Syllabus: Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007
Syllabus
Vector Differentiation
- Velocity and Acceleration
- Gradient
- Divergence
- Curl
- Laplacian
- Solenoidal and Irrotational Vectors
Recap
Scalar product : a . b a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3
| a | | b | cos , is the angle between a and b
Pr ojection : projection of a on b is a . b .
Work done : If a force F displaces are provide from A to B then
the work done is F . AB
i
j
k
Vector product : a b a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
| a | | b | sin n where n is unit vector perpendicular to both
a and b
Moment: If the vecto r moment of a force F about a po int A
through a point P is M AP F
a1
a2
a3
c1
c3
Scalar triple product : [ a , b , c ] a . ( b c )

b1
c2
b3
c3
Page 1 of 72
Equation of line :
Equations of a line pas sin g through (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and direction ratios
x x1
y y1
z z1
a
b
c
a, b, c are
Equation of a plane : is of the form

ax + by + cz + d = 0 where a,b,c are the DR's of the normal.
Introduction
In this chapter the basic concepts of Differential Calculus of scalar functions are
extended to vector functions.
Here we study vector differentiation, gradient, divergence, curl, solenoidal and
irrational fields.
Also we study about vector integration and verification of the integral theorems.
Vector Function of a Scalar Variable
Let f f1 i f2 j f3 k where f1 , f2 and f3 are functions of a var iable t
is called a vector function.
If f1, f2 and f3 are differentiable then we define
df
df
df
f (t t) f (t) df1
lim
i 2 j 3k
dt
t
dt
dt
dt
t 0
Similarly higher order derivatives can also be defined.
Note:
df
0 iff f is a cons tan t vector .
dt
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Rules of differentiation
1. If g (t) is a scalar function of t and f (t) is a vector function of
d
df
d
scalar t then
( f )
f
dt
dt
dt
2. If and are scalar cons tan ts, f and g are vector functions of
d
df
dg
t then
( f g )

dt
dt
dt
dg
d
df
3.
( f . g) f .
.g
dt
dt
dt
Proof:
Let
f f1 i f2 j f3 k
g g1 i g2 j g3 k
f . g f1 g1 f2 g2 f3 g3
d
dt
( f . g ) f1
dg 1
g1
dt
df 1
dt
f2
dg 2
dt
g2
df 2
dt
f3
dg 3
dt
g3
df 3
dt
dg3 df1
df
dg2
df
dg1

f1
f2
f3
g1 2 g2 3 g3
dt
dt
dt dt
dt
dt
dg
f .
dt
df
.g
dt
d dg
df
4.
( f g) f
g
dt
dt
dt
Proof:
Let f f1 i f2 j f3 k
g g1 i g2 j g3 k
i
j
f g f1 f2
g1 g2
k
f3
g3
Page 3 of 72
f g
i (f2 g3 g2 f3 )
d
d
( f g)
dt
dt
i (f2 g3 g2 f3 )
d f
i dt2 g3 f2
i dt2 g3
d f
df
dt
d
5.
dt

f , g, h
dg3
df
dg2
f3 g2 3
dt
dt
dt
dg2
f3
dt
i f2
dg3
df
g2 3
dt
dt
dg
g f
dt
d f
d g
d h
, g, h f ,
,h f , g ,

dt
dt
dt
Proof:
d
dt

d
f , g, h
f g . h
dt

f g . h f g . d h
dt
dt
d h
d f
dg
g . h f
. h f g .
dt
dt
dt
d f
d g
d h
, g , h f ,
, h f , g,
dt
dt
dt
df
6. If | f | cons tan t then f .
0
dt
Proof:
Let | f | C
| f | a2
where a is constant
f . f cons tan t
d
dt

f . f 0
Page 4 of 72
d f
df
f .
d f
f .
dt
dt
.f 0
dt
df
7. If f has a fixed direction then f
0
dt
Proof:
Let f f e
df
Now f
dt
d
(f e)
dt
df
fe
fe e
de
0
dt
dt
df
(e e)
dt
df
(0)
dt
df
8. If f
0 then f has a fixed direction.
dt
Equation of a Space Curve

Let P (x,y,z) be any point in space then its position vector is
OP r x i y j z k
If x = x(t), y = y(t) and z = z(t) are functions of a scalar variable
t then r r (t) describes a curve in space called the space curve.
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Note 1:
dr
represents the velocity v (rate of change of position with which
dt
the ter min al po int of r describes the curve )
Note 2:
dr
is along the direction of the tan gent to the space curve at
dt
P (x, y, z)
Note 3:
The unit tan gent vector to the space curve is denoted by t and
is given by
dr
dt
dr
|
|
dt
Note 4:
dv
d2 r
is called the acceleration a of the curve at time t.

dt
dt 2
Unit Normal to a Space Curve

Let A be a fixed point on the curve and s be the length of the arc AP where
P(x,y,z) is a point on the space curve.
Page 6 of 72
Let t be the unit tan gent vector at P.

Consider t . t 1
d.w.r.t s
dt
dt
t .
.t 0
ds
ds
dt
2t .
0
ds
dt
t .
0
ds
dt
is a normal to the space curve and n
ds
dt
ds
dt
|
|
ds
is called the unit normal to the curve.
Scalar and Vector Fields

Scalar Valued Function
Let P(x,y,z) which is a scalar is called a scalar point function.
Note: A scalar point function is also called a scalar fixed . = (x,y,z)
Ex.:
2
2
2
(x,y,z) = x + y + z
Vector Valued Function

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Let P(x,y,z) be a point.
A vector point function is a vector whose
components are real valued functions of x,y,z. A vector point function is called a
vector field F .
f f (x, y, z) f1 i f2 j f3 k
Ex:
F xyz i x 2 y j yz k
Differenti al operator :
denotes the operation

i
j
k
x
y
z

i
x
does not represent a vector if only defines the differenti al operator
Gradient of a Scalar Field

Let (x, y, z) be a scalar field, then

i
k
x
z
is called the gradient of denoted by .
The following are some results obtained by the definition of .
1. () , is a scalar cons tan t.

2. ( ) , and are scalar fields.
3. ( ) , and are scalar cons tan ts
4. ( )

5.
6. d
dx
dy
dz
x
y
z
i
j
k
x
i dx j dy k dz
d . d r
Page 8 of 72
Geometrical Interpretation
Q (x, y, z) c represents a surface in space and represents a normal
to the surface at any point.
Note 1: Since = c on the surface.
d . d r 0
which shows that is perpendicu lar to the tan gent plane at any po int .
Note 2 : Unit vector along is denoted by n
is called the unit normal

||
to the surface (x,y,z) = c.

