13 mm and 15 mm strand
Details shown are typical and may vary for particular applications
Stressing Pocket
Plan
450
30
420
Section A
450
50
175
175
Section B
50
EXTERNAL POST-TENSIONING
External post-tensioning is well suited to bridges due to the resulting economies in construction costs and the high
degree of corrosion resistance provided by the system. External tendons are easy to inspect and can be replaced if
necessary. They are ideal for strengthening existing structures and have a multitude of applications in addition to
bridges.
VSL external tendons consist of:

strand bundle;
polyethylene duct;
end and intermediate anchorages as well as tendon couplers;
grouting compound.
External tendons, usually guided over deviation saddles, have many similarities to stay cables and permanent soil
and rock anchors.
Detailed information about design and construction is given in the VSL publication "External Post-Tensioning".
Bois de Rosset Viaduct, Switzerland
VSL External Post-tensioning System Components
Tendon deviation saddle
Stressing anchorage
Strand bundle and sheathing
Dead end anchorage
A wide selection of VSL anchorage types is available to meet the full range of practical requirements. In addition
to the anchorages illustrated here, intermediate anchorages and couplers are also available . The strand bundle
can be assembled from uncoated or individually greased and sheathed strands. The anchorages for these two
types of tendon differ only in detail, the principle remains the same.
External prestressing components,

Anchorage Type ECR
External tendons at deviation saddle
Dimensions (mm)
Tendon
E 1)
unit
5-12
270
125
222
110
65 / 3.6
5-19
310
150
258
125
90 / 5.1
5-31
370
165
320
150
110 / 6.3
5-43
430
200
390
180
125 / 7.1
5-55
520
220
420
200
140 / 8.0
6-7
250
125
222
110
63 / 3.6
6-12
310
150
258
125
90 / 5.1
6-19
390
165
300
150
110 / 6.3
6-31
430
200
390
180
140 / 8.0
6-37
520
220
420
200
160 / 9.1
Notes : 1. Nominal external duct diameter / wall thickness

2. Other sizes are available upon request
Anchorage Type EC R
Anchorage Type CS
Dead end anchorage

with split bearing plate
Parallel monostrand
tendon, guide tubes and
stay pipe
Damper and
neoprene boot
Guide pipe
VSL Staycable System 200

Bundle of
monostrands
Grease
HDPE stay pipe
Transition pipe
PE sheath
Strand
VSL Staycable System 200 SSI

Bundle of
monostrands
Adjustable stressing
anchorage with threaded
anchorage head and ring nut
Guide tube/
Extension tube
HDPE stay pipe
Grease
Guide tube/
Extension tube
PE sheath
Strand
VSL Stay Cable System

VSL Stay Cable System has been developed to fulfil the stringent requirements for the design,
construction and maintenance of cable stayed bridges.
VSL Stay Cable System consists of:

a tendon made of multiple parallel 15mm high tensile steel strands;
each strand having an extruded coating of grease and polyethylene;
each strand having an individual polyethylene guide tube continuous from anchorage to anchorage (option for
system 200 SSI only);
an outer sheath of thick walled polyethylene pipe;
anchorages that are prefabricated in the factory.
The features of the system are:

high fatigue resistance of 200 MPa at 45% of tendon capacity through 2,000,000 load cycles;
high degree of corrosion resistance with multi-layers of corrosion protection;
excellent corrosion protection of strands during construction provided by extruded coating;
simple erection of stay cable assembly without the weight of the tendon strands;
simple Single Strand Installation of the tendon into the erected stay assembly;
all strands are parallel within guide tubes with no risk of intertwining;
no requirement for on-site grouting of cable;
easy to adjust or monitor the tendon force at any stage of the cable life;
able to remove and replace individual strands or entire cable for inspection or repair at any time without
dismantling the installed anchorages;
Single strand stressing.
STAY CABLES
VSL Stay Cable System 200

L min
H
min. 220 M
N
O
I
K min
I
K min
min. 220
Stressing end
Dead end
Tendon Number Minimum

of
breaking
Unit
2)
strands load (kN)
4
1060
6- 4
7
1855
6- 7
12
3180
6-12
19
5035
6-19
22
5830
6-22
31
8215
6-31
37
9805
6-37
43
11395
6-43
55
14575
6-55
61
16165
6-61
73
19345
6-73
85
22525
6-85
91
24115
6-91
4)
150
190
230
285
310
350
380
425
470
470
530
540
590
125
160
190
235
255
285
310
350
385
385
440
440
490
120
155
185
230
250
280
300
340
380
380
430
430
480
75/ 4,3
90/ 5,1
110/ 6,3
140/ 8
140/ 8
160/ 9,1
180/ 10,2
200/ 11,4
225/ 12,8
225/ 12,8
250/ 14,2
250/ 14,2
280/ 15,9
4)
75/ 4,3
110/ 10
140/ 8
180/ 10,2
200/ 11,4
225/ 12,8
250/ 14,2
280/ 15,9
315/ 17,9
315/ 17,9
355/ 13,7
355/ 13,7
400/ 15,4
4)
140/ 4
178/ 5
219/ 6,3
254/ 6,3
273/ 6,3
324/ 7,1
343/ 8
406/ 8,8
419/ 10
419/ 10
495/ 11
495/ 11
546/ 12
3)
175
225
290
355
380
450
485
540
590
610
690
720
765
3)
15
20
25
35
35
40
45
45
55
60
65
75
75
K min
L min
260
340
600
870
870
1060
1390
1550
1550
1850
1900
2100
2200
370
450
710
1000
1000
1200
1530
1700
1700
2000
2100
2300
2400
80
80
80
100
105
125
135
145
160
170
180
200
200
63
68
75
95
100
120
130
140
155
165
175
195
195
80
80
80
95
100
120
135
145
160
170
180
200
200
131
136
141
172
177
197
217
232
254
269
288
313
313
Dimensions in mm
VSL Stay Cable System 200 SSI

