AC LIC-Manual PDF

Analog Communication + LIC Lab
[10ECL58]
Experiment No.: - 1(a)
SECOND ORDER ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER

Aim:- To design an active second order low pass filter for cutoff frequency 5KHz
Components required:Sl.no
1
2
3
4
5
Components
Op-amp IC
CRO
Signal generator
Resistors
Capacitors
Quality
A741
5.6K, 10K, 3.3K

0.01F
Quantity
1
1
1
1-1-2
2
Circuit diagram:-
Design:Let Af =1.568 & fc=5KHz

Af = 1 + (Rf / R1)
1.568-1 = Rf / R1
Rf =5.6 K when R1=10K
fc = 1 / 2Rc assume C=0.01F
R=1 / (2 X 5x103 X 0.01x10-6) = 3.3K
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
[10ECL58]
Theory for Active Filters:

An electric filter is often a often a frequency-selective circuit that passes a specified band of
frequencies & blocks or attenuates signals of frequencies outside this band.
Filters may be classified in a number of ways.
(1) Analog or Digital (2) Passive or Active (3) Audio(AF) or Radio frequency(RF)
Analog filters are designed to process analog signals.
Digital filters process analog signals using digital techniques.
Passive filters consists of resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
Active filters employ transistor or op-amps in addition to the resistors and capacitors .
The type of element used dictates the operating frequency range of the filter. For example
RC filters are commonly used for audio or low frequency operation, whereas LC or crystal filters
are employed at RF or high frequencies. Especially because of their high Q value (Figure of
Merit), the crystals provide more stable operation at higher frequencies. In the audio frequencies,
inductors are often not used because they are very large, costly and may dissipate more power.
Inductors also emit magnetic fields.
An active filters offers the following advantages over a passive filters.
1. Gain and frequency adjustment flexibility: since the op-amp is capable of providing a
gain the input signals is not attenuated as it is a passive filters. In addition, the active filter
is easier to tune or adjust.
No loading problem: Because of the high input resistance and low out put resistance if the opamp, the active filter does not cause loading of the source or load.
2. Cost: Typically, active filters are more economical than passive filters. This is because of
cheaper op-amps and absence of indicators.
Applications: Radio, television, telephone, radar, space satellites and biomedical
Equipments.
The most commonly used filters are:
1. Low-pass filter 2.High-pass filter 3. Band-pass filter
4. Band-reject filter 5. All-pass filter
Procedure:1.Ckt connections are made as shown in the fig.
2.Input voltage is kept constant at 2V
3.The input frequency is varied from 100Hz to 50KHz
4.At each step corresponding output is measured.
5.The gain in dB is calculated by using the formula Af=20 log vo/vi
6.The graph of gain v/s frequency is plotted on the graph sheet.
7.The higher cut-off frequency, roll-off rate are calculated and compared with theoretical values.
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
[10ECL58]
Tabular Column:Input voltage, vin = _______

F in Hz
O/p voltage
Gain A= vo/vin
Af= 20 log vo/vin
Ideal graph:-
Result: - Cut-off frequency = ___________

Roll-off factor = ___________
Date of Completion of Exp.
Dept of ECE,
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
[10ECL58]
Experiment No.: - 1(b)
SECOND ORDER ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER

Aim:- To design an active second order high pass filter for cutoff frequency 5KHz
Components required:Sl.no Components
1
Op-amp IC
2
CRO
3
Signal generator
4
Resistors
5
Capacitors
Quality
A741
5.6K, 10K, 3.3K

0.01F
Quantity
1
1
1
1-1-2
2
Circuit diagram:-
Design:Let Af =1.568 & fc=5KHz

Af = 1 + (Rf / R1)
1.568-1 = Rf / R1
fc = 1 / 2Rc assume c=0.01F
R=1 / (2 X 5x103 X 0.01x10-6) = 3.3K
2.Input voltage is kept constant at 5V
3.The input frequency is varied from 100Hz to 50KHz
4.At each step corresponding output is measured.
5.The gain in dB is calculated by using the formula Af=20 log vo/vi
7.The higher cut-off frequency, roll-off rate are calculated and compared with
theoretical values.
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
[10ECL58]

F in Hz
O/p voltage
Gain A= vo/vin
Af= 20 log vo/vin
Ideal graph:-
Result: - Cut-off frequency = ___________

Roll-off factor = ___________
Dept of ECE,
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
[10ECL58]
Experiment No.2
SCHMITT TRIGGER
Aim: Design of OP-AMP Schmitt Trigger Circuit given UTP and LTP values.
Components required:
Sl. No
1
2
3
4
Component
OP-AMP
Trainer kit
Resistors
Power supply
Range
A741
Quantity
01
As per design
(0-30v)
01
Design:
Case1: UTP is +ve and LTP is ve
Case2: Both UTP and LTP are positive
Let UTP=2V LTP=-2V