Directional Derivative
Let a be a vector inclined at an angle with then .
a is called the directional derivative along a .
Note : Maximum value of directional derivative is n | |
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Divergence of a Vector Field
Let f f1 i f2 j f3 k be a vector field then divergence of f
denoted by div f or . f is defined as
div . f . f
f3
f1
f2
x
y
z
fi
x
Physical Interpretation
If v the velocity of a moving fluid at a po int P at time t, then div v represents
the rate at which the fluid moves out of a unit volume enclosing the point P.
Solenoidal Vector
A vector field f is said to be solenoidal if div. f 0 .
Properties

1. div ( f g ) div f div g , where f and g are vector fields .

2. div ( f ) div f where is a scalar cons tan t.
div ( f g ) div f div g where and are scalar
3.
cons tan ts.
4. If is a scalar field and f is a vector field then div ( f ) div f .
Proof:
Let
f f1 i f2 j f3 k
then f f1 i f2 j f3 k
( f1 )
( f2 )
( f3 )
x
y
z
div ( f )
f
f1
f
f1
2 f2
3 f3
x
x
y
y
y
y
x1 i x . f1 i
div f . f
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Laplacian of a scalar field

Let
= (x,y,z) be a scalar field
then is a vector field

and div ( ) .

yy
z
x
2
x2
2
y2
z2
denoted by 2 is called the Laplacian of a scalar field .

Note 1:
2
2
x2
2
y2
2
z2
Note 2:
A scalar field is called a harmonic function if 2 0
Note 3:
2 ( ) 2 2 , where and are cons tan ts,

and are scalar fields.
Curl of a Vector field
Let f f1 i f2 j f3 k then curl of f denoted by curl f or
f is defined as
y3
f2
z
f /x
f1
j
k
/ y / z
f2
f3
If v is the velocity of a particle in rigid body rotating about a fixed
axis then the angular velocity at any po int is given by
1
curl v .
2
Page 11 of 72
Irrational Vector
f is said to irrational if curl f 0
Properties
(i) If f and g are vector fields then curl ( f g ) curl f curl g
(ii) Curl ( f ) Curl f , where is a scalar cons tan t.
(iii) If is a scalar field and f is vector field then
curl ( f ) curl f f
Proof:
( f3 )
( f2 ) i
z
y
Curl ( f )
Curl ( f )
f3
f2

z
y
f3 f2
z
y

i
f3
f2 i
z
f3
f2 i
z
y
...(1)
Consider
i
j
k
f / x / y / z
f1
f2
f3
y f3

f2 i
z
Curl ( f ) curl f f
(iv) Curl ( ) 0
Proof:
Curl ( )
y z z y
(v). If f is a vector field then div (Curl f ) 0

Proof:
Page 12 of 72
f
f f
f
f
f
Curl f 3 2 i 1 3 i 2 1 k
f3 f2
f1 f3 f2 f1
x y
z z z
x x x
y
div (curl f )
2 f3
2 f3
2 f2
2 f1
2 f2
2 f1
x y
x z y z
y x
z x
z y
=0
Some important Identities
(i) Divergence of a vector product:
If f and g are vector fields then
div ( f g ) g . curl f f . curl g
Proof:
Let
f f1 i f2 j f3 k
g g1 i g2 j g3 k
f g (f2 g3 g2 f3 ) i (f3g1 f1g3 ) j (f1g2 f2 g1 ) k
div ( f g)
x f2
.

( f g)
x
g
f
i .
g f
x
x
i . x
g3 f3 g2
i . x
f
i
. g
x
g
i
. f
x
( f ) . g ( g) . f
g . Curl f f . Curl g
(ii)
Curl of Curl of a vector:

Page 13 of 72
Curl (Curl f ) grad (div f ) 2 f
Proof:
f
f
f
f
f 3 2 i 1 2
z
x
y
z1
Curl (Curl f )
f2 f1
j
k
y
x
f2
f1 f1 f3
y z z
x
x
i y
2
2
2
2 f
1 f1 f1 f3 i
z x
y x
y2
z2
2
2
2
2 f
3 f2 f2 f1 j

x y
z y
z2
x 2
2 f
2 f3
2 f3
2 f 2
1
k
y z
x z
x 2
y2
adding and subtracting
2 f1
y2
i x x1
i x (div f ) 2
2 f3
z2
to each of the terms .
f2 f3 2 f1 2 f2 2 f1
2
y
z x 2
y
z2
(div f ) 2 f
Note 1:

The operator f . (f1 i f2 j f3 k) .
i
j
k
x
f1
f2
f3
x
y
z
is called the Linear differential operator.

Note 2: If is a scalar field

f . f f f
1
2
3
x
y
z
Note 3:
Page 14 of 72
If g is a vector field
g
g
g
f . g f1
f2
f3
x
y
z
(iii)
Gradient of a scalar field:

( f . g ) f Curl g g Curl f ( f . ) g ( g . ) f
Proof:

Consider ( f . g )
i x

f g
i
.g f .
x
x
f
i g .

x
Now g Curl f
( f . g)
g
i f .
...(1)
x
f
g i
f
i
g .
x
f
g.i

i g.
g . f
g Curl f ( g . ) g
i g.
...(2)
x
Similarly
f curl g ( f .) g
i f . x
...(3)
Page 15 of 72
From (1), (2) and (3)

Note:
If f g then ( f . f ) 2 f Curl f 2 ( f . ) f
or
1
grad ( f . f ) f Curl f ( f . ) f
2
(iv) Curl of a vector product
Curl ( f g ) f div g g div f ( g .) f ( f .) g
Proof:

Curl ( f g )
g
f
i
g f
x
x
f
i
g
x
f
i
g
x
g
f
g
i f
f f
i.
g
( i . g )
x
x
f
g1
g
x

( f g)
x
i. x
g
g
f (i . f )
i
x
x
i. x
g
f1
x
( g .) f g div f f div g ( f . ) g
f div g g div f ( g . ) f ( f .) g
Integration of Vector functions
Let f be a vector field defined over a region R in space and C be a

Page 16 of 72
curve in R whose equation is
r x(t) i y (t) j z(t) k
Let A and B be two points on Curve C corresponding to t = a and t = b,
dr
dt
We have t
dr
|
|
dt
f . t ds is called the line int egral of f along curve C between A and B.
AB
Note 1:
The above int egral is also represented as
f . t ds
Note 2:
dr
Since t
ds
f . t ds
f .d r
Note 3:
f .d r
f1 dx f2 dy f3
dz
Note 4:
Also
f .d r
dx
f1 dt
f2
dy
dz
f3
dt
dt
dt
Physical Meaning:
Page 17 of 72
f .d r
represents the work done in moving a particle of unit mass
along the Curve C from A to B.
Surface Integral of a vector function
The surface int egral of f over a surface S is defined as
f . n dS where n
is the unit normal to the surface S and dS = dx dy
Physical Meaning:
The surface int egral of f gives the total normal flux through a surface.
Volume integral of a vector function
The volume int egral of f over a volume V is defined as
f dV f1d V i f2 dV j d V k
V
V
Integral Theorems
Green's Theorem (Statement only)
Let M(x,y) and N(x,y) be two functions defined in a region A in the xy plane with
a simple closed curve C as its boundary then
(M dx
Mdy)
x
A
M
dx dy
y
Strokes Theorem (Statement only)

