ENERGY CONVERSION ONE

(Course 25741)

CHAPTER NINE .continued

DC MOTORS AND GENERATORS

TERMINAL CHARCATERISTIC of a
SHUNT DC MOTOR
If a shunt dc motor has compensating windings
so that flux is constant regardless of load, &
motors speed & armature current known at any
one value of load , then speed at any other load
can be determined if IA is known at that load
EXAMPLE-1: A 50 hp, 250 V, 1200 r/min dc
shunt motor with compensating windings,
RA =0.06 (including brushes, comp.
windings, & inter-poles). The field cct. has a
total resistance of Radj + RF of 50 which
develops a no load speed of 1200 r/min. There
are 1200 turns per pole on shunt field winding

TERMINAL CHARCATERISTIC of a
SHUNT DC MOTOR
(a) Find speed of this motor when its input
current
is 100 A
(b) Find speed of this motor when its input
current is 200 A
(c) Find the speed of this motor when its input
current is 300 A
(d) plot torque-speed characteristic of this motor

TERMINAL CHARCATERISTIC of a
SHUNT DC MOTOR
EXAMPLE-1;SOLUTION:
EA=Kn, since IF is constant (VT & RF const.) & since
there are no A.R. would be constant
relationships between speeds & internal
generated voltages of motor at 2 different load
conditions is: EA2/EA1=[Kn2]/[Kn1]

constant K cancels, also canceled

n2= EA2/EA1 . n1
at no load IA is zero so EA1=VT=250 V
While speed n1=1200 r/min
If internal generated voltage at any other load is
determined, motor speed at the load can be
determined

TERMINAL CHARCATERISTIC of a
SHUNT DC MOTOR
(a) if IL=100 A then armature current :
IA=IL-IF=IL- VT / RF =100 250/ 50=95 A
EA=VT-RAIA=250 (95)(0.06)=244.3 V
Resulting speed:
n2=EA2/EA1xn1=244.3/250 x1200=1173 r/min

(b) IL=200 A IA=200-250/50=195 A

EA=250-(95)(0.06)=238.3 V
n2= 238.3/250 x1200=1144 r/min

TERMINAL CHARCATERISTIC of a
SHUNT DC MOTOR
(c) if IL=300 A, then IA=IL-IF=300-250/50=295 A
EA = 250-(295)(0.06)=232.3 V
n2=232.3/250 x 1200=1115 r/min
(d) torque versus speed
At no load induced torque is zero
Pconv=EAIA=Tind
From this equation
Tind= EAIA /
IL=100 A
Tind=(244.3)(95)/ [1173x1/60x2]=190 N.m.
IL=200 A Tind= 238.3x195/[1144x1/60x2]=388 N.m.
IL=300 A Tind=587 N.m.

TERMINAL CHARCATERISTIC of a
SHUNT DC MOTOR
Torque speed characteristic of motor

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT

DC MOTOR
flux & EA of a dc machine is a nonlinear
function of mmf
anything that changes mmf cause a
nonlinear effect on EA
mmf should be used to determine E A & mmf
determined based on field current and A.R.

magnetization curve is a direct plot of E A versus

IF for a given speed 0 effect of variation in
field current can be determined directly from its
magnetization curve

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT

DC MOTOR
If a machine has armature reaction, its flux will be
reduced with each increase in load. The total mmf in a
shunt dc motor is the field circuit mmf less the mmf
due to armature reaction (AR):
Fnet = NFIF FAR
magnetization curves are expressed as plots of E A vs
field current, normally an equivalent field current is
defined that would produce the same output voltage
as the combination of all the mmf in the machine
The equivalent field current :

*
F

IF

FAR

NF

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT

DC MOTOR
one other effect must be considered when non linear analysis is
used to determine EA of a dc motor
The magnetization curves for a machine are drawn for a
particular speed, usually the rated speed of the machine
How can the effects of a given field current be determined if the
motor is turning at other than rated speed?
The equation for the induced voltage in a dc machine when
speed is expressed as rev/min: EA = Kn ,
For a given effective field current, the flux in the machine is
fixed, so the EA is related to speed by

EA
n

E A0
n0

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT

DC MOTOR
EXAMPLE-2:
A 50 hP, 250V, 1200r/min DC shunt motor
without compensating windings has an
armature resistance (including the brushes and
interpoles) of 0.06 .
Its field circuit has a total resistance R adj + RF of
50 , which produces a no-load speed of 1200
r/min. There are 1200 turns per pole on the
shunt field winding, and the armature reaction
produces a demagnetising mmf of 840 A.turns
at a load current of 200A. magnetization curve
of this machine is shown next

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT

DC MOTOR
Magnetization Curve of typical 250 V dc motor
Example -2

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT

DC MOTOR
(a) Find the speed of this motor when its input
current is 200A.
(b) This motor is essentially identical to the one in
Example 1, except for the absence of
compensating windings.
How does its speed compare to that of the
previous motor at a load current of 200A?
(c) calculate & plot torque-speed characteristic of
motor