Theoretical cable length
Theoretical cable length

Threaded anchor head DR
with ring nut
Guide
pipe
Damper
Connection
sleeve
Connection sleeve
Split
shim
Boot Damper Pregrouted

section
Protection
cap
U Anchor
head DS
S min
Bearing
Pmin plate
Transition
pipe
Pregrouted
section 50
Boot
min. 150
M min
Protection cap
50
50
Guide Transition Bearing

50 pipe
pipe
plate
T
5-10 mm
min 100
L min
Guide
tube
L min
Stressing end
Q
R
M min
Bearing
plate
N min
Dead end
Split shim
Tendon Number Minimum

Unit
1)
of
breaking
D 3)
G 4)
L min
M min
N min
P min
5)
S min 6)
T 3)
7)
2)
strands
load
[-]
[-]
(kN)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
6-12
12
3180
230
190
185
290
230
190
219/6.3
140
125
110
1200
650
550
1100
90
85
146
220
25
35
M 12
6-19
19
5035
285
235
230
355
280
230
267/6.3
180
160
140
1300
750
550
1350
105
100
170
230
35
40
M 16
6-22
22
5830
310
255
250
380
300
250
273/6.3
200
180
160
1400
850
550
1500
115
100
170
230
35
40
M 16
6-31
31
8215
350
285
280
450
350
300
324/7.1
225
200
180
1450
900
550
1650
135
125
207
260
40
50
M 16
6-37
37
9605
380
310
300
485
370
320
355.6/8
250
225
200
1600
1000
600
1850
150
150
237
280
45
55
M 16
6-43
43
11395
425
350
340
540
430
380
406/8.8
280
250
225
1800
1200
600
2100
155
155
247
290
45
60
M 16
6-55
55
14575
470
385
380
590
460
410
419/10
315
250
225
2000
1350
650
2200
175
175
274
310
55
65
M 16
6-61
61
16165
470
385
380
610
460
400
419/10
315
280
250
2050
1350
700
2400
190
190
294
330
60
70
M 20
6-73
73
19345
530
440
430
690
530
470
508/11
355
315
250
2300
1550
750
2600
190
190
303
330
65
75
M 20
6-85
85
22525
540
440
430
720
530
470
508/11
355
315
280
2400
1650
750
2700
220
220
343
360
75
85
M 20
6-91
91
24115
590
490
480
765
580
520
559/12.5
400
355
280
2550
1800
750
2900
230
230
353
370
75
85
M 20
Dimensions in mm
1) Tendon units 6-4 and 6-7: dimensions on request.
2) Strand in accordance with Euronorm 138-79 super; other types of strand
with 15 mm (0.6) diameter see VSL's <Post-Tensioning Systems>.
3) Valid for nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 45 MPa (cube), 36
MPa (cylinder). Local zone reinforcement not shown.
4) External diameter / wall thickness.
5) Min. height of anchor head allow an adjustability of 20 mm.
6) Dimensions valid only for load monitoring/adjustment. Min. required
length for removal of cable to be determined acc. to project.
7) Threaded holes in bearing plate.
GROUND A
NCHORS
The VSL anchors are of similar construction, whether

intended for installation in rock or in soil, and consist
basically of the following three parts:
bond length;
free length;
anchor head for attaching to the component to be
anchored.
Depending upon the intended application and
service life of the anchor, the type of rock or soil and
the magnitude of force to be transmitted, each of
these parts must be capable of satisfying the most
varied requirements. These factors therefore
influence the individual components of which the
anchor will be constructed and the dimensions of the
anchoring length and of the borehole.
The anchor head is the main characterisic feature of
the VSL anchor. It always consists of a stressing
anchorage selected from the VSL prestressing
systems. The other parts of the anchor may,
however, be adapted to the particular requirements
in regard to their length, load-carrying capacity, form
and individual components. Depending upon its
construction, the VSL anchor may then be used as a
temporary or permanent anchor, as a test anchor or
surveillance anchor, in certain circumstances it may
comprise special protective measures against
corrosion and mechanical damage. Further
information about the soil and rock anchors will be
found in the following VSL publications, which are
obtainable on request:
VSL Measuring Technique;
VSL Soil and Rock Anchors - Examples from
Practice.
Tie-down for a tall building
Securing a slope
Strengthening of a gravity dam
GROUND A
NCHORS
Permanent VSL Strand Anchor Fully Encapsulated

Section A.A
Grout tube
Bare clean strand
Corrugated sheath
Anchor block
Internal spacer
Bore hole
Bearing plate
External spacer
Smooth sheath (Polyethylene) or

corrugated sheath
Greased and sheathed strand
Section B.B
Grout
Grout tubes
Grout tubes
Bare clean strand
Internal spacer
Smooth sheath
Corrugated sheath (Polyethylene)

Greased and plastic
coated strand
External spacer
Bore hole
External spacer
Bore hole
Nose cone
Temporary VSL Strand Anchor

Section A.A
Grout tube
Bare clean strand
Spacer
Bore hole
Anchor block
Bearing plate
Greased and sheathed strand (optional)
Section B.B
Grout (free length optional)
Grout tubes
Bare clean strand
Grout tubes
Spacer
Bore hole
Bore hole
Greased and sheathed

strand (optional)
GROUND A
NCHORS
Stressing Anchorage
VSL Anchorage Type E
The VSL stressing anchorage Type E, is composed
basically of an anchor block, wedges and bearing
plate. A protective cap may also be fitted over the
anchorage, if the latter must be accessible for
surveillance purposes.
Fig. a: VSL anchorage Type ER
All the strands of an anchor are stressed

simultaneously, but they are locked off individually by
wedges in the conical bores in the anchor block. The
range of VSL anchorages Type E enables tendons of
1 to 55 strands to be stressed, the principle of
anchoring being the same from the smallest to the
largest unit.
The VSL stressing anchorages Type E are designed
in principle to meet all the special requirements
which may be demanded of an anchor. These
requirements must certainly be known in advance to
enable the anchor to be designed in detail
accordingly. This is particularly necessary when the
anchor is:
a surveillance anchor;
required to be restressed later;
required to be detensioned and again restressed;
required to be removed after use.
Fig. b: VSL anchorage Type E A
Alternatives A and B in the table are also suitable for

restressing. To restress, the anchor block is lifted off
from the bearing plate and shims are inserted between
them. A third solution is to use VSL anchorage Type
ER, which has a ring nut enabling the prestressing
force to be adjusted (Fig. a).
Detensioning and Restressing of Anchors