Let S be an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve C for a field
Page 18 of 72
f defined over a region containing S and C.
f .d r
(Curl f ) . n d S
Gauss Divergence theorem (Statement only)

Let S be the closed boundary surface of a region of Volume V. Then for a
vector field f
defined in V and on S.
f . n dS
div f dV
i.e., in Cartesian form
f1 dy dz
S
f2 dz dx f3 dx dy
f1
x
V
f2 f3
dx dy dz
y
z
Note:
Page 19 of 72
For any vector field f , and any closed surface S
Curl f . n dS 0
Page 20 of 72
Summary
Vector function: A vector function of a scalar variable t is of the form
f1(t) i f2 (t) j f3 (t) k
Differentiation of a Vector:
df df df
df
1 i 2 j 3 k
dt
dt
dt
dt
Equation of a space curve: Equation of a space curve is represented by
r (t) x(t) i y(t) j z (t) k
dr
Velocity :
is the velocity v and is along the tan gent to the
dt
space curve.
Unit tan gent vector : t
dr
dt
dr
|
|
dt
dt
ds
Unit normal : n
dt
|
ds
Scalar field: A scalar corresponding to each (x,y,z) in a region R.

Vector field: A vector corresponding to each (x,y,z) in a region R
r f1 (x, y, z) i f2 (x, y, z) j f3 (x, y, z) k
Gradient : If is a scalar field then i

j
k
is called the
x
y
z
gradient of .
Unit Normal to the surface : If = c is a surface then
n is the unit normal to the surface.

||
Page 21 of 72
Directional derivative : . a is called the directional derivative in
the direction of a .
Divergence of a vector field : If f f1 i f2 j f3 k
then div f . f
f3
f1 f2
x
y
z
is a vector field
x1
Solenoidal : f is solenoida.l of div f 0
Laplacian of a scalar field: Let be a scalar field then

2
2
x2
2
y2
z2
Curl of a vector field : Let f be a vector field then curl of f
Curl f f
x
f1
y
f2
z
f3
f3 f2
z
y
Irrational: f is irrational if Curl f 0
Introduction
In this chapter the basic concepts of Differential Calculus of scalar functions are
extended to vector functions.
Here we study vector differentiation, gradient, divergence, curl, solenoidal and
irrational fields.
Also we study about vector integration and verification of the integral theorems.
Vector Function of a Scalar Variable
Let f f1 i f2 j f3 k where f1 , f2 and f3 are functions of a var iable t
is called a vector function.

Page 22 of 72
If f1, f2 and f3 are differentiable then we define
df
df
df
f (t t) f (t) df1
lim
i 2 j 3k
dt
t
dt
dt
dt
t 0
Similarly higher order derivatives can also be defined.
Note:
df
0 iff f is a cons tan t vector .
dt
Rules of differentiation
1. If g (t) is a scalar function of t and f (t) is a vector function of
d
df
d
scalar t then
( f )
f
dt
dt
dt
2. If and are scalar cons tan ts, f and g are vector functions of
d
df
dg
t then
( f g )

dt
dt
dt
dg
d
df
3.
( f . g) f .
.g
dt
dt
dt
Proof:
Let
f f1 i f2 j f3 k
g g1 i g2 j g3 k
f . g f1 g1 f2 g2 f3 g3
d
dt
( f . g ) f1
dg 1
dt
g1
df 1
dt
f2
dg 2
dt
g2
df 2
dt
f3
dg 3
dt
g3
df 3
dt
dg3 df1
df
dg2
df
dg1

f1
f2
f3
g1 2 g2 3 g3
dt
dt
dt dt
dt
dt
dg
f .
dt
df
.g
dt
Page 23 of 72
4.
dg
df
d
( f g) f
g
dt
dt
dt
Proof:
g g1 i g2 j g3 k
i
j
f g f1 f2
g1 g2
f g
k
f3
g3
(f2 g3 g2 f3 )
d
d
( f g)
dt
dt
i (f2 g3 g2 f3 )
d f
i dt2 g3 f2
i dt2 g3
d f
df
dt
d
5.
dt

f , g, h

dg3
df
dg2
f3 g2 3
dt
dt
dt
dg2
f3
dt
i f2
dg3
df
g2 3
dt
dt
dg
g f
dt
d f
d g
d h
, g, h f ,
,h f , g ,

dt
dt
dt
Proof:
d
dt

d
f , g, h
f g . h
dt
dt

f g . h f g . d h
dt
d h
d f
dg
g . h f
. h f g .
dt
dt
dt
d f
d g
d h
, g , h f ,
, h f , g,
dt
dt
dt
Page 24 of 72
d f
6. If | f | cons tan t then f .
dt
Proof:
Let | f | C
| f | a2
where a is constant
f . f cons tan t
d
dt

f . f 0
df
df
f .
.f 0
dt
dt
d f
f .
dt
df
7. If f has a fixed direction then f
0
dt
Proof:
Let f f e
df
Now f
dt
d
(f e)
dt
df
fe
fe e
dt
df
(e e)
dt
df
(0)
dt
de
0
dt
df
8. If f
0 then f has a fixed direction.
dt
Page 25 of 72
Equation of a Space Curve
Let P (x,y,z) be any point in space then its position vector is
OP r x i y j z k
If x = x(t), y = y(t) and z = z(t) are functions of a scalar variable
t then r r (t) describes a curve in space called the space curve.
Note 1:
dr
represents the velocity v (rate of change of position with which
dt
the ter min al po int of r describes the curve )
Note 2:
dr
is along the direction of the tan gent to the space curve at
dt
P (x, y, z)
Note 3:
The unit tan gent vector to the space curve is denoted by t and
is given by
dr
dt
dr
|
|
dt
Page 26 of 72
Note 4:
dv
d2 r
is called the acceleration a of the curve at time t.

dt
dt 2
Unit Normal to a Space Curve

Let A be a fixed point on the curve and s be the length of the arc AP where
P(x,y,z) is a point on the space curve.
Let t be the unit tan gent vector at P.

Consider t . t 1
d.w.r.t s
dt
dt
t .
.t 0
ds
ds
dt
2t .
0
ds
dt
t .
0
ds
dt
is a normal to the space curve and n
ds
dt
ds
dt
|
|
ds
Page 27 of 72
Scalar and Vector Fields

Scalar Valued Function
Let P(x,y,z) which is a scalar is called a scalar point function.