We have
Let UTP= +3V LTP= +1V

Equation (1)-(2) gives
UTP= R2 (+Vsat) + R2 Vref .(1)

(R1+R2)
(R1+R2)
UTP-LTP= 2R2 (+Vsat)

(R1+R2)
LTP= R2 (-Vsat) + R2 Vref (2)

(R1+R2)
(R1+R2)
If UTP=LTP then Vref=0
UTP= R2 (+Vsat)
LTP= R2 ( -Vsat)
(R1+R2)
(R1+R2)
+Vsat=90% Vcc=90%x12=10.8V
(3-1) =
2R2 (10.8)
(R1+R2)
Let R2=1k Then R1=10k
Equation (1)+(2) gives
UTP+LTP= 2R1 (Vref)
(R1+R2)
2= R2
(R1+R 2)
Let R2=1.2k
Then, R1=5.28k
3+1= 2R1
(Vref)
(R1 +R2)
Vref=+2.2V
Case3: Both UTP and LTP are negative

Let UTP=-1V & LTP=-3V
Equation (1)-(2) gives
Equation (1)+(2) gives

UTP+LTP= 2R1 (Vref)
(R1+R2)
(-1-3) = 2R1 Vref
(R1+R2)
UTP-LTP= 2R2 (+Vsat)

(R1+R2)
(-1+3) = 2R2 (10.8)
(R1+R2)
Let R2=1k Then R1=10k
Dept of ECE,
Vref= 2.2V
K.I.T
[10ECL58]
Circuit diagram:
i)Without Reference Voltage:
A741
3 4
-12v
Vin
1KHZ
+12v
2 7 6
Vo
5.2K
R1
1.2K
R2
ii)With Positive Reference Voltage:
+12v
A741
Vin
1KHZ
2
3
Vo
10K
R1
1K
R2
-12v
+Vref
+2.2V
iii)With Negative Reference Voltage:
+12v
A741
2 7 6
3 4
+
Vin
1KHZ
Vo
10k
R1
-12v
1k
-Vref
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
R2
-2.2V
Vout
Dept of ECE,
LTP
UTP
Vin
REFERENCE VOLTAGE
Waveforms:
i) WITHOUT
t 0
Vout
t 0
K.I.T
ii) WITH POSITIVE

REFERENCE VOLTAGE
LTP
UTP
Vin
t 0
Vout
UTP
LTP
Vin
.iii) WITH NEGATIVE

REFERENCE VOLTAGE
[10ECL58]

