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AE 2202 THERMOdynamics - 2 Mark Questions PDF
AE 2202 THERMOdynamics - 2 Mark Questions PDF
AERO-ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
A.
1.0.
State the Kelvin-Planck statement of second law of thermodynamics.
Ans. Kelvin-Planck states that it is impossible to construct a heat engine working on a cyclic
process, whose only purpose is to convert all the heat energy given to it in an equal amount of
work.
It essentially means that while the heat is getting converted to work you need a second body
which is at a lower temperature through which part of the heat should also pass. That is why heat
is considered a lower grade of energy compared to work.
2.0
State Clausius statement of the second law of thermodynamics.
Ans. It states that heat can flow from a cold body to a hot body only with external aid or work
added in a cyclic process. But heat can easily pass from a hot body to a cold body without any
external aid and in the process does work
3.0
State Carnots theorem.
Ans. No heat engine operating in a cyclic process between two fixed temperatures can be more
efficient than that of a reversible engine operating between the same temperature limits.
4.0
What are the corollaries of Carnot theorem ?
Ans.
i) All the reversible engines operating between the two given thermal reservoirs with
the fixed temperatures have the same efficiency.
.ii) The efficiency of any reversible heat engine operating between two reservoirs is
independent of the nature of the working fluid and depends only on the temperature of the
reservoirs.
5.0
Define PMM of the second kind.
Ans. Perpetual motion machine of the second kind draws heat continuously from a single
reservoir and converts it into equivalent amount of work. Thus it gives 100% efficiency. This is
impossible.
6.0
What is the difference between a heat pump and refrigerator ?
Ans. Heat pump is a device which operating in a cyclic process maintains the temperature of a
hot body at a temperature higher than that of the surroundings
A refrigerator is a device operating in a cyclic process maintains the temperature of a
cold body at a temperature lower than the temperature of the surroundings.
7.
What is meant by a heat engine.?
Ans. A heat engine is a device, which is used to convert the thermal energy int mechanical
energy.
8.
Define the term COP ?
Ans. Co-efficient of performance is defined as the ratio of heat extracted or rejected to work
input.
COP = Heat extracted /rejected
Work input.
9.
Write the expansion for COP of a heat pump and refregirator.
Ans
COP for a heat pump
COPHP =
Heat...rejected
work ...input
T1
(T1 T2 )
Heat...extracted
work ...input
T2
(T1 T2 )
10
Why Carnot cycle cannot be realized in practice ?
Ans. (i) In a Carnot cycle, all the four processes are reversible but in actual practice there is no
process that is reversible.
(ii) There are two processes to be carried out during compression and expansion. For
isothermal process, the piston moves slowly and for adiabatic process the piston moves as fast
as possible. This speed variation during the same stroke of the engine is not possible.
(iii) It is not possible to avoid friction between moving parts completely.
11.
Name two distinct methods by which the efficiency of a Carnot cycle can be
increased.
Ans (i) Efficiency can be increased as the higher temperature T2 increases.
(ii) Efficiency can be increased as the lower temperature T1 decreases.
12.
Why a heat engine cannot have 100 % efficiency ?
Ans. For all the heat engines there will be a heat loss between system and the surroundings.
Therefore we cannot convert all the heat input into useful work.
13.
When the Carnot cycle efficiency will be the maximum?.
Ans. Carnot cycle efficiency is maximum when the initial temperature is 0K.
14.
What is the process involved in Carnot cycle ?
Ans. Carnot cycle consists of the following processes.
(i)
reversible adiabatic compression.
(ii)
Reversible isothermal heat addition.
(iii) Reversible adiabatic compression.
(iv)
Reversible isothermal heat rejection.
15.
Sketch the p-v and T-s diagram for Carnot cycle.
16.
Is the second law independent of the first law ?
Ans. Yes , the second law of thermodynamics independent of the first law. The second law
speaks about quality of energy.
17.
Define Entropy ?
dq
= ds .
Hence in a closed isolated system the entropy change ds 0 . This aspect relates to the second
law of thermodynamics in dictating the direction and flow of heat in a workable engine or heat
pump. The property of the entropy namely specific entropy has been arrived on the basis that
equilibrium values are easily and quickly achieved though the various molecules are in random
and disorderly motion and are in combination as various meta states in a system. Once the
assembly are system is in a highly probable macro-state though disorderly, the probability of
returning to a low probable macro-state is very small.
18.
Define the terms source sink and heat reservoir.
Ans. Source.
The part from where heat is rejected to a colder body for doing work, or
the part from where heat is generated for doing work is called as the source,
Sink. The part which receives heat from work absorbing or work developing device is called
sink.
Reservoir. The part which supplies or receives heat continuously without change in its
temperature is called a reservoir.
19.
Why is the performance of refrigerator and heat pump are given in terms of COP
and not in terms of efficiency ?
Ans. The performance of any device is expressed in terms of efficiency for work developing
machines.. But for Heat pump and refrigerator are work absorbing machines. So the performance
of these devices are based on COP only.
20.
What is meant by principle of increase of entropy ?