Note: A scalar point function is also called a scalar fixed . = (x,y,z)
Ex.:
(x,y,z) = x
2
2
+y +z
Vector Valued Function

Let P(x,y,z) be a point.
A vector point function is a vector whose
components are real valued functions of x,y,z. A vector point function is called a
vector field F .
f f (x, y, z) f1 i f2 j f3 k
Ex:
F xyz i x 2 y j yz k
Differenti al operator :
denotes the operation

i
j
k
x
y
z
x i
does not represent a vector if only defines the differenti al operator
Gradient of a Scalar Field

Let (x, y, z) be a scalar field, then

i
k
x
z
is called the gradient of denoted by .
The following are some results obtained by the definition of .
1. () , is a scalar cons tan t.

2. ( ) , and are scalar fields.
3. ( ) , and are scalar cons tan ts
4. ( )

5.
Page 28 of 72
6. d
dx
dy
dz
x
y
z

i
j
k
x
i dx j dy k dz
d . d r
Geometrical Interpretation
Q (x, y, z) c represents a surface in space and represents a normal
to the surface at any point.
Note 1: Since = c on the surface.
d . d r 0
which shows that is perpendicular to the tan gent plane at any po int .
Note 2 : Unit vector along is denoted by n
is called the unit normal

||
to the surface (x,y,z) = c.

Directional Derivative
Let a be a vector inclined at an angle with then .
a is called the directional derivative along a .
Page 29 of 72
Note : Maximum value of directional derivative is n | |
Divergence of a Vector Field
Let f f1 i f2 j f3 k be a vector field then divergence of f
denoted by div f or . f is defined as
div . f . f
f3
f1
f2
x
y
z
fi
x
If v the velocity of a moving fluid at a po int P at time t, then div v represents
the rate at which the fluid moves out of a unit volume enclosing the point P.
Solenoidal Vector
A vector field f is said to be solenoidal if div. f 0 .
Properties

1. div ( f g ) div f div g , where f and g are vector fields .

2. div ( f ) div f where is a scalar cons tan t.
div ( f g ) div f div g where and are scalar
3.
cons tan ts.
4. If is a scalar field and f is a vector field then div ( f ) div f .
Proof:
Page 30 of 72
then f f1 i f2 j f3 k
( f1 )
( f2 )
( f3 )
x
y
z
div ( f )
f
f1
f
f1
2 f2
3 f3
x
x
y
y
y
y

x1 i x . f1 i
div f . f
Laplacian of a scalar field

Let
= (x,y,z) be a scalar field
then is a vector field

and div ( ) .
2
x2
2
y2
z2
denoted by 2 is called the Laplacian of a scalar field .
Note 1:
2
2
x2
2
y2
2
z2
Note 2:
A scalar field is called a harmonic function if 2 0

Note 3:
2 ( ) 2 2 , where and are cons tan ts,
and are scalar fields.
Curl of a Vector field
Let f f1 i f2 j f3 k then curl of f denoted by curl f or

Page 31 of 72
f is defined as
y3
f2
z
i
/x
f1
j
k
/ y / z
f2
f3
If v is the velocity of a particle in rigid body rotating about a fixed

axis then the angular velocity at any po int is given by
1
curl v .
2
Irrational Vector
f is said to irrational if curl f 0
Properties
(i) If f and g are vector fields then curl ( f g ) curl f curl g
(ii) Curl ( f ) Curl f , where is a scalar cons tan t.
(iii) If is a scalar field and f is vector field then
curl ( f ) curl f f
Proof:
Curl ( f )
f
)
f
)
3
2 i
z
y
Curl ( f )
f3
f2
y
z

y3
f2
z

i
f3
f2 i
z
y f3 z f2 i
...(1)
Consider
i
j
k
f / x / y / z
f1
f2
f3
Page 32 of 72
f3
f2 i
Curl ( f ) curl f f
(iv) Curl ( ) 0
Proof:
Curl ( )
y z z y
(v). If f is a vector field then div (Curl f ) 0

Proof:
f
f
Curl f 3 2
z
y
div (curl f )
f
f1 f3
f
i
i 2 1 k
x
y
z
x
f3 f2
f1 f3 f2 f1
x y
z z z
x x x
y
2 f3
2 f3
2 f2
2 f1
2 f2
2 f1
x y
x z y z
y x
z x
z y
=0
Some important Identities
(i) Divergence of a vector product:
div ( f g ) g . curl f f . curl g
Proof:
Let
f f1 i f2 j f3 k
g g1 i g2 j g3 k
f g (f2 g3 g2 f3 ) i (f3g1 f1g3 ) j (f1g2 f2 g1 ) k
div ( f g)
x f2
g3 f3 g2
Page 33 of 72
g
f
i .
g f
x
x
i . x
( f g)
i . x
f
i
. g
x
g
i
. f
x
( f ) . g ( g) . f
g . Curl f f . Curl g
(ii)
Curl of Curl of a vector:
Curl (Curl f ) grad (div f ) 2 f
Proof:
f
f
f
f
f 3 2 i 1 2
z
x
y
z1
Curl (Curl f )
f2 f1
j
k
y
x
f2
f1 f1 f3
y z z
x
x
i y
2
2
2
2 f
1 f1 f1 f3 i
z x
y x
y2
z2
2
2
2
2 f
3 f2 f2 f1 j

x y
z y
z2
x 2
2 f
2 f3
2 f3
2 f 2
1
k
2
2
z
x z
x
y
adding and subtracting
i x x1
2 f1
y2
2 f3
z2
to each of the terms .
f2 f3 2 f1 2 f2 2 f1
y
z x 2
y 2
z2
Page 34 of 72
i
(div f ) 2 f
(div f ) 2 f
Note 1:

The operator f . (f1 i f2 j f3 k) .
i
j
k
x
f1
f2
f3
x
y
z
is called the Linear differential operator.