Hysterisis curves:
Fig(I)
Fig(II)
Vout
LTP
[10ECL58]
Fig(III)
Vout
Vout
Vin
Vin
LTP
UTP
UTP Vin
UTP
LTP
Procedure:
1. Circuit connections are made as shown above.
2. A time varying signal is applied as input the amplitude of input voltage should be at
least equal or greater than UTP or LTP. whichever is greater in magnitude of the input
signal being 1KHZ.
3. Both input and output are observed simultaneously on the CRO. Input in Ac mode
and output in Dc mode.
4. To get the Hysterisis Curve on CRO input signal is fed to the X channel and output
is fed to Y channel of the CRO (initially X & Y channels are put to GND and the
GND lines are coincides with the reference axis).X
Y mode is pressed. The luminn
Dot appearing on the screen is moved to center. Now X channel is put to Ac mode &
Y channel to Dc mode .This displays the hysterisis curve from which UTP & LTP
And voltages are measured and compared with the given values.
Result:
Theoretical Values
UTP
LTP
+2
-2
+3
1
-1
-3
Dept of ECE,
Practical Values
UTP
LTP
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
[10ECL58]
Experiment No. :03
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Aim: To conduct an experiment to generate PAM signal and to measure critical amplitude.
Apparatus:
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
Particulars
Transistor SL100
Resistors &
Capacitors
CRO Probes
Range
As per design
Quantity
1
1 each
1 set
Theory:
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) is a form of signal modulation where the message
information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses. Demodulation is performed
by detecting the amplitude level of the carrier at every symbol period. The samples are taken at
regular interval of time. The sample is a pulse whose amplitude of the variable at the instant of
time at which the sample is taken. It is a simple process. PAM is now rarely used, having been
largely superseded by pulsecode modulation and more recently by pulse-position modulation.
The widely popular Ethernet communication standard is a good example of PAM usage.
Procedure:
1. Check the components/ Equipments for their working condition.
2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Apply the square wave carrier signal of 2V peak to peak amplitude of frequency 5KHz
4. Apply sine wave modulating signal of frequency fm = 100Hz with 5V peak to peak
amplitude and 3V DC shift.
5. Observe the PAM waveform
6. Observe the demodulated signal at the output of the low pass filter and note fo and Vo.
7. Repeat the above steps for fc = 2fm and fc < 2fm.
Circuit Diagram:
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
10
[10ECL58]
Design:
Specification: Ic = 1mA, hfe = 100, VCEsat = 0.3V, VBEsat = 0.7V, fm = 100Hz
Biasing:
Vm(t) = Ic x Rc + VCEsat
Let Vm(t) = 2.5V peak + 3 V
DC shift = 5.5V peak signal
Then Rc = 5.2 K
Vc(t) = IB x RB + VBEsat
Let Vc(t) = 2 V peak peak (1V peak), since IB = IC / hfe = 10 A, then RB = 30 K
Filter :
Cut off frequency of the filter fo >> fm
Choose fo = 500Hz , fo = 1 / 2RC
Assume C = 0.1 f, then R = 3.3 K
Tabular Column :
Sl.
Vc p-p
fc in Hz
No. In Volt
Vm p-p
In Volt
Fm
in Hz
Vo of demodulated
signal in Volt
fo of demodulated
signal in Hz
Waveforms :
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
11
[10ECL58]
Result:
Sl. No
Dept of ECE,
fc in Hz
fm in Hz
Staff Signature
K.I.T
fo in Hz
Remarks
12
[10ECL58]
Experiment No.4(a):
MULTIVIBRATORS
Aim : To rig up a Monostable Multivibrator using IC 555 timer to generate a pulse of
Given width.
Component Required :
Sl.No Particulars
01
IC 555
02
Capacitor
03
Resistors
04
Trainer Kit
05
Connecting wires
Range
-----0.1f, 0.01f
10K
.
.
Quantity
1 No
1each
1each
.
.
Design :
O/p pulse width = delay time Td = 0.5msec
O/p delay time Td= 1.1RaC
Ra = 10K & C=0.01F
Vut ,upper threshold Vg = 2/3 Vcc
Choose RTC = <<Td
RTCt <Td/10
D=Td/t; f=1/T=1/p trigger pulse freq
F = 1KHz, T=1ms o/p delay time
Circuit digram:
Vcc = 5V
RT
Input
Vcc
Reset
CT
2
Threshold
Trigger I/P
Discharge
RA
6
7
IC 555
Gnd
1
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
Output
Control
Voltage
5
0.01f
3
Vo
13
[10ECL58]
Procedure :
2. trigger pulses are applied at pin 2 (the duty cycle of trigger pulses is adjusted so that its
off time is less than pulse width W )
3. The pulse width of the waveforms at pin 3 is measured and verified with the designed
value.
4. Capacitor voltage waveforms is observed at pin No.6 or 7.
Result :
Pulse width (W) given
=_______________
Pulse width (W) observed = _______________
Dept of ECE,
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
14
[10ECL58]
Experiment No.4(b):
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Aim : To rig up a Astable Multivibrator using IC 555 timer to generate a square wave of
desired frequency and duty cycle.
Component Required :
Sl.No
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
Particulars
IC 555
Capacitor
Resistors
Resistor
Diode
Trainer Kit
Connecting wires
Design : Without Diode

i) Charging time T1=0.693*(Ra+Rb)*C--------(1)
Discharging time T2=0.693*Rb*C------------(2)
Let f=1.5kHz and choose duty cycle=66%
D= T1/T
T=T1+T2
T=1/f=0.66msec
Let C=0.01f
Dutycycle D=T1/T
T1=DxT=66%x0.66x103
T2=T-T1=0.66-0.435=0.22ms
With Diode
ii) f = 1KHZ D = 50% (square wave)
Ton = 0.69 RAC, Toff = 0.69RBC,
Given D = 50%,
f = 1KHz
D = Ton / T = 0.5
Rb= T2
= 0.22x10-3
=31.7k
0.693C 0.693x0.01f
Hence Ton = Toff = 0.5ms

Let C = 0.1 f,
0.435x103 = 62.77k
0.693x0.01f
Ra=62.77k-31.7k=31k
Dept of ECE,
Quantity
1 No
1each
1each
2Nos
2Nos
.
.
Duty cycle D = Ton

T
From equn(2)
From equan(1)
Ra+Rb= T1
=
0.693C
Range
-----As per design
As per design
As per design
BY 127
.
.
K.I.T
Ton = 0.693RAC,
0.5x10-3 = 0.69RA x0.1x10-6
Hence,
RA = 7.2K,
Similarly RB = 7.2K,
15
[10ECL58]
Circuit Diagram:
Vcc = 5V
33K
RA
7
33K
4
Reset
Vcc
Discharge
RB
555
2
Trigger I/P
Threshold
6
0.01
Vc
Output
Control
Voltage
Gnd
0.01
3
Vo
Waveforms:
VCC
VUT
VC
VLT
0
VOH
V0
T2
T1
0
Procedure :
2. The Ton, Toff and T of the output wave forms at pin 3 is measured and is verified with
the designed value.
3. Capacitor voltage wave forms is observed at pin 2 or 6.
Result :
Ton =------Toff :-----F=---------Date of Completion of Exp.
Dept of ECE,
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
16
[10ECL58]
Experiment No. : 05
GENERATION & DETECTION OF AM WAVE

