AN ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF WILD HERB USE IN BULGARIA

BY
KERRY L. PLOETZ

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY
MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
2000

The thesis, An Ethnobotanical Study of Wild Herb Use in Bulgaria, is hereby approved
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
FORESTRY.

School of Forestry and Wood Products

Signatures:
Thesis Advisor:_______________________________
Blair Orr
Dean:_______________________________
Glenn Mroz
Date:____________

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
LIST OF FIGURES .. v
LIST OF TABLES vi
ABSTRACT.. ix
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION... 1

CHAPTER 2

STUDY AREA.4

Geography and Mineral Resources4

Climate...6
Flora and Fauna..6
Environmental Issues. 7
Demographics 8
Agriculture. 9
Industry.. 9
Language10
Education... 10
History... 10
Herb Use, Personal and Commercial .... 12
CHAPTER 3

METHODS.. 14

Survey Design14
Survey Distribution16
Town Descriptions. 16
Survey Data Compilation...26
Potential Problems. 27
CHAPTER 4

GENERAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...29

Short Answer. 33

iii

CHAPTER 5

THE FIFTEEN MOST COMMONLY USED HERBS, RESULTS

AND DISCUSSION.37

Descriptions of the Fifteen Most Commonly Used Herbs.40

CHAPTER 6

REGIONAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. 47

Regional Differences of Individual Herb Use... 49

Regional Differences for Methods of Acquiring Herbs.59
Regional Differences of Uses of Herbs. 63
Regional Conclusions 67
CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION 73

LITERATURE CITED.. 75
APPENDIX 1 SAMPLE SURVEY. 77
APPENDIX 2 DATA FOR EACH OF THE 21 SURVEY SETS...82

iv

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1.
2.
3.
4.

Page

Bulgaria within Europe... 5

Bulgaria5
Cities Surveyed and Regional Distribution.... 19
Areas Where Medicinal Plants are Threatened57

LIST OF TABLES
Table

Page

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Age Structure of Bulgarians.8

Town Information 17
Average Herb Use and Population According to Town.. 30
Average Percentages of How Herbs are Acquired for Each Town. 31
Average Percentages of How Herbs are Used for Each Town.... 32
The Fifteen Most Commonly Used Herbs and the Percentages of Surveys
That Indicated Use of Them 38
7. Average Percentages of Methods of Acquisition for the Fifteen Most
Commonly Used Herbs....39
8. Average Percentages of How the Fifteen Most Commonly Used Herbs are
Used. 40
9. Average Herb Use According to Region. 48
10. Herbs with Significant Chi Square Values in the Pirin Mountains Region.49
11. Herbs with Significant Chi Square Values in the Rila Mountains Region.. 50
12. Herbs with Significant Chi Square Values in the Central Part of the Northern
Balkan Mountains Region51
13. Herbs with significant Chi Square Values in the Plains South of the Balkan
Mountains Region52
14. Herbs with Significant Chi Square Values in the Rhodope Mountains Region.. 53
15. Herbs with Significant Chi Square Values in the Western Part of the Northern
Balkan Mountains Region... 55
16. Significant Chi Square Values for Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the Pirin
Mountains Region59
17. Significant Chi Square Values for Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the Rila
Mountains Region60
18. Significant Chi Square Values for Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the
Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region..60
19. Significant Chi Square Values for Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the Plains
South of the Balkan Mountains Region... 61
20. Significant Chi Square Values for Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the
Rhodope Mountains Region........ 61
21. Significant Chi Square Values for the Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the
Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region 62
22. Significant Chi square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Pirin Mountains
Region.. 63
23. Significant Chi Square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Rila Mountains
Region.. 64
24. Significant Chi Square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Central Part of
the Northern Balkan Mountains Region.. 64
25. Significant Chi Square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Plains South of
the Balkan Mountains Region..65

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26. Significant Chi Square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Rhodope
Mountains Region66
27. Significant chi Square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Western Part of
the Northern Balkan Mountains Region.. 66
28. Summary of Regional Data..68

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I cannot express enough gratitude to my advisor, Blair Orr, for his unending
assistance and support throughout my graduate career in the The Loret Miller Ruppe
Peace Corps Masters International Program in Forestry at Michigan Technological
University. While serving in Bulgaria, he kept me connected to the home front and
provided invaluable words of wisdom. Since my return Blair has made sure I kept on
track with what once seemed an insurmountable task, completing my masters.
I would also like to thank the remainder of my committee; Peg Gale for giving me
the opportunity to broaden my horizons by assisting her in a wetlands study and for
always giving an encouraging smile and kind words; Jim Pickens for providing some
friendly advice or a humorous story when I needed to hear something uplifting; and to
Ron Gratz, for his valuable suggestions and for understanding and supporting the Peace
Corps experience. Thank you all for your support, time, and critiques. A warm thank
you to Janet Locatelli, a resourceful librarian, for finding some obscure information that I
had lost hope of ever finding.
Bulgaria is a beautiful country with warm people and a diverse environment. My
service in Peace Corps would not have been as enjoyable or as rewarding without my
friends there. I would especially like to thank Silvia, Ivanka, and Stephen Angelova, our
Bulgarian family, for their constant support and generosity. I will always cherish our
friendship and remember the daily acts of kindness you gave. Special thanks to Ani and
Gergana for their friendship. This study would not have been possible without the Peace
Corps Volunteers that administered the surveys, and the Peace Corps Bulgaria office for
their assistance. Many thanks!
Lastly, I would like to thank my family. All of you have contributed with your
love and support. Thank you Mom, for supporting me throughout college and life, and
for teaching me how important it is to enjoy whatever I choose to do. Larry and Denise,
thank you for your editing skills and all of your support. Special thanks to Jeff, for
loving Peace Corps and Bulgaria as much as I do, looking forward to our next adventure
together, and for sharing the grueling process of writing a thesis with me.

viii

ABSTRACT
Bulgaria is a country rich in history, culture and traditions which include the use
of herbs. Herbs are commonly used throughout Bulgaria for medicinal purposes, in the
preparation of food, and as decoration. Bulgaria is a country in political, economic, and
cultural transition. Many privatized herb companies opened after the fall of communism;
a high unemployment rate led to a larger available work force for collecting. Bulgaria is
currently the largest exporter of herbs in Europe.
Herbs play an integral part in the Bulgarian household. I decided to design an
ethnobotanical study to learn which herbs are used, how they are used, and the methods
used to acquire them. I also wanted to learn if the local people believe herbs are
threatened, and if they do, what are those threats? To accomplish these goals, I designed
a multiple choice format survey, listing 128 herbs and short answer questions, that would
be administered by other Peace Corps Volunteers. In this way a wide range of towns
throughout Bulgaria could be surveyed.
Nineteen towns were surveyed. The responses indicate that herbs are primarily
used medicinally and in the preparation of food. The people surveyed indicated that
herbs play an important role in their families and that Bulgarians are knowledgeable on
various uses of herbs, traditional and modern. The responses also indicated that
Bulgarians are concerned about the abundance of herbs because of problems associated
with herb companies, improper gathering techniques, pollution, and deforestation.
Results from the nineteen towns surveyed show that fifteen herbs are commonly
used in Bulgaria. These herbs are primarily popular medicinal species or are commonly

ix

used in traditional Bulgarian cuisine. These herbs usually have a widespread natural
range or can be easily cultivated and are readily available to most of the population.
Even though some herbs are commonly used throughout Bulgaria, there are
significant regional differences of herb use. Fourteen of the towns were grouped into six
geographic regions. The distinct regions use varying amounts of herbs, different
individual herbs, and have different uses for and methods of acquiring herbs. Local
topography, natural diversity of herbs in proximity to the regions, and traditional
knowledge all affect regional use of herbs.

Motherland beloved, with beauty so supreme!

Your boundless skies unfold their wondrous azure!
Your fleeting images enchant so like a treasure!
Every glance reveals fresh marvels yet unseen:
Here merry valleys, yonder giant mountains,
The land profuse with flowers, the sky with diamonds abounds
Motherland beloved, with beauty so supreme!

Is there a country more generous in colour, in largesse?

You are a crucible replete with kindness and grace:
Bread, roses, nectar, flowers, fruit and lace,
The radiance of the East, the Souths lush caress,
Your forests are endowed with harmony and calm,
The valleys full of blossoms, the bosom full of charm.
Is there a country more generous in colour, in largesse?

Motherland, are you not worthy of devotion?

What wanderer ever left you not uttering a sigh?

Ivan Vazov

xi

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

During my first year in Bulgaria I spent time observing the people and the culture
that surrounded me. I came to the conclusion that herbs are an integral part in most
Bulgarians lives. They use them medicinally, for cooking, decoration, and to generate
income. I decided to design an ethnobotanical study, using a survey, that could be used
to determine which herbs Bulgarians used most, how they are acquired and how they are
used.
According to Martin (1995), ethnobotany is defined as the study of peoples
classification, management and use of plants. Ethnobotanical studies can be applied
almost anywhere because plants are an integral part of many societies. The study of
ethnobotany can include many fields of research - botany, biochemistry, pharmacology,
toxicology, medicine, nutrition, agriculture, ecology, evolution, religion, sociology,
anthropology, linguistics, history and archaeology. Therefore, there are numerous
approaches and applications of ethnobotanical studies (Alexiades, 1996).
The following passage from the Encyclopedia of World Cultures (Bennett,1992)
describes what I observed, and what Bulgarians described to me.
Treatment for illness traditionally included a variety of
possibilities: religious actions, such as drinking holy water
and kissing icons; non-Christian magical incantations
believed to counter or exorcise evil forces; herbal
treatments using local plants and their products (such as
garlic, wine, and brandy); and consulting a physician.
Traditionally, the last option was the last resort, but in
contemporary Bulgaria it is more often the first response to
sickness, though often in combination with folk
treatments.

In the following chapter I will discuss the study area, Bulgaria. I will begin by
discussing the geography and environment of Bulgaria, followed by the demographics
information, agriculture, industry, and education. I will conclude with a brief section on
Bulgarias history, including a history of their herb practices.
The methods will be described in Chapter 3. The methods are split into five
sections; survey design, survey distribution, town descriptions, survey data compilation,
and potential problems. I will begin by discussing how I designed and then distributed
the surveys. A brief description of each of the nineteen towns that participated will be
given. A section follows this on the methods used to compile and analyze the data.
Chapter 3 concludes by addressing potential problems with the methodology.
In Chapter 4 I will describe the data collected from the nineteen towns that were
surveyed and then discuss those results. This includes the average number of herbs used
in each to town, along with the population information. Statistically, population size and
herb use are correlated. Herb use data, and methods of acquiring herbs for each town are
also presented in this chapter. Results from the short answer section of the survey are
included in this chapter.
Chapter 5 focuses on the acquisition and uses of the fifteen most commonly used
herbs. The chapter concludes with a description of each of the fifteen most commonly
used herbs and a discussion of why these herbs are frequently used in Bulgaria.
The regional results will be presented in Chapter 6. Fourteen of the towns were
grouped into six distinct geographic regions to determine if towns in specific regions
share patterns of herb use. This will include regional results of how many herbs are used,
methods of acquiring herbs, and what the herbs are used for. In this chapter I will discuss

individual herbs that are used significantly more or significantly less in a particular
region compared to the other towns and the reasons for these differences.
I will briefly discuss conclusions in the final chapter. This is followed by
appendices with a sample survey form and the original data from each of the 21 survey
sets.

CHAPTER 2
STUDY AREA

Though only the size of Ohio, Bulgaria is a country rich in history and culture and
diverse in climate, flora, and fauna. The traditional use of herbs, recent economic and
political transition, and ecological diversity makes Bulgaria an intriguing study area - the
traditional lifestyle merges with modern economy. This chapter provides the background
on Bulgaria necessary to understand the context in which the study of herb use was
undertaken.

GEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

This study was conducted in Bulgaria, a country located in Eastern Europe
between 4114 and 4413N and 2221 and 2826E (Bennett, 1992). Bulgaria is
110,993.6 square kilometers and is bordered by Romania (608 km of border), Serbia
(318km), Macedonia (148 km), Greece (494 km), Turkey (240km) and the Black Sea
(354km) (CIA, 1998) (Figures 1 and 2). There is much diversity in the landforms,
dominated by mountains in the central and southern parts of the country and the Danube
plains in the north. The average altitude is 470 meters (Republic of Bulgaria, 1998). The
highest point, at 2925m, is Mount Musala in the Rhodope Mountains. The lowest point,
at 0m, is found in the Black Sea (CIA, 1998). The Balkan Mountains, 530 km long,
divides the country into two parts, the north and the south. Its highest elevation is 2376
m, and the average elevation is 722m (ICN, 1998).

Figure 1: Bulgaria within Europe (www.heritagefilms.com)

Figure 2: Bulgaria (www.bulgaria-embassy.org/map.htm)

5

Brown coal, also known as lignite, iron ore, copper, zinc, lead, oil, and natural gas
are the chief mineral resources in Bulgaria (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

CLIMATE
The climate of Bulgaria is classified as moderate continental, but varies when
close to the Black Sea or in the mountains (Republic of Bulgaria, 1998). A
Mediterranean influence is found in the southern regions of Bulgaria (Bulgarian Travel
Guide, 2000). The Balkan Range provides a barrier to the cold northern air currents.
This produces the effect of cold winters and hot summers in the northern areas, especially
the Danubian Plain. The areas south of the Balkan Mountains have average temperatures
that are several degrees higher and with smaller variations, a climate favorable for
agriculture (Nachev and Velchev, 1999). The average annual air temperature of Bulgaria
is 10.5 C. The highest recorded temperature was 45.2 C and the lowest temperature
was 38.3 C (ICN, 1998).
The average annual rainfall is between 450 to 1300 mm. Rainfall is highest in the
mountains and western Bulgaria. Snow is rarely seen along the Black Sea coast, but
snow usually is found in the high mountains for 200 days (ICN, 1998).

FLORA AND FAUNA

Bulgaria allocates a large percentage of its land for reserves. There are three
national parks and 89 reserves or protected areas. The diversity of landforms and climate
lead to a variety of vegetation. These areas help support over 12,350 plant species,
including many endemics (Republic of Bulgaria, 1998). There are 270 plants endemic to

Bulgaria and 285 plant species unique to the Balkan Peninsula (ICN, 1998). About one
third of Bulgaria is covered by forests (Nachev and Velchev, 1999). The most common
trees are oak, beech, elm, white pine, black pine, spruce and fir. Grass communities
cover about 15% of Bulgaria (ICN, 1998: Apostolova and Slavova, 1997).
Bulgaria contains about 15,000 animal species. Plain regions host the majority of
the animal species. Foxes, squirrels, hedgehogs, weasels, polecats and bats can be found
throughout the country. Wild cats, wild boars, bears, badgers, rabbits, mountain goats,
wolves, deer, eagles, vultures and woodpeckers can be found in the mountains. The
swamps along the Danube River and the Black Sea coast are rich in birds, such as
pelicans, ibis, herons, cormorants, gulls and ducks. Storks are abundant in most towns,
on old smokestacks of abandoned factories. Balkan trout, pike, sheat-fish and various
carp are the most common freshwater fishes. Crabs, black mussel, grey mullet, mackerel,
seals and three dolphin species are found in the Black Sea (ICN, 1998).
Most Bulgarian wildlife books and publications list all these species of animals as
being common in Bulgaria. There are many protected areas where hunting is prohibited.
In reality, poaching is a serious threat to Bulgarias fauna. With a high unemployment
rate, many Bulgarians need to hunt because they cannot afford to buy meat. During my
27 months in Bulgaria, with much time spent hiking, I saw a total of two deer, two
rabbits, and a squirrel. The birds were plentiful.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
The most common natural hazards in Bulgaria are earthquakes and landslides.
Non-natural environmental problems include air pollution due to industrial and auto

emissions; rivers polluted with raw sewage, heavy metals, and detergents; deforestation;
forest damage caused by air pollution and acid rain; soil contamination from heavy
metals and industrial waste (CIA, 1998).