Note 2: If is a scalar field

f . f f f
1
2
3
x
y
z
Note 3:
If g is a vector field
g
g
g
f . g f1
f2
f3
x
y
z
(iii)
Gradient of a scalar field:

Proof:

Consider ( f . g )
Now g Curl f
i x
( f . g)

f g
i
.g f .
x
x
f
i g .

x
g
i f .
...(1)
x
x
Page 35 of 72
f
i
g .
x
f
g.i

i g.
g . f
g Curl f ( g . ) g
i g.
...(2)
x
Similarly
f curl g ( f .) g
i f . x
...(3)
From (1), (2) and (3)

Note:
If f g then ( f . f ) 2 f Curl f 2 ( f . ) f
or
1
grad ( f . f ) f Curl f ( f . ) f
2
(iv) Curl of a vector product
Curl ( f g ) f div g g div f ( g .) f ( f .) g
Proof:

Curl ( f g )

( f g)
x
g
f
i
g f
x
x
Page 36 of 72
f
g
g
x
f
i
g
x
g
i f
f
g1
g
x
i. x
f f
i.
g
( i . g )
x
x
f x
g
g
f (i . f )
i
x
x
i. x
g
f1
x
( g .) f g div f f div g ( f . ) g
f div g g div f ( g . ) f ( f .) g
Question and answers

01. If f , g , h are vectors functions of a scalar variable t. Prove that

d
dt
d f d g d h
x g x h f x
x h f x g x
f x g x h
dt
dt
dt
Suggested answer:
d
dt
d f d
x g x h f x
f x g x h
dt
dt

g x h

d f d g d h
x g x h f x
x h g x
dt
dt
dt
d h
d f d g
x g x h f x
x h fx g x
dt
dt
dt
02. If e 2t , f e t i e t j 2t k, g cos t i sin t j t k
Page 37 of 72
find i)

d
d
d
dt
f , ii)
f g iii)
f xg
dt
dt
Suggested answer:
i) f e t i e 3t j 2te 2t k
d
dt

f e t i 3e 3t j 2 2te 2t e 2t k
ii)
d
dt

f g (e t sin t) i (e t cos t) j ( 2 1) k
iii) f x g
et
et
cos t sin t
2t
t
i (te t 2t sin t) j(te t e t cos t) k(e t sin t e t )
d
( f x g) i tet et 2t cos t 2 sin t
dt
j et tet et cos t et sin t
k et cos t et sin t et cos t e t sin t .
-t
03. A particle moves along the curve whose parametric coordinates are x = e ,
y = 2 cos 3t, z = 2 sin 3t. Here t is time i) Determine its velocity and
acceleration at time t ii) find the magnitude of velocity and acceleration at t =
0.
Suggested answer:
Page 38 of 72
i) Equation to the curve is
r e t i 2 cos 3t j 2 sin 3t k
dr
v
e t i 6 sin 3t j 6 cos 3t k
dt
d2 r
dt 2
e t i 18 cos 3t j 18 sin 3t k
ii) At t = 0, v i 6 k, a i 18 j and
| v | 37, | a | 325
2
04. Find the unit tangent vectors at any point on the curve x = t +1, y = 4t - 3,
2
z = 2t - 6t. Determine the unit tangent at the point t = 2.

Suggested answer:
Equation to the space curve is
r (t 2 1) i (4t 3) j (2t 2 6t) k
dr
2t i 4 j (4t 6) k
dt
d r
4 i 4 j 2 k
dt
t 2
dr
unit tangent t dt
dr
dt
Page 39 of 72
4 i 4 j 2k
36
2 2 1
i j k
3
3
3
05. A particle moves so that its position vector is given by
r cos t i sin t j, is a cons tan t show that
i) velocity v is perpendicular to r
ii) acceleration a is directed towards the origin and has magnitude proportional
to the distance from the origin.
iii) r x v is a cons tan t vector.

Suggested answer:
i) r cos t i sin t j

dr
sin t i cos t j v
dt
Now
ii) a
v.r 0
d2 r
dt 2
v r
2 cos t i sin t j
a 2 r
| a | 2 | r |
iii) r x v
Page 40 of 72
(cos t i sin t j )x( sin t i cos t j )
cos2 t ( i x j) sin2 t ( j x i )
cos2 t k sin2 t k
= constant vector.
dg

df
06. Two vector f and g such that
x f,
xg
dt
dt

d
( f x g ) x( f x g ) .
dt
for some , prove that
Suggested answer:
dg
d
df
( f x g) f x
xg
dt
dt
dt
f x( x g ) ( x f )x g
( f . g ) ( f . ) g ( g . ) f ( g . f )
( g . ) f ( f . ) g
x( f x g )
2
07. If x = t +1, y = 4t - 3, z = 2t - 6t represents the parametric equations of a

space curve. Find the angle between the unit tangents at t = 1 and t = 2.
Page 41 of 72
Suggested answer:
r (t 2 1) i (4t 3) j (2t 2 6t) k
dr
2t i 4 j (4t 6) k
dt
4t 2 16 16t 2 36 48t
2t i 4 j (4t 6) k
2t i 4 j (4t 6) k
20t 2 48t 52
t t 1
2 i 4 j 2 k
24
t t 2
a (say)
4 i 4 j 2 k
36
2 2 2
i j k b (say)
3
3
3
Let be the angle between a and b

a.b
| a || b |
cos 1
5
cos 1
3 6
08. If f cos nt sin nt where n is a constant scalar and and are

constant vectors prove that
Page 42 of 72
i) f x

df
n( a x b )
dt
ii)
d2 f
n2 f
dt 2
d f d2 f
iii) f ,
,
0
2
dt
dt
Suggested answer:
Given f cos nt a sin nt b
df
n sin nt a n cos nt b
dt
df
i) f x
(cos nt a sin nt b )x(n sin nt a n cos nt b )
dt
n cos2 nt( a x b ) n sin2 t( b x a )
n( a x b )
ii)
d2 f
dt 2
n2 cos nt a n2 sin nt b
n2 f
d f d2 f d f
2
iii) f ,
,
f , dt , n f 0
dt
dt 2
09. A particle moves along the curve x = t + 1, y = t , z = t + 5 where t is the

time. Find the components of velocity and acceleration along the vector
Page 43 of 72
c i 3 j 2 k at t = 1.
Suggested answer:
r (t 3 1) i t 2 j (t 5) k

dr
3t 2 i 2t j k
dt
d2 r
dt 2
6t i 2 j

d r
v 3 i 2 j k
dt
t 1
Now velocity along c is v c
Acceleration along c is a . c
d
10. Show that
dt
11
14
12
14

d A d2 A d A d3 A
A .
x
.
A , dt ,
2
3
dt
dt
dt
Suggested answer:
d
dt
d A d2 A
A , dt ,
dt 2

d A d A d2 A d2 A d2 A d A d3 A
,
,
,
A,
A , dt ,
dt
dt
dt 2
dt 2
dt 2
dt 3
Page 44 of 72
d A d3 A
0 0 A,
,
dt
dt 3
11. If R A ent B e nt , where A and B are cons tan t vectors
then show that
d2 R
dt 2
n2 R .
Suggested answer:
dR
nent A ne nt B
dt
d2 R
dt 2
n2 ent A n2 e nt B
n2 R
12. Find unit vector normal to the curve 4 sin t i 4 cos t j 3t k .