Ans. For any infinitismal process undergone by a system, change in entropy,
(ds ) dQ
T
For a reversible, dQ = 0 and hence dS = 0
For irreversible, dS > 0
So the entropy of a system would never decrease, it will always increase and remains constant if
the pressure is reversible and is called as principle increase of entropy.
21.
What is meant by Clausius inequality?
Ans. It is impossible for a self acting machine working in a cyclic process unaided by any
external agency to convey heat from a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher
temperature,
22.
Explain briefly the Clausius inequality.
Ans.
dQ
.
0
is known as inequality of Clausius
T
If
dQ
= 0 , the cycle is reversible
T
dQ
< 0 , the cycle is irreversible and possible
T
dQ
> 0 , the cycle is impossible. (Violation of second law)
T
23.
For the compressible process between the same two states, which work will be more
reversible or irreversible ?
Ans. Irreversible work will be more in the compressor. Generally for compression, the actual
work given will be higher than the calculated work (Wrev).
24. A heat pump pumps 10MJ/KWhr to the high temperature reservoir. What is the COP
?
Ans.
COP= Heat supplied / work output.
10 10 3
= 2.78
3600
25.
Find the entropy of the universe where 1000kj of heat is transferred from800K to
500K.
Ans.
Q Q 1000 1000
+
=
+
= 0.75 KJ / K
Entropy change of universe =
T1 T2
800
500
26.
Give the expressions for change in entropy during constant pressure and polytropic
process. Show on T-s diagram
2s
Ans. For the constant pressure process,
S = S 2 S1 = mC P ln
T2
.
T1
T2
p
R ln 2 ]
T1
p1
2n
2T
or
T2
v
s
+ R ln 2 ] (adiabatic S =0 ).
T1
v1
27.
Explain the term reversibility.
Ans If the process traces the same path during the process when reversed is called as
reversibility. And the entropy change is zero.
28.
Can the entropy of the universe decrease? why?
Ans Entropy of the universe cannot decrease. It will be constant or will increase due to
irreversibility.
S = S 2 S1 = m[C v ln
29.
Ans.
30.
If the Carnot engine efficiency is 50%. Find COP of Carnot refrigerator working
between same temperatures
Ans.
Efficiency (HP) =
T1 T2
=0.5
T1
T1
=2
T2
T2
1
1
=
=
= 1 Ans.
T1 T2 T1
2 1
1
T2
31.
Define the term absolute entropy.
Ans. The change in entropy of the system with respect to ambient conditions or any other
standard reference condition is known as absolute entropy.
COP of refrigerator
32.
Define a system.
Ans. A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM IS DEFINED AS A DEFINITE SPACE OR AREA WHICH THE STUDYOF
ENERGY TRANSFER AND ENERGY CONVERSIONS IS MADE.
BOUNDARY
SYSTEM
SURROUNDINGS
33.
What is a closed and open system.? and an isolated system
Ans. In open systems both the mass and energy transfer take place. The open system is often
specified within a control volume. e.g. air compressor. The system boundary is determined by
the space that the matter occupies. In a closed system it does not permit mass transfer, but only
the energy transfer takes place. A closed system is also referred to control mass.
The isolated system is not affected by the surroundings. Simply there is no heat, work and mass
transfer. e.g Universe.
33.
Write the two property equations involving entropy.
Ans.
Tds = du + pdv
Tds = dh vdp
34.
Ans.
3600 Kg
where Wt and Wp are the work done by
WT WP kW .h
Steam rate =
Ans.
37.
Give the formulae relating temperature , pressure and value for an adiabatic
process.
ANS .
1
V
T2 P2
= = 1
T1 P1
V2
38. What is meant by one tonne of refrigeration ?
Ans. One tonne of refrigeration is defined as the rate of heat removal from the surroundings
equivalent to the heat required to melt 1 tonne of ice in oe day. If the latent heat of fusion of ice
is taken as 336kj /kg then 1 tonne is equivalent to heat removal at the rate of
91000x336)/24=14000kJ/hr.
w (h1 h 4) 3600
1400
C O N STA N T VO L UM E P R O C ESS
( F O R STEA M )
P1
P2
T 1
2
V 2=V 1
T 2
V 2=V 1
dq = du
q = u 2 u 1 = C v o (T 2 T1 )
2
S 2 S1 =
q = u 2 u1
2
S 2 S1 =
dq
=
T
du
T
du
T
= C v o ln 2
T
T1
P1
P
= 2
T1
T2
6
T2 = T1
P1
T
2
P2
T2
1
P1
W
V2=V1
T ( S 2 S1 ) = q = u 2 u1 + w, and ...dq = du + dw
u 2 = u1, P2V2 = P1V1, and ....q = w =
v
pdv = RT ln 2
v1
S 2 S1 =
dq
v
== R ln 2 ; and .... p1v1 = p2v2
T
v1
P2
=P
T
T1
P2=P1 1
2
1
W
Q
T2
S
WORK
.. W =
= p ( v 2 v 1 ) = R ( T 2 T1 )
pdv
dq = du + dw = dh = C po ( T 2 T 1 )
q = h 2 h1
2
S 2 S1 =
dq
T
dh
T
= C po ln
T2
T1
v1
v
= 2
T2
T1
T
1
P1
P2
1
2
P2
2
S2=S1
S
V
FOR
STEAM
P1
P2
T
T1
P1
S2=S1
T2
T1
P2
T2
FOR
FOR
AIR
AIR
CONSTANT PRESSURE
T
T1
P2=P1
1
2
1
P2=P1
T2
W
S
CONSTANT TEMPERATURE
P2
P1
T
P
P2
T2=T1
2
P1
T2=T1
dw = du
Q = Tds = 0; and ..W = (u2 u1 )
S 2 = S1
W = (u2 u1 ) = Cvo (T2 T1 )
T2
T1
k 1
P k
V
= 2
= 1
P1
V2
k 1
PHASE RULE.