DEMOGRAPHICS
The population of Bulgaria is 8,194,772, but there is an annual population decline
of 0.52%. The death rate is higher than the birth rate. With the fall of communism the
unemployment rate increased. Bulgarians have said they do not have the money to have
children. Another reason for the population decline is that most Bulgarians, when given
the chance, will emigrate to other countries. The age structure of Bulgarians is shown in
Table 1.
Table 1: Age structure of Bulgarians
Age Bracket (yrs)
% of population
0-14
16
15-64
68
65+
16
The average age in Bulgaria will continue to increase because of the low birth rate. The
average life expectancy is about 72 years old (CIA, 1998).
The majority of the people are ethnic Bulgarians (86%), while 9% are Turkish and
4% are Roma (Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S., 2000). The minority population is growing.
According to statistics from 1956 ethnic Bulgarians comprised 90% of the total
population, 6% were Turkish, and 4% were all other minorities including Roma,
Russians, Romanians, and Armenians (The Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations,
1960). Most Roma people will tell you that they have larger numbers than reported, but
that the Bulgarians do not include them in the census. The predominant religion is

Bulgarian Christian Orthodox. Sixty-seven percent of the population currently resides in

urban areas compared to 33.5% living in urban areas in 1956 (Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S.,
2000: The Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, 1960). The future of many villages
is in question because of the mass migration to urban areas. Many villages have
primarily elderly residents (Bennett, 1992; Creed, 1998).

AGRICULTURE
Agricultural crops are important to the economy of Bulgaria. Bulgaria was
considered an agricultural country until World War II. Agricultural products account for
about 15% of Bulgarias GNP, and about 20% of the total work force (The Columbia
Gazetteer of the World, 1998). The mild climate and fertile soils give way to a variety of
vegetables, fruits and tobacco (Nachev and Velchev, 1999). Bulgaria is the fourth largest
exporter of tobacco in the world (U.S. Department of State, 1999). Other important crops
are wheat, corn, barley, sunflowers, sugar beets, and grapes (The Columbia Gazetteer of
the World, 1998). Bulgaria is also well known for its rose oil, wine, brandy, and yogurt.

INDUSTRY
Bulgaria has been considered an industrial country since the end of World War II.
In 1939 industry accounted for only 25% of Bulgarias GNP, by 1957 it was 68% (The
Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, 1960). Industries that are important to the
economy include textiles, metallurgical products, chemical products, building materials,
machinery, electronics, food processing, and steel production (The Columbia Gazetteer
of the World, 1998: Nachev and Velchev, 1999: U.S. Department of State, 1999).

LANGUAGE
The official language is Bulgarian, a Slavic language using the Cyrillic alphabet.
The literacy rate is 98%. In 863 AD, two Christian monks that were brothers, Cyril and
Methodius created the alphabet by mixing Latin and Greek letters. This new alphabet is
thought to have helped spread Christianity to other areas in Eastern Europe in the 9th
century (Embassy of Bulgaria, U. S., 2000). Today, the Cyrillic alphabet is also used in
the languages of Russia, Serbia, Macedonia, and the former Soviet republics. Bulgarians
take great pride in this and celebrate Cyril and Methodius Day every year with parades
and other festivities.

EDUCATION
Attending school is required for children from 7 to 16 years old and is free at
public schools. Students choose their career path when entering seventh grade. They can
chose to attend a trade school, a mathematics school, or a language school. Most of the
math and language schools prepare the students for college. Students need to pass an
exam to be admitted into the better schools. A university education is free to those
students who qualify on a competitive nation-wide exam, but the majority of students pay
tuition. Sofia University located in the capital, Sofia, is the oldest in the country, founded
in 1888 (ICN, 1998).

HISTORY
The Thracians previously inhabited the territory now known as Bulgaria in the 6th
century BC and the Roman Empire conquered them in the 5th century AD. The

10

beginnings of Bulgaria as an independent country began in 681 AD, when it was founded
by the Slavs and the proto-Bulgars (Republic of Bulgaria, 1998). It became the most
powerful country in Eastern Europe in the late 9th and 10th century. Its reign came to an
end in the centuries to follow due to conflicts with Magyars, Serbs, Russians, the
Byzantine Empire, and, especially, the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire ruled
Bulgaria for almost 500 years, from 1396 to 1878 (Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S., 2000).
The Ottoman Empire was, and still is, accused of many war atrocities and of trying to
destroy Bulgarias culture and religion. To this day, many Bulgarians hold a strong
dislike for Turkey and the Turkish people. They refer to that period as the Turkish
Yoke.
The Ottoman Empire retreated from Bulgaria in 1878 after Russia defeated them
in the War of Liberation. Bulgaria formally declared independence in 1908, despite
interference from Russia, the Ottoman Empire and other Balkan States. The government
was unstable, as parties struggled for power. During the next 36 years, there would be
many different leaders. The USSR invaded Bulgaria in 1944 and placed the Fatherland
Front (the Communist Party) in power. Georgi Dimitrov became the first Communist
Prime Minister of Bulgaria, winning 70% of the vote in a questionable election (Embassy
of Bulgaria, U.S., 2000). As a result, all the private enterprises and banks were
nationalized, and all of the farmable land became part of cooperative farms (Republic of
Bulgaria, 1998). Bulgaria was a close ally of the Soviet Union for the next 42 years.
Todor Zhivkov, the second Communist Prime Minister, was overthrown by his
own men in 1989. They renamed themselves the Bulgarian Socialist Party, but were later
overthrown by a transitional coalition government in 1990. Bulgaria is currently a

11

parliamentary republic whose power belongs to the people through elected

representatives. They adopted a constitution in July of 1991 that provides for a multiparty, parliamentary system and free elections on the basis of universal suffrage
(Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S., 2000). During this time, the property and businesses that
had been seized were slowly reinstated to the previous owners. Zhelyu Zhelev was
Bulgarias first president freely elected by the people. He served until 1997. Peter
Stoyanov of the United Democratic Forces party is the current president. Bulgaria is still
going through the difficult transition of government, economy, and culture.
Many Bulgarians still consider themselves communists and want to return to that
system of government. The standard of living fell by about 40% after the fall of
communism because the Bulgarian economy had been closely tied to the Soviet market
(U.S. Department of State, 1999). Under communism everyone was employed and there
were not the class distinctions that exist now. As of March of 2000, 18.5% of the
population that were able to work, were unemployed (Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S., 2000).

HERB USE, PERSONAL AND COMMERCIAL

Under communism people could collect herbs in small quantities for personal use
or to sell in small quantities at the town vegetable markets, but they could not collect
herbs to sell on a large scale. With the privatization of businesses, herb companies began
to open throughout the country. The high unemployment rate led to an increased
available labor force capable of gathering the herbs. It is a normal practice for herb
companies to drive collectors to an area where a specific herb is known to grow. Herb
companies pay the gatherers by the weight of the herbs they bring in. This encourages

12

the herb gatherers to pick the entire plant, including the roots, and to pick all of the herbs
in a given area. The workers are usually not from the area where they are collecting, so
they do not feel local responsibility towards the area. As a result, sustainable collecting
methods are not practiced. Of all the European countries, Bulgaria is the largest exporter
of medicinal herbs. It ranks among the largest herb exporting countries in the world.
Each year, Bulgaria exports between ten and fifteen tons of herbs (Aladzhem, 2000).
It is possible that the current commercial production of herbs could alter the
natural ecological dynamics of herbs in Bulgaria and shift the ways Bulgarians view and
use herbs. Certain herbs may be viewed as a possible income source, and they will be
collected and sold to herb companies instead of being used locally. This can result in an
area devoid of economically valuable herbs, possibly affecting the people that live in
nearby communities who traditionally use those herbs.
I felt a study of current home use of herbs would be an important area of study.
The meaning of the word herb, as used in this study, refers to flora that is used by people.
Herbs are usually plants and shrubs but can include trees if the leaves or fruit are used.
How are herbs used in the Bulgarian household and do Bulgarians think herbs are
threatened in their local environment? The study was conducted in many towns
throughout Bulgaria to determine if there are significant regional or local differences in
herb use. The next chapter describes the methods used to conduct the study.

13

CHAPTER 3
METHODS

I wanted to create and distribute a survey to a wide range of villages throughout

Bulgaria to learn about the role that herbs play in the Bulgarian household. This broad
goal led to several subsidiary questions. Which herbs are used most often and for what
uses? Are there regional differences in the use of herbs? Is a local Bulgarians use of
herbs affected by the privatization of herb companies? Do the local people think the
herbs of Bulgaria are threatened, and if they do, what are those threats?
A survey that covered the different regions, reduced respondent bias, and could be
efficiently administered was needed. I used multiple choice format questionnaires
administered by other Peace Corps Volunteers. This chapter is divided into five sections;
survey design, survey distribution, town descriptions, survey data compilation, and
potential problems.

SURVEY DESIGN
I designed a survey that was applicable to all towns in Bulgaria, by listing herbs
from all the different areas of Bulgaria. The surveys could be distributed to many
different towns in Bulgaria to get a wider-spread response in comparison with developing
a locally targeted survey.
The survey listed 128 herbs found in Bulgaria. I used the book Bilkosubirane,
Rukovodctvo za Brane i Purvichna Prerabotka na Lechebni Rasteneya (Asenov et al.,
1998) to create the herb list. This book lists herbs from every region in Bulgaria. The

14

survey listed the herbs using their common Bulgarian name, their Latin name and the
common English name. The first column is marked if the person surveyed uses the herb.
The following column is to indicate how they are acquired. Are they grown in a garden,
purchased, or gathered from the local environment? The next column asks if the person
surveyed sells the herb. If they do, are they sold at the town bazaar or to an herb
company? The final column is used to indicate what the herb is used for. The
possibilities are medicinal, food, decoration or other.
The last page of the survey consists of short answer questions. These questions
are to determine if certain herbs are becoming increasingly rare or more expensive, and
what percentage of a familys income is dependent on herbs. The questions focus on
changes in the last decade, since the fall of communism and the privatization of
businesses including herb companies. These questions are:
1. Have some herbs become more expensive in the past 10 years? Which ones?
2. Have some herbs become more difficult to find in the local environment in the
past 10 years? Which ones?
3. Are there any herbs your family used to use, which you can no longer find to
purchase or gather? Which ones?
4. What percentage of your familys income is from selling herbs?
5. Does your family think the abundance of Bulgarias herbs is threatened?
These questions were written in English so they could be used as an English assignment
for other Peace Corps Volunteers. A sample survey form is in Appendix 1.

15

SURVEY DISTRIBUTION
I distributed sets of surveys, along with additional information teachers could use
to create an informative lesson about herbs, their uses and how they are abused in nature,
to Peace Corps Volunteers in other towns. Most of the volunteers were English teachers
and they gave the surveys to one Bulgarian class, at the high school level, as an English
assignment which was to be completed at home with the students families. In this way,
the student becomes the interviewer when he or she brings the survey home and discusses
it with the family (Sutton and Orr, 1991). The volunteers that were not English teachers
distributed them to colleagues, friends, eco-clubs, NGOs, etc. I supplied these
volunteers with copies of the survey in Bulgarian. In this way I could get a wide
sampling of surveys from various regions in Bulgaria. I gave a set to any volunteer that
was willing to distribute them.
The volunteers that participated were from the following towns: Bansko,
Blagoevgrad, Karjdali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Nova Zagora, Pernik, Plovdiv, Razgrad,
Samokov, Saparevo Banya, Sevlievo, Silistra, Smolyan, Svoge, Tryavna, Velingrad,
Vratsa, and Yambol. The population size, location within Bulgaria, and coordinates of
each town are shown in Table 2.

TOWN DESCRIPTIONS
Fourteen of the towns were grouped into six distinct regions based on geographic
location. The remaining towns were in isolated locations and could not be placed in a
group. The regions are: Pirin Mountains, composed of Bansko and Blagoevgrad; Rila
Mountains, consisting of Samokov and Saparevo Banya; Rhodope Mountains, consisting

16

Table 2: Town Information

TOWN

POPULATION*

COORDINATES

9,292

LOCATION IN
BULGARIA
SW

Bansko
Blagoevgrad

72,853

SW

4202N 2305E

Karjdali

46,767

SC

4139'N 2522'E

Kyustendil

54,452

SW

4216'N 2241'E

Lovech

48,528

NC

4309'N 2443'E

Nova Zagora

26,367

SE

4230'N2600'E

Pernik

91,075

SW

4235'N 2300'E

Plovdiv

345,205

SW

4208'N 2445'E

Razgrad

41,658

NE

4331'N 2632'E

Samokov

28,702

SW

4220'N2335'E

Saparevo Banya

4,583

SW

4217'N 2316'E

Sevlievo

25,558

NC

4301'N 2505'E

Silistra

48,287

NE

4407'N 2716'E

Smolyan

34,627

SW

4135'N 2442'E

Svoge

8,288

NW

4258'N 2319'E

Tryavna

12,398

NC

4253'N 2530'E

Velingrad

25,887

SW

4202'N 2359'E

Vratsa

76,947

NW

4312'N 2333'E

Yambol

91,119

SE

4228'N 2630'E

411'N 2329'E

SW=SouthWest SC=SouthCentral SE=SouthEast NW=NorthWest NC=NorthCentral NE=NorthEast

*Population numbers are based on 1993 data

Population and Coordinate data are taken from The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998.

17

of Velingrad, Smolyan and Karjdali; Plains South of the Balkan Mountains, consisting of
Yambol and Nova Zagora; Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains, consisting of
Tryavna and Sevlievo; and the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains,
consisting of Lovech, Vratsa and Svoge. Figure 3 illustrates the locations of cities
surveyed and these six regions.

Pirin Mountains Region

Bansko is a town of 9,292 people, located in the southwest quarter of Bulgaria in
the Pirin Mountains (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). It is an agricultural
town, with tobacco as an important crop (ICN, 1998). The industry of Bansko focuses on
timber products, furniture, producing telephone equipment and woodworking. A wine
factory is located here (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). Bansko is also well
known to tourists, as an alpine skiing destination.
Blagoevgrad is located in the southwest quarter of Bulgaria in the Pirin
Mountains, with a mild Mediterranean climate (Blagoevgrad Municipality, 2000). The
population is 72,853 (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). During 1985-87, the
town center was rebuilt in the traditional soviet style, with concrete block buildings and
concrete monuments. It is the administrative center of the Pirin region and hosts a variety
of factories. Blagoevgrad produces most of Bulgarias cigarettes at the Pirin Tobacco
Plant. Other important industries are machine building and electronics. It is the regional
center for the national telecommunications company and the national television company
(Blagoevgrad Municipality, 2000). The regional hospital is also located here.
Blagoevgrad is home to the American University of Bulgaria, and as a result, has become

18

Figure 3: Cities Surveyed and Regional Distribution

19

westernized more quickly than other areas. This town is a hub for cultural events, with
annual theater and music festivals. The Pirin Folk Ensemble of Blagoevgrad is the most
well known folk music and dance troupe in Bulgaria.

Rila Mountains Region

Samokov is located in western Bulgaria on the Iskur River in the Rila Mountains
(Bousfield and Richardson, 1999). The population is 28,702. Samokov is 43km
southeast of Sofia. It is an agriculture center, producing rye, oats, potatoes, fruit,
livestock, and dairy farming. Samokov was home to a bomb and missile-making factory
during the cold war and, consequently, this towns economy was severely damaged with
the fall of communism. The main industry is the lumber trade, with a state-run lumber
business in town. Other industries include textiles and manufacturing electrotechnical
plastics. There are coal and lime mines nearby. Many tourists pass through Samokov on
their way to neighboring ski resorts (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). It is
well known in Bulgaria for its art school specializing in painting (Webtourist, 1997).
Saparevo Banya is located in the southwest quarter of Bulgaria on the Dzherman
River, in the Rila Mountains. The population is 4,583. It is primarily known as a health
resort and boasts the hottest springs in Bulgaria. Saparevo Banya produces a variety of
fruits and there are many vineyards (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Rhodope Mountains Region

Velingrad is located in southwest Bulgaria on the Chepinska River in the
Rhodope Mountains with an altitude of 750-850m above sea level (Webtourist, 1997).

20

The population of Velingrad is 25,887 (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). It
is comprised of three former Pomak villages, Chepino, Luzhene, and Kamenitza that
came together in 1949. It is well known as a health resort, with a wealth of hot mineral
springs (Bousfield and Richardson, 1999). It is also an alpine skiing area (Webtourist,
1997). The main industries of Velingrad are building machine-processing equipment,
manufacturing toys, and cutting marble (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).
Smolyan, a town of 34,627 people, is located in south central Bulgaria in the
Rhodope Mountains on the Arda River. It is the highest major town in Bulgaria, at
1000m above sea level (Bousfield and Richardson, 1999). Smolyan is the economic and
administrative center of the Rhodope Mountains (Webtourist, 1997). As an agricultural
center, Smolyan specializes in tobacco, potatoes, livestock, and dairy farming. The main
industries are metal and wood processing, construction materials, building furniture, and
producing wine. A famous woodworking school is located here (The Columbia
Gazetteer of the World, 1998).
Karjdali is located in south central Bulgaria on the Arda River, in the Rhodope
Mountains. The population is 46,767. It was one of the last towns in Bulgaria to remain
under the Ottoman rule, to this day it has a high population of Turkish-Bulgarians. The
main industries include tobacco and food processing, lead and zinc smelting, textiles, and
building auto engines. A teachers college is located here (The Columbia Gazetteer of the
World, 1998).