Aim : To conduct an experiment to generate AM signal and to demodulate the AM signal.
Components Required:Sl. No. Particulars
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Transistor SL100
Resistors &
Capacitors
Diode OA79
IFT, AFT
CRO Probes
Specification
Quantity
As per design
1
1 each
1
1 each
1 set
Theory:
Amplitude modulation (AM): is a form of modulation in which the amplitude of a carrier wave
is varied in direct proportion to that of a modulating signal. AM is commonly used at radio
frequencies and was the first method used to broadcast commercial radio. The term AM is
sometimes used generally to refer to the AM broadcast band. In its basic form, amplitude
modulation produces a signal with power concentrated at the carrier frequency and in two
adjacent sidebands. Each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of the modulating signal and is a
mirror image of the other.
Thus, most of the power output by an AM transmitter is effectively wasted: half the power is
concentrated at the carrier frequency , which carries no useful information; the remaining power
is split between two identical sidebands, only one of which is needed.
Modulation Index
In AM modulation index is also called modulation depth, indicates by how much the modulated
variable varies around its original level. For AM,
M = Am / Ac
Where Am is the peak amplitude of the modulating signal and Ac amplitude of the carrier signal.
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
17
[10ECL58]
Circuit Diagram:
%m
Design :
Specification: fIFT = 455 KHz
Vm
RC >> T Where T = 1 / fIFT

Let RC = 100 T Assume C = 0.01f then R = 21.97 K
%m
Envelop Detector :
1/fm > Rd Cd>1/fc Let Rd Cd = 100 / fc
Assume Cd = 0.001f , then Rd = 200 K
Vc
Tabular column for modulation:
Sl. Vmax
No in
Volt
Vmin m= (Vmax Vmin)

in
(Vmax + Vmin)
Volt
Dept of ECE,
Vm= (Vmax Vmin)

2
in Volt
K.I.T
Vc= (Vmax + Vmin)

2
in Volt
18
[10ECL58]
Tabular column for demodulation:

Sl. Vo in fo in Hz
No Volt
Waveforms:
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
19
[10ECL58]
Transfer Characteristic Curve:
Vmin
Vmax
Procedure:
1. Check the components/equipments for their working condition.
3. By switching off the modulating signal, find the tuned frequency of IFT by varying
frequency of c(t).
4. Keeping the carrier frequency at the tuned frequency of the IFT switch on the modulating
signal and observe the AM signal.
5. Find the modulation index m, the amplitude of the carrier signal Vc and the amplitude of
the message signal Vm by recording the Vmax and Vmin.(Vmax and Vmin should be
measured from both AM signal and Trapezoidal waveform.)
6. Repeat the above step by varying the amplitude of modulating signal. Plot a graph of Vm
Vs %m.
7. Connect the envelope detector circuit and observe the demodulated signal.
Note: To obtain the trapezoidal waveform, feed the modulating signal to channel (i) and AM
wave to channel (ii) press X Y knob.
Result:
Dept of ECE,
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
20
[10ECL58]
SECOND ORDER ACTIVE BAND PASS FILTER

Aim:- To design an active second order band pass filter for a cut-off frequency 5KHz
1
2
3
4
5
Components
Op-amp IC
CRO
Signal generator
Resistors
Capacitors
Quality
A741
10K, 2.2K, 3.3K,5.6

0.01F
Quantity
1
1
1
2-2-2-2
1
Circuit diagram:-
Design:HPF:- Let Af =1.568 & fc=5KHz

Af = 1 + (Rf / R1)
1.568-1 = Rf / R1
R=1 / (2 X 5x103 X 0.01x10-6) = 3.3K
Dept of ECE,
LPF:- Let Af =1.568 & fc=8KHz

Af = 1 + (Rf / R1)
1.568-1 = Rf / R1
R=1 / (2 X 8x103 X 0.01x10-6) =
1.99K
K.I.T
21
[10ECL58]

2.Apply a sine wave input 2V peak to peak & observe the output.
3.The input frequency is varied & the o/p freq is noted down.
4.The gain in dB is calculated by using the formula Af=20 log (vo/vi)
6.Calculate fc & fH
Frequency in Hz
O/p voltage
Gain A= Vo / Vin
Af= 20 log Vo / Vin
Ideal graph:-
Result: - Cut-off frequency , fc = ___________, Higher Cut-off frequency , fH = ___________

Dept of ECE,
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
22
[10ECL58]
SECOND ORDER ACTIVE BAND STOP FILTER

