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  • Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolisme

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    Dhalyz Slalu Cyangk
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    This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism and regulation of blood glucose levels. It discusses how glucose is the obligate fuel for the central nervous system and red blood cells. It also explains how the hormones insulin and glucagon work to regulate blood glucose levels - insulin stimulates processes that lower blood glucose like glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis, while glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose during hypoglycemia. The document also discusses diabetes mellitus and how it results in a multi-organ catabolic response due to insulin insufficiency, as well as complications of long-term hyperglycemia like glucose toxicity and protein glycosylation.

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    Carbohydrate Metabolisme

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    This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism and regulation of blood glucose levels. It discusses how glucose is the obligate fuel for the central nervous system and red blood cells. It also explains how the hormones insulin and glucagon work to regulate blood glucose levels - insulin stimulates processes that lower blood glucose like glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis, while glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose during hypoglycemia. The document also discusses diabetes mellitus and how it results in a multi-organ catabolic response due to insulin insufficiency, as well as complications of long-term hyperglycemia like glucose toxicity and protein glycosylation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    8 views11 pages

    Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolisme

    Uploaded by

    Dhalyz Slalu Cyangk
    This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism and regulation of blood glucose levels. It discusses how glucose is the obligate fuel for the central nervous system and red blood cells. It also explains how the hormones insulin and glucagon work to regulate blood glucose levels - insulin stimulates processes that lower blood glucose like glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis, while glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose during hypoglycemia. The document also discusses diabetes mellitus and how it results in a multi-organ catabolic response due to insulin insufficiency, as well as complications of long-term hyperglycemia like glucose toxicity and protein glycosylation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 11

    Overview of Carbohydrate

    Metabolism:

    The importance of
    regulating blood
    glucose levels.

    Glucose:
    Obligate fuel for CNS &
    RBCs

    CNS/Brain

    Dependent on glucose as primary


    source of fuel

    Uses ~120g glucose/day of total 160-200


    g/d

    RBC

    Dependent on glucose
    Lack mitochondria

    Regulation of blood glucose


    levels

    Insulin
    Anabolic in response to hyperglycemia
    Liver

    Muscle

    Stimulates glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, and


    fatty acid synthesis
    Stimulates glycogen synthesis

    Adipose

    Stimulates lipoprotein lipase resulting in uptake


    of fatty acids from chylomicrons and VLDL
    Stimulates glycolysis for glycerol phosphate
    synthesis (precurser to triglycerides)

    Figure 9-1

    Role in insulin in lowering blood


    glucose

    Regulation of blood glucose


    levels
    Glucagon

    Catabolic, in response to
    hypoglycemia
    Liver

    Activates glycogen degradation,


    gluconeogenesis

    Adipose

    Stimulates lipolysis and release of


    fatty acids

    Figure 9-2

    Role of glucagon in increasing


    blood glucose levels

    Diabetes Mellitus

    A multi-organ catabolic response caused by


    insulin insufficiency

    Muscle

    Adipose

    Lipolysis for fatty acid release

    Liver

    Protein catabolism for gluconeogenesis

    Ketogenesis from fatty acid oxidation


    Gluconeogenesis from amino acids and glycerol

    Kidney

    Ketonuria and cation excretion

    Renal ammoniagenesis (NH4+, cation excreted with KB)

    Glucose Toxicity

    Diabetic complications
    Glycosylation of Protein

    Reaction of glucose to amino groups


    May be related to pathologic changes in eye,
    peripheral nerves, kidneys
    Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

    Polyol formation

    Sorbitol production from aldol reductase


    Accumulation of sorbitol results in osmotic
    changes and cataracts in the lens

    Chapter 9
    Clinical Case (p129)

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