21

Plains South of the Balkan Mountains Region

Yambol is located in the southeast quarter of Bulgaria with a population of 91,119
(The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). During communism, the main industry
was a polyester fiber plant, but Yambol is now reverting back to an agriculture region,
with foreign investments helping establish new vineyards. Grain and livestock are other
important agricultural products. Other industries include chemical production,
machinery, construction materials, and food processing (The Columbia Gazetteer of the
World, 1998).
Nova Zagora is located south of the Balkan Mountains with a population of
26,367. It is an agricultural center, specializing in grain, cotton, livestock and tobacco.
The main industries of Nova Zagora are textiles, canning, and the construction and repair
of agricultural machinery (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region

Tryavna is located in central Bulgaria in the Balkan Mountains, at an altitude of
450m and with a population of 12,398 (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998:
ICN, 1998). It is a town known for its woodworking and icon painting. Tryavna is home
to a famous art school. Agriculture is important to this town, especially fruits, livestock,
and horticulture. There are two former munition factories that have been converted to
lamp and light bulb manufacturing. Other industries include machine fabrication,
furniture, wool and cotton textiles, and marmalade and fruit canning (The Columbia
Gazetteer of the World, 1998). One of Bulgarias few tuberculosis centers for children is
located in Tryavna.

22

Sevlievo is located in central Bulgaria, in the Balkan Mountains. It is a market

center for fruit, grain and livestock. This town has been labeled by Bulgarians as the
Hong Kong of Bulgaria. In 1993, the population was 25,558 but locals say it has
grown to over 30,000 by 1999. The main industries are manufacturing wire, construction
materials, and plumbing fixtures (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). There
are numerous foreign companies in town such as ABB, a Swedish company that produces
electronics and two U.S. companies, The American Company and Ideal Standard. They
produce ceramic bathroom fixtures such as toilets and showers. The unemployment rate
of Sevlievo is very low.

Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region

Lovech is located in the north central area of Bulgaria in the foothills of the
Balkan Mountains on the Osum River. It has a population of 48,528 (The Columbia
Gazetteer of the World, 1998). Lovech is a grain and livestock center. The main
industrial firm is Balkan, which manufactures textiles and bicycles. They are downsizing
rapidly and the unemployment rate has reportedly risen to 25% (Lovech, 2000). Other
industries include auto assembly, manufacturing iron parts, electric tools, leather goods,
plastic, and furniture (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).
The town of Vratsa sits in the foothills of the Balkan Mountains in the northwest
quarter of Bulgaria. It has a population of 76,947. Vratsa is a commercial and crafts
center with the main industries of iron smelting, electric forklift manufacturing, and
cotton and silk textile processing (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

23

Svoge is located at the mouth of the Iskrets River, in the foothills of the Balkan
Mountains in the Northwest quarter of Bulgaria. It is 29km north of Sofia. The
population is 8,288. Svoge is a health resort because of their thermal springs. Many
people from Sofia visit because of the proximity of the town. The main industries of the
town are ceramics and chocolate (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Individual Towns, Not Placed in a Region

Kyustendil is located in western Bulgaria, close to the border of Macedonia with
an altitude of 510-530m. 54,452 people live here (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World,
1998). The climate is continental with a Mediterranean influence. The mild weather and
fertile plains are reasons for its successful agriculture (Webtourist, 1997: Bousfield and
Richardson, 1999). Kyustendil is a market center for fruits and other agricultural
products. The industries include sheet iron, wire, shoes, building furniture, and knitting.
Tourists visit Kyustendil for the Turkish steam baths, heated by thermal springs (The
Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).
Pernik is located in western Bulgaria on the Struma River, about 25-km southwest
from Sofia with a population of 91,075. At the turn of the century, Pernik became
Bulgarias largest coal mining center, an industry that employed most of the local men.
During communism these miners received high wages and early retirement. Presently,
the mining industry is failing and there is high rate of unemployment in Pernik. Other
industries include smelting iron and steel, machine building, cement, a glassworks
factory, and a power plant (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

24

Plovdiv, located in south central Bulgaria, on the Maritsa River, is the second
largest city in Bulgaria with 345,205 people (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World,
1998). Plovdiv became Bulgarias largest marketplace center during the 1870s when the
railway between Europe and Istanbul was completed. In present times it is a business
center, hosting the International Trade Fairs every May and September. It is also a
transportation hub. Plovdiv has historically been the most liberal town in all of Bulgaria.
A state university and a medical college are located here. Plovdiv is a cultural center,
attracting tourists with its art galleries, museums, craft workshops and Roman ruins
(Bousfield and Richardson, 1999: Hellander and Stanley, 1999). Every July, the
European Month of Culture is celebrated (Bulgarian Travel Guide, 2000). The major
industries of Plovdiv include textiles, making carpets, manufacturing electronic
equipment, leather working, food processing, and making steel products (The Columbia
Gazetteer of the World, 1998).
Razgad is located in northeastern Bulgaria on the Beli Lom River in the
Ludogorie hills, hills that separate the Balkan Mountains from the Danubian Plain. The
population is 41,658 (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). The town is
characterized by many Turkish buildings and architecture (ICN, 1998). Razgrad is the
cattle trading and agricultural center of this upland region. Grain, legumes, sunflowers,
and lumber are all exported. The industries are tool and auto parts manufacturing, food
processing, producing pharmaceuticals, glass, and porcelain (The Columbia Gazetteer of
the World, 1998).
Silista is located on the border with Romania, in the northeast quarter of Bulgaria
along the Danube River on the Danubian plain. The population is 48,287. The

25

economy of Silistra is tied to the port on the Danube River. Agricultural products include
fruits, vegetables, livestock, and wine. From time immemorial to the present Silistra has
been a supplier of grain to the southeast. The industries include textiles, furniture
manufacturing, food and wood processing, and paper milling (The Columbia Gazetteer of
the World, 1998).

SURVEY DATA COMPILATION

The surveys were distributed in December of 1998 and were returned by March of
1999. This is the winter season of Bulgaria, not a growing season of herbs. This is
important because it would lessen the influence that currently growing herbs could have
on the results. The people surveyed might be more apt to mark the herbs they are
currently gathering or growing.
As the surveys were returned, I compiled each towns data, making a master sheet
for each set of surveys. In this way, data from the different towns and regions can be
compared. Two towns, Silistra and Sevlievo, had two sets of surveys each. I combined
these sets. With each master sheet, I calculated the average number of herbs used per
town.
I performed the statistical test Spearmans coefficient of rank correlation on the
towns average herb use and population size (Steele and Torrie, 1960). This was done to
determine, statistically, if the data is consistent with a rank order correlation between
population size and herb use.
For each town, I calculated how herbs were acquired. I calculated the average
percentage of each of the three methods listed on the survey to collect herbs, for each

26

town. I also calculated the average percentage of each of the four uses of herbs that were
listed on the survey, for each town.
I calculated the fifteen most commonly used herbs, from all surveys. I examined
the average percent of how these herbs are acquired and what they are used for, using
data from all the towns.
I calculated the average number of herbs used per region. To determine if certain
regions used specific herbs significantly more or less than the average of the remaining
towns, I performed chi-square tests of independence on each region with each individual
herb on the survey (Freese, 1984). I also performed the chi-square tests of independence
on each regions data on how the total herbs used per region are acquired and how they
are used, to determine if it differed statistically from the remaining towns.

POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
There are some inherent problems with the previously described method of
designing and distributing the surveys. The primary problem is that I cannot be sure the
information was collected in a consistent manner because 21 different volunteers
administered sets of surveys. Fourteen of the volunteers were English teachers. I do not
know if they gave the lesson on herbs before or after the surveys were completed. I
assume the lesson has no or little impact on the results because the information in the
lesson did not name any specific herbs. It was general information about the different
parts of the herb that are used (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits), and the different
methods of how herbs are consumed (teas, creams, tinctures, food), and how herbs are
abused in nature. The other seven volunteers were in the business or environmental

27

programs and did not give a lesson about herbs, and the short answer part of the survey
was completed in Bulgarian instead of English. I assume this had little or no impact on
the survey because of the rigidness of the survey.
This method employs many interviewers. The students can all be considered
interviewers in this case because they brought the surveys home to question their
families. According to Sutton and Orr (1991) multiple interviewers can be beneficial to a
study because it allows for a variety of interviewing techniques and reduces the
possibility that the results are biased by a principle interviewers way of questioning.
Also, an interview from a family member can elicit more complete responses compared
to an interview from a stranger (Sutton and Orr, 1991).
I decided to distribute a multiple choice survey with an established list of herbs.
This is a potential problem because the results could have been different if the people
surveyed were asked to list the herbs they use, freehand, without a set list. I determined
this design was necessary because many people would be administering the survey and a
more concrete survey would lead to more consistent results. According to Martin (1995),
dichotomous and multiple choice questions are a way to investigate matters that have
already been identified in non-formal ways, more intensely. A higher number of
responses from this type of study have to be collected to obtain statistically significant
results, compared to open-ended questions (Martin, 1995). I was not biased by listing
specific herbs or only herbs from my region when making the survey. I listed all of the
herbs from the book Bilkosubirane, Rukovodctvo za Brane i Purvichna Prerabotka na
Lechebni Rasteneya (Asenov et al., 1998), which has a comprehensive list of herbs from
all regions of Bulgaria. This survey design is suited to gather a wide sampling of data
from many towns in Bulgaria. The nationwide results are presented in Chapters 4, 5, and
6.
28

CHAPTER 4
GENERAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Herbs are an integral part of the Bulgarian household. They are primarily used
medicinally and in the preparation of food. The responses of the people surveyed
indicate that Bulgarians are knowledgeable on various uses of herbs, traditional and
modern, and that herbs play an important role in their families. Bulgarians are aware of
the increasing economic value of specific herbs and realize this along with problems
associated with industrialization pollution and deforestation, could threaten the
abundance of herbs in Bulgaria.
In this chapter I will describe the results of the nineteen towns that were surveyed,
the average number of herbs used by to town, along with the population information.
The results of the statistical test, Spearmans coefficient of rank correlation, will be used
to statistically indicate that population size and herb use are correlated. The data of the
breakdown of how the towns acquire and use herbs is also presented in this chapter. I
will also discuss the results from the short answer part of the survey.
Twenty-one sets of surveys were returned from nineteen different towns, for a
total of 278 surveys. The original data for each survey set is shown in Appendix 2. The
average number of herbs marked on each survey, from all towns, is 30.30 herbs. The
number of herbs used varies greatly from town to town. Table 3 shows the towns, in
order of the average number of herbs used per town, along with the number of surveys
returned and population size.
The data indicates that a towns average herb use is directly related to its

29

population size. Seventy percent of the top ten herb-using towns have a population
below 35,000. Only 22.2% of the remaining towns, that use a lesser amount of herbs,
have a population below 35,000. In Bulgaria, a town with less than 35,000 people is
considered a relatively small town.
Using Spearmans coefficient of rank correlation, the calculated t value is 2.073
and the critical test value of t is 1.734, with eighteen degrees of freedom at the 0.10
confidence level (Steele and Torrie, 1960). Since the calculated t statistic is greater than
the test
value of t, the null hypothesis is rejected and the data are consistent with a rank order
correlation between small town size and the increased use of herbs.

Table 3: Average herb use and population according to town

TOWN

SURVEYS

Nova Zagora
Velingrad
Vratsa
Lovech
Svoge
Karjdali
Bansko
Smolyan
Triyavna
Samokov
Sevlievo
Saparevo Banya
Silistra
Kyustendil
Pernik
Blagoevgrad
Yambol
Plovdiv
Razgrad

11
13
18
19
16
3
2
24
24
11
22
2
29
4
10
21
19
11
19

AVERAGE NUMBER
HERBS USED
51.45
38.54
37.89
37.79
34.75
34.33
34.0
33.71
32.63
29.0
27.71
27.0
25.92
25.75
25.7
25.19
23.63
20.09
16.37

all tows

278

30.30

POPULATION
26,367
25,887
76,947
48,528
8,288
46,767
9,292
34,627
12,398
28,702
25,558
4,583
48,287
54,452
91,075
72,853
91,119
345,205
41,658

*Population numbers are based on 1993 data (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

30

People in all towns acquire their herbs primarily by gathering them from the local
environment - the forests, fields, river valleys, mountain pastures, and mountain fields
surrounding their towns. An average of 72.1% of all herbs indicated on all the surveys,
for all towns, are acquired by gathering. An average of 25.6% of all herbs are grown and
an average of 14.4% of all herbs are bought. Table 4 shows for the breakdown of how
the herbs are acquired by town.

Table 4: Average percentages of how the herbs are acquired for each town
TOWN
Nova Zagora
Velingrad
Vratsa
Lovech
Svoge
Karjdali
Bansko
Smolyan
Tryavna
Samokov
Sevlievo
Saparevo Banya
Silistra
Kyustendil
Pernik
Blagoevgrad
Yambol
Plovdiv
Razgrad
Average %

% GROWN
14.3
28.5
28.9
22.7
15.8
44.7
32.4
14.5
28.6
21.6
30.5
38.9
25.9
27.2
28.0
23.4
25.4
12.2
22.5

% PURCHASED
15.2
14.4
14.8
6.4
11.3
18.4
4.4
9.3
16.1
11.6
8.3
0
22.0
4.9
14.8
22.1
30.3
35.3
13.8

% GATHERED
61.5
68.7
78.9
82.3
77.9
53.4
82.4
87.4
76.1
79.6
71.5
63.0
65.6
79.6
72.0
77.3
61.0
67.9
63.0

25.6

14.4

72.1

The percentages for the three methods of acquiring herbs do not add up to 100%
for each of the towns, and hence, do not sum to a 100% for the average percentages.
Many surveys indicated that they use a combination of methods to acquire the same herb.
31

Many families will gather as many herbs as they can, or the amount they think will be
sufficient to last the year. If they use up their supply of herbs, they may need to purchase
additional herbs in the market. In some years a family intends on gathering or growing
the necessary herbs, but due to a poor growing season, they resort to purchasing herbs.
The towns use herbs primarily for medicinal purposes. An average of 55.4% of
all the herbs are used medicinally for every town. This is followed by an average of
35.7% of the herbs being used for the preparation of food for all towns. An average of
17.2% of the herbs are used as decoration and 10.6% are used for other purposes (Table
5).

Table 5: Average percentages of how the herbs are used for each town
TOWN
Nova Zagora
Velingrad
Vratsa
Lovech
Svoge
Karjdali
Bansko
Smolyan
Tryavna
Samokov
Sevlievo
Saparevo Banya
Silistra
Kyustendil
Pernik
Blagoevgrad
Yambol
Plovdiv
Razgrad
Average %

%MEDICINAL
35.2
59.9
69.5
61.8
64.6
63.1
66.2
61.7
58.7
49.8
58.0
48.1
59.8
57.3
45.5
53.5
52.6
52.9
35.0

% FOOD
29.5
30.1
28.4
34.4
27.7
34.0
32.4
34.9
28.9
29.5
35.8
40.7
33.1
47.6
38.9
44.8
35.4
49.8
42.8

55.4

35.7

% DECORATION %OTHER
11.0
10.1
18.0
18.6
14.2
12.9
22.1
8.9
14.4
6.8
35.9
3.9
22.1
1.5
14.0
12.9
17.0
18.0
18.5
16.3
14.1
17.5
22.0
0
17.6
8.3
9.7
5.8
13.6
26.1
18.3
10.6
14.0
10.5
15.4
0
14.8
12.9
17.2

10.6

32

The sum of the percentage for the uses of herbs is not 100% because some herbs
may have more than one use. A common example is for the herb stinging nettle. The
leaves are used for medicinal purposes and as a food source.
The data indicates that the average number of herbs used is unique to each town.
These results, supported with Spearmans coefficient of rank correlation test, imply that
there is a rank order correlation between small town size and increased use of herbs. The
results also show that the individual towns acquire and use herbs differently, compared to
the other towns. In Chapter 6, I will explore the results of the regional information about
how herbs are acquired and used to determine if the individual regions follow similar
patterns of herb use.