Problem
A reheat cycle operating between 30 and 0.04 bar has a superheat and a reheat
temperature of 450 deg C. The first expansion takes place till the stem is dry saturated and
then reheat is given. Neglecting feed pump work determine the reheat cycle efficiency.
Solution :- given data ;- P1=30 BAR; P2=0.04 BAR, T1=450 deg C and T3=450degC,and
x 2 = 1.0 .
450 deg C
T
30 bar
2
6
0.04 bar
From steam tables : at 30 bar at 450 deg C : h1= 3344 kJ/kg ; S1= 7.08 Kj/kg K
h1 = 3344kJ / kg
s1 = 7.08kJ / kgK
At 0.04 bar;
P2 =2.3 bar.
At 2.3 bar :
10
h2 = 2712.6kJ / kg ,
h3 = 3381.0kJ / kg , s3 = 8.306kJ / kgK
3-4
Isentropic process
S3=S4=8.306 Kj/kg/K
S 4 = S f 4 + x 4 S fg = 0.423 + x 4 8.053
X4 =0.98
h4 = h f 4 + x4 h fg 4 = 121.4 + 0.98 2433
=2505 Kj/kg.
The cycle efficiency :
(h1 h2 ) + (h3 h4 )
(
h
h
)
+
(
h
h
)
1 5
3
2
x100
(
3344
121
.
4
)
+
(
3381
2712
.
6
)
11
Problem 1.
Three identical bodies of A,B and C constant heat capacity are at temperatures of 300, 100 and
300K respectively. A heat engine is operated between A and B and a heat pump working as a
refrigerator between B and C. The heat pump is operated by the output of heat engine. If no
work or heat is supplied from outside, find the highest temperature to which any one of the body
can be raised by the operation of heat engine or a refrigerator.
Tf
T f/
C 300K
QS1
W = QS1 QR1
HE
HP
QR1
Tf
B 100K
Let T f be the final temperature of bodies A and B. T f be the final temperature of body C
and C be the final heat capacity of these three identical bodies.
( S)Universe > 0
(1)
T f/
Tf
Tf
+ C ln
+ C ln
0
300
100
300
C ln
T f2 T f/
(300 300 100)
[ s =CP ln
T2
]
T1
12
C ln
T f2 T f/
(3 10 6 )
=0
T f2 T f/
= ln 1
(3 10 6 )
Since ln 1=0 the above equation becomes
C ln
T f2 T f/ = 9 10 6.............(2)
and also QS 1 = QR1 + QR 2
C(300-Tf ) =C(Tf -100) + C (Tf/ -300)
[ because Q=m C (T2 T1 )]
300-Tf = Tf 100 + Tf/ -300
Tf'=700-2 x Tf (3)
From 2 &3
T f2 (700 2 T f ) = 9 10 6
T f = 300 K
Tf' =700-2 x Tf
=700-2 x 300
=100K
The maximum temperature can be raised for 100K body as 300 K of B
PROBLEM 2.
Two reversible engines A & B are arranged in series. A rejecting heat directly to B engine ,
receives 200 kJ at a temperature of 421deg C from a hot source, while engine B is in
communication with a cold sink at a temperature of 4.4 degC. If the work output of A is twice
that of B, find :
i)
The intermediate temperature between A and B
ii)
The efficiency of each engine, and
iii)
The heat rejected to the cold sink.
Solution:
Work output from engine A,
WA= QS1 - QR1 =200- QR1
13
TH
TH Q S 1
=
..........(1)
T
QR1
QS1
WA =2 WB
694 200
=
T
QR1
QR1
Therefore QR1=0.288t.. (2)
QS2
B
WB
QR2
TL
So WA =200-0.288 T
But WB =100-0.144 T..(3)
And also WB= QS2 - QR2
= 0.288T - QR2
(4)
1-
QR2
79.89
= 1=33.39%. Ans.
119.93
QS 2
14
Steam at 1Mpa and 0.9 dry is throttled to a pressure of 200 kPa. Using steam table, find the
quality of steam and change of entropy. Check your answer using Mollier chart. State whether
the process is reversible or reversible.
SOLUTION:
Given data :- P1=1 Mpa=10 bar.