Suggested answer:
We have r 4 sin t i 4 cos t j 3t k
dr
4 cos t i 4 sin t j 3 k
dt
dr
5
dt
Page 45 of 72
dr
t dt
dr
dt
4 cos t i 4 sin t j 3 k
dt
d t dt d t / dt

ds
dt ds ds / dt
ds
dr
also
5
dt
dt
dt
1
(4 sin t i 4 cos t j )
ds 25
and N
4
(sin t i cos t j )
25
16 /(25)2
(sin t i cos j )
13. Find the unit normal vector to the curve x = 3 cost, y = 3sint, x = 4t.
Suggested answer:
We have r 3 cos t i 3 sin t j 4t k
dr
v
3 sin t i 3 cos t j 4 k (tan gent vector)
dt
| v | 5
Page 46 of 72
d r / dt
t
ds / dt
d t / dt
| d r / dt |
1
(3 cos t i 3 sin t j )
25
unit normal vector N
d t / ds
| d t / ds |
3
(cos t i sin t j )
25
3 / 25
(cos t i sin t j )
14. The position vectors of a moving particle at time t is r t 2 i t 3 j t 4 k .

Find the tangential and normal components of its acceleration at t = 1.
Suggested answer:
r t2 i t3 j t 4 k
dr
v
2t i 3t 2 j 4t 4 k
dt
v t 1 2 i 3 j 4 k
1
29
(2 i 3 j 4 k)
a t 1 2 i 6 j 12 k
Page 47 of 72
tangential component acceleration is a . v
70
29
Normal component of acceleration | a ( a . v) v |
82 i 36 j 68 k
29
1
822 362 682
29
= 3.8774
15. If is a function of r only, then prove that

1 d d
r
r.
r dr
dr
Suggested answer:

We have r 2 r . r x 2 y 2 z2
r
x r
y r z
,
,
x r y r z r
d x
dr r
d y
dr r
d z
dr r
1 d
(x i y j z k)
r dr
Page 48 of 72
1 d d r r
d
r dr
dr r
dr
16. Find in the following

i) x 2 y 3z 4 at (1, 0, -2)
ii)
1
r2
Suggested answer:
i) 2xy 3z 4 i 3x 2 y 2 z 4 j 4x 2 y 3z3 k
()(1, 0, 2) 2 i 3 j 4 k
ii)
1
r2
we have
1 d
r
r dr
1 2
r
r r 3
2r
r4
17. Find the equation of the tangent plane to the surface xyz = 6 at the point (1,
2, 3).
Suggested answer:
xyz
yz i xz j xy k
(1, 2, 3)
6 i 3 j 2 k
Page 49 of 72
unit normal to the surface
6 i 3 j 2 k
n
| |
7
Equation of the tangent plane in vector form is ( r a ). n 0
Where r x i y j z k, a i 2 j 3 k
ie 6(x 1) 3(y 2) 2(z 3) 0
i.e., 6x + 3y + 2z = 18
2
18. Find the angle between the surfaces xlogz = y - 1 and x y = 2 - z at the
point (1, 1, 1).
Suggested answer:
Let 1 x log z y 2
2 x 2 y z
1 log z i 2y j
x
k
z
2 2xy i x 2 j k
(1 )(1,1,1) 2 j k
(2 )(1, 1, 1) 2 i j k
The angle between the surfaces is the angle between 1 and 2 .

Page 50 of 72
Let be the angle between 1 and 2
cos 1
1.2
| 1 || 2 |
cos 1
cos 1
30
1
30
2
19. Find the constants a and b such that the surfaces ax - byz = (a + 2)x and
2
4x y+z are orthogonal at (1, -1, 2).

Suggested answer:
Let 1 ax 2 byz (a 2)x ...(1)
2 4x 2 y z3 4
...(2)
1 [2ax (a 2)] i bz j by k
2 8xy i 4x 2 j 3z2 k
(1 )(1, 1, 2) (a 2) i 2b j b k, (2 )(1, 1, 2) 8 i 4 j 12 k
given 1 and 2 are orthogonal

1.2 0
i.e., -8(a - 2) + 4(-2b) + 12b = 0

2a b 4 ...(3)
Page 51 of 72
Also 1 2 at (1, -1, 2)

a 2b (a 2) 4 8 4
i.e., 2b - 2 = 0
b 1
substituting in (3), we get

a = 5/2.
20. Find the directional derivative of xyz along the direction
of the normal to the surface x2z y2x yz2 3, at (1,1,1).

Suggested answer:
Let xyz, x 2 z y 2 x yz2
yz i xz j xy k
at (1, 1, 1) i j k
(2xz y 2 ) i (2yx z2 ) j (x 2 2zy) k
at (1, 1, 1) 3 i 3 j 3 k
i j k
n
| |
3
Directional directive of along n is
Page 52 of 72
. n
1(1) 1(1) (1)

3
21. If F (x 3 y 3 z3 3xyz) find div F and curl F .
Suggested answer:
F (3x 2 3yz) i (3y 2 3xz) j (3z2 3xy) k
div F 6x 6y 6z
Curl F
3x2 3yz 3y2 3xz 3z2 3xy
i (3x 3x) j(3y 3y) k(3z 3z)
22. If is a constant vector and v x r then show that
div v 0.
Suggested answer:
Let r x i y j z k
v x r
Page 53 of 72
i
1
x
j
2
y
k
3
z
v i [2 z 3 y] j[1z 2 x] k[1y 2 x]
div v
(2 z 3 y)
(1y g3 x)
(1y 2 x)
x
y
z
=0
23. If f (x 2y z) i (x y z) j (x y 2z) k find div f .

Suggested answer:
div f
(x 2y z)
(x y z)
(x y 2z)
x
y
z
11 2
2
24. If f x 2 i y 2 j z k and g yz i zx j xy k show that
f x g is a solenoidal vector.
Suggested answer:
f x g x2
yz
y2
zx
z2
xy
f x g i {xy 3 xz3 } j{x 3 y yz3 } k{zx 3 zy 3 }
Page 54 of 72
div ( f x g ) (y 3 z3 ) (z3 x 3 ) (x 3 y 3 )
f x g is solenoidal.
25. Prove that div (r n r ) (n 3) r n .