SHORT ANSWER
As described in the methods, the students were the interviewers when completing
the survey with their families. Most Bulgarian households consist of an extended family;
it is common for three generations to be living together. Therefore, the responses
represent different views as the older generation lived a traditional life and the students
are living during a time of transition and exposure to a global culture.
Valuable information was gathered from the short answer part of the survey.
Fewer than 30% of the respondents completed all the questions. One of the reasons for
the lack of responses may be the limited English skills of the participants or that the
participants did not want to disclose personal information. Bulgaria is a former
communist country; many people do not willingly share information with strangers.
Some of the herbs are protected and the people surveyed may have had concerns about

33

the legal implications if they admitted collecting these herbs. Other people may not want
to give away their secrets of where the medicinally important herbs are located.
This part of the survey was a valuable tool in gaining local perceptions of herbs
because the answers are qualitative. Rather than trying to fit answers into awkward
categories, the answers themselves provide the key information. Over 80% of the people
surveyed responded to at least one question on the last page. 55% of the total surveys
indicated that they believe the abundance of Bulgarias herbs are threatened. If one only
counts the surveys that responded to this question, 89% believe Bulgarias herbs are
threatened. Similarly, 44% of the total surveys indicated that herbs have become more
difficult to find. This percentage raises to 78% when only the surveys that indicated a
response are included.
Many of the participants took the time to write lengthy responses to the questions
regarding the threats to the abundance of Bulgarias herbs and the role herbs have in the
Bulgarian family, past and present. Throughout the surveys there were various responses
as to what the participants believe are the threats - pollution, industrialization,
deforestation, fires, improper gathering techniques, insufficient protection and gathering
laws, grazing animals, pesticides, too many people gathering, and herb companies. The
most common shared beliefs of existing threats are improper gathering techniques, people
collecting for money, and pollution. The following quotes are representative of the
majority of the responses.
There are a lot of threats but the most important is that
many people gather herbs and then sell them to herb
companies. respondent from Blagoevgrad
The main threat are people. Some of them dont
know that they shouldnt root out [pull out roots] herbs
because the next year they couldnt [will not] grow
again. Other[s] dont stop [picking] before the glade
34

or meadow with many herbs remains without a stick in

them. respondent from Svoge
I think that the threats come from polluted nature [local
environment] and destroying of forests. respondent from
Nova Zagora

As for the role herbs play in the Bulgarian family, most participants replied that
herbs are important for medicinal purposes. Using herbs in the preparation of food and in
cosmetics were also mentioned. Many respondents indicated that they preferred herbal
medicine to modern medicine because herbs are safer and cause less harmful side effects.
Other respondents preferred to use modern medicine primarily, and they would use
herbal medicine if the modern medicine did not help. Some respondents wrote that they
use herbs more now, while others wrote that they used herbs more in the past, before
modern medicine was readily available. Although there are differing views of herbal vs.
modern medicine, it appears that Bulgarians have the choice between the two. Some
choose to use the traditional herbal treatments, believing them to be safer, while others
choose modern medicine. Many of the participants indicated that they used a
combination of herbal and modern medicine. As a participant from Silistra wrote, In the
past my family was cured only with medicinal herbs but presently it [my family] uses
[modern] medicines and treatment with herbs.

35

Conclusions
The results show that herbs are an important part of the Bulgarian household.
They are used primarily for medicinal purposes. Bulgarians are aware of the threats that
face the abundance of herbs, and are concerned about these environmental problems.
The data clearly indicates that there are differences from town to town. Regional
differences will be discussed in Chapter 6. There are, however, some herbs that are
found throughout Bulgaria and are commonly used. The next chapter discusses the
fifteen most commonly used herbs.

36

CHAPTER 5
THE FIFTEEN MOST COMMONLY USED HERBS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A wide variety of herbs are used in Bulgaria for medicinal purposes, in the
preparation of food, and for decoration. There are regional and local differences in the
use of certain herbs, but some herbs are commonly used throughout Bulgaria. These
herbs are primarily popular medicinal species or are prevalent in traditional Bulgarian
cuisine. The most commonly used herbs are readily available to most of the population,
and usually have a widespread natural range or can be easily cultivated.
In this chapter I will present the survey results of the fifteen most commonly used
herbs. These herbs were determined by using the results from all the collected surveys
and are representative of the nineteen towns that were surveyed. The average
percentages of the methods of how these herbs are acquired and their uses are also
discussed in this chapter. The chapter concludes with a description of each of the fifteen
herbs.
The fifteen most commonly used herbs used are Utrica dioica, Rosa sp. diversa,
Rubus idaeus, Matricaria chamomilla, Anethum graveloens, Thymus sp. diversa,
Frageria vesca, Hypericum perforatum, Rubus sp diversa, Origanum vulgare, Geranium
macorrhizum, Cotinus coggygria, Vaccinium myrtillus, Primula veris and Achillea
millefolium. Table 6 shows the percentage of total people surveyed that indicated use for
each of these herbs.

37

Table 6: The fifteen most commonly used herbs and the percentage of surveys that
indicated use of them
HERB: LATIN

COMMON

Utrica dioica
Rosa sp. diversa
Rubus idaeus
Matricaria chamomilla
Anethum graveolens
Thymus sp. diversa
Frageria vesca
Hypericum perforatum
Rubus sp. diversa
Origanum vulgare
Geranium macorrhizum
Cotinus coggygria
Vaccinium myrtillus
Primula veris
Achillea millefolium

Stinging Nettle
Rose Hip
Raspberry
Chamomile
Dill
Wild Thyme
Wild Strawberry
St. John's Wort
Dewberry
Wild Marjoram
Wild Geranium
Smoke Tree
Bilberry
Cowslip
Milfoil

% OF SURVEYS THAT
INDICATED USE
94.2
94.2
93.9
93.5
93.2
93.2
90.6
90.6
88.8
78.8
78.8
71.2
69.8
69.4
68.7

The responses show that these herbs are mainly gathered, with an average of
61.8% of the total surveys for all towns acquiring them in this method. This is followed
by growing them, with an average of 24.6% of the total surveys for all the towns
indicating this method, and lastly purchasing the herbs, with an average of 15.0% of total
surveys for all towns indicating this. The sum of the percentages for the different
methods of acquiring herbs is not 100% because many of the people surveyed indicated
they used more than one method. Table 7 shows how each of the fifteen herbs are
acquired. The percentage for each method of acquisition for total surveys is given.

38

Table 7: Average percentages of methods of acquisition for the fifteen most

commonly used herbs
HERB
% GROWN
% PURCHASED
% GATHERED
Stinging Nettle
35.6
12.9
78.8
Rose Hip
9.4
20.5
84.9
Raspberry
70.1
13.3
44.6
Chamomile
17.3
27.0
76.6
Dill
78.4
20.1
13.3
Wild Thyme
7.2
20.9
81.7
Wild Strawberry
6.8
6.1
86.7
St. John's Wort
2.9
15.8
80.9
Dewberry
38.1
10.8
70.9
Wild Marjoram
5.4
22.3
58.3
Wild Geranium
60.8
3.2
27.0
Smoke Tree
2.2
22.3
55.0
Bilberry
1.1
14.0
63.3
Cowslip
32.7
4.0
43.9
Milfoil
1.4
11.2
60.8
Average %

24.6

15.0

61.8

The fifteen most commonly used herbs are used primarily in medicinal ways and
in the preparation of food. About forty-six percent of all the surveys, from all the towns,
indicate that they use these herbs medicinally, 43.9% of the total surveys use the herbs
for food preparation. About ten percent of the surveys indicate using the herbs as
decoration and 9.1% of the people surveyed indicate using them for other purposes.
These percentages do not total 100% because some people indicated that they use them in
more than one way. Table 8 shows how each of the fifteen herbs are used. Percentages
are listed for each use, according to the responses from all surveys.

39

Table 8: Average percentages of how each of the fifteen most commonly used herbs
are used
HERB
%MEDICINAL
Stinging Nettle
59.0
Rose Hip
72.3
Raspberry
14.4
Chamomile
83.1
Dill
18.0
Wild Thyme
77.0
Wild Strawberry
15.5
St. John's Wort
82.7
Dewberry
13.7
Wild Marjoram
53.2
Wild Geranium
25.5
Smoke Tree
66.2
Bilberry
20.5
Cowslip
26.6
Milfoil
63.7
Average %

46.1

% FOOD
86.3
61.9
92.1
17.3
83.1
25.9
88.1
12.6
84.2
33.1
1.4
2.5
63.3
1.8
4.7

%DECORATION
1.4
6.1
3.2
8.6
2.2
0.4
4.3
2.2
2.5
1.1
62.6
2.9
2.2
51.4
5.4

%OTHER
13.7
15.5
9.0
12.2
10.8
13.7
5.8
9.0
6.8
11.5
10.1
4.7
4.7
4.3
4.0

43.9

10.4

9.1

Of the fifteen most commonly used herbs, seven are used primarily in medicinal
ways, six are used principally in the preparation of food, and two are used mainly for
decorative purposes.

DESCRIPTIONS OF FIFTEEN MOST COMMONLY USED HERBS

Utrica dioica and Rosa sp. diversa are the most commonly used herbs. About
ninety-four percent of all respondents indicated that they used these herbs. Utrica dioica
is commonly known as stinging nettle. The majority of the responses, 78.8%, indicated
that they gather this herb. 35.6% responded that they grow stinging nettle, and 12.9%
purchased it. Stinging nettle is used primarily for food preparation, as 86.3% of the
people surveyed stated. The leaves of this herb are usually cooked in soups. Another

40

important use of stinging nettle is medicinal. Fifty-nine percent of the people surveyed
indicate they use it in this manner. About one percent use it for decoration and 13.7%
use it in other ways. As an herbal supplement, stinging nettle is used as a remedy for
hayfever and other allergies by drinking a tea made from the leaves. It is also rich in iron
and vitamin C and thought to prevent anemia (Langer, 2000: Mindell, 1992).
Rosa sp. diversa is commonly known as rose hip. 84.9% of the participants
indicated that they gather this herb. A little over twenty percent purchase rose hip and
9.4% grow it. Rose hip is used primarily in medicinal ways, 72.3% of people surveyed
use it this way. About sixty-two percent of the respondents specify another significant use
of rose hip is for food preparation purposes. About six percent use it as a decoration and
15.5% have other uses for this herb. As an herbal supplement, rose hips have been used
to boost the immune system to combat colds, and for kidney and bladder problems. Rose
hips provide a naturally high source of vitamin C (Hoffman, 1996).
Rubus idaeus was the third most widely used herb. 93.9% of the people surveyed
use this herb, commonly known as raspberry. About seventy percent grow raspberry,
44.6% gather it, and 13.3% purchase it. Raspberry is commonly used as a food source, as
92.1% of the respondents indicated. 14.4% use it medicinally, 3.2% use it as a
decoration, and 9.0% have other uses for it. As an herbal supplement, raspberry leaf tea
has been used for sore throats, fever blisters, diarrhea and to tone uterine muscles in
preparation for childbirth (Mindell, 1992).
Matricaria chamomilla, known as chamomile, is the fourth most commonly used
herb with 93.5% of the respondents indicating that they use it. It is mainly gathered, as
76.6% of the responses show. 27% purchase chamomile and 17.3% grow it. The most
significant use of chamomile is medicinal, with 83.1% of the responses. About seventeen
41

percent use it in food preparation, 8.6% use it as decoration, and 12.2% have other uses
for it. As an herbal supplement, chamomile has popularly been used for stress relief and
to calm anxiety. It has been used for muscle pains, stomachaches, insomnia, rheumatism,
and to relieve toothaches (Mindell, 1992).
Anethum graveolens and Thymus sp. diversa are both used by 93.2% of the people
surveyed. Anethum graveolens is commonly known as dill, and is primarily grown as
78.4% of the responses indicate. About twenty percent purchase it and 13.3% gather it.
Dill is primarily used in food preparation, as 83.1% of the respondents indicate. Eighteen
percent use it medicinally, 2.2% use it as decoration, and 10.8% have other purposes for
it. Dill is used as a seasoning in many traditional recipes including snezhanka, a
cucumber yogurt salad and kiselo krastavitsi, pickled cucumbers. As an herbal
supplement, dill has been used as a digestive aid (Mindell, 1992).
About eighty-two percent of the people surveyed gather Thymus sp. diversa,
known as wild thyme. 20.9% purchase it and 7.2% grow it. Seventy-seven percent of the
participants indicated use of wild thyme medicinally. About twenty-six percent use it for
food preparation, 0.4% use it as decoration, and 13.7% have other uses for it. As an
herbal supplement, wild thyme has been used as an expectorant, and as an antifungal
agent useful for treating athletes foot (Mindell, 1992).
About ninety-one percent of the people surveyed indicated use of Frageria vesca
and Hypericum perforatum. About eighty-seven percent of the people surveyed gather
Frageria vesca, commonly known as wild strawberry. About seven percent grow it and
6.1% purchase wild strawberries. The main use of wild strawberry is as a food source, as
88.1% of the respondents indicated. A little over fifteen percent use it medicinally, 4.3%
use it as decoration and 5.8% have other uses for it. Bulgarians have cultivated
42

strawberries extensively since the late 1940s because they have a high export value
(Creed, 1998). Wild strawberries are different from the cultivated ones in that they are
smaller and have a tarter taste. Many Bulgarian households will make preserves from the
wild strawberries.
About eighty-one percent of the people surveyed gather Hypericum perforatum,
commonly known as St. Johns wort. 15.8% purchase it and 2.9% grow it. St. Johns
wort is used almost exclusively in medicinal ways, with 82.7% of the respondents
indicating this. 12.6% use it in food preparation, 2.2% use it as a decoration and 9% have
other uses for it. St. Johns wort is popularly used as an herbal supplement to treat
depression, anxiety, and insomnia. It has also been used to treat gastric ulcers and viral
infections (Mindell, 1992). The oil has been used to heal sunburns (Hoffman, 1996).
The ninth most used herb is Rubus sp. diversa, with 88.8% of the people surveyed
showing this. About seventy-one percent of the people surveyed gather Rubus sp
diversa, commonly known as dewberry. About thirty-eight percent grow it and 10.8%
purchase it. About eighty-four percent of the respondents indicated that dewberry is used
in food preparation. About fourteen percent use medicinally, 2.5% use it for decoration,
and 6.8% have other uses for it.
About seventy-nine percent of the people surveyed use Origanum vulgare and
Geranium macorrhizum. About fifty-eight percent of the participants indicated that
Origanum vulgare, commonly known as wild marjoram, is gathered. About twenty-two
percent purchase it and 5.4% grow it. About fifty-three percent of the people surveyed
marked that they use wild marjoram in medicinal ways, 33.1% use it in the preparation of
food, 1.1% use it for decoration, and 11.5% have other uses for it. As an herbal

43

supplement, wild marjoram has been used in the treatment of colds and the flu, mouth
inflammations, headaches and muscle pains (Hoffman, 1996).
About sixty-one percent of the people surveyed grow Geranium macorrhizum,
commonly known as wild geranium. Twenty-seven percent gather it and 3.2% purchase
it. Wild geranium is primarily used as a decoration, as 62.9% of the respondents
indicated. A little over twenty-five percent use it medicinally, 1.4% use it for food
preparation, and 10.1% have other uses for it. The Bulgarian name for this herb is
zdravets, literally translated to mean health. Most Bulgarians have zdravets in their
homes, as a symbol to promote health. Guests will most likely receive a bunch of
zdravets, tied with a red ribbon (another symbol of health) when they visit a home or a
business. On the first day of school, zdravets and water are thrown on the front steps of
the school, as a sign of health and luck for the new year.
About seventy-one percent of the people surveyed use Cotinus coggygria,
commonly known as smoke tree. 55% of the participants indicated that smoke tree is
gathered, 22.3% purchase it and 2.2% grow it. Smoke tree is used primarily for
medicinal purposes, as 66.2% of the participants indicated. 2.9% use it for decoration,
2.5% use it for food preparation, and 4.7% have other uses for smoke tree.
About seventy percent of the people surveyed indicated that they use Vaccinium
myrtillus, commonly known as bilberry. About sixty-three percent gather it, 14%
purchase it and 1.1% grow it. About sixty-three percent of the participants indicated that
bilberry is used as a food source, 20.5% use it medicinally, 2.2% use it for decoration and
4.7% have other uses for it. As an herbal supplement bilberry has been used to preserve
eyesight and help people with poor night vision and near-sightedness (Mindell, 1992). It
has also been used as a sedative, and for colds, chills, and coughs (Hoffman, 1996).
44

About sixty-nine percent of the people surveyed use Primula veris, commonly
know as cowslip. About forty-four percent of the respondents indicated that cowslip is
gathered, 32.7% grow it and 4% purchase it. Cowslip is used primarily as decoration, as
51.4% of the participants indicate. About twenty-seven percent use it medicinally, 1.8%
use it in food preparation and 4.3% have other uses for it.
The fifteenth most used herb is Achillea millefolium, as 68.7% of the people
surveyed indicated. 60.8% of the people surveyed gather Achillea millefolium,
commonly known as milfoil or yarrow. 11.2% purchase it and 1.4% grow it. Milfoil is
primarily used in medicinal ways, as 63.7% of the participants indicated. 5.4% use it as
decoration, 4.7% use it as in food preparation and 4% have other uses for it. As an herbal
supplement milfoil has been used to decrease fevers, lower blood pressure and as an
antiseptic to aid in the healing of wounds (Hoffman, 1996).