X=0.9. Throttling process P2= 200 kPa=2 bar.
To find : quality of steam and change of entropy.
During the throttling process enthalpy remains constant, i.e. h2=h1.
From steam tables at 1 Mpa or 10 bar:
h fg1 = 2013.6kJ / kg
h f 1 = 726.6kJ / kg
s f 1 = 2.138kJ / kgK
h f 2 = 504.7 kJ / kg : h fg 2 = 2201.6kJ / kg
s f 2 = 1.53kJ / kgK
s fg 2 = 5.597kJ / kgK
h2 = h f 2 + xhfg 2
h2 = 504.7 + x2 2201.6
Since : h1 = h2 : 2574.84 = 504.7 + x2 2201.6
Ans : x2 = 0.94
Quality of steam is wet
15
s 2 = 1 . 53 + 0 . 94 ( 5 . 59 )
s 2 = 6 . 79 kJ / kgK
change .. in .. entropy
= s = s 2 s1 = 6 . 79 6 . 138
s = 0 . 652 kJ / kgK
Generally throttling is an irreversible process.
From Mollier chart,
For x1=0.9 at 10 bar line, note the enthalpy of steam,
S1=6.1 kJ/kgK.
Since the throttling process is a constant enthalpy process, draw horizantal line in the
Mollier chart upto 2 bar as shown in figure below. Now read theentropy of final state of
steam,
S1= 6.76 kJ/kgK.
Change in entropy = (s2-s1)= 0.66kJ/kgK.
Since s is positive, the process is irreversibleAnswer.
10
ba
r
ar
2b
X=0.96
h2=h1
X=0.94
2
X=
0.9
Problem 5
Steam turbine receives steam at a pressure of 20 bar superheated at 300 degC. The exhaust
pressure is 0.07 bar and expansion takes place isentropically. Using steam steam tables calculate
the following ;
a)Heat supplied assuming that the feed pump supplies water to the boiler at 20 bar.
16
b) Heat rejected.
c)work done.
d) Thermal efficiency.
e) Theoretical steam consumption.
300 C
1
p1=20 bar
4
P2=0.07 bar
ENTROPY (S)
SOLUTION:
Given data :- p1=20 bar : T1=Tsup=300deg C ; P2=0.07 bar
To find Qs, Qr, W, Efficiency (Rankine), and SSC.
From super heated steam table at 20 bar and 300 degC,
h1 = 302 . 5 kJ / kg
s1 = 6 . 77 kJ / kgK
h f 2 = 163 . 42 kJ / kg
h fg 2 = 2409 . 2 kJ / kg
s f 2 = 0 . 559 kJ / kgK
s fg 2 = 7 . 718 kJ / kgK
v f 2 = 0 . 001007 m 3 / kg
we .. know .. that
s1 = s 2 = s f 1 + x 2 s fg 2
h2 = h f 2 + x 2 h fg 2
6 . 77 = 0 . 558 + x 2 7 . 718
x = 0 .8
pump .work : W P = h4 h3 = v 3 ( p 4 p 3 )
= v f 2 ( p1 p 2 ) = 0 . 001007 ( 2000 7 )
W P = 2 . 0068 kJ / kg
heat sup plied : Q S = h1 ( h f 2 + w p ) = 3025 (163 . 4 + 2 . 0069 )
Q S = 2859 . 79 kJ / kg .
heat .. rejected : Q R = h2 h3 = h2 h f 2 = 2090 . 76 163 . 4
Q R = 1927 . 36 kJ / kg .... Ans
work ..done ..W = Q S Q R ..or ( h1 h2 ) W P = 2859 . 7 1927 . 37
= 932 . 34 kJ / kg ....... Ans
Thermal ..efficiency =
W
932 . 34
=
= 0 . 326 = 32 . 6 %
Q S 2859 . 79
17
3600 3600
=
= 3.86kg / kW hr
W
932.34
WET STEAM
DRY STEAM
hwet = h f + x.h fg
hg = h f + h fg
hsup = hg + C P (TSUP TS )
SPECIFIC
VOLUME, (v) in
m3/kg
Density ( ) in
kg/m3
v wet = x.v g
v dry = v g
wet =
wet =
WWET
Wsup
Internal energy
in KJ/kg
Specific Entropy
(s) in KJ/kg.K
S wet = S f + x.S fg
T
S SUP = S G + C PS ln SUP
TS
v sup =
1
1
g =
v wet
vg
= 100 p.v g W g = 100 p.v g
S DRY = S f + S fg
v g TSUP
TS
1
v sup
= 100 p.v sup
HEAT TRANSFER
CONSTANT VOLUME
W=0
CONSTANT
PRESSURE
CONSTANT
TEMPERATURE
HYPERBOLIC
W=p(v2-v1)
Q =h2 h1
W=p(v2-v1)
Q= h2 - h1
v
W = p1v1 ln 2
v1
v
W = p1 v 1 ln 2
v1
ISENTROPIC
POLYROPIC
W=U1- U2
Q= 0
PROCESSES
W=
p1v1 p2 v 2
n 1
Q=
+ ( h2 h1 )
n( p1v1 p2 v 2 )
+ (h2 h1 )
n 1
18
SYSTEMS
WORK DONE
HEAT TRANSFER
BOILER
TURBINE
CONDENSOR
NOZZLE
W=0
W=h2-h1
W=0
W=0
Q=h2-h1
Q=0
Q=h1 h2
Q=0
1.0
Q = h2 h1 .in KJ.