Aim:- To design an active second order band elimination filter for a cut-off frequency 10KHz
1
2
3
4
5
Components
Op-amp IC
CRO
Signal generator
Resistors
Capacitors
Quality
A741
10K, 2.2K, 3.3K,5.6

0.01F
Quantity
1
1
1
5-2-2-2
1
Circuit diagram:-
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
23

Design:HPF:- Let Af =1.568 & fc=5KHz
Af = 1 + (Rf / R1)
1.568-1 = Rf / R1
R=1 / (2 X 5x103 X 0.01x10-6) = 3.3K
[10ECL58]
LPF:- Let Af =1.568 & fc=8KHz

Af = 1 + (Rf / R1)
1.568-1 = Rf / R1
R=1 / (2 X 8x103 X 0.01x10-6) = 1.99K

2.Apply a sine wave input 5V peak to peak & observe the output.
3.The input frequency is varied from 100Hz to 100KHz & the for each o/p freq is noted down.
4.The gain in dB is calculated by using the formula Af=20 log (vo/vi)
6.Calculate fc & bw = fH -fL
Frequencyin Hz
Dept of ECE,
O/p voltage
Gain A= vo/vin
K.I.T
Af= 20 log vo/vin
24
[10ECL58]
Ideal graph:-
Result: - Cut-off frequency , fc = ___________

Higher Cut-off frequency , fH = ___________
Dept of ECE,
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
25
[10ECL58]
Experiment No.: - 7
DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

AIM: Design of 4-bit R-2R ladder DAC using OP-AMP
Components required:
Sl.
Component
Range
No
1
OP-AMP
A741
2
Trainer kit
3
Resistors
As per design
4
IC 7493
Design:
Choose Rf=R=470
2R=2x470=1k
Given n=step size=4
Vo= -Vref Rf [B0 20+B1 21+B2 22+B3 23]
2n R
For example:
B0 B1 B2 B3= 1 0 0 0
Quantity
01
01
Vo= -5 470 [1x 20+0x21+0x 22+0x 23]

24 470
Vo= -0.3125V
Tabular Column:
Sl No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Dept of ECE,
B3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary Inputs
B2
B1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
Theoretical Values
B0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
K.I.T
Practical
Values
0
-0.3125
-0.625
-0.9375
-1.25
-1.5625
-1.875
-2.1875
-2.50
-2.8125
-3.125
-3.4375
-3.75
-4.0625
-4.375
-4.6875
26
[10ECL58]
Circuit diagram:
Rf
470
+12v
470
1K
470
R
2R
2R
1K
1K
2R
1K
470
R
2R
B1
B0
A741
3
2R
1K
B2
Vo
-12V
B3
Ideal graph for binary input versus output voltage:
Output
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
10 11 12 13 14 15
27
[10ECL58]
Generation of Staircase Waveform:

1KHZ
Clock Pulse
14
1 CP1
CP0
+5V
5
I
C
7
2
MR2 4
9
3 MR1
3
Q0 12
B0
Q1 9
B1
DAC
Q2 8
B2
Q3 11
B3
GND
10
Procedure:
1.Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2.the input B0 B1 B2 B3 are connected to the input toggle switches.
3.Given the binary form (0000 to 1111) and measure the output of OP-AMP
using digital multimeter and verify it with the theoretical value.
4.Plot the Graph of binary input versus the output Voltage of an OP-AMP.
Result:
Dept of ECE,
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
28
Vo
[10ECL58]
Experiment No. :08(a)
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

Aim : To conduct an experiment to generate PWM signal and to measure critical amplitude.
Apparatus:
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Particulars
IC 555
Resistors & Capacitors
Diode BY127
CRO Probes
Range
As per design
-
Quantity
1
1 each
3
1 set
Theory:
Pulse width modulation: It is also known as pulse duration modulation. Three variation of pulse
width modulation is possible.
1. The leading edge of the pulse is held constant and change in pulse width accordance to
the information signal.
2. The tail edge is held constant and with respect to pulse width is measured.
3. The center of the pulse is held constant and pulse width changes on either side of the
center of the pulse. Pulse-width modulation of a signal or power source involves the
modulation of its duty cycle, to either convey information over a communications
channel or control the amount of power sent to a load.
Procedure:
2. Connection are made as shown in the circuit diagram
3. Keeping the modulating signal with minimum amplitude, observe the astable
multivibrator output and verify the frequency and duty cycle.
4. Apply the modulating signal with frequency fm at some convenient amplitude.
5. Observe the PWM waveform.
6. Observe the variation of pulse width with respect to clamped modulating signal
No. 5).
Circuit Diagram:
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
( at Pin
29
[10ECL58]
Design:
Specifications: fc = 1KHz , duty cycle = 50%
Hence T = 1ms, Ton = 0.5ms and Toff = 0.5ms
Astable multivibrator:
Ton = 0.693 (Rch + Rf) Ct, Toff = 0.693 (Rdch + Rf) Ct
Since duty cycle = 50% , Ton = Toff = 0.5ms
Assume Ct = 0.1f and the forward resistance of diode Rf = 100
Tehn Rch = Rdch = 7.146 K
Clamping Circuit:
Negative peak of the modulating signal should be clamped to zero volt
RC >> 1/ fm, therefore RC = 100fm
Choose C = 10f ,then Response = 100 K
Tabular Column:
fm = _________________Hz
Un modulated carrier signal
Ton in
ms
Toff in
ms
fc in Hz
Modulated signal
Max. width
in ms
Dynamic range
in Volt
Min. width
in ms
Waveforms:
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
30
[10ECL58]
To find the critical amplitude and dynamic range:

As the amplitude of the modulating signal is increased the width of the pulses during the
negative half cycle of the modulating signal will reduce and during positive half cycle will
increase. Keep on increasing the amplitude of the modulating signal until the pulses will
disappear for the first time either because the width of the pulse may become zero during
negative half cycle or the width of the pulse may become so large that it combines with
neighboring pulse during positive half cycle. The corresponding amplitude of the modulating
signal is the critical amplitude.
The dynamic range is the difference between the critical amplitude and the amplitude of the
modulating signal at which the PWM just begin.
Result:
Pulse width = _____________ms
Dynamic range = ___________Volt
Critical amplitude = __________Volt
Dept of ECE,
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
31
[10ECL58]
Experiment No. :08(b)
PULSE POSITION MODULATION

Aim:To conduct an experiment to generate PPM signal and to measure critical amplitude.
Apparatus:
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Particulars
IC 555 ,IC 741
Diode BY127
CRO Probes
Range
As per design
-
Quantity
1 each
1 each
1
1 set
Theory:
Pulse position modulation : In this type the amplitude and width of the pulse are kept constant,
with reference to the position of a reference pulse, is changed according to the instantaneous
sampled value of the modulating signal. Hence transmitter has to send synchronizing pulses to
keep the transmitter and receiver in synchronism. It has advantage over that of PWM i.e. it
handles constant power output. But it requires synchronization at transmitter as well as receiver
which is the disadvantage. Pulse position modulation is a form of signal modulation in which
Modulation message bits are encoded by transmitting a single pulse in one of 2M possible timeshifts. This is repeated every T seconds, such that the transmitted bit rate is M/T bits per second.
It is primarily useful for optical communications systems, where there tends to be little or no
multipath interference.
Procedure:
2. Connection are made as shown in the circuit diagram
3. Check the output of the mono stable multivibrator (un modulated carrier) for the
designed pulse width by giving un modulated PWM signal (m(t) amplitude set to
zero).
4. By increasing the amplitude of the modulating signal observe the PWM waveform
and then observe the PPM waveform.
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
32
[10ECL58]
Circuit Diagram:
Design:
Specifications: Pulse width = 200s, fc = 1KHz
Monostable Multivibrator:
Pulse width = 1.1 R Ct
Assume Ct = 0.01 f , then R = 18.18 K
Differentiator:
Rs x Cs << 1 / fc , Since fc = 1kHz , choose Rs x Cs = 0.01 / fc
Assume Cs = 0.001f , then Rs = 10 K
Tabular Column:
fm = _________________Hz
Ton in ms
Dept of ECE,
Un modulated carrier signal

Toff in ms
fc in Hz
Pulse width in ms
K.I.T
Dynamic range in Volt
33
[10ECL58]
Waveforms:
To find the critical amplitude and dynamic range:

As the amplitude of the modulating signal is increased the position of the pulses will vary.
Keep on increasing the amplitude of the modulating signal until the pulses will disappear. The
corresponding amplitude of the modulating signal is the critical amplitude.
The dynamic range is the difference between the critical amplitude and the amplitude of the
modulating signal at which the PPM just begin.
Result:
Pulse width = _____________ms
Dynamic range = ___________Volt
Critical amplitude = __________Volt
Dept of ECE,
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
34
[10ECL58]
Experiment No.09
FREQUENCY MODULATION
Aim: To conduct an experiment to generate Frequency modulated wave and to measure
frequency deviation and modulation index.
Apparatus:
Sl.
No.
1.
2.
3.
Particulars
Range
Quantity
IC 8038
CRO Probes
As per design
-
4
1 each
1 set
Theory:
Frequency Modulation (FM) is a form of modulation, which represents information as
variations in the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. In analog applications, the carrier
frequency is varied in direct proportion to changes in the amplitude of an input signal. Digital
data can be represented by shifting the carrier frequency among a set of discrete values, a
technique known as frequency shift keying.
FM is commonly used at VHF radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music and
speech. Normal (analog) TV sound is also broadcast using FM. A narrowband form is used for
voice communications in commercial and amateur radio settings. The type of FM used to
broadcast is generally called wide-FM or W-FM. In two-way radio, narrowband fm(N-FM) is
used to conserve bandwidth. In addition, it is used to send signals into space.
Procedure:
3. By switching off the modulating signal m(t) note the frequency of the carrier wave at Pin
No.2 of IC-8038.
4. Apply the modulating signal with suitable amplitude to get the FM signal.
5. Note the maximum(fcmax) and minimum(fcmin) frequency of the carrier wave in FM signal
6. Calculate the frequency deviation, modulation index and bandwidth.
Circuit Diagram:
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
35
[10ECL58]
Design:
Specification: Carrier frequency fc = 3 KHz
fc = 0.3 / (R Ct ) Where R = Ra = Rb
Assume R = Ra = Rb = 10 k then Ct = 0.01f
Choose RL = 10 k, R1 = 82 k, Cc = 0.1 f
Waveforms:
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
36
[10ECL58]
Tabular Column:
fc = ________ Hz, fm = __________ Hz,
Sl
no
Vm in
V
fc max
in Hz
fc min
in Hz
1 in
Hz
2 in
Hz
3 in
Hz
= /fm
BT =2
+2fm
in Hz
Tmin= .
Tmax= .
fmin = .
fmax = .
Modulation index = fmax fmin
fm
Result:
Modulation index = ________________
Maximum frequency Deviation = __________ Hz
Bandwidth of Operation = ________________ Hz
Dept of ECE,
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
37
[10ECL58]
HALF WAVE PRECISION RECTIFIERS

Aim:- To design a half wave precision rectifier
Components
Quality
Quantity
Op-amp IC
A741
Diodes
Resistors
Signal generator
1+1
10K,1K
1,2
1
Circuit Diagram:-
Design:A = -Rf / R1
Vo = -Rf / R1(Vi)
Rf / R1 = slope = 10
Rf = 10 R1
Let R1=1K, then Rf= 10K
Procedure:1. Connections are made as shown in the fig.
2. For chosen values of Rf & R1, note down the Vo value.
3. For design value of V1 & V2 voltage, calculate the values
4. Keep the frequency less than 1KHz and amplitude should be more than 5V
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
38
[10ECL58]
Waveforms:-
Transfer characteristics:-
Result:-
Dept of ECE,
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
39
[10ECL58]
FULL WAVE PRECISION RECTIFIERS

Aim:- To design a full wave precision rectifier
Components
Quality
Quantity
Op-amp IC
A741
Diodes
Resistors
Signal generator
1+1
1K,470K
4,1
1
Circuit Diagram:-
Design:Let R1=R2=R3=R5=1K
R4=R/2=470
For positive cycle, Vo = -[(R5/R3)Vi + (R5/R4)(-Vi)]
= -[(R/R)Vi + (R / (R/2))(-Vi)]
= -[Vi-2Vi]
Vo = Vi
For negative cycle, Vo = -[(R5/R3)Vi + (R5/R4)(-Vi)]
= -[R/R(-Vi)]
Vo = Vi
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
40
[10ECL58]
Procedure:1. Connections are made as shown in the fig.

2. For chosen values of R.R2, R3 & R5, note down the Vo value.
3. Keep the frequency less than 1 KHz
Waveforms:-
Transfer characteristics:-
Result:-
Dept of ECE,
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
41
[10ECL58]
Experiment No. :11
CLASS C TUNED AMPLIFIER

Aim:To conduct an experiment to find the efficiency of Class-Characteristics tuned amplifier.
Apparatus :Sl.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Particulars
Transistor SL100
DIB, DRB
Milliammeter
CRO Probes
Specification
As per design
0-20/200mA
-
Quantity
1
1 each
1 each
1
1 set
Theory:
An electronic amplifier is a device for increasing the power of a signal. It does this by taking
power from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input signal shape but with a
larger amplitude. An idealized amplifier can be said to be a a piece of wire with gain, as the
output is an exact replica of the input, but larger.
Amplifier circuits are classified as A, B, AB and Characteristics for analog designs and class
D and E for switching designs.
Class C
Class C amplifiers conduct less than 50% of the input signal and the distortion at the output is
high, but efficiencies of up to 90% can be reached. The input signal is used to roughly switch the
amplifying device on and off, which causes pulses of current to flow through a tuned circuit. The
tuned circuit will only resonate at particular frequencies, and so the unwanted frequencies are
dramatically suppresses, and the wanted full signal(sine wave) will be abstracted by the tuned
load. Provided the transmitter is not required to operate over a very wide band of frequencies,
this arrangement works extremely well. Other residual harmonics can be removed using a filter.
Circuit Diagram:
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
42
[10ECL58]
%m
Design :
Specification: fIFT = 455 KHz
RC >> T Where T = 1 / fIFT
Let RC = 100 T Assume C = 0.01f then R = 21.97 K
%m
Vm
Envelop Detector :
1/fm > Rd Cd>1/fc Let Rd Cd = 100 / fc
Assume Cd = 0.001f , then Rd = 200 K
Vc
Tabular column for modulation:
Sl. Vmax
No in
Volt
Vmin M= (Vmax Vmin)