Clinical Trials on Herbs

There have been many clinical trials performed that support the idea that some
herbs have medicinal properties. This study will not focus on these studies with scientific
evidence to support that the herbs mentioned have medicinal value. Bulgarians intend to
use them for medicinal purposes, whether scientifically proven or not. Both The Journal
of Alternative and Complementary Medicine and The Journal of Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics are resources that display clinical trials.

Conclusions
These results show that the fifteen most commonly used herbs, for the towns
surveyed, are stinging nettle, rose hip, raspberry, chamomile, dill, wild thyme, wild
45

strawberry, St. Johns wort, dewberry, wild marjoram, wild geranium, smoke tree,
bilberry, cowslip, and milfoil.
For these herbs the primary method of acquiring them is by gathering them. The
exceptions to this are for raspberry, dill, and wild geranium which are primarily grown.
Raspberry and dill are both used mainly in food preparation, and they are easy to grow.
Wild geranium has a long tradition as a symbol of good health and luck. For these
cultural reasons, Bulgarians will grow it in their homes and gardens.
Seven of the fifteen most commonly used herbs are used primarily for medicinal
purposes; rose hip, chamomile, wild thyme, St. Johns wort, wild marjoram, smoke tree,
and milfoil. Six of the fifteen most commonly used herbs are used principally in the
preparation of food; stinging nettle, raspberry, dill, wild strawberry, dewberry, and
bilberry. The fruits of raspberry, strawberry, dewberry, and bilberry herbs are used as a
food source. The leaves of stinging nettle are commonly used in soups, and dill is a
popular food seasoning in Bulgaria. The other two herbs, wild geranium and cowslip are
used mainly as decoration. As mentioned above, wild geranium is a cultural symbol of
health in Bulgaria and is widely used.
While these fifteen herbs are common throughout Bulgaria, there are important
regional differences. Fourteen of the surveyed towns are grouped into geographic
regions. The regional results are discussed in the following chapter.

46

CHAPTER 6
REGIONAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Because there are substantial cultural, economic, and ecological differences

across Bulgaria it is reasonable to hypothesize that there are also differences in herb use
across the country. In this chapter I will present and discuss regional results of herb use,
methods of acquiring herbs and what the herbs are used for. During comparisons of
regional data, a specific regions data is compared to all the other towns that were
surveyed. This includes all the towns that are not in the specific region being compared,
including individual towns that are not grouped into a region.
I use the chi-square test of independence extensively to statistically indicate a
significant difference of a regions use of individual herbs, in comparison with the
average of all towns not in that region. The chi-square test of independence is also used
to statistically indicate a significant difference of a regions specific methods of acquiring
herbs compared to the average of all towns not in that region. This test is also performed
to indicate a significant difference in the way an individual region uses herbs, in
comparison with the average of all towns not in that region.
Fourteen of the towns were grouped into regions. The regions are: Pirin
Mountains, composed of Bansko and Blagoevgrad; Rila Mountains, consisting of
Samokov and Saparevo Banya; Rhodope Mountains, consisting of Velingrad, Smolyan
and Karjdali; Plains South of the Balkan Mountains, consisting of Yambol and Nova
Zagora; Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains, consisting of Tryavna and
Sevlievo; and the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains, consisting of Lovech,

47

Vratsa and Svoge. The remaining towns could not be placed into a regional group
because they were spread out in other areas of Bulgaria, in isolated locations.
As mentioned above, the average number of herb used per survey, taking into
account all surveys, is 30.30 herbs. The average herb use varies for the different regions.
The regions are listed in order of average herb use in Table 9.

Table 9:Average herb use according to region

REGION
Pirin Mountains
Rila Mountains
Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains
Plains South of the Balkan Mountains
Rhodope Mountains
Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains

Average number herbs used

25.96
28.69
30.28
33.83
35.33
36.91

These results show that the average herb use differs from region to region. This
suggests that some regions use a higher number of herbs than other regions. There are
many possible reasons for this - the length of the growing season, the natural herb
diversity in proximity to the towns, or a more traditional lifestyle that uses more herbs for
medicinal treatment. Regions could be affected by the commercial herb companies
which have gathered too many herbs, not leaving enough for the local population. When
asked if Bulgarias herbs are threatened, a participant from Saparevo Banya, in the Rila
Mountains region responded Many people gather herbs from the nature [local
environment] and after they sell them. They gather a lot and therefore they are
threatened.

48

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF INDIVIDUAL HERB USE

Herb use varies according to region. Results of individual herbs that are used
significantly more or significantly less in a specific region, in comparison to all the other
surveyed towns are shown in this section.
Significant differences of individual herb use were determined using the chisquare test of independence on each region, of each individual herb, compared to the
remaining towns data. Tables 10 through 15 show the herbs with significant chi-square
calculated values, regional use percentages, and percentages of use for all other towns.
Significant values are greater than the 0.10 test statistic t of 2.706 (DeGroot, 1975).
The chi-square values of Table 10 indicate that the Pirin Mountain Region
significantly use two herbs more than the remaining towns, and four herbs less than the
average of the other towns.

Table 10: Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Pirin Mountains region
REGION: PIRIN MOUNTAINS
HERB
LATIN
COMMON
Vaccinium myrtillus
Origanum vulgare
Sambucus ebulus
Agrimonia eupatoria
Malus sylvestris
Arctium lappa

Bilberry
Wild Marjoram
Dwarf Elder
Agrimony
Wild Apple
Great Burdock

REGIONAL
USE (%)
87.0
95.7
0
0
30.4
0

OTHER TOWNS 2 VALUE

USE (%)
62.6
3.507(+)
70.9
4.271(+)
26.6
9.096(-)
14.7
4.338(-)
45.7
3.170(-)
15.1
4.462(-)

(+)region has significantly higher use

(-)region has significantly lower use

49

The chi-square values of Table 11 indicate that the Rila Mountains region
significantly uses four herbs more than the average of the remaining towns. The data also
shows that this region uses one herb less than the other towns.

Table 11: Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Rila Mountains region
REGION: RILA MOUNTAINS
HERB
LATIN
COMMON
Vaccinium myrtillus
Helleborus odorus
Corylus avellana
Tilia tomentosa
Veronica officinalis

Bilberry
Bears-Foot
Hazel
Silver Lime
Speedwell

REGIONAL
USE (%)
100
76.9
53.8
46.2
7.7

OTHER TOWNS
USE (%)
65.1
34.2
24.1
23.7
30.9

2 VALUE
5.905(+)
8.895(+)
5.176(+)
2.915(+)
3.533(-)

(+)region has significantly higher use

(-)region has significantly lower use

The chi-square values of Table 12 indicate that seven herbs are used more in the
Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region than in the remaining towns. The
values also indicate that nine herbs are used less in this region than in the other towns.

50

Table 12: Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Central Part of the
Northern Balkan Mountains region
REGION: CENTRAL PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN
MOUNTAINS
HERB
LATIN
COMMON
REGIONAL OTHER TOWNS 2 VALUE
USE (%)
USE (%)
Tamus communis
Ladys Seal
10.9
3.6
3.236(+)
Heracleum sibiricum Cow Parsnip
67.4
39.2
6.396(+)
Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony
32.6
9.4
13.985(+)
Filipendula vulgaris Dropwort
10.9
1.4
10.250(+)
Fraxinus ornus
Flowering Ash
6.5
1.4
3.560(+)
Euphrasia officnalis Eyebright
15.2
6.1
3.030(+)
Viola odorata
Sweet Violet
60.9
35.6
5.123(+)
Vaccinium vitis-idaea Cowberry
39.1
51.1
7.659(-)
Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry
54.3
60.8
6.229(-)
Ononis spinosa
Restharrow
4.3
11.2
2.982(-)
Geum urbanum
Wood Avens
2.2
8.3
2.916(-)
Bellis perennis
Daisy
10.9
19.0
3.334(-)
Artemisia absinthium Wormwood
17.4
32.7
7.980(-)
Origanum vulgare
Wild Marjoram
69.6
67.3
2.798(-)
Juniperus communis Juniper
6.5
15.5
4.012(-)
Juniperus oxycedrus
2.2
10.4
4.252(-)
(+)region has significantly higher use
(-)region has significantly lower use

The chi-square values of Table 13 indicate that seventeen herbs are used more in
the Plains South of the Balkan Mountains region, than in the remaining towns. 13.3% of
all the herbs listed on the survey are used more in this region. This region is located south
of the Balkan Mountains, with a milder climate and a longer growing season. This could
be a possible reason for the increased use of wild herbs. The results of the chi-square test
of independence indicate that one herb is used less.

51

Table 13: Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Plains South of the Balkan
Mountains region
REGION: PLAINS SOUTH OF THE BALKAN MOUNTAINS
HERB
LATIN
COMMON
REGIONAL OTHER TOWNS 2 VALUE
USE (%)
USE (%)
Leucojum aestivum Loddon Lily
40.0
12.6
12.767(+)
Sambucus ebulus
Dwarf Elder
46.7
21.6
6.920(+)
Salix alba
White Willow
26.7
13.3
2.722(+)
Veronica officinalis Speedwell
56.7
25.2
10.068(+)
Paliurus spina-christi Christs-Thorn
23.3
6.1
9.213(+)
Galium vercum
Yellow Galium
40.0
20.9
3.921(+)
Galium aparine
Goosegrass
26.7
5.8
13.865(+)
Tilia tomentosa
Silver Lime
43.3
21.2
5.326(+)
Atropa bella-donna Banewort
20.0
8.6
2.962(+)
Bellis perennis
Daisy
43.3
16.2
10.284(+)
Artemisia absinthium Wormwood
53.3
29.9
4.606(+)
Arctium lappa
Great Budock
26.6
12.2
3.503(+)
Origanum vulgare
Wild Marjoram
96.7
68.3
6.437(+)
Centaurea cyanus
Corn Flower
36.7
18.7
3.763(+)
Tribulus terrestris
13.3
1.8
10.942(+)
Cynodon dactylon
Bermuda-Grass
30.0
11.2
6.653(+)
Prunus spinosa
Blackthorn
53.3
30.9
4.010(+)
Cotinus coggygria
Smoke-Tree
46.7
66.2
9.894(-)
(+)region has significantly higher use
(-)region has significantly lower use

The chi-square values of Table 14 indicate that 30 herbs are used significantly
more in the Rhodope Mountains region than in the other towns. 23.4% of all the herbs
listed on the survey are used more in this region. A possible reason could be the same
explanation as given for the Plains South of the Balkan Mountains region. The Rhodope
Mountains region is located south of the Balkan Mountains, with a milder climate and a
longer growing season. The chi-square test indicates that three herbs are used less than
the average of the remaining towns.

52

Table 14: Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Rhodope Mountains region
REGION: RHODOPE MOUNTAINS
HERB
LATIN
COMMON

REGIONAL OTHER TOWNS

USE (%)
USE (%)
Verbena officinalis
Vervain/Holywort
17.5
4.7
Onopordon acanthium Cotton Thistle
10.0
0.7
Taraxacom offinale
Dandelion
72.5
45.0
Adonis vernalis
Spring Adonis
12.5
4.7
Quercus sp. diversa
Oak
52.5
28.8
Leonurus cardiaca
Motherwort
15.0
5.8
Galega officinalis
Goats Rue
7.5
2.2
Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain
50.0
30.2
Genista tinctoria
Dyers Greenwood
15.0
5.8
Geum urbanum
Wood Avens
22.5
5.4
Ruscus aculeatus
Kneeholly
7.5
0.4
Primula veris
Cowslip
95.0
55.8
Malus sylvestris
Wild Apple
77.5
37.1
Tilia cordata
Small-Leaved Lime
52.5
33.1
Sedum acre
Wall-Pepper
7.5
1.1
Dryopteris filix-mas Male Fern
30.0
11.2
Sorbus aucuparia
Mountain Ash
5.0
1.1
Tussilago farfara
Coltsfoot
65.0
41.0
Teucrium polium
Poley
22.5
6.8
Teucrium chamaedrys Common Germander
22.5
5.8
Equisetum arvense
Horsetail
32.5
17.3
Marrubium vulgare
Wild Horehound
12.5
2.2
Carlina acanthifolia
5.0
1.1
Origanum vulgare
Wild Marjoram
92.5
65.5
Saponaria officinalis Soapwort
15.0
6.1
Gentiana cruciata
30.0
10.8
Polypodium vulgare Polypody
20.0
6.5
Juniperus communis Juniper
37.5
11.2
Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury
67.5
37.8
Petasites hybridus
Butterbur
7.5
1.4
Tilia tomentosa
Silver Lime
12.5
24.1
Cotinus coggygria
Smoke-Tree
57.5
62.9
Viola odorata
Sweet Violet
32.5
41.0

2 VALUE
7.432(+)
13.606(+)
5.532(+)
2.801(+)
5.281(+)
3.220(+)
2.710(+)
3.163(+)
3.220(+)
11.390(+)
12.104(+)
14.398(+)
16.064(+)
2.721(+)
6.313(+)
7.547(+)
2.711(+)
4.006(+)
7.968(+)
10.416(+)
3.041(+)
8.973(+)
2.711(+)
2.772(+)
2.786(+)
8.079(+)
6.248(+)
14.855(+)
7.508(+)
4.725(+)
4.371(-)
4.293(-)
3.273(-)

(+)region has significantly higher use

(-)region has significantly lower use

53

The results of the chi-square test of independence, as shown in Table 15, indicate
that forty-two herbs are used more in the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains
region than in the remaining towns. About thirty-three percent of all the herbs listed on
the survey are used more in this region than the average of all the other towns. A
possible reason why this region uses more herbs could be that they have more
traditionally uses for them. The chi-square values indicate that none of the listed herbs
are used less in this region.

Conclusions
These results show that the use of individual herb varies with the different
regions. Some of the herbs are used significantly more and some are used significantly
less in a specific region, in comparison with the other towns. Some regions have a longer
growing season and therefore a longer timeframe to grow and gather herbs, and more
time to purchase fresh herbs than regions with a shorter growing season. The Pirin
Mountains region, Rila Mountains region, Rhodope Mountains region, and the Plains
South of the Balkan Mountains region are all located south of the Balkan Mountains and
have a milder climate with a longer growing season.
Some regions may have a higher natural diversity of herbs that are in proximity to
the towns. Therefore, regions may use more individual herbs because those herbs are
endemic to that region or may only grow in localized areas, including that region.
Some regions may use specific herbs in traditional ways, as medicinal plants.
Regions that have retained more traditional treatments for illnesses, in relation to herbs,
may use a higher number of individual herbs more than the other towns.