2.O
CONDENSOR.
h1 + Q = h2
2.0
NOZZLE.
V2 =
(2 (h
h1 ) + V12 )
V2 =
(2 C
(T1 T2 ) + V12 )
P2
2
V2 = 2 C P (T1 T1 + V1
P1
as.. T2 = 2
P1
P2
V2 = 2 C P T1 1
+ V12 m/sec
P1
19
TURBINE.
Turbine is a device which converts potential energy of working fluid into mechanical work.
The turbine is fully insulated. Therefore there is no heat transfer (Q=0).
h1 = h2 + W
AIR COMPRESSOR.
h1 = h2 W
h1 Q = h2 W
..IF Q IS
REJECTED TO SURROUNDINGS.
20
THROTTLING PROCESS.
When a liquid expands through a minute aperture orifice or a slightly opened valve, the
process is called throttling process.
P2 ,V2 , U1
P1 ,V1 , U1
Q=0,
W=0,
AND
CP
IS DENOTED BY GAMMA, i.e.
CV
CP
=
CV
C P CV =
PROBLEM 6.
A refrigerator works on an ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle, uses R-12 as the
working fluid. The minimum and maximum pressure of the cycle is 0.15 Mpa and 0.9Mpa
respectively. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.045 kg/sec; determine (a) the rate of heat
removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to the condenser. (b)the rate of heat
rejection to the environment and (c) COP of the refrigerant.
SOLUTION:
21
In an ideal vapour compression refrigeration cycle the compression process is isentropic and the
refrigerant nters the compressor as a saturated vapour at the evaporator pressure and leaves the
condenser as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure.
IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS
BECAYSE OF
THROTTLING
h3=h4
2
p1=0.9 MPa
Q1
Win
P2=0.15 MPa
Q2
ENTROPY (S)
The enthalpy of the refrigerant at all four states is obtained from the refrigerant R-12
TABLES.
At
P1 =0.15Mpa,
P1 =0.9 Mpa,
P3 =0.9 Mpa,
22
Also QH is given by :
.
Q H = Q L +Win = 4.80+1.43=6.23kW
( c ) COP=
Q L 4.80
=
= 3.36... Ans
W IN 1.43
PROBLEM :7
In an aircraft engine compressed air at 3 bar and 450K enters a combustion chamber in which heat is added at
constant pressure to the air by the combustion of the fuel.Air is thus heated to a temperature of 1250K.It then enters
a turbine with a negligible velocity . It expands in the turbine until its temperature falls to 100K.The velocity of air
leaving the turbine is 50m/sec.Air then enters a convergent divergent nozzle wherein it expands until its temperature
drops to 800K.Flow through both turbine and nozzle may be considered as reversible adiabatic. Determine :
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Compressed
air at 3 bar ,
450K
Combustion
chamber
3 bar,
1250K
1000K, 50 m/sec
Air
turbine
v4
nozzle
23
V22 V32
W = (h2 h3 ) + (
) + Q as Q=0
2
V32
50 2
W = C PO (T2 T3 )
= 1.0035(1259 1000)
= 251kJ / kg
2
2000
note that the kinetic terms are negligible.
( c ) Velocity of air leaving nozzle.
1.4
T k 1
1000 0.4
P3 = P2 3 = 3.0
= 1.374bar
T
1250
2
(e) pressure of air at exit of the nozzle is given similarly by:
T
P4 = P3 4
T3
k
k 1
1.4
800 0.4
= 1.374
= 0.63bar
1000
PROBLEM 8
An aircraft is flying at a speed of 1000km.p.h. The ambient air pressure and temperature is 0.35
bar and 15 deg C. respectively. What is the pressure of air entering the compressor after inlet
24
diffuser section, and what is the pressure ratio required for compressor for the pressurization of
the aircraft?
Solution:
Speed of aircraft
V=
1000 1000
= 277.8m / sec
3600
h2 = h1 +
V12
2
Ambient air
Diffuser intake
Combustion chamber
COMB CHAMBER
COMPRESSOR
Turbine
TURBINE
DIFFUSER
NOZZLE
T
3
5
2
6
1
25
V12
C PO T2 = C PO T1 +
2
Whence the temperature of air leaving inlet diffuser,
V12
277.8 2
T2 = T1 +
= 258 +
= 258 + 38.5 = 296.5 K
2C PO
2 1003.5
k
1.4
T2 k 1
296.5 0.4
P2 = P1 = 0.35
= 0.57bar
258
T1
Pressure ratio of compression required for cabin pressurization:
1.01325
= 1.78
0.57
Answer
PROBLEM : 9
An engine operates on the air standard cycle. The compression ratio is 18. The pressure and
temperature at the start of compression process are 100kPa and300K.The heat added is 1800
KJ/kg of air. Determine the maximum pressure and temperature in the cycle, the thermal
efficiency and the mean effective pressure.