Surveillance Anchors
A surveillance anchor is an anchor at which
observations are carried out periodically and enables
the stressing force to be read at any time. The table
shows diagrammatically various forms of
construction of the anchorage. The choice of a
suitable type will depend upon the access available
to the anchor, its required service life and
economical considerations. For alternatives B and C,
an anchor head of Type E is used, with a thread on
it's external cylindrical surface.
Restressing of Anchors
Where force losses are to be expected as a
consequence of soil movements or structural
deformations, the anchor should be so constructed
that it can be restressed.
Anchor block for surveillance anchors:
Alternative
Where an anchor is to be detensioned later, an

arrangement is required consisting of a different type
of wedge and an accessory device incorporated in
between the jack and the anchor head. With this
arrangement the wedges can be released and again
locked at any time thus enabling the anchor to be
completely detensioned in one or more stages.
Where strands must be cut off and not project beyond
the anchor block, a VSL anchorage Type EA can be
used (Fig. b). This works on the principle of an
adjusting ring nut and a coupler being used for
destressing.
Removable Anchors
For temporary rock or soil anchors which are required
to be removed after use, the VSL Removable Anchor
System can fulfill such a special requirement.
Diagrammatic
Presentation
VSL anchor head
Type E normal
Type E with thread Type E normal
Force measurement with
Stressing jack
Stressing jack
with coupling
Load cell, installed

permanent or only
when measuring
Protection of strand
Required
None
None
After destressing of the anchor, the entire strand

tendon can be removed. All that is left behind in the
ground is a small piece of steel component and the
grout column with plastic sheathing which would not
affect neighbouring foundation activities in the future.
For details of the VSL Rock and Soil Anchor Systems
please contact your local VSL branch office.
GROUND A
NCHORS
VSL Permanent Ground Anchors (Strand Type)

Number
of
15mm strands
Ultimate
capacity
(kN)
Drill
hole
dia. (mm)
4
7
12
19
27
31
37
43
55
1060
1855
3180
5035
7155
8215
9805
11395
14575
130
150
175
200
215
275
310
325
350
Jack
type
required
Sheath Diameter (mm)

Smooth
ID
OD
Corrugated
ID
OD
65
80
100
125
125
150
150
200
250
85
100
125
165
165
195
195
256
270
70
84
102
130
130
160
160
210
260
75
90
110
140
140
170
170
220
270
ZPE-7/A
ZPE-12/St2
ZPE-19
ZPE-460/31
ZPE-750
ZPE-750
ZPE-1000
ZPE-1000
ZPE-1250
Note: Where block outs, voids or drill hole casing are required,
drill hole diameters and bearing plate dimensions should be confirmed with the local VSL office.
VSL Permanent Ground Anchors (Stressbar Type)

Permanent Encapsulated
Bar
dia.
mm
Ultimate
capacity
(kN)
Drill hole
dia. mm
15
*15
**20
20
23
**25
26
29
32
36
38
40
56
190
191
188
325
450
295
575
715
870
1050
1225
1295
2460
100
100
100
100
125
125
125
150
150
150
150
150
175
Epoxy Coated
Temporary
Drill hole
dia. mm
Drill hole
dia. mm
75
75
75
75
87
87
87
100
100
112
112
112
165
50
50
50
50
75
75
75
87
100
100
100
100
125
Corrugated
sheath mm
ID
OD
50
50
50
50
65
65
65
80
80
80
80
80
100
65
65
65
65
85
85
85
100
100
100
100
100
125
Jack
type
required
ZPE-3
ZPE-3
ZPE-3
ZPE-3
ZPE-3
ZPE-3
ZPE-60
ZPE-7/A
ZPE-7/A
ZPE-7/A
ZPE-200
ZPE-200
ZPE-19
Drill hole sizes are based on 10mm external cover

*VSL Deformed Tie Bar
**VSL Threadlok Bar
VSL Temporary Ground Anchors

13mm Strand
No. of
13 mm
strands
Ultimate
capacity
kN
Minimum
drill hole
dia. mm
7
12
19
27
1362
2232
3534
5022
100
125
150
175
VSL Temporary Ground Anchors

15mm Strand
Jack
type
required
ZPE-7 / A
ZPE-12 / St2
ZPE-19
ZPE-460 / 31
No. of
15 mm
strands
Ultimate
capacity
kN
Minimum
drill hole
dia. mm
7
12
19
27
1855
3180
5035
7155
100
125
150
175
Jack
type
required
ZPE-12/St2
ZPE-19
ZPE-460/31
ZPE-500
HEAVY L
IFTING
New Airport Passenger Terminal Building Roof sliding, Hong Kong
Today's civil engineering structures and industrial plants are often assembled from large, heavy prefabricated
components. This may be done for economic or technical reasons, or to save construction time. For projects in
which cranes or other conventional handling equipment cannot be used because of excessive weight,
dimensions or space limitations, VSL Heavy Lifting will often provide the most effective solution.
VSL Heavy Lifting provides builders, engineers and owners with a broad range of advantages, including:
custom-designed solutions for each project;
the highest level of safety, based upon sound engineering practices and over two decades of experience;
economy and efficiency through the use of advanced an reliable hydraulic equipment.
Unique Solutions
VSL will plan lifting, lowering or sliding operations and
design the necessary temporary structures to suit your
requirements. Sound engineering, clear thinking, the ability
to innovate, and years of successful experience give you a
guarantee of reliable and cost-effective solutions.
Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong

Lifting of portal beams, formwork and steel trusses
(weight 270 ~ 420 tonnes)
Loire River Bridge, France

Lifting of 162 m long steel portal (2,400 tonnes) for the main span
HEAVY L
IFTING
Safety
Safety is VSL's first priority. Our specialised
hydraulic lifting equipment is designed for the highest
level of reliability, and all equipment is rigorously
tested and serviced through VSL's quality control
and maintenance programme. VSL field services are
also based upon a total commitment to safety, the
extensive experience of our personnel and VSL's
exceptional record provide further assurance of
reliable performance.
Flexibility
VSL's heavy lifting equipment includes a large
selection of hydraulic jacks, pumps, control units,
monitoring devices and jacking frames. This range of
equipment gives us the capability to perform virtually
any project requiring lifting, lowering or sliding.
Segment Erection, Normandy Bridge, France
Flat Jacks
Flat jacks are widely used for a multitude of civil engineering and construction applications such as:
under pinning;
prestressing of columns;
counteracting sinking foundations;
Pump
prestressing of road works or airport runways;
prestressing concrete in confined spaces;
lifting and lowering of bridge superstructures for bridge bearing adjustments;
counteracting loads applied during backfilling;
lifting heavy weights;
Flat Jack
pile testing.
The VSL flat jack is constructed of two moulded steel sections welded together to form a containment vessel.
Hydraulic fluid or grout is injected at pressures of up to 13.5MPa into the peripheral ring, moving the lifting plates
aparts, so that a force is applied with a maximum lifting stroke of 25mm per jack. Other shapes of flat jacks are
available upon request.
Type
Outside
diameter D
mm
Maximum force
at 13.5MPa
kN
Effective area at
zero extension
103mm2
T
Thickness **
mm
E
Maximum travel
mm
Installation
gap
mm
120c
150c
220c
250c
270c
300c
350c
420c
480c
600c
750c
870c
920c
*1150c
120
150
220
250
270
300
350
420
480
600
750
870
920
1150
85
155
390
525
605
780
1080
1605
2170
3470
5400
7385
8975
13635
6.4
11.5
29
39
45
58
80
119
161
257
400
547
665
1010
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
45
45
45
50
* 1150c Flat Jacks are specially produced to order and require longer lead times
** Flat Jack thickness may vary 3mm
Plan
Closed
Fully Inflated
STRESSBAR
Hong Kong Stadium, Hong Kong
Bar Systems
VSL has been manufacturing and designing bar systems in Australia for use by the construction industry since
1971. These have proven to be one of the most popular tools of Engineers wishing to induce and control loads
and forces in structures.
The systems range from High Tensile Cold Worked Stressbar to Low Tensile Architectural Tendons, all with
compact and easy to assemble fittings.
A range of diameters is available to give a wide selection of bar forces. The prestressing force is anchored at the
end of the bar by a rolled thread, nut, washer and bearing plate. Where necessary bars can be joined with
threaded couplers, and clevis fittings may be used where pin connections are required.
The VSL bar system complies with the requirements of AS1313, AS1314, BS4486, ASTM-A722 and ISO 6934.
VSL Bar Configurations

Thread Details
Architectural
Max. Bar Length m

Export containers
VSL Bar
Fully
Short
Right
Left
Cold
Hot
Components
system
CTA
CTS
hand
hand
rolled
rolled
available
20ft.
5.85
11.85
5.85
5.85+6.0
5.85
11.85
5.85
11.85
40ft.
CT Stress Bar
15-40mm CT Bar
56-73mm CT Bar
Deformed Bar
15mm Tie Bar
Threadlok Bar
20-25mm
STRESSBAR
Application
VSL bar systems are ideal for the economic application of post-tensioning forces on relatively short tendons.
Through the use of threaded connections and anchorages they are simple to use and lend themselves to many
applications.
Typical Applications are:

Buildings
Anchors
Prestressed Beams and Columns

Precast Connections
Permanent and Temporary Ground Anchors

Uplift Anchors (Dam & Foundation)
Roof Bolting
Slope Stabilisation
Crane Bases
Light Towers
Bridges
Stay Cable Hangers
Prestressed Segments
Strengthening (Timber & Steel Bridges)
Tension Piles and Caissons
Wharves & Jetties

Stressed Deck Planks
Tie Backs
Specialist Engineering
Heavy Lifting
Formwork Ties or Hangers
Frame Ties
Pile Testing
Architectural Ties
Characteristic Properties
VSL Bar Properties are nominally as listed in the Tables.
Corrosion Protection
All bars and fittings must receive protection when installed under permanent conditions. In normal concrete
construction the use of galvanised duct, injected with grout, provides good protection. Anchorage recesses must
also be filled with cement mortar to protect these ends.
Bars
When bars are used in an exposed environment then one of the following coating systems may be used:
single coat of inorganic zinc;
three coat epoxy paint system;
molybond coated bar ends only;
greased and sheathed in poly tube;
galvanising - (Threadlok Bar only).
A combination of the above systems may also be specified. Consideration must also be given to the threaded
ends to ensure correct installation of fittings after coating.
Fittings
Fittings may be treated as above but with preference given to galvanising.
Temporary Bar Anchors

Anchors used in a temporary environment may be used without protection apart from grout cover.
Permanent Bar Anchors