54

Table 15:Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Western Part of the
Northern Balkan Mountains region
REGION: WESTERN PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINS
HERB
REGIONAL OTHER TOWNS
LATIN
COMMON
USE %)
USE (%)
Rumex alpinus
Monks Rhubarb
15.1
5.8
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Cowberry
69.8
44.2
Vaccinium myrtillus
Bilberry
84.9
53.6
Tamus communis
Ladys Seal
13.2
2.9
Sambucus nigra
Elder
73.6
35.6
Sambucus ebulus
Dwarf Elder
35.8
19.8
Inula helenium
Elecampane
17.0
5.4
Verbena officinalis
Vervain/Holywort
13.2
4.7
Crataegus monogyna
Whitethorn
71.7
37.1
Frageria vesca
Wild Strawberry
94.3
72.7
Ononis spinosa
Restharrow
18.9
8.3
Bryonia alba
White Bryony
11.3
3.2
Plantago major
Greater Plantain
58.5
27.0
Asparagus officinalis
Asparagus
24.5
7.9
Symphytum officinale
Comfrey
18.9
5.8
Geranium macrorrhizum
88.7
61.9
Agrimonia eupatoria
Agrimony
22.6
10.4
Berberis vulgaris
Barberry
22.6
7.9
Malus sylvestris
Wild Apple
62.3
36.3
Utrica dioica
Stinging Nettle
100
75.2
Helleborus odorus
Bears-Foot
56.6
27.0
Rubus sp. diversa
Dewberry
98.1
70.1
Allium ursinum
Ramsons
18.9
3.6
Corylus avellana
Hazel
45.3
18.0
Tilia platyphyllos
Large-Leaved Lime
75.5
42.1
Pulmonaria officinalis
Lung-Wort
7.5
1.4
Euphrasia officnalis
Eyebright
18.9
5.0
Potentilla erecta
Tormentil
13.2
1.8
Agropyron repens
Couch-Grass
15.1
3.6
Tussilago farfara
Coltsfoot
73.6
36.3
Teucrium polium
Poley
18.9
6.5
Teucrium chamaedrys
Common Germander
15.1
6.1
Equisetum arvense
Horsetail
32.1
15.8
Achillea millefolium
Milfoil
81.1
53.2
Achillea clypeolata
56.6
23.7
Stachys officinalis
Betony
11.3
3.2
Arctium lappa
Great Burdock
26.4
10.1
Malva sylvestris
Mallow
22.6
10.8
Cotinus coggygria
Smoke-Tree
90.6
54.0
Viola odorata
Sweet Violet
62.3
33.8
Prunus spinosa
Blackthorn
52.8
26.6
Veratrum lobelianum
White Falsehellebore
11.3
3.6
(+)region has significantly higher use (-)region has significantly lower use

2 VALUE
3.466(+)
4.027(+)
7.101(+)
7.829(+)
15.019(+)
2.856(+)
5.786(+)
3.547(+)
11.530(+)
4.305(+)
3.065(+)
4.504(+)
11.508(+)
8.481(+)
6.994(+)
3.841(+)
3.245(+)
6.613(+)
5.187(+)
3.999(+)
9.883(+)
8.219(+)
13.366(+)
11.679(+)
9.614(+)
5.109(+)
8.696(+)
12.533(+)
8.034(+)
14.130(+)
5.594(+)
2.979(+)
3.926(+)
4.703(+)
14.111(+)
4.504(+)
6.528(+)
2.898(+)
11.954(+)
7.255(+)
7.343(+)
3.739(+)
55

The private herb companies could be affecting local use of individual herbs. If a
company has over harvested a particular herb in a certain region, that region may use the
herb less than the other towns because it is no longer available to them.
Figure 4 is a map that indicates areas where medicinal plants are threatened. Two
areas with high concentrations of threatened herbs are located in the Rhodope Mountains
region and just north of the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region.
These are also the regions where the highest percentages of individual herb use are found.
The local people could be over harvesting the herbs because, as shown above, they use
many herbs. The towns of Vratsa and Lovech are both located in the Western Part of the
Northern Balkan Mountains region and Karjdali of the Rhodope Mountains region are
medium size towns in Bulgaria, not villages, implying that a higher population might be
gathering the herbs. One of the problems with this idea is that there is an annual
population decline in Bulgaria, indicating that fewer people would be using the herbs
than in the past. The herb companies know where the greatest concentration of herbs can
be found. They could be responsible for the threatened herbs in the regions where there
is more traditional herb use.
The following quotes are in response to one of the short answer questions on the
survey, asking what are the threats to the abundance of Bulgarias herbs.
May be they are threatened because more and more firms
deal with the export of herbs. But I dont have any certain
facts. respondent from Lovech
The irresponsible behaviour of people who gather & sell
herbs. Ineffective laws. Failure on the part of the state
authorities to provide protection for herbs. respondent
from Lovech

56

Figure 4: Areas Where Medicinal Plants Are Threatened (Meine, 1998)

57

Lack of control on gathering herbs. Most gatherers pluck

them instead of cutting or tearing only the leaves and
blossoms. respondent from Lovech
The pollution of the nature [local environment], the
unlimited and irregular picking of herbs from people who
dont know how to do it. respondent from Vratsa
One of the most [biggest] threats is people who gather the
herbs with its [their] roots. If they gather the herbs without
its roots there is no harm and the herbs will spread and
grow again. respondent from Velingrad
Most important threat is humans. They take all [of the]
herbs from the nature [local environment] and next year
there will not be any more herbs. respondent from
Smolyan
Many people gather them, and after this they sell them.
respondent from Smolyan
Responses are from participants from the Western Part of the Northern Balkan
Mountains region and the Rhodope Mountains region. These two regions have the
highest herb use, compared to the other regions, and they both have the highest number
of individual herbs that are used significantly more. Generally, people who use and
gather more herbs are more knowledgeable about herbs, and therefore they are aware of
the threats facing the abundance of Bulgarias herbs.
These are the regions with higher concentrations of threatened medicinal plants
as indicated on Figure 4. The responses imply that the people who live in this region are
aware of threats to herbs in their region, primarily improper gathering techniques, herb
companies, and pollution.

58

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES FOR METHODS OF ACQUIRING HERBS

The separate regions use different methods for the acquiring of herbs. This
section will show the results of a region using a specific method of acquiring herbs
significantly more or significantly less than the other towns.
Using the chi-square test of independence, differences were shown among the
regions concerning how they acquire herbs compared to the other towns. Tables 16
through 21 reveal significant chi-square values, for each region, regarding how the herbs
are acquired. Significant values are greater than the 0.10 test statistic t of 2.706
(DeGroot, 1975).
The chi-square values in Table 16 indicate that the Pirin Mountains region uses
the method of purchasing herbs more than the other towns. The chi-square test values
also indicate that there are no significant differences for the methods of growing and
gathering herbs, in this region.

Table 16: Significant chi-square values for methods of acquiring herbs for the Pirin
Mountains region
REGION: PIRIN MOUNTAINS
METHOD
Grow
Purchase
Gather

2 VALUE
0.845
6.354(+)
1.022

(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level

(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values of Table 17 indicate that the Rila Mountains region uses the
method of gathering herbs more than the other towns. The values also indicate that this
region uses the method of purchasing herbs less than the remaining towns. The chi-

59

square test resulted in no significant difference for the method of growing herbs for the
Rila Mountains region.

Table 17: Significant chi-square values for methods of acquiring herbs for the Rila
Mountains region
REGION: RILA MOUNTAINS
METHOD
Grow
Purchase
Gather

2 VALUE
0.0366
7.428(-)
3.182(+)

(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level

(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values in Table 18 indicate that the Central Part of the Northern
Balkan Mountains uses the method of growing herbs more than the remaining towns.
The values indicate that this region uses the methods of purchasing and gathering less
than the other towns.

Table 18: Significant chi-square values for methods of acquiring herbs for the
Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region
REGION: CENTRAL PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINS
METHOD
2 VALUE
Grow
20.120(+)
Purchase
4.847(-)
Gather
5.222(-)
(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level
(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values of Table 19 indicate that the Plains South of the Balkan
Mountains region utilizes the method of purchasing herbs more than the other towns.

60

The values also indicate that this region uses the methods of growing and gathering less
than the remaining towns.

Table 19: Significant chi-square values for methods of acquiring herbs for the
Plains South of the Balkan Mountains region
REGION: PLAINS SOUTH OF THE BALKAN MOUNTAINS
METHOD
2 VALUE
Grow
4.497(-)
Purchase
64.459(+)
Gather
15.335(-)
(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level
(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values for the Rhodope Mountains region (Table 20) indicate that
this region uses the method of gathering more than the other towns. The values also
indicate that this region uses the methods of growing and purchasing less than the
remaining towns.

Table 20: Significant chi-square values for methods of acquiring herbs for the
Rhodope Mountains region
REGION: RHODOPE MOUNTAINS
METHOD
Grow
Purchase
Gather

2 VALUE
4.155(-)
13.257(-)
18.985(+)

(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level

(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values of Table 21 indicate that the Western Part of the Northern
Balkan Mountains region uses the method of gathering to acquire herbs more than the
other towns. The data also indicates that this region uses the method of purchasing herbs,

61

less than the remaining towns. The chi-square value for the method of growing does not
indicate a significant difference between the Western Part of the Northern Balkan
Mountains region and the other towns.

Table 21: Significant chi-square values for the methods of acquiring herbs for the
Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region
REGION: WESTERN PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINS
METHOD
2 VALUE
Grow
2.207
Purchase
38.219(-)
Gather
32.474(+)
(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level
(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The data in this section indicates that the regions use different methods of
acquiring herbs. Regions that have a high diversity of herbs in proximity to the towns
might gather more herbs, while regions that have a low diversity of herbs in proximity to
the towns might grow or purchase more herbs. One can infer that the method of
gathering is used more in regions that use more herbs medicinally, because this is usually
traditional knowledge that has been handed down from generation to generation, and its
beginnings would have been in the herbs that grew in proximity to the towns. On the
other hand, regions that use more herbs medicinally could show higher incidences of
purchasing herbs, if the medicinal herbs used to grow in that region but have since
disappeared.

62

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF USES OF HERBS

The regions use herbs in different ways. In this section I will show the results of
the separate regions and the ways in which the herbs are used in comparison with the
other towns.
Using the chi-square test of independence, differences were also shown among
the regions on how they use herbs compared to the other towns. Tables 22 through 27
reveal significant chi-square values, for each region, regarding how the herbs are used.
Significant values are greater than the 0.10 test statistic t of 2.706 (DeGroot, 1975).
The chi-square values of Table 22 statistically indicate that the Pirin Mountains
region uses herbs for the preparation of food more than the other towns. The values also
indicate that this region uses herbs less than the remaining towns medicinally and for
other uses. The test did not indicate a significant difference for the Pirin Mountain region
using herbs decoratively compared to the other towns.

Table 22: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Pirin Mountains
region
REGION: PIRIN MOUNTAINS
USE
Medicinal
Food
Decoration
Other

2 VALUE
5.762(-)
13.226(+)
0.860
6.338(-)

(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level

(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values for the Rila Mountains region, as shown in Table 23,
indicate that this region uses herbs decoratively more than the remaining towns. The data
also indicates that this region uses herbs medicinally less than other towns. The chi-

63

square test did not result in values to indicate a difference of using herbs in food
preparation and for other reasons, between the Rila Mountains region and the other
towns.

Table 23: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Rila Mountains
region
REGION: RILA MOUNTAINS
USE
Medicinal
Food
Decoration
Other

2 VALUE
2.765(-)
0.292
3.474(+)
2.049

(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level

(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values of the Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains
region, as shown in Table 24, indicate that this region uses herbs for reasons other than
medicinally, as food sources, and decoratively more than other towns. The values
indicate that this region uses herbs in food preparation less than the remaining towns.
The values for using herbs medicinally and decoratively did not indicate a difference
between this region and the other towns.

Table 24: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Central Part of
the Northern Balkan Mountains region
REGION: CENTRAL PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINS
USE
2 VALUE
Medicinal
0.0589
Food
9.134(-)
Decoration
1.943
Other
42.141(+)
(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level
(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

64

The chi-square values of Table 25 indicate that the Plains South of the Balkan
Mountains region uses herbs for food preparation more than the other towns. The data
also indicates that this region uses herbs medicinally less than the remaining towns. The
values do not show a difference between this region and the other towns in using herbs
decoratively and for other uses.

Table 25: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Plains South of
the Balkan Mountains region
REGION: PLAINS SOUTH OF THE BALKAN MOUNTAINS
USE
2 VALUE
Medicinal
5.834(-)
Food
10.491(+)
Decoration
1.070
Other
0.108
(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level
(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values of Table 26 indicate that the Rhodope Mountains region
uses herbs for other reasons more than the other towns. The data indicates that this
region uses herbs in food preparation, less than the remaining towns. The values do not
statistically indicate a difference between this region, and the other towns, for using herbs
medicinally and decoratively.

65

Table 26: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Rhodope
Mountains region
REGION: RHODOPE MOUNTAINS
USE
Medicinal
Food
Decoration
Other

2 VALUE
1.147
4.756(-)
0.0485
3.129(+)

(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level

(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values in Table 27 indicate that the Western Part of the Northern
Balkan Mountains region use herbs medicinally more than the other towns, and use herbs
in the preparation of food and for other reasons less than the remaining towns. The chisquare test did not result in a significant difference, for using herbs decoratively, for this
region and the other towns.

Table 27: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Western Part of
the Northern Balkan Mountains region
REGION: WESTERN PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINS
USE
2 VALUE
Medicinal
40.699(+)
Food
21.230(-)
Decoration
0.260
Other
17.909(-)
(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level
(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

66

REGIONAL CONCLUSIONS
The separate regions use herbs in a variety of ways, often resulting in regional
differences. The local topography can affect gathering as well as natural herb diversity in
the area surrounding the individual regions. Using herbs for food purposes might be
more significant in regions that have more edible fruit-bearing plants close to the towns.
The same could be true for medicinal plants. Regions that have more medicinal plants in
the immediate area, and have residents with more in-depth knowledge on traditional
cures, will use herbs medicinally more than the other towns. These ideas are further
explored in the remainder of this section.
Table 28 shows all of the regional results, condensed into one table. Each region
is listed followed by the average number of herbs used. The following columns are
results of the chi-square tests. The number of individual herbs used significantly more
and significantly less in a region, compared to the other towns is listed. This is followed
by columns indicating if a region uses a method of acquiring significantly more or less,
indicated by a + or a -, than the other towns. The same information is given for
regional differences in herb use.
The Pirin Mountains region and the Rila Mountains region use the least amount of
herbs, and do not use many herbs significantly more than the other regions. Both of these
mountain ranges are geographically new mountains. Anyone that has been to these
mountains will tell you that they are places of extreme hiking, with many sheer cliffs,
high peaks, and very little vegetation. There are not as many herbs available to the local
population. Theres difficult[ies] in finding some of the herbs and some of them occur
in very small amounts, responded a participant from the Pirin Mountains region. To

67

Table 28: Summary of regional data

REGION
Pirin Mountains

average
individual herb use
number
more
less
herbs used
25.96
2
4

method of acquiring
grow purchase gather

medicinal

uses
food
decoration

other

Rila Mountains

28.69

Central Part of
North Balkan Mtns

30.28

Plains South of
Balkan Mtns

33.83

17

Rhodope
Mountains

35.33

30

Western Part of
North Balkan Mtns

36.91

42

(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level

(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level
(0)no significant value

68

collect the herbs that are available would require traversing difficult, often dangerous
terrain.
The Balkan and Rhodope Mountains are very different. They are geographically
old mountains. They are composed of rolling hills, sheep pastures, and thick
vegetation. There is a greater diversity of herbs than in the Pirin and Rila Mountains.
Also, the terrain of the Balkan and Rhodope Mountains is much easier to traverse. The
towns found in the Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region, Plains South of
the Balkan Mountains region, Western Part of the North Balkan Mountains region, and
the Rhodope Mountains region are all found inside of, or bordering the Balkan Mountains
or the Rhodope Mountains. These regions use more herbs, in comparison with the Pirin
Mountains and Rila Mountains regions. A participant from the Rhodope Mountains
region indicates the importance of herbs, We use herbs for medical [medicinal purposes]
and for food. Without herbs our life will [would] not [be the] same.
The Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region uses more herbs than
the other regions. This region uses the method of gathering, to acquire herbs, more than
the other towns, and uses the method of purchasing less than the other towns. Since the
people of this region primarily use the method of gathering, one can infer that they are
outside in the natural environment more often. Experienced gatherers know when the
correct time is to collect specific herbs. When they go out to look for those herbs, they
could also find other, lesser used herbs. They will collect these herbs as well as the more
commonly used herbs, because they are available at the time. Areas that use the method
of purchasing primarily, can only purchase the herbs that are available in the market.
They may not have as much of an opportunity to find the lesser used herbs, compared to

69

residents in regions where more herbs are gathered than purchased. The values also
indicate that this region uses herbs medicinally, more than the other towns. Since they
treat more medical problems with herbs, they have a greater need for herbs, and therefore
use more. As a person surveyed from this region responded We have always used herbs
to prepare tea and to cure some illnesses. It is also very relaxing and enjoyable to go
among nature [into the local environment] and gather them. The people who live in this
region have a personal connection to the land and possess strong feelings about their
natural surroundings. The fact that this region purchases herbs significantly less than the
other towns indicates that the price of herbs does not affect this regions herb use.
There are two regions, the Pirin Mountains region and the Plains South of the
Balkan Mountains region, which use the method of purchasing to acquire herbs more
than the other towns do. These regions use herbs primarily as a food source, and less for
medicinal purposes. In Bulgaria, most of the people I met that used many herbs for
medicinal purposes were also skilled gatherers. They were aware of the local
environment and knew the proper time and places to collect the herbs that they needed.
One can infer that traditional ways of treating illnesses are not used as often in regions
where purchasing herbs is the method primarily used to acquire herbs, as in this case.
Herbs are still an ingredient of many Bulgarian recipes, and would need to be purchased
at the market, along with other food items. The Pirin Mountains region is located in a
rocky mountain range, without a lot of vegetation so many herbs would need to be
purchased because they are not easily found or can not be easily gathered in the local
environment.