QH
T
3 MAX
S=CONSTANT
4
QL
1
State 2:
26
v
T2 = T1. 1
v2
v
P2 = P1. 1 = 100(18)1.4 = 5720kPa.
v2
state :3
Q H 2 = 2 Q3 = h3 h2 = C PO (T3 T2 )
1800 = 1.0035(T3 953.3);T3 = 2744.3 K
Maximum temperature and pressure of the cycle.
Tmax=T3=2744.3K
Pmax=P2 =p3=5720 kPa.
State 4 :
v3 =
RT3 0.287(2744.3)
=
= 0.1377m 3 / kg
P3
5720
v 4 = v1 =
RT1 0.287(300)
=
= 0.861m 3 / kg
P1
100
v
T4 = T3. 3
v4
0.1377
= 2744.3
.861
0.4
= 1318.3 K
v
0.1377
P4 = P3. 3 = 5720
= 439.4kPa
.861
v4
1.4
Heat rejected:
theor
W NET 1069
=
= 0.594(59.4%)
QH
1800 1
27
pmean =
1.0
W NET
1069
=
= 1419kPa.
(v1 v 2 ) 0.861 (0.86 / 18)
PROBLEM 10.
1
p
T=C
a
V=C
Q=0
S A S1 = R ln
va
v
T
= R ln 2 : and .S 2 S a = CVO ln 2
v1
v1
T1
S 2 S1 = R ln
v2
T
+ CVO ln 2 .(A)
v1
T1
T2
TB
= CVO ln
T1 vb
T
v
= . S 2 S B = CVO ln[ 2 ( 2 ) 1 ]
TB v1
T1 v1
T2
v
+ CVO ( K 1) ln 2
T1
v1
28
T2
v
+ R ln 2 (B) EXPRESSIO SAME AS (A)
T1
v1
C
R
.as.....C P C V = R P 1 =
ie..R = CVO ( K 1)
CV
CVO
= C VO ln
2.0
P2
T
T2=T1
2S
P1
2N
REVERSIBLE
ADIABATIC
N=K
2T
ISOTHERMAL N=1
REVERSIBLE
POLYTROPIC
WORK
we ..have ... pv n = C .
dp
dv
dp
p
+n
= 0.....
= n
p
v
dv
v
ln( p1 / p2 )
ln( v 2 / v1 )
c
p 1 v 1n
p 2 v 2n
also ... p =
=
=
vn
vn
vn
2
Hence ..1 W 2 =
pdv = C
dv
p 2 v 2n v 11 n p 1 v 1n v 11 n
v 12 n v 11 n
= C
= 1W 2 =
1 n
1 n
p v p1v 1
= 2 2
1 n
p 2 v 2 p1v 1
.......... .......... .....( 2 )
1W 2 =
1 n
29
v 2 p1 n
p1v1 p2 nn1
Substituting
= ....1 W 2 =
( ) 1
v1 p2
1 n p1
R
[T 2 T1 ]
1 n
now ..... q = ( u 2 u 1 ) + W
1 W 2 =
R
) (T 2 T1 )
1 N
k n
q = C VO (
) (T 2 T1 )
1 n
k n
q = (
) 1W 2
1 n
= ( C VO +
3.0
PROBLEM 11.
Air expands irreversibly from 3 bars, 200 deg C, to 1.5 bars and 105deg C.Compute the entropy
change/kg of air.
Solution.
Although the process is irreversible, entropy being a property change can be computed by
integrating along a reversible path between the two specified states.
S 2 S1 = C PO ln
= 1.0035 ln
4.0
T2
P
R ln 2
T1
P1
378
1.5
0.278 ln
= 0.0323kJ / kgK
473
3
PROBLEM 12.
An insulated tank is divided into equal parts by volume. One part contains Argon gas at 30 degC and 5 bar. The
other part is vacuum. The partition between these two parts is broken and the gas fills the whole tank. Determine
final pressure and entropy change per kg of Argon gas.
Solution.
Considering it as an ideal gas, we have :
30
= R ln
v 2 8.344
=
ln 2 = 0.1441kJ / kgK as molecular weight of Argon gas =40
v1
40
5.0
PROBLEM 13
A Single stage reciprocating air compressor has a swept volume of 2000cm3 and runs at 800rpm.
It operates on a pressure ratio of 8, with a clearance of 5 % of the swept volume. Assume NTP
room conditions and at inlet (p=101.3 kpa, t=15 deg C), and polytropic compression and
expansion with n=1.25; calculate (a)indicated power (b) volumetric efficiency c) mass flow rate
d) FAD (free air delivery ) e) isothermal efficiency f)the actual power needed to drive the
compressor, if mechanical efficiency is 0.85.