These anchors require installation into corrugated polyethylene sheathing to provide multiple levels of protection.
This is accomplished by the internal grout and sheathing barrier. Additional protection may also be used by
incorporating the above bar coatings.
STRESSBAR
VSL CT Stressbar
Characteristic Properties
Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal tensile Nominal 0.1% Characteristic Strength Minimum Appr. Modulus Major Dia. Thread
kN
Dia.
area
mass
strength
proof stress
elongation of elasticity
of thread pitch
mm
sq. mm
kg/m
MPa
MPa
15
177
1.52
1080
930
kN/sq.mm
mm
mm
165
170
17.2
20
314
2.39
1030
835
325
260
170
21.2
23
415
3.46
1080
26
531
4.40
1080
930
450
385
170
25.2
930
575
495
170
28.2
29
661
5.44
1080
930
715
615
170
31.2
32
804
6.59
1080
930
870
750
170
34.4
36
38
1018
7.86
1030
835
1050
850
170
37.4
1134
9.23
1080
930
1225
1055
170
40.4
40
1257
9.72
1030
835
1295
1050
170
41.4
56
2463
20.74
1000
810
2460
1995
205
58.5
73
4185
34.68
1000
810
4190
3390
205
76.5
Max. force 0.1% Proof

190
Note: 1. Relaxation properties, as per AS1313, are 4% maximum at 1000 hrs when loaded to 70% of minimum breaking load.
2. Fatique results exceed two million cycles when loaded over a stress range of 80 N/sq.mm. (For unbonded tendon only).
3. Minimum bending diameter = 200 x Bar Dia.
Stroke
E
200
Hydraulic Stressing Jack and Accessories
Jack Clearance Details (mm)

Jack
Recess Details (mm)

Bar
model
RH303
390
75
125
ZLP-100/80
560
150
150
ZLP-200
1120
110
200
ZPE-460 / 31
750
250
300
Jack Details
Recommended
Minimum
Normal bar
Jack
Dia.
Dia.
model
15, 20
125
125
75
100
100
70
15, 20
RH303
Jack Dimension (mm) Capacity Weight

Stroke
kN
kg
121 180
76
295
13.5
80
996
56
200 612
300
1980
249
ZPE-460/31 485 410
100
4570
295
23, 26
150
150
80
130
130
75
23, 26, 29
29, 32, 36
150
150
100
130
130
90
32, 36, 38 ZLP-100/80 280 270
38, 40
175
175
112
150
150
100
46
56
220
220
250
200
200
200
56
73
320
320
250
300
300
200
73
ZLP-200
STRESSBAR
Permanent VSL Stressbar Anchor Fully Encapsulated
Nitroseal PX220
Spherical nut
Hot-Dip galvanized
protective cap
Protective grease
Protective grease
Spherical washer
Grout tube inner
Hot-Dip galvanized
bearing plate with
trumpet
Grout
Grout tube outer
O-ring
H.D.P.E. smooth or corrugated bore
sheathing over free length
External spacers
at 1500 max. centres
Corrugated sheathing
(Polyethylene)
CT Stressbar
Internal spacers
at 1500 max. centres
Corrugated sheathing
(Polyethylene)
Grout tube outer

Grout tube inner
Bore hole
CT Stressbar
Internal spacers
A
Section A-A
Steel nose cone
Temporary VSL Stressbar Anchor

Spherical nut
Spherical washer
Heat shrink
& sleeve
Grout tube
Bearing plate
Grout
A
Greased bar over free length

H.D.P.E. smooth sheathing
over free length
Grout tube
Spacers
CT Stressbar epoxy
coated if required
Bore hole
CT Stressbar
Spacers at 1500 max. centres

Heat shrink
Section B-B
RETAINED E
ARTH
F5 Freeway, Heathcote NSW
VSL RETAINED EARTH is a composite soil reinforcing system which employs welded wire mesh to improve the
shear and compressive strength of an earth backfill.
A RETAINED EARTH structure is a stable, unified gravity mass which may be designed for use in a broad variety
of civil engineering applications. In projects ranging from commercial retaining walls to highway bridge
abutments, VSL RETAINED EARTH has found widespread use and acceptance as a major construction system.
The effective principle of RETAINED EARTH involves the transfer of stresses from the soils to the reinforcing
mesh through bearing. Bearing pressure is developed on the projected areas of the mesh crossbars, and the
pressure is in turn transferred to the longitudinal bars. The longitudinal bars are thus placed in tension, which
enables the soil mass to withstand loads in the direction of the reinforcement.
In addition to the significant performance
advantages, the VSL RETAINED EARTH
system is also extremely economical to
design and construct. The system consists
of only three components, reinforcing
mesh, precast facing panels and backfill
material. This simplicity allow construction
to proceed easily and rapidly.
Cost savings of up to 50% are regularly
realised when compared with traditional
stabilisation systems.
Fast, Easy and Economical

The construction of a RETAINED EARTH
structure is extremely straightforward. A
five-man crew using standard construction
equipment will average 75 square metres of
wall per shift, and can place up to 140
square metres per shift.
Perspective View
VSL RETAINED EARTH
Retaining Wall
RETAINED E
ARTH
Complete Capabilities
VSL provides the client with a complete range of design and engineering
services for a RETAINED EARTH structure. VSL employs the most
advanced Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems available.
Services provided include analysis of external stability, internal stability,
bridge load, overturning and base sliding. In addition, VSL furnishes all
preliminary drawings, shop drawings and complete erection sequencing
documents as required.
Complete Flexibility
The VSL RETAINED EARTH concrete facing panels are available in a broad
range of textures and colours. Because local materials are used in the
production of these precast panels, the exposed surface can easily be
coloured to complement the natural surroundings. Standard RETAINED
EARTH panel treatments include raised relief, sandblast finish, exposed
aggregate, and conventional smooth face concrete. These are only a very
few of the possibilities however. Non-concrete faces, such as welded mesh
or steel faced are also available and can be used to make temporary
structures.
Temporary wall with welded mesh face
Fractured fin finish
Ashlar finish
Steel face finish
Raised relief finish
SYSTEM F
ORMWOR K
Central Plaza Building, Hong Kong
THE VSL Climbform System is a self climbing heavy duty construction platform used primarily to lift static panel
vertical wall formwork. The system provides the wall designer with complete flexibility in both the structural design
and selection of finishes.
Standard features include:

custom designed formwork panels which may be ganged in any shape or size to lift as one unit;
form heights ranging from 2.5 to 4.0 metres;
unobstructed access to the forms for:
- cleaning and oiling
- fixing of door frames and blockouts
- reinforcement and reinforcing fabric fixing, including prefabricated reinforcement;
truss members of fixed height assembled in "Meccano like fashion" to form a platform of any plan shape
or size;
easy levelling and plumbing of the external platform,
which is typically supported on four, six or eight
seatings;
variation of wall thickness by moving the internal or
external forms;
parking the internal platforms at mid-lift to facilitate
blockout and reinforcement fixing;
cycle times as low as three days;
access to external walls for curing;
hanging access stairway.
VSL Climbform and Table Formwork Systems
SYSTEM F
ORMWOR K
Optional features include:

support of concrete placing booms on the platform;
access hatches and/or temporary platforms to
install precast stairs;
external trailing platforms for:
- patching of the tie-bolt holes
- concrete finishing and curing
- welding of beam stubs/brackets to support
steel floor beams;
provision to allow manhoists to service the top
working platform;
provision to locate tower cranes within internal
and corridor platforms;
collapsible door formers.
Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong

Climbformed piers and Slipformed pylons
The VSL Climform System is recognised as the most

powerful commercial formwork system available in
the world today and has been specified on the
largest and tallest vertical structures in Asia and
Australia.
The VSL Slipform System has been used in the
construction of silos, storage tanks, containment
structures, chimneys, cooling stacks and bridge piers
and pylons for over 20 years. Slipforming is
advantageous when rapid construction between 2
and 6 m per 24 hours is required which results from
continuous working and forms a monolithic structure
free from construction joints. The system is raised by
hydraulic jacks with upper working platforms for
reinforcement fixing and concrete placement and a
suspended scaffolding for finishing works.
Alsons Cement Plant, Philippines
VSL Formtravellers have been developed in

conjunction with the in-house design of balanced or
free cantilevering bridge structures. The formtraveller
of either overhead truss or underslung type, is a
hydraulically driven falsework system with built in
working platforms and formwork panels. VSL services
include design, supply, 1st assembly and
commissioning, or a total turnkey package
incorporating the operation of the system with the
post-tensioning application.
VSL System Formwork services include the design of
the formwork systems, hire of the Climbform and
Slipform Systems, prefabrication of forms and
platforms, supervision and 1st assembly of the
formwork and running of the systems.
Phu Luong Bridge, Vietnam
BRIDGE E
NGINEERING
As a specialist involved in the design and construction of bridges, VSL has considerable experience and expertise
in:
conceptual, preliminary and final detailed design of bridge structure;
developing construction methods with full engineering;
full design and detailing for formwork and erection systems;
on-site construction of selected elements of the structure, from post-tensioning through to entire bridge
superstructures.
The application of this knowledge by VSL assists owners, developers, main contractors and consultants with initial
design concepts, alternative designs and construction methods. The result for the project is that:
the cost is minimised;
the methods are simplified;
the time is reduced;
the quality is enhanced;

the safety is improved;
the value of the structure is increased;
Some of the very different projects successfully carried by VSL are:
Phu Luong Bridge,

VIETNAM
Balanced Cantilever Construction
VSL Scope of Work:

Design of the four lane main superstructure
consisting of a main span of 102 m and side spans
of 65m.
Design, supply and commissioning of the travelling
formwork system and supply of the post-tensioning,
bearings and movement joints.
Tsing Ma Bridge,
HONG KONG
Pylons and Approach Pier Construction
VSL Scope of Work:

Construction of two number 206m high concrete
pylons by slipforming including all concreting and
reinforcement fixing. Heavy lifting of steel trusses for
portal beams up to 420 tons. Design, supply and
operation of the 4 VSL Climbforms Systems for the
60m high approach piers.
BRIDGE E
NGINEERING
Ma On Shan Pipe Bridge,

HONG KONG
Incremental Launch Construction
VSL Scope of Work:

Alternative design and construction of superstructure
including casting of segments, reinforcement fixing and
post-tensioning. The bridge has a length of 330m and
spans of 33m for carrying 2 No. 1.2m diameter pipes
crossing the river to the waste water treatment plant.
Decking Over Roadway, Lam Tin,

HONG KONG
Precast Girder Construction
VSL Scope of Work:

Supply and erect 87 No. 300 ton, 3m deep precast
beams.
Design, supply and operation of the erection gantry and
launching.
Seoul Expressway Phase 1,

KOREA
Precast Segmental Construction
VSL Scope of Work:

Design and commissioning of formwork for the 3,600
precast box girder segments. The production on CAD of
segment fabrication shop drawings. The design of the
erection truss and full erection of the segments. Supply
and installation of permanent and temporary posttensioning.
Hung Hom By-Pass,

HONG KONG
Precast Segmental Construction
VSL Scope of Work:

Supply and installation of post-tensioning, bearings and
movement joints. Supply and operation of the erection
gantry for the erection of 1650 No. precast segments.
The spans vary from 26 to 45 m with segment weight
40~83 tons.
STRUT URAL P
Structural Bearings
Positioned between two structures to accommodate
load transfer and relative movements which may
cause damage. Bearings can be divided into two
types, namely elastomeric and mechanical (disc or
pot bearings). VSL services include design, testing,
supply and installation.
Slip Joints
The slip joint has been developed to fill the need for
a reliable and easily applied slip joint material on
load bearing brickwork or under cast concrete slabs.
It is designed to centralise loads and accommodate
shrinkage and movement. Composed of polished
stainless steel sliding against PTFE coated high
grade natural rubber.
Movement Joints
Single Element
Used in building, pedestrian and vehicular structures
to seal the gap between two structures so that they
can move independently without adversely affecting
each other. The joints are of either aluminium or
steel with a flexible seal spanning between them and
can accommodate movement ranges between 15
mm to 40 mm.
Movement Joints
Multi Element
Used in highway and bridge structures with large
movements due to the effects of concrete shrinkage,
thermal and seismic effects or differential settlement
and ground movements. Typical movement ranges
from 65 mm per single seal upto 1 m when
connected together. VSL services include design,
supply, 1st installation and long term maintenance.
RODUCTS
POST-TENSIONING SYSTEM
ISO 9001: 1994
Certificate No: CC421
NDEX
The Company
Multistrand Post-Tensioning
Bonded Slab Post-Tensioning
15
External Post-Tensioning
21
Stay Cables
23
Ground Anchors
25
Heavy Lifting
29
Stressbar
31
Retained Earth
35
System Formwork
37
Bridge Engineering
39
Structural Products
41
BEARINGS, MOVEMENT JOINTS

& SYSTEM FORMWORK
ISO 9002: 1994
Certificate No: CC416
VSL
THE COMBINATION OF A WORLD-CLASS SPECIALIST CONTRACTOR

WITH THE RESPONSIVENESS OF A LOCALLY BASED PARTNER
HEADQUARTERS
VSL International Ltd.
Bernstrasse 9
LYSSACH - CH 3421
Switzerland
Phone: 41-34-447 99 11
Fax: 41-34-445 43 22
http:\\ www.vsl-intl.com
Your post-tensioning specialist contractor:

South East Asia /
Australia
( Operating Unit 1 )
North East Asia

USA-North America
Europe, Middle East,

South America and Africa
( Operating Unit 4.5 )
REGIONAL OFFICE
REGIONAL OFFICE
REGIONAL OFFICE
REGIONAL OFFICE
VSL Prestressing (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.

6 Pioneer Avenue
THORNLEIGH, NSW 2120
Australia
Tel. 61 - 2 - 9484 59 44
Fax. 61 - 2 - 9875 38 94
VSL North East Asia

1508 Devon House
979 King's Road
Quarry Bay, HONG KONG
Tel. 852 - 2590 22 22
Fax. 852 - 2590 95 93
VSL Corporation
Crosspointe II Plaza
2840 Plaza Place - Suite 200
RALEIGH, NC 27612 USA
Tel. 1 - 919 - 781 6272
Fax. 1 - 919 - 781 6892
Representative Office
L'Odysse - Bt. A
2-12 Chemin des Femmes
91886 MASSY Cedex - France
Tel. 33 - 1 - 69 19 43 16
Fax. 33 - 1 - 69 19 43 17
AUSTRALIA - Queensland
HONG KONG
MIDWEST
ARGENTINA

VIRGINIA
Tel. 61 - 7 - 326 564 00
Fax. 61 - 7 - 326 575 34
VSL Hong Kong Ltd.

QUARRY BAY
Tel. 852 - 2590 22 88
Fax. 852 - 2590 02 90
VSL Corporation
DALLAS, TX
Tel. 1 - 972 - 647 - 0200
Fax. 1 - 972 - 641 - 1192
VSL Sistemas Especiales

Construccin S.A.
BUENOS AIRES
Tel. 54 - 1 - 322 06 09
Fax. 54 - 1 - 322 09 19
AUSTRALIA - New South Wales
JAPAN
NORTHEAST

THORNLEIGH
Tel. 61 - 2 - 9484 59 44
Fax. 61 - 2 - 9475 38 94
VSL Japan Corporation

TOKYO
Tel. 81 - 33 - 346 89 13
Fax. 81 - 33 - 345 91 53
VSL Corporation
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Tel. 1 - 703 - 451 - 4300
Fax. 1 - 703 - 451 - 0862
AUSTRALIA - Southern Division
KOREA
SOUTHEAST

NOBLE PARK
Tel. 61 - 3 - 9795 03 66
Fax. 61 - 3 - 9795 05 47
VSL Korea Co., Ltd.

SEOUL
Tel. 82 - 2 - 574 82 00
Fax. 82 - 2 - 577 00 98
VSL Corporation
MIAMI, FL
Tel. 1 - 305 - 592 - 5075
Fax. 1 - 305 - 592 - 5629
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
MAINLAND CHINA
WEST
VSL Systems (B) Sdn. Bhd.

BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN
Tel. 673 - 2 - 380 153/2 - 38182
Fax. 673 - 2 - 381 954
258 Qianshan Road, Hefei,

ANHUI PROVINCE
Postal Code: 230031
Tel. 86 - 551 - 5577421
Fax. 86 - 551 - 5576018
VSL Corporation
SAN JOSE, CA
Tel. 1 - 408 - 866 - 5000
Fax. 1 - 408 - 374 - 4113
Grund-und Sonderbau GesmbH

VIENNA
Tel. 43 - 1 - 878 17 0
Fax. 43 - 1 - 878 17 762 od 782
Prestress VSL of Bolivia Jauregui Ltd.

LA PAZ
Tel. 591 - 2 - 321 874
Fax. 591 - 2 - 371 493
CHILE
VSL Sistemas
SANTIAGO
Tel. 56 - 2 - 233 10 81
Fax. 56 - 2 - 233 67 39
PHILIPPINES
CZECH REPUBLIC
VSL Philippines Inc.

MANILA
Tel. 63 - 2 - 633 1739
Fax. 63 - 2 - 633 1740
VSL Systemy (CZ) s.r.o.

PRAGUE
Tel. 420 - 2 - 67 07 24 20
Fax. 420 - 2 - 67 07 24 06
TAIWAN
FRANCE
VSL Taiwan Co., Ltd.

TAIPEI
Tel. 886 - 22 - 759 68 19
Fax. 886 - 22 - 759 68 21
VSL France S.A.