70

The Rila Mountains region, the Rhodope Mountains region and the Western Part
of the Northern Balkan Mountains region all primarily use the method of gathering to
acquire herbs. Residents in all of these regions purchase herbs less than the other towns.
People that gather herbs are knowledgeable about their local environment and the proper
times and places to gather the herbs they use. People have less need to purchase herbs.
The Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains is the only region that uses
herbs for medicinal purposes significantly more than the other towns. One can infer that
medicinal knowledge of herbs vanishes before the food knowledge of herbs. Medicinal
knowledge is more complex; deciding which herbs are needed to treat various medical
problems and preparing them in the correct manner. Herbs that are used as a food source
are usually picked and eaten. The most common of these are berries and they usually do
not require special preparation to be consumed. A person can be walking in the local
environment, see the berries and eat them. The collecting of medicinal herbs requires
more preparation and species specific knowledge.

Further Study
This study was intended to give a broad view of herb use in Bulgaria. A
subsequent study could be used to determine if local herb use is affected by availability.
An intensive local study of a couple different communities and the available herbs that
are found in the surrounding area would be useful. This information could be used to
determine if a communities herb use is correlated to the herbs that are available in the
local environment.

71

Conclusions
Herbs are used commonly throughout Bulgaria, but there are significant regional
differences. Individual herbs can be used significantly more of less, depending on the
region. Some regions will use herbs primarily for medicinal purposes, while others use
them in the preparation of food. These regional differences are results of topography,
natural diversity in the surrounding area, traditional knowledge, and methods used to
acquire herbs.

72

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

Herbs play an important role in Bulgaria. Traditionally, Bulgarian families have

used them primarily for medicinal purposes and in the preparation of food. Though
society is changing the traditional use of herbs is still practiced. In some cases illnesses
are treated only with herbs. In most cases they are used in combination with modern
medicine.
Although herbs are widely used throughout Bulgaria, there are local and regional
differences. Average herb use is directly related to population size. There is a rank
order correlation between small town size and the increased use of herbs. The majority
of the people surveyed indicated that they use gathering to acquire their herbs, followed
by growing herbs, and lastly by purchasing. Bulgaria is well suited for gathering because
it has a wide ecological diversity of herbs. Of the people surveyed, herbs are used
primarily for medicinal purposes, though there is also substantial use in food preparation.
A wide variety of herbs are used throughout Bulgaria, but some are more
commonly used than others. Of the fifteen most commonly used herbs, seven are used
primarily for medicinal purposes and six are used in the preparation of food. Herbs play
an integral role in the treatment of illnesses and in Bulgarian cuisine. Some herbs are
commonly used across Bulgaria, while others are used on a regional basis.
There are significant differences of regional use of herbs, of the six regions
represented in this study. Herbs are more easily collected from regions that are in a
suitable terrain. The terrain of the Balkan and the Rhodope Mountains is rolling, gentle

73

hills, making traversing easier. These areas have a rich vegetation, providing a higher
diversity of herbs. The regions located in these mountains use more herbs than the
regions that are in unsuitable terrain. Some regions have retained more medicinal
knowledge about herbs. Medicinal knowledge is more complex and usually requires
more preparation, in comparison with the knowledge of herbs used for food purposes.
Medicinal knowledge is more likely to fade than the food knowledge because of the
complexities of collecting and using medicinal herbs. Local traditions, length of the
growing season, and local knowledge of herbs play significant roles in regional use of
herbs.
The traditional uses of herbs could be disrupted by the economic and political
transition of Bulgaria. The privatization of herb companies combined with a large
available workforce, due to the high unemployment rate, and the diverse ecological
conditions of Bulgaria has made herbs a lucrative business. Inefficient laws, improper
gathering techniques, and pollution have made Bulgarians concerned about the future of
the abundance of herbs. Long-term monitoring of herb population and commercial use of
herbs may help guide policy and its implementation.

74

LITERATURE CITED
Aladzhem, Svetlana, ed. The Green Gold of Bulgaria. Bulgaria: ABV- tech Ltd., 2000.
Alexiades, Miguel N., ed. Selected Guidelines for Ethnobotanical Research: A Field
Manual. New York: The New York Botanical Garden, 1996.
Apostolova, Iva, and Ljubka Slavova. Compendium of Bulgarian Plant Communities.
Sofia: Kiril Belivanov Inc, 1997.
Asenov, I., Ch. Guseb, G. Kitanov, S. Nikolov, and T. Petrov. Bilkosubirane,
rukobodstbo za Brane I purbichna prerabotkatka na lechebni rastenie. Sofia: Biler,
1998.
Bennett, Linda A., ed. Bulgarians. vol.4, Encyclopedia of World Cultures.
Massachusets: G.K. Hall and Co., 1992, 42-45.
Blagoevgrad Municipality. http://www.aubg.bg/about/municipa/. Last updated on
7/12/00.
Bousfield, Jonathon, and Dan Richardson. Bulgaria, The Rough Guide. Shorts Gardens,
London:The Rough Guides, 1999.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Bulgaria. The World Factbook, Brasseys Edition,
1999, (CIAs 1998 Edition). Prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency.
Bulgaria, Webtourist. http://www.interrinet.bg/Webtourist/Bulgaria. Created 1997.
Visited on 9/14/00.
Bulgarian Travel Guide. http://www.travel-bulgaria.com. Visited on 9/14/00.
The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998, s.v. Bansko, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria,
Kurzhali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Nova Zagora, Pernik, Plovdiv, Razgrad,
Samokov, Saparevo Banya, Sevlievo, Silistra, Smolyan, Svoge, Tryavna,
Velingrad, Vratsa, Yambol.
Creed, Gerald W. Domesticating Revolution; From Socialist Reform to Ambivalent
Transition in a Bulgarian Village. University Park, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania
University Press, 1998.
DeGroot, Morris H. Probability and Statistics, 579. Reading, Massachusetts: AddisonWesley Publishing Company, 1975.
Embassy of Bulgaria, United States. About Bulgaria. http://www.bulgaria-embassy.org.
Last updated on 9/1/00.

75

Freese, Frank. Statistics for Land Managers, 106-108. Jedburgh, Scotland: Paeony
Press: Jedburgh, Scotland, 1984.
Hellander, Paul, and David Stanley. Bulgaria. Lonely Planet, Eastern Europe, 137-205.
Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd., 1999.
Heritage Films, The Eastern European Connection. http://www.heritagefilms.com. Last
updated on 4/18/00.
Hoffman, David. The Complete Illustrated Holistic Herbal. A Safe and Practical Guide
to Making and Using Herbal Remedies. Rockport, Massachusetts: Element Books
Limited, 1996.
ICN, Bulgarian Guide. http://www.icn.bg/bgguide. Created 1998. Visited on 9/20/00.
Langer, Robin E. 2000. Snowbound herbals, Stinging Nettle.
http://www.sbherbals.com/121999HotM.html. Created 12/99. Updated 9/600.
Lovech.http://www.lv.bia-bg.com/photo/lovech/lovechbg.htm. Visited on 9/20/00.
Martin, Gary J. Ethnobotany. London: Chapman and Hall, 1995.
Meine, Curt, ed. Biodiversity Support Program. Bulgarias Biological Diversity:
Conservation Status and Needs Assessment, 839. 2 vols. Sofia: Pensoft, 1998.
Mindell, Earl. Earl Mindells Herb Bible. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster,
1992.
Nachev, Valeri, and Yordon Velchev. Bulgaria. Bulgaria: Vion, 1999.
Republic of Bulgaria. http://www.government.bg/eng. Created 1998. Visited on 9/6/00.
Steel, Robert G. D., and James H. Torrie. Principles and Procedures of Statistics, 409.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960.
Sutton, Jennifer A. and Blair D. Orr. The Use of the School Essay as an RRA
technique: A Case Study From Bong County, Liberia, RRA Notes, Participatory
Methods for Learning and Analysis, no.14 (1991): 33-38.
U.S. Department of State, Bureau of European Affairs. Background Notes: Bulgaria.
http://www.state.gov/www/background_notes/bulgaria_9910_bgn.html. Created 10/99.
Visited on 9/6/00.
The Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, 1st ed., 1960, s.v. Bulgaria.

76

APPENDIX 1

SAMPLE SURVEY

77

ORIGINAL SURVEY PAGE 1

NAME:
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

DATE:

ENGLISH
MONK'S RHUBARB
MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHAN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

MOTHERWORT

41
42
43

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

ORIGINAL SURVEY PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

RED SHANK

Geranium robertianum
Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

TETTERWORT

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

55

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

BANEWORT

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

Bellis perennis

DAISY

85
86
87
88
89

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

90
91
92

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

ORIGINAL SURVEY PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

Teucrium polium

POLEY

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

FORKING LARKSPUR

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis
Hieracium pilosella

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

JUNIPER

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

DOG ROSE

GROMWELL

WILD MARJORAM

Tribulus terrestris

BERMUDA-GRASS

126
127
128

OTHERS

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

1.IF YOUR FAMILY PURCHASES HERBS;

a. HAVE SOME HERBS BECOME MORE EXPENSIVE IN THE PAST 10 YEARS?
b. WHICH ONES? (Write the number of the herb)

2. IF YOUR FAMILY GATHERS HERBS FROM NATURE;

a. HAVE SOME HERBS BECOME MORE DIFFICULT TO FIND IN THE LOCAL
ENVIRONMENT IN THE PAST 10 YEARS?
b. WHICH ONES? (Write the number of the herb)

3. ARE THERE ANY HERBS YOUR FAMILY USED TO USE WHICH YOU CAN
NO LONGER FIND TO PURCHASE OR GATHER?
a. WHICH ONES? (Write the number of the herb)

4. WHAT PERCENTAGE OF YOUR FAMILYS INCOME IS FROM SELLING

HERBS? (CIRCLE ONE)
a. 0%
b.1-20%
c. 20-40%
d. 40-60%
e. 60-80%
f. 80-100%
5. DOES YOUR FAMILY THINK THE ABUNDANCE OF BULGARIAS HERBS IS
THREATENED?
a. WHAT ARE THE THREATS?

6. WHAT ROLE DO HERBS PLAY IN YOUR FAMILY PRESENTLY,

AND WHAT ROLE DID THEY PLAY IN THE PAST?

81

APPENDIX 2

DATA FOR EACH OF THE 21 SURVEY SETS

82

BANSKO PAGE 1
PCV: MICHAEL BROWN, SURVEYS:2
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

MONK'S RHUBARB
MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

1
1
2

1
1
2

1
2

1
2

1
1

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

1
2

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

2
1
2

1
1
1
2

1
1

1
1
2

1
1
2

41
42
43 /

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

BANSKO PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

1
1

2
2

TETTERWORT

55 /

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

2
2

2
1

2
1

2
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
2

1
2

BANEWORT

2
2

85
86
87
88
89

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

90
91
92

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

OTHER

BANSKO PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

2
1

2
1

2
1

2
2
1

1
1

1
1

OTHER

FORKING LARKSPUR

WILD MARJORAM

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

1
2
2
2

1
1

1
1

2
2

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

JUNIPER

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

ROSE HIP

1
1

1
1

126
127
128
OTHERS

TOTALS
%

68

22
32.4

3
4.4

56
82.4

45
22
66.2 32.4

15
22.1

1
1.5

BLAGOEVGRAD PAGE 1
PCV: BEVERLY BEYER CITY, SURVEYS:21
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH
MONK'S RHUBARB

YES
2

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

1
13
16

1
5
6

14
18

1
2

6
2

2
3

1
1
7

7
6

6
2

3
3

OTHER

MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHAN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

2
15
18

1
5
8

7
7
3
3
1
8
1

8
7

20

19

20

1
6
1
1

1
3
1
2

7
5
18

8
6
18

1
3

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

8
6
19

41
42
43 /

1
8
1
2

1
1

BLAGOEVGRAD PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

TETTERWORT

55 /

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

15
1

14

13

GATHER FROM NATURE

1
1

TO HERB COMPANY

4
1

10

OTHER

14

11

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

85
86
87
88
89

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

BANEWORT

17
19
8
20

4
16
1
8

3
4
1
5

16
5
6
16

12
4

16
16

20

19

18

17

6
12
5
1
1

2
1
1

1
1

6
12
5
1

5
10
4
1
1

3
5
3

2
1

19
20

12
1

6
5

15
20

3
18

19
12

2
2

2
5

1
2

1
3

6
1

2
1

1
7

3
2
1

2
2

90
91
92

8
11

3
1
1

5
1

1
4

3
3

3
2
1

3
1

8
1

1
4
9

10

BLAGOEVGRAD PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

YES
2

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

2
2

13
6

1
1

13
6

12
6

1
1

20

19

16

10

3
4
3
1
2
15
10
9

1
1
1

3
4
2
1

1
2

FORKING LARKSPUR

WILD MARJORAM

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

DOG ROSE

1
6
6

1
11
1
2

2
15

7
8
5

1
3
1
1
1

2
10
9

JUNIPER

2
8
2
1
1
12
8

1
8
2
1
1

10
2

1
1

1
4
1
1
1
1
8

1
20

1
5

1
18

1
16

122
23.1

117
22.1

407
76.9

1
1
1

11
1

17

281 236
53.1 44.6

96
18.1

56
10.6

126
127
128
OTHERS

TOTALS
%

524

KARJDALI PAGE 1
PCV: JULIE BURGER, SURVEYS: 3
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

MONK'S RHUBARB
MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

LODDON LILY

1
2
2

1
2
1

1
2

1
2
1

1
1

1
1

1
1
1

1
1

1
2
1

1
1

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

1
2

1
1

1
2

1
3
2
3
1

2
1
1

1
1
2
1

3
2
3

1
1

41
42
43 /

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

KARJDALI PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

3
3

1
1

3
1

2
2

1
1

1
3
3

1
2
1

OTHER

TETTERWORT

55 /

YES

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

1
1

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

85
86
87
88
89

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

1
1

3
1

3
3

2
1

1
1

2
2

1
3

2
3

1
1
1

1
1
1

BANEWORT

1
1
1
2
1

1
3
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1

1
1
1

1
1

2
1

2
2

1
1

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

90
91
92

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

1
2

2
2

KARJDALI PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

2
1

TO HERB COMPANY

2
1

OTHER

FORKING LARKSPUR

WILD MARJORAM

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

JUNIPER

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

ROSE HIP

3
2
1

1
1
1

1
2
1

1
1

2
1

103

2
2
1

3
1
1

1
2
1

1
2
1

1
1

46
44.7

19
18.4

55
53.4

1
1
1
2
1

126
127
128
OTHERS

TOTALS
%

65
35
63.1 34.0

37
35.9

4
3.9

KYUSTENDIL PAGE 1
PCV: CYNTHIA LINTZ, SURVEYS: 4
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

MONK'S RHUBARB
MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

LODDON LILY

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

1
3
4

1
3
4

1
1
2
1
1
1

1
1
2
1
1

1
3

1
1
1

1
1
1
1

3
4
1
1
1

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

1
3

1
2

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

2
2

3
1

CHRIST'S-THORN

41
42
43 /

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

2
2
3
1

1
1

1
2
3

2
2
3
1

2
1

KYUSTENDIL PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

TETTERWORT

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

3
1

1
1

TO HERB COMPANY

1
1

OTHER

CUCKOO-PINT

3
2
2

3
2

2
3

55 /

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

BANEWORT

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

RASPBERRY

3
2
2
3

2
2
3
1

1
1
1

2
2
3
1

1
1
1
1

1
1
2

4
4

2
4

1
3

4
2

2
1

2
1

1
2

1
2

85
86
87
88
89

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

WORMWOOD

3
1

1
1

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

90
91
92

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

1
2

1
1

KYUSTENDIL PAGE 3
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

Teucrium polium

POLEY

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Hieracium pilosella

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

BLESSED THISTLE

2
1

2
1

2
1

1
1

1
2

FORKING LARKSPUR

WILD MARJORAM

HAWKWEED

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

1
2
1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

JUNIPER

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

2
1

103

28
27.2

2
1

59
49
57.3 47.6

10
9.7

126
127
128
OTHERS

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

ROSE HIP

TOTALS
%

5
4.9

82
79.6

1
0.970873786

6
5.8

LOVECH PAGE 1
PCV: ANNISA WANAT, SURVEYS: 19
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH
MONK'S RHUBARB

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHAN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