2 MAX
P2
PVN =C
P1
VC
VS
31
1
P n
n
P3V3 = P4V4n .V4 = 3 V3 = (8 )1.25 100 = 528cm 3
P4
V1-V4=2100-528=1572 cm3
n 1
P
n
2
W =
P1 (V1 V4 ) 1
P1
n 1
OR
n 1
P
n
2
W =
(m1 m 4) 1
P1
n 1
W=
n 1
1.25
101.3 10 3 1572 10 6 (8) n 1 = 411J
0.251
411 800 10 3
Indicated power
kW
60
(b) volumetric efficiency =
5.46 Kw
1572 100
= 78.6%
2000
pV 101.3 10 3 1572 10 6
c) mass of compressed air per cycle : m =
=
= 1.93 10 3
RT
287 288
3
e)
W1 = P1 (V1 V4 ) ln
p2
= 101.3 10 3 1572 10 6 ln 8 = 331J
p1
0.331 800
= 80.6%
5.47 60
5.47
Input .. Power ..
= 6.44 kW
0.85
ISOTHERMAL =
32
6.0
EFFICIENCY OF COMPRESSOR
The efficiency of a compressor is defined the ratio of isothermal work done to the actual work
done by the compressor.
P1V1 ln
Efficiency of a compressor = =
P2
P1
P1V1 ln
WT
=
WC
W COMP
N nRT1
The work done by the compressor W C =
n 1
V1
V2
W COMP
PX
P
1
n 1
n
P N
PX
= D Where Pd=delivery pressure and Ps=suction pressure and Px=intermediate
P1
PS
pressure.
7.0
PROBLEM 14
A two stage air compressor with perfect inter-cooling takes in air at 1 bar pressure at 27deg C .
The law of compression in both the stages is PV 1.3 = cons tan t .The compressed air is delivered
at 9 bar from the HP cylinder to an air reservoir. Calculate per kg of air a) the minimum work
done and b) the heat rejected to the intercooler.
SOLUTION.
The minimum work required is a two stage compressor is given by :-
N nRT1
WC =
n 1
PX
P
1
n 1
n
33
0.3
=26x0.287x100x0.287=214.16kJ/kg
T2 P2
=
T1 P 1
n 1
n
=3
0.3
1.3
= 1.2886
therefore T2=386.56 K
Heat rejected to the intercooler =1.005(386.56-300)=86.99kJ/kgAns
8.0
PROBLEM 15.
GAS POWER CYCLE OTTO CYCLE.
An engine working in the Otto cycle is supplied with air at 0.1mPa, 35 deg C. The compression
ratio is 8. Heat supplied is 2100 KJ/kg.Calculate the max pressure and temperature of the cycle,
the cycle efficiency and the mean effective pressure.(for air Cp=1.005, Cv==0.718, and
R=0.287kJ/kgK).
OTTO
CYCLE
T2 V21
=
T1 V2
= (8)
0.4
0.884
V2 =
= 0.11m 3 /S=kgC
Pv = C
8
Q1
WE
WC
Q1 = CV (T3 T 2) = 2100 kJ / kg
: .........T3 708.4 =
V
T1 = 273 + 35 = 308 K P V
T3 = TMAX = 3633 K .......... ......... 2 2= 1
P1 = 0.1MPa = 100kN /Pm
1
V2
4
Q2
2100
= 2925 K
0.718
P3V3 Q
P1V= 2100kJ / kg ,..rk = 8... = 1.4363
= 2 2 .......... ..P3 = PMAX = 1.837
= 9.426 MPa
T3
T2
1
1
1 708
cyc = 1
= 1
= 1
= 0.565..or ..56.5%
W NET = Q1 CYCLE
2.3 .5kJ / kg
rk =1 2100 800..4565 = 1186
1186 .5
V
RT
0.287 308
= PM (V11 =V82,......
)=P
=3
= 1.533 MPa ......... Ans
VM1 (=0.8841 == 0.11)... PM = MEP
0.844m
0.774
V2
P1
100
34
9.0
PROBLEM 16
A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 14 and cut off takes place at 6% of the stroke. Find
the air standard efficiency.
QH
P
3 MAX
S=CONSTANT
PV = C
4
QL
1
rk =
V1
= 14 : .........V3 V2 = 0.06 (V1 V2 ) = 0.06 (14 V2 V2 ) = 0.78V2
V2
diesel
V3
= 1.78 = rc
V2
rc 1
= 1 1
rk
rc 1
1
1
1
1.781.4 1
0 .4
1.4 14
1.78 1
1.24
1 0.248
= 0.605 = 60 .5%
0.78
= 1
10.0
PROBLEM 16.
35
A turbojet aircraft flies with a velocity of 300 m/sec at an altitude where the air is at 0.35 bar and
40 degC. The compressor has a pressure ratio of 10, and the temperature of the gases at the
turbine inlet is 1100deg C. Air enters the compressor at a rate of 50 kg/sec. Estimate a) the
temperature and pressure of the gases at the turbine exit. b) the velocity of gases at the nozzle
exit and c) the propulsive efficiency of the cycle.