Suggested answer:
div (r n r ) r n. r r ndiv r
x
y
z
nr n 1 i nr n 1 nr n 1 k . r r n x
y
r
r
r
y
z

nr n 1
{x i y j z k}. r r n.(3)
r
nr n 2 .r 2 r n (3)
(n 3) r n
26. If a is a constant vector then prove that
i) div( a x r ) 0
ii) div ( r x( r x a )) 2( r . a )
iii) div{r n ( a x r )} 0, n being a cons tan t.
Suggested answer:
Let a a1 i a2 j a3 k
Page 55 of 72
r x i y j z k
i
j

i) a x r a1 a2
k
a3
z
(a2 z a3 y) i (a3 x a1z) j (a1y a2 x) k
div( a x r )
(a2 z a3 y)
(a3 x a1z)
(a1y a2 x) 0
x
y
z
ii) r x( r x a ) ( r . a ) r ( r . r ) a
div( r x( r x a )) ( r . a ). r ( r . a )div r div(r 2 a )
x
y
z
i 2r j 2r k}
r
r
r
a . r ( r . a )3 a .r 2 r 2 div a
a . r 3( a . r ) a {2r
a . r 3( a . r ) 2( a . r )
2( a . r )
iii) div{r n ( a x r )} r n.( a x r ) r ndiv( a x r )

r
n
1
nr
.( a x r ) r ndiv( a x r )
Page 56 of 72

0 r ndiv( a x r )
i

a x r a1
x
j
a2
y
k
a3
z
i (a2 z a3 y) j(a1z a3 x) k(a1y a2 x)
div( a x r )
(a2 z a3 y)
(a3 x a1z)
(a1y a2 x)
x
y
z
=0+0+0
=0
div(r n ( a x r )) 0
27. If a and b are constant vectors, prove that

i) div{( a x r ) b } a . b
ii) div { a x( r x b )} 2( a . b )
iii) div {( a x r )x( b x r )} [ a , b , r ]
Suggested answer:
Let a a1 i a2 j a3 k
b b1 i b2 j b3 k
Page 57 of 72
c x i y j z k
i) div[( a . r ) b ] ( a . r ). b a . r div b
a . b ( a . r )(0)
a.b
ii) we have a x( r x b ) ( a . b ) r ( a . r ) b
div{ a x( r x b )} div{( a . b ) r } div{( a . r ) b }
( a . b )div r ( a x r ). b ( a . r )div b
( a . b )3 a . b ( a r )0
2( a . b )
iii) Let a x r p
( a x r )x( b x r ) p x( b x r )
(p . r ) b (p . b ) r
{( a x r ). r } b {( a x r ). b } r
2( a . b )
Page 58 of 72

iii) Let a x r p
( a x r )x( b x r ) p x( b x r )
(p . r ) b (p . b ) r
{( a x r ). r } b {( a x r ). b } r
0 [ a, r , b ] r
( a x r )x( b x r ) [ a , b , r ] r
div{( a x r )x( b x r )} [ a , b , r ]. r [ a , b , r ]div r
r .[ a , b , r ] [ a , b , r ](3)
a1
a2
...(1)
a3
[ a, b , r ] b1 b2 b3
x
y
z
a1 (b2 z b3 y) a2 (b1z b3 x) a3 (b1y b2 x)

[ a, b , r ] (a2b3 a3b2 ) i (a1b 3 a3b1 ) j (a1b2 a2b1 ) k
axb
Now r .[ a , b , r ] r .( a x b )
(a2b3 a3b2 )x (a3b1 a1b3 )y (a1b2 a2b1 )z

Page 59 of 72
[ a, b , r ]
In (1)
div{( a x r )x( b x r )} [ a , b , r ] 3[ a , b , r ]
[ a, b , r ]
28. If a and b are vectors, prove that
1

1
a .{ b . }
{3( a , r )( b . r ) r 2 ( a . b )}.
r
r5
Suggested answer:
1 1 r
b . b .
r
r2 r
1
(b . r )
r3
1
1 1
b .
( b . r ) ( b . r )
r r 3
r3
3 r
1
[ b ] ( b . r ).
r3
r4 r
1 b 3( b . r )
b .
r
r3
r5

1 b 3( b . r )
a . b . a .
.a.r
r
r3
r5
Page 60 of 72
1
3( a . r )( b . r ) ( a . b )r 2
r 5
29. If F (x y 1) i j (x y) k show that F .Curl F 0.

Suggested answer:
i
j
Curl F
x
y
x y 1 1
z
(x y)
i (1) j(1) k(1)
Curl F i j k
F .Curl F (x y 1)(1) 1(1) (x y)(1)
= -x - y - 1 + 1 + x + y
=0
30. If F x 2 y i 2xz j 2yz k find x(x F ).
Suggested answer:
x F
x
x 2 y 2xz 2yz
i (2z 2x) j(0) k(2z x 2 )
Page 61 of 72
2z 2x
x(x F )
2z x 2
(2x 2) j
31. Find the directional derivative of x 2 yz 4xz2 at (1, -2, -1)

in the direction 2 i j 2 k .
Suggested answer:
(2xyz 4z2 ) i x 2 z j (x 2 y 8xz) k
at (1, 2, 1) is 8 i j 10 k
Let c 2 i j 2 k
Directional derivative in the direction of c
is
(2 i j 2 k)
. c (8 i j 10 k).
3
1
(16 1 20)
3
37
3
32. Find the directional derivative of 4xz3 3x 2 y 2 z at (2, -1, 2)
in the direction of 2 i 3 j 6 k .
Page 62 of 72
Suggested answer:
(4x 3 6xy 2 z) i (6x 2 yz) j (12xz2 3x 2 y 2 ) k
at (2, 1, 2)
8 i 48 j 84 k
c 2 i 3 j 6 k
. c
1
[8(2) 48(3) (84)(6)]
7
376
7
33. Find the directional derivative of x 2 y 2 z2 at (1, 1, -1)

t
in the direction of the tangent to the curve x = e , y = 1 + 2sint,

z = t - cost, 1 t 1.
Suggested answer:
x 2 y 2 z2
2xy 2 z2 i 2x 2 yz2 j 2x 2 y 2 z k
at (1, 1, 1) 2 i 2 j 2 k
r e t i (1 2 sin t) j (t cos t) k

dr
at t 0 is i 2 j k
dt
Page 63 of 72
dr
2
j k
t dt
6
dr
dt
directional derivative of in the direction of c is
(2 i 2 j 2 k).
1
6
( i 2 j k)
6
[2 4 2]
4
6
34. Find the equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface z =
2
x + y at (2, -1, 5).

Suggested answer:
x2 y2 z
2x i 2y j k
Equation to the normal line at (2, -1, 5) is

x 2 y 1 z 5
4
2
1
Equation the tangent plane is 4(x - 2) + (-1)(y + 2)(-1)(z - 5) = 0

i.e., 4x - 2y - z - 5 = 0
Page 64 of 72

2
35. Find the angle between the surface x + y + z = 9 and z = x + y -3 at

the point (2, -1, 2).
Suggested answer:
Let 1 x 2 y 2 z2 9
2 x 2 y 2 z 3
1 2x i 2y j 2z k
1 at (2, 1, 2) 4 i 2 j 4 k
2 2x i 2y j k
2 at (2, 1, 2) 4 i 2 j k
Angle between the surfaces is the angle between 1 and 2 .

1.2
cos 1
| 1 || 2
4(4) (2)(2) 4(1)

cos 1
36 21
8
cos 1
3 21
2
36. Find the values of a and b such that the surfaces ax - byz = (a + 2)x and
2
4x y + z = 4 are orthogonal at (1, -1, 2).