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT

DC MOTOR
(a) IL=200 A IA=IL-VT/RF=200-250/50=195 A
EA=250-195x0.06=238.3 V
at this current A.R. demagnetizing mmf is 840
A.T.s so effective shunt field current is:
IF*= IF- FAR/NF = 5.0-840/1200 =4.3 A
from magnetization curve, effective field current
produce EA0 of 233 V at a speed of n0=1200
r/min
However since voltage is 238.3 V, shows actual
operating speed of motor is:
EA/EA0 n0 =238.3/233 x 1200 =1227 r/min

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT

DC MOTOR
(b) at 200 A load in Example 1, motors speed
was n=1144 r/min in this example motors
speed is 1227 r/min
Note: speed of motor with A.R. is higher than
speed of motor with no A.R. This relative
increase in speed is due to flux weakening in
machine with A.R.
(c) for this item, (since there is no information
about FAR in other load currents) it is assumed
that FAR varies linearly with load current, &
using MATLAB speed-torque characteristic
obtained

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT

DC MOTOR
Torque-speed characteristic of motor with
armature reaction

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC

MOTOR

Two common methods:

1- Adjusting the field resistance RF (and thus
the field flux)
2- Adjusting the terminal voltage applied to the
armature
Less common method:
3- Inserting a resistor in series with the
armature circuit

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC

MOTOR
Changing the Field Resistance
If the field resistance increases, field current
decreases (IF = VT/RF), and as the field current
decreases, flux decreases as well.
A decrease in flux causes an instantaneous decrease
in the internal generated voltage EA (=K), which
causes a large increase in the machines armature
current since

VT E A
I A
RA

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC

MOTOR
Induced torque in a motor is given by ind =KIA
since flux in machine decreases while current I A
increases, which way does the induced torque
change?
Look at
this example:
armature
current flow is
IA=(250V-245V)/
0.25= 20A

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC

MOTOR
What happens in this motor if there is a 1%
decrease in flux?
If the flux decrease by 1%, then E A must
decrease by 1% too, because EA = K
Therefore, EA will drop to:
EA2 = 0.99 EA1 = 0.99 (245) = 242.55 V
armature current must then rise to
IA = (250-242.55)/0.25 = 29.8 A
Thus, a 1% decrease in flux produced a 49%
increase in armature current

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC

MOTOR
back to original discussion, the increase in
current predominates over the decrease in flux
so, ind>load , the motor speeds up
However, as the motor speeds up, EA rises,
causing IA to fall. Thus, induced torque ind
drops too, and finally ind equals load at a higher
steady-sate speed than originally
Summarizing behaviour:
1- increasing RF causes IF (=VT/RF) to decrease
2- decreasing IF decrease

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC

MOTOR
3 Decreasing lowers EA(=K)
4 - Decreasing EA increases IA (=VT-EA)/RA
5- increasing IA increases Tind (=KIA), with change in IA
dominant over change in flux
6-increasing Tind makes Tind>Tload & speed increases
7-increase in , increases EA= K again
8-increasing EA decreases IA
9-Decreasing IA decreases Tind until Tind=Tload at a higher

Effect of increasing RF on O/P characteristic of a shunt

motor shown in next figure

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC

MOTOR
Effect of RF speed control on a shunt motors
torque-speed (over motors normal operating
range)

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC

MOTOR
Effect of RF speed control on a shunt motors
torque-speed (over entire range from no-load to
stall conditions)

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC

MOTOR
According to equation of speed presented before:
(a) no-load speed is proportional to reciprocal of flux in
motor
(b) while slope of the curve is proportional to reciprocal
of flux squared
Therefore a decrease in flux causes slope of torquespeed to become steeper
over this range, an increase in field resistance
increases motors speed
For motors operating between no-load & full-load
conditions, an increase in RF may reliably be expected
to increase operating speed

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC

MOTOR
In previous figure (b) terminal characteristic of motor over full
range from no-load to stall shown
In figure can see at very slow speeds, an increase in field
resistance will actually decrease speed of motor
This effect occurs because at very low speeds, the increase in
armature current caused by decrease in EA not enough to
compensate for decrease in flux in induced torque field
resistance
Some small dc motors used for control purposes operate at
speeds close to stall conditions
For these motors, an increase in RF might have no effect or it
might even decrease speed of motor
Since the results are not predictable, field resistance speed
control should not be used in these types of dc motors. Instead,
the armature voltage method should be employed

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC

MOTOR
CHANGING ARMATURE VOLTAGE
This method involves changing the voltage applied to
the armature of the motor without changing the
voltage applied to the field
If the voltage VA is increased, then the IA must rise [ IA
= (VA -EA)/RA]. As IA increases, the induced torque
ind =KIA increases, making ind > load , and the
speed of the motor increases
But, as the speed increases, the EA (=K)
increases, causing the armature current to decrease
This decrease in IA decreases the induced torque,
causing ind = load at a higher rotational speed

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC

MOTOR
Effect of armature voltage speed control

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC

MOTOR
Inserting a Resistor in Series with the Armature
Circuit
If a resistor is inserted in series with the armature
circuit, the effect is to drastically increase the slope of
the motors torque-speed characteristic, making it
operate more slowly if loaded. This fact can be seen
from the speed equation:
V
R

( K )

ind

The insertion of a resistor is a very wasteful method of

speed control, since the losses in the inserted resistor
are very large. For this reason, it is rarely used