EGLY
Tel. 33 - 1 - 69 26 14 00
Fax. 33 - 1 - 60 83 89 95
VIETNAM
GREAT BRITIAN
VSL Hanoi
HANOI
Tel. 84 - 4 - 8245 488
Fax. 84 - 4 - 8245 717
Balvac Whitley Moran Ltd.

DERBYSHIRE
Tel. 44 - 1773 54 26 00
Fax. 44 - 1773 54 27 00
MALAYSIA
VSL Engineers (M) Sdn. Bhd.
KUALA LUMPUR
Tel. 60 - 3 - 242 47 11
Fax. 60 - 3 - 242 93 97
NEW ZEALAND
Precision Precasting (Wgtn.) Ltd.
OTAKI
Tel. 64 - 6 - 364 81 26
Fax. 64 - 6 - 364 83 44
GREECE
VSL Systems A/E
ATHENS
Tel. 30 - 1- 363 84 53
Fax. 30 - 1- 360 95 43
SINGAPORE
VSL Singapore Pte. Ltd.
SINGAPORE
Tel. 65 - 336 29 23
Fax. 65 - 337 64 61
INDIA
Killick Prestressing Ltd.
BOMBAY
Tel. 91 - 22 - 578 44 81
Fax. 91 - 22 - 578 47 19
THAILAND
VSL (Thailand) Co., Ltd. - BANGKOK
Tel. 66 - 2 - 237 32 88/89/90
Fax. 66 - 2 - 238 24 48
Pretensado VSL del Peru SA

LIMA
Tel. 51 - 1476 - 04 23/26
Fax. 51 - 1476 - 04 77
PORTUGAL
BOLIVIA
INDONESIA
PT VSL Indonesia
JAKARTA
Tel. 62 - 21 - 570 07 86
Fax. 62 - 21 - 573 68 49
VSL Norge A/S

STAVANGER
Tel. 47 - 51 - 56 37 01
Fax. 47 - 51 - 56 27 21
PERU
AUSTRIA
GUAM
VSL Prestressing (Guam) Inc.
TUMON
Tel. 67 - 1646 80 61
Fax. 67 - 1649 08 50
NORWAY
de
NETHERLANDS
Civielco B.V.
AT LEIDEN
Tel. 31 - 71 - 576 89 00
Fax. 31 - 71 - 572 08 86
Stronghold Benelux B.V.
Tel. 31- 70 -511-5145
Fax. 31- 70 -517-6624
VSL Prequipe S.A.

LISBON
Tel. 351 - 1 - 793 85 30
Fax. 351 - 1 - 793 09 01
Stronghold Portugal
PORTO
Tel. 351 - 2 - 370 00 21
Fax. 351 - 2 - 379 39 73
SOUTH AFRICA
Steeledale Systems (Pty) Ltd.
JOHANNESBURG
Tel. 27 - 11 - 613 77 41/9
Fax. 27 - 11 - 613 74 04
SPAIN
CTT Stronghold
BARCELONA
Tel. 34 - 3 - 200 87 11
Fax. 34 - 3 - 209 85 90
SWEDEN
Internordisk Spnnarmering
AB, DANDERYD
Tel. 46 - 8 - 753 02 50
Fax. 46 - 8 - 753 49 73
SWITZERLAND
VSL (Switzerland) Ltd.
LYSSACH
Tel. 41 - 34 - 447 99 11
Fax. 41 - 34 - 445 43 22
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

DUBAI
Tel. 971 - 4 - 555 220
Fax. 971 - 4 - 518 244

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T

VSL Post-Tensioning Systems

Bank of China, Hong Kong

Tsing Ma and Kap Shui Mun Bridges, Hong Kong

Harbour Front, Hong Kong

The VSL technology is based

Gateway I, Hong Kong

This publication comprises a

and strengths indicated are

in Raleigh. Operating Unit 4.5

Rambler Channel Bridge, Hong Kong

The scope of VSL's value-added

strengths may all be accommodated.

Koshiki Daimyojin Bridge, Japan

With offices throughout the world,

As a technical leader in the posttensioning industry, VSL works

The VSL multistrand system is characterized by the

VSL Multistrand System Components

Dead end anchorage

1) Measured at 0.1% residual strain (0.1% offset method)

STRAND TYPE 15 mm (0.6")

4) Corrugated plastic PT-Plus ducts are also available, refer to page 11

Min. Breaking load

Stressing Anchorage VSL Type EC

Stressing Anchorage VSL Type E

Bearing plate (steel)

Couplers VSL Type K and V

Compression fittings with

Dead End Anchorage VSL Type H

Strand type 15 mm (0.6")

Strand type 13 mm (0.5")

Intermediate Anchorage VSL Type Z and ZU

Tension ring with anchors

Intermediate Anchorage Type Z

Intermediate Anchorage Type ZU

Intermediate anchorage type Z

Intermediate anchorage type Z

400 560 170

Selected Design Considerations

Spacing and Cover of Ducts

In determining minimum spacing and concrete cover

Minimum Radii of Tendon Curvatures and Minimum Tangent Length

Minimum breaking load of tendon (MN)

Tendon Force Losses

The following values may be assumed for design:

Significant factors include:

= 0.2 (range 0.16~0.22)

friction losses due to curvature of the tendon;

Tendon in plastic ducts PT-PLUS:

The friction losses along the tendon can be

Tendon in standard steel ducts:

= 0.14 (range 0.12~0.15) k= 0.001 (range 0.0008~0.0012)

For calculating the losses due to shrinkage and

Sheathing and Corrosion Protection

provides reduced duct friction. The PT-PLUS

Dimensions of Plastic Ducts PT-PLUS

Other units on request

Strand Type 13 mm (0.5")

Centre line of duct

Strand Type 15 mm (0.6")

Strand Position at High Point of Tendon

Strand Position at Low Point of Tendon

Dead End Anchorage VSL Type L