NOZZLE
DIFFUSER
COMB
CHAMBER
PRODUCT
GAS
COMPRESSOR
TURBINE
6
1
Q1
3
P=C
5
6
1
Q2
Q12 W1 2 = h2 h1 +
V 22 V12
2
V12
0 = C P (T2 T1 )
2
2
V1
300 2 10 3
: ... T2 = 277.8 K
T2 = T1 +
= 233 +
2CP
2 1.005
1 .4
T
277.8 0.4
P2 = P1 ( 2 ) 1 = 35kN / m 2
9 = 64.76kPa
T1
233
P3 = r p P2 = 10 64.76 = 647.6kPa.
P
T3 = 3
P2
T2 = 277.8 (10)
0 .4
1.4
: ......T3 = 536.6 K M
36
W C = WT
h3 h2 = h4 h5 : ...T3 T2 = T5 T5
T5 = T4 T3 + T2 = 1373 536 .66 + 277 .78 = 1114 .2 K
T
1114 .12
P5 = 5 P4 = 647 .6
1373
T4
P5 = 311 .69 kPa .
3.5
35
= 1114 .2
311.69
0.286
= 596.12
V6 = [2 C P [T5 T6 ] 1000]2
V = [2 (h h )]12 m / sec = 1029.4m / sec
6
5
6
c) The propulsive efficiency of a turbo-jet engine is the ratio of the propulsive power developed
Wp to the total heat transfer to the fluid.
W P = W [V EXIT V INT ] V AIRCRAFT
= 50 [1020.4 300] 300 = 10.80 MW
Q1 = w (h4 h3 ) = 50 1.005 (1373 536.66) = 42.026 MW
10.806
= 0.257 = 25.7%........ Ans
42.026
11.0
JET PROPULSION
37
12
ROCKET MOTOR.
2 R To
PE
I SP =
1 ( )
1
PO
1
2
PE
is the ratio of the nozzle exit
PO
pressure to the rocket chamber pressure, R is the gas constant, and = ratio of the specific
heat for the combustion gases taken as 1.4 for adiabatic flow.
PO A
m& =
TO
+
1
+1
1
13.0
w1 (u1 + p1 v1 +
(u1 + p1 v1 +
v12
v2
dQ
dW
)+
= w 2 (u2 + p2 v 2 + 2 )
.is energy flow per unit time
2
d
2
d
v12
v2
dQ
dW
)+
= (u 2 + p 2 v 2 + 2 )
for energy flow per unit mass
2
dm
2
dm
In differential form :-
38
dQ = dh + VdV + gdz + dW
Where dQ = du + pdv
dh = du + pv
dh = du + pdv + vdp
dh = dq + vdp
dq = dh vdp
Tds = dh vdp
For closed system the work done by the gas is pdv while for flow systems the work done is
given by
14.0
vdp .
PROBLEM 17.
vdp
term. A
2
1
V1=70 m/S
V1=? m/S
.v1=0.1m 3 /kg
.v1=0.6m 3 /kg
P1=15 bar
P1=1.5 bar
A system above is steady flow nozzle ideally insulated device so that no heat transfer takes
place with the surroundings, while the flow takes place through it. A gas expands through the
nozzle following a reversible polytropic law pv = C . There is no change in PE but the
pressure drop from 15 bar to 1.5 bar and the specific volume increases from 0.1 m3 to 0.6m3.
39
If the entrance velocity to the nozzle is 70 m/sec determine the exit velocity.
We have;
dQ = dh + VDV + gdz + dW
here Q=0 ; W=0 as no external work is added and the potential energy is =0 as z is in the same
datum.
Therefore,
n
( p1v1 p2 v 2 )
n 1
2
V 2 V12
VdV = VdV = 2
2
2
V2 70
= 2.6 10 5 J
2
V2 = 2 2.6 10 5 + 4900 = 724 .5m / s
15.0
Consider reversible adiabatic flow of a fluid in a passage of varying cross sectional area.
The following equations can be written for the flow :Continuity equation : A V = m& = cons tan t
Differentiating we have
d
dA dV
+
=0
A V
SSSF equations (neglecting PE changes )
40
dh = VdV = 0
Tds = dh
dp
1 dp
V
=
+
V 2
A
V
dA
dp
=
A V 2
d
V 2
+ 1
dp
dA
dp
=
(1 M 2 ) .(1)
2
A V
For subsonic portion of the nozzle the nozzle cross section converges i.e. when M<1;
And the nozzle diverges for supersonic speeds i.e. M>1.0.
FOR DIFFUSERS:
It is the reverse of nozzles i.e. at the convergent portion diverges or M>1.0 and converges
for supersonic flow.
41
42
43
Answers: (a) 5728 kPa, 487 kPa, (b) 3.1, (c) 57.8%, (d) 1153 kJ/kg, (e) 1430 kPa, (f)
60.6%
Answers: (a) T2 = 947 K, T3 = 2340 k, T4 = 3335 K, T5 = 1209 K, (b) 67.3%, (c) 1346
kJ/kg, (d) 1666 kPa, (e) 61.1%
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56