Suggested answer:
Let 1 : ax 2 byz (a 2)x 0
...(1)
Page 65 of 72
2 : 4x 2 y z3 4 0
...(2)
Given (1, -1, 2) is a point on (1) and (2)

1 2 at (1, 1, 2)
i.e., a + 2b - (a + 2) -4 + 8 - 4
2b - 2 = 0
b 1
1 (2ax (a 2)) i bz j by k
1 at (1, 1, 2) (a 2) i 2 j by k
2 8xy i 4x 2 j 3z2 k
2 at (1, 1, 2) 8 i 4 j 12 k
since 1 and 2 are orthogonal

1.2 0
-8(a - 2) - 8 + 12 = 0
i.e., a = 5/2
a 5 / 2 and b 1
37. Find the constant a, b, c so that the vector
f (x 2y az) i (bx 3y z) j (4x cy 2z) k is irrotational.

Page 66 of 72
Suggested answer:
F is irrotational if Curl F 0
i
j
k
CurlF
0
x
y
z
x 2y az bx 3y z 4x cy 2z
c 1 0, 4 a 0, b 2 0
a 4, b 2, c 1
38. If and are scalar fields prove that

i) div{} 2 .
ii) 2 () 2 2 2.
Suggested answer:
i) div() . div()
. 2
...(1)
ii) similarly
div() . 2 ...(2)
adding (1) and (2)
div() div() 2 2 2. ...(3)
Also div() div() div(()) 2 ()
2 () 2 2 2.
39. Evaluate
i) 2r 2
Page 67 of 72

r
ii) 2 div
r2
Suggested answer:
i) 2r 2
2
x 2
(r 2 )
2
y 2
(r 2 )
2
z2
(r 2 )
x
y z
2r
2r
2r
x r y r z r
=2+2+2
=6
1 1
r
ii) div . r
div r
r2
r2
r 2

2 r 1
(3)
. r
r3 r
r2

2
r2
3
r2
1
r2
40. Find the value of a if f (axy x3 ) i (a 2)x2 j (1 a)xz2 k

is irrotational.
Suggested answer:
Since f is irrotational
Page 68 of 72
Curl f 0
i.e.,
axy z3 (a 2)x 2 (1 a)xz2
i {0 0} j (1 a)z2 3z2 k(a 2)2x ax 0
z2 1 a 3 0 and x(a 2)2 a 0
a4
41. Show that
r3
is both solenoidal and irrotational.
Suggested answer:

1
1
r
div
div r . r
r3
r 3 r 3

3 r
(3)
. r
r3
r4 r

1
3
r3
3
r3
=0
r
1
1
Curl
Curl r x r
r3 r3
r3

Page 69 of 72
1 3 r
r3
(0)
x r
r4 r
0 0
42. If a is a constant vector prove the following

i) Curl( a . r ) a 0
ii) Curl{ r x( a x r )} 3( r x a )
iii) Curl{r n ( a x r )} (n 2)r n a nr n 2 ( r . a ) r
Suggested answer:

i) Curl{( a . r ) a } ( a . r )Curl a ( a . r )x a
(a . r ) 0 a x a
( a . r ) a
0 0
ii) Curl{ r x( a x r )} Curl{( r . r ) a ( r . a ) r }
Curl{( r . r ) a } Curl{( r . a ) r }
( r . r )Curl a ( r . r )x a ( r . a )x r
Page 70 of 72
0 2r
x a ( r . a) 0 a x r
2( r x a ) r x a
3( r x a )
iii) Curl{r n ( a x r )} r nCurl( a x r ) r nx( a x r )

r
n
n
1
r Curl( a x r ) nr
x( a x r )
r nCurl( a x r ) nr n 2 {( r . r ) a ( r . a ) r }
r nCurl( a x r ) nr n a nr n 2 ( r . a ) r ...(1)
i
j

Consider ( a x r ) a1 a2
x
y
a3 i (a2 z a3 y) j(a3 x a1z) k(a1y a2 x)

z
i
j
k

Curl( a x r )
2a
x
y
z
a2 z a3 y a3 x a1z a1y a2 x
in (1)
Curl{r n ( a x r )} 2r n a nr n a nr n 2 ( r . a ) r
(n 2)r n a nr n 2 ( r . a ) r
Page 71 of 72
Page 72 of 72

Syllabus: Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

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Syllabus: Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

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Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

| a | | b | cos , is the angle between a and b

Work done : If a force F displaces are provide from A to B then

the work done is F . AB

| a | | b | sin n where n is unit vector perpendicular to both

Moment: If the vecto r moment of a force F about a po int A

Scalar triple product : [ a , b , c ] a . ( b c )

Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

Equation of a plane : is of the form

Let f f1 i f2 j f3 k where f1 , f2 and f3 are functions of a var iable t

is called a vector function.

If f1, f2 and f3 are differentiable then we define

Similarly higher order derivatives can also be defined.

Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

1. If g (t) is a scalar function of t and f (t) is a vector function of

Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

Equation of a Space Curve

If x = x(t), y = y(t) and z = z(t) are functions of a scalar variable

t then r r (t) describes a curve in space called the space curve.

Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

the ter min al po int of r describes the curve )

is called the acceleration a of the curve at time t.

Unit Normal to a Space Curve

Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

Let t be the unit tan gent vector at P.

is called the unit normal to the curve.

Scalar and Vector Fields

Vector Valued Function

Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

Let P(x,y,z) be a point.

A vector point function is a vector whose

denotes the operation

does not represent a vector if only defines the differenti al operator

Gradient of a Scalar Field

is called the gradient of denoted by .

The following are some results obtained by the definition of .

1. () , is a scalar cons tan t.

Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

Q (x, y, z) c represents a surface in space and represents a normal

to the surface at any point.

Note 1: Since = c on the surface.

Note 2 : Unit vector along is denoted by n

is called the unit normal

to the surface (x,y,z) = c.

Let a be a vector inclined at an angle with then .

a is called the directional derivative along a .

Note : Maximum value of directional derivative is n | |

Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

Divergence of a Vector Field

Let f f1 i f2 j f3 k be a vector field then divergence of f

denoted by div f or . f is defined as

If v the velocity of a moving fluid at a po int P at time t, then div v represents

A vector field f is said to be solenoidal if div. f 0 .

1. div ( f g ) div f div g , where f and g are vector fields .

div ( f g ) div f div g where and are scalar

4. If is a scalar field and f is a vector field then div ( f ) div f .

Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

Laplacian of a scalar field

= (x,y,z) be a scalar field

then is a vector field

denoted by 2 is called the Laplacian of a scalar field .

2 ( ) 2 2 , where and are cons tan ts,