(Vmax + Vmin)
in
Volt
Vm= (Vmax Vmin)

2
in Volt
Vc= (Vmax + Vmin)

2
in Volt
Procedure:
1. Check the components/equipments for their working condition.
3. By switching off the modulating signal, find the tuned frequency of IFT by varying
frequency of c(t).
4. Keeping the carrier frequency at the tuned frequency of the IFT switch on the
modulating signal and observe the AM signal.
5. Find the modulation index m, the amplitude of the carrier signal Vc and the amplitude
of the message signal Vm by recording the Vmax and Vmin.(Vmax and Vmin should
be measured from both AM signal and Trapezoidal waveform.)
6. Repeat the above step by varying the amplitude of modulating signal. Plot a graph of
Vm Vs %m.
7. Connect the envelope detector circuit and observe the demodulated signal.
Note: To obtain the trapezoidal waveform, feed the modulating signal to channel (i) and AM
wave to channel (ii) press X Y knob.
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
43
[10ECL58]
Ideal Graph:
Result:
Dept of ECE,
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
44
[10ECL58]
Experiment No.: - 12
FREQUENCY SYNTHESIS USING PLL

Aim:- To conduct an experiment to study FM demodulation using 565 IC PLL.
1
2
3
4
5
Components
PLL IC
CRO
Capacitor
Resistors
Decade
capacitance box
Quality
565 IC
470PF,0.01F, 0.1F
560, 10K
Quantity
1
1
1,1,1
1,1
1
Circuit diagram:-
Design:fc = 63.8KHz(fm generator)

fc = 0.3 / R1C1
Let C1= 470PF then R1=10K
Design of LPF: fc = 1/ 2RC2
fc>>fm , signal say 500Hz
C=0.08F(DCB)
R= 560
Dept of ECE,
K.I.T
45
[10ECL58]
Procedure:1.With Pin no.4 & 5 disconnected & without FM at pin no.

2.Measure the VCO frequency at pin no.4 and make it to be 63.8KHz by adjusting
3.Inter connect pin no.4 & 5 and apply un modulated carrier to pin no.2
4.Slightly vary the carrier frequency, VCO frequency also changes, the PLL is locked.
If VCO frequency doesnot change if PLL is not locked, changes input frequency or
VCO frequency to lock the PLL
5.In the same rate modulate the carrier at pin no.2 and observe demodulate signal at pin
no.7 and compare if m(t) modulation signal.
Waveforms:-
Result:-
Dept of ECE,
Staff Signature
K.I.T
Remarks
46

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Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Experiment No.: - 1(a)

SECOND ORDER ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER

5.6K, 10K, 3.3K

Design:Let Af =1.568 & fc=5KHz

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Theory for Active Filters:

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Tabular Column:Input voltage, vin = _______

Af= 20 log vo/vin

Result: - Cut-off frequency = ___________

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Experiment No.: - 1(b)

SECOND ORDER ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER

5.6K, 10K, 3.3K

Design:Let Af =1.568 & fc=5KHz

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Tabular Column:Input voltage, vin = _______

Af= 20 log vo/vin

Result: - Cut-off frequency = ___________

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Case2: Both UTP and LTP are positive

Let UTP=2V LTP=-2V

Let UTP= +3V LTP= +1V

UTP= R2 (+Vsat) + R2 Vref .(1)

UTP-LTP= 2R2 (+Vsat)

LTP= R2 (-Vsat) + R2 Vref (2)

Case3: Both UTP and LTP are negative

Equation (1)+(2) gives

UTP-LTP= 2R2 (+Vsat)

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

ii)With Positive Reference Voltage:

iii)With Negative Reference Voltage:

ii) WITH POSITIVE

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

.iii) WITH NEGATIVE

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Date of Completion of Exp.

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Experiment No. :03

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Date of Completion of Exp.

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Pulse width (W) observed = _______________

Date of Completion of Exp.

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Design : Without Diode

Hence Ton = Toff = 0.5ms

Duty cycle D = Ton

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

GENERATION & DETECTION OF AM WAVE

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

RC >> T Where T = 1 / fIFT

Vmin m= (Vmax Vmin)

Vm= (Vmax Vmin)

Vc= (Vmax + Vmin)

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Tabular column for demodulation:

Analog Communication + LIC Lab

Result: - Cut-off frequency , fc = _, Higher Cut-off frequency , fH = _