2
5
13
16
2
16
6
3
3
2
7
5
5
1
1

2
4
4
7
2
14
5
2
3
4
6
3
5
2
2

OTHER

MEADOW-SWEET

41
42
43 /

YES
3
2
6
13
16
2
17
7
4
4
4
7
5
6
2
2

1
1
1

1
1
2

1
1
1
1
1

1
2
2
2
14
11
1
1
18
3
15
2
3
11
2
5
1
10
10
18
1

1
1
1
1

1
1

1
2
2
2
1
1

1
18

11

14
10
1

3
4
2
3
10
1
5
1
6
10
17
1

2
4

2
4

2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

13
13

2
1
1

2
1
1
1
1
1

2
3
3
1

4
1
1
3
4
2

1
1
1

1
1
1

2
2
1

1
1

9
7
1

1
1

1
7

2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
1

3
2
1
2
5
2
5
1
10
10
17
1

2
2

1
6
1

18

12
1

3
1
1
3

1
1

LOVECH PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

TETTERWORT

2
18
3
2
16

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

14
2

GATHER FROM NATURE

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

BANEWORT

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

4
8
1

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

85
86
87
88
89

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

19
17
11
18
1
3
19
8
1
7
7
15
6
1
2
1
1
18
16
1

3
9
2
6

2
4
8
9

2
5
2
2
11

TO HERB COMPANY

4
4
2

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

90
91
92

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

GROW IN GARDEN

4
4
10

55 /

YES

2
10
16

1
2

1
3
1

3
1

3
1

1
3

1
1
15
2

3
2

1
1
1

2
2
2

18
2
11
16
1
3
16
8
1
6
7
13
5
1
2
1
1
6
16
1

3
8
1
2

3
8
1
3

2
4
7
8

2
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

18
15
1
18

1
1
5
1

1
3
5
2

1
3

1
1

1
3
6
1
6

1
3
2

6
14
5

3
5
3

1
2

2
3
2

2
1
1
2
14
1

17
5
1

2
7
1
2

1
1
1

1
1
2

1
1
1
1

15
5
4
2
1
3
17
4
1
4

1
1

15

3
3

1
18
1

1
1

2
3
3
2
6

OTHER

2
4
3
4

2
3
3
9

1
1
1

2
4

1
2

1
5

1
6

1
2
1

LOVECH PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

FORKING LARKSPUR

WILD MARJORAM

YES
1
1
5

1
1
16
12
4
1
4
14
2

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

1
1
4

1
1
4

1
15
12
3
1
4

2
1
1
1
1

1
13
9
1
1
4

1
1

10
2

1
1
1
1
1

1
1

12
2

OTHER

1
1
3
2

5
5
3

6
3

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

2
6
4
5
19
13
10

2
5
4

2
8
8

5
17
9
4

1
1
1
1
1

1
1

4
14
1
3

1
1

1
7
4
1
1

2
6
1
1

2
13
9

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

4
11
4
2
2
11
11

3
3

4
10
4
2
2
2
11

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

DOG ROSE

19

18

TOTALS
%

705

162
22.6

45
6.3

582
81.1

28
3.9

80
11.1

JUNIPER

10

1
1

1
1
1

1
2
1
1

11
11

16

12

437 245
60.9 34.1

157
21.9

64
8.9

126
127
128
OTHERS

NOVA ZAGORA PAGE 1

PCV: GIL FAIR CITY, SURVEYS: 11
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

MONK'S RHUBARB
MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

YES

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

1
8
9
9
1
9
9
7
4
4
9
6
8
1
3

1
1

2
1
1
1
1

3
7
9
1
6
7
3
1
3
5
3
4

3
1
1
1
5
4
4
1
2
2
1

1
2

6
4
1

4
3

11

1
1
2

1
7
9
1
3
5
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
3

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

1
9
8
1

1
1

4
2
1

41
42
43 /

11
1
4
8
1
7
8
3
8
1
8
6
11
2

1
5

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
2

3
2
4
5
1
5
1
4
2
9
1

1
1
1
2
1
5
3
8

3
2

1
1

1
1

11
1
6

3
1

NOVA ZAGORA PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

TETTERWORT

55 /

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

YES
1
2
11
4
10
1

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

1
6
3

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

3
1

7
1

2
1

3
3

1
2

10
2
6
9

7
1
3

9
9

4
1

11
2
2
5

8
2

4
8
3
1
1
1

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

85
86
87
88
89

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

BANEWORT

11
11
8
11
1
11
2
6
6
1
7
11
6
1
6
2
10
11
1
1
2
4
7

3
9
1
4

2
1
2
3
4
2
2

1
3
1

6
9

2
2

2
1

2
7
1
1
3

3
5
2

1
1
1

7
11

1
9

10
4

1
2
2
6

1
1

1
1

2
9
2
9
3

4
2
1

1
1

Agropyron repens

1
4

2
2

6
1
6
2

3
1

3
1

2
2

6
4

7
1

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL
COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

8
8

1
2
2
1

90
91
92

1
1

2
1
2

NOVA ZAGORA PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

YES
1
1
5

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

1
1
2

1
1
1

OTHER

1
1
1

10
7

4
4

7
4

7
4

3
3

GREAT BURDOCK

1
7

1
1

1
4

1
4

WILD MARJORAM

11

2
1

1
1

FORKING LARKSPUR

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

JUNIPER

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

ROSE HIP

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

126
127
128
OTHERS

TOTALS
%

1
10
4
4
3
8
6
7
3
7
9
4
4
1
11
8

1
1
1
4
4
3
1
1

1
8
2
2
1
6
2
4
2
3
7

1
1

2
2

3
7

11

10

566

81
14.3

86
15.2

348
61.5

1
1

1
2
6
1
1

1
1
7

1
1
4
1
1

1
5
6
1
1

9
1

1
10

10

199 167
35.2 29.5

62
11.0

57
10.1

PERNIK PAGE 1
PCV:MARY WEINER, SURVEYS:10
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH
MONK'S RHUBARB

YES
2

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

2
5
6
1
4
2
4
2

2
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

1
5
6
2
2
3
1
1
1

1
1
1
4
2
1

1
3
5

2
2

2
1
1

2
2
1
1

2
1
1

8
3

8
1

10

10

3
4

3
7
9

1
3

2
6
7

4
1

1
1

41
42
43 /

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

1
1

10

3
7
6

2
3

PERNIK PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

2
1
1

1
1
2

1
1
1

9
9
2
8

3
7

TETTERWORT

55 /

YES
2
1
8

9
8

1
1

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

BANEWORT

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

85
86
87
88
89

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

8
2
2
7

10

2
7

10

3
4
2
3

2
1
1
2

1
2
1

3
2
1
2

2
3
2

1
2

10
10

9
1

1
3

1
1
2
2

4
8

10
3

1
2

90
91
92

1
6

1
5

1
2

1
2

PERNIK PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

YES

7
2

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

6
2

6
1

1
2

OTHER

1
1

FORKING LARKSPUR

WILD MARJORAM

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

1
2
3
9
3
3

2
3
1

2
6
3
2

1
8

1
3
1
1

1
1
1
1

1
4

1
1

1
1

2
3

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

JUNIPER

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

ROSE HIP

1
3
1
1
5
5

10

257

72
28.0

2
1

4
1

126
127
128
OTHERS

TOTALS
%

38
14.8

185
72.0

117 100
45.5 38.9

35
13.6

67
26.1

PLOVDIV PAGE 1
PCV: JIM DAY CITY, SURVEYS: 11
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

MONK'S RHUBARB
MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

1
4
9

1
2
3

3
8

1
2
2

4
9

2
4

2
1

1
3

2
2

10

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

41
42
43 /

11

2
1
1
2
9

1
1

1
1
3

2
1
1
2
8

1
1
1
2
9

1
1

1
1

OTHER

PLOVDIV PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

TETTERWORT

55 /

YES

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

85
86
87
88
89

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

9
8
1
7

7
2

3
4
1
3

5
4
1

1
2

4
4
1

5
4

5
7

2
9

8
5

1
3

1
3

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
3
1

10

1
5
5
1

5
1

9
8
1

10

BANEWORT

8
10

1
1

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

90
91
92

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

1
4
2

2
2

4
2

OTHER

PLOVDIV PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

FORKING LARKSPUR

WILD MARJORAM

YES
1
1
2
1

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

1
1
2
1

6
2
1
1

11

GATHER FROM NATURE

1
1

TO HERB COMPANY

5
1
1

5
2

2
1
1

OTHER

1
1
2
1

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

ROSE HIP

JUNIPER

1
1

1
5
4
2

1
1

1
1

1
3
3
2

1
5

1
1
2
1
1

2
1
2
1
1

1
1

1
2

78
35.3

150
67.9

3
1

2
1
2
1
1
3
4

1
4
2

3
1

126
127
128
OTHERS

TOTALS
%

221

27
12.2

2
5

117 110
52.9 49.8

34
15.4

0.0

RAZGRAD PAGE 1
PCV:AMY PRIMUS, SURVEYS:19
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

MONK'S RHUBARB
MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHAN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

LODDON LILY

10
9

4
4

6
5
5

10
9
6

3
5

3
5

1
4

13

13

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

13

3
2
12
1
1

3
2
10

3
2
9
1

41
42
43 /

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

2
2

2
2

RAZGRAD PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

TETTERWORT

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

12
1

7
1

TO HERB COMPANY

1
1

OTHER

12

1
1

13
6
2
10

18

16

13

5
5
2

5
4
2

2
2

1
5

4
10

2
11

1
2

1
1
3

55 /

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

85
86
87
88
89

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

18
19
3
13

3
12
1
1

17
18
2
11

1
1

2
3
2

BANEWORT

18
15

14
2

17

1
4

1
1

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

90
91
92

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

1
3
5

1
2

1
3

3
2

RAZGRAD PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

FORKING LARKSPUR

WILD MARJORAM

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

6
2
1

OTHER

1
6
2

6
2

1
1

1
2
1

1
1

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

JUNIPER

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

2
5
3

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

DOG ROSE

17

TOTALS
%

285

1
13
2
2
1

1
1

1
10

2
1

1
11

1
2
2
1

1
1

1
1
1

13

67
21.5

35
11.3

180
57.9

2
0.6

1
5
1

126
127
128
OTHERS

13

103 114
33.1 36.7

46
14.8

39
12.5

SAMOKOV PAGE 1
PCV: KEVIN BESSER, SURVEYS: 11
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

MONK'S RHUBARB
MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

2
8
11

2
5
8

1
3
5

4
2
4

4
2
1

1
2

1
2

1
1

1
1

4
5
1

3
5
1

11

4
2
4

4
4
1

6
9
1
1

1
1

5
7
2

1
3

1
1

1
2
1

1
1

41
42
43 /

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

11
1
5

4
6
10

1
4

1
1

1
1

4
2
3

1
2
4

4
6
10

4
6
10

4
2
4

11

1
1

SAMOKOV PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

TETTERWORT

55 /

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

9
1

8
1

2
1

10

10
11
9
10

4
10
1
4

1
1
1

9
2
8
9

4
2
1

10
9

1
7

1
5

1
2

5
6
5
1
1
1

1
2
1

3
5
4
1
1

3
3
4
1
1

10
11

6
1

OTHER

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

85
86
87
88
89

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

BANEWORT

1
10
1
5

8
9
1

1
2

1
3
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
2

9
11

1
9

1
2

1
2
2

1
2
1

1
2
4

10
1

4
5

2
1
2
2

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

90
91
92

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

1
3
4

3
2

SAMOKOV PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

FORKING LARKSPUR

WILD MARJORAM

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

9
2
1

1
2
2
1
1
8
4
5

5
1
2

7
7

TO HERB COMPANY

9
2
1

8
2

2
2
1
1
6
3
3

2
2

5
1
2

OTHER

1
1

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

3
2
3

1
1
8
4
5

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

JUNIPER

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

ROSE HIP

2
1
1

6
1

10

37
11.6

254
79.6

126
127
128
OTHERS

TOTALS
%

10

319

69
21.6

159
94
49.8 29.5

59
18.5

52
16.3

SAPAREVO BANYA PAGE 1

PCV: CYNTHIA LINTZ, SURVEYS: 2
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

MONK'S RHUBARB
MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

LODDON LILY

2
2

2
2

1
1

1
1

2
2
1

1
1
1

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

41
42
43 /

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

1
1
2

1
1
2

1
1

OTHER

SAPAREVO BANYA PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

TETTERWORT

55 /

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

85
86
87
88
89

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

2
2
1
2

2
2

1
2

1
2

BANEWORT

2
2

1
1

1
1

1
1

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

90
91
92

Agropyron repens

2
2

1
2

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

OTHER

SAPAREVO BANYA PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

FORKING LARKSPUR

WILD MARJORAM
HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

1
1
1
1

1
1

1
1

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

JUNIPER

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

ROSE HIP

1
1

126
127
128
OTHERS

TOTALS
%

54

21
38.9

0.0

34
63.0

26
22
48.1 40.7

12
22.2

0.0

SEVLIEVO PAGE 1
PCV: JEAN PERKINS, SURVEYS:16
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

MONK'S RHUBARB
MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

LODDON LILY

6
7
6
7
4
1
1
6

1
2
2

2
1

5
6

1
1
1
1

4
3

5
6

1
2

6
6
4
1
1
4

5
4
4
1
1
3

1
2
1

2
3
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
2
1

1
1

7
7
1

7
7
1

3
2

2
1

3
1
1

14

1
1

13
1
1
1

8
8
1

15
1
1
14

12

10

3
6
2
4
1
6
5
14

3
2
1

2
6
1
3
1
5
4
13

1
1

2
1

2
2
3

1
2
2
2
1
5
5
12

2
4

1
1
1
1

41
42
43 /

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

SEVLIEVO PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

TETTERWORT

55 /

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

13
2

12
1

12
1

GATHER FROM NATURE

1
1

TO HERB COMPANY

6
2

OTHER

11

2
1

3
1

1
1

6
3

1
1

5
3

6
3

1
4

9
1
4
9

10
3
1
3

12
14

3
2
2
2

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

85
86
87
88
89

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

BANEWORT

14
16
4
13
2
14

1
3
8
11
3
2
2
1
15
13
2
1
1
2
4

8
15
6

1
1
2
3
1
1

13
2

1
10

1
2
8
9
2
2
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1

2
2
2

1
13

1
2
6
10
2
1
1

1
2
3

1
5
8
1
1
1
1
4

1
1
1
1
2

1
1
1
1
2

1
4
5

1
2
5

2
3

1
2
1
2
2

1
2

1
2
1

5
11
1

2
13

1
1
4
5
2
2

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS
WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

1
5
5

1
1

1
3
3
2

1
2

1
1
1

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

Satureja montana

14
4

90
91
92

SEVLIEVO PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

FORKING LARKSPUR

WILD MARJORAM

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

2
1
8
2
3
2
3
1
9

3
1
1
2

TO HERB COMPANY

1
1
7
2

1
1

2
1
8
2
1
2
3
1
5

1
1
1
2
15

2
3
1
7

1
2

1
4

OTHER

1
1
2

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

ROSE HIP

2
2
1
2
15
7
4

5
3

1
1
1
2
14
4
2

2
1

6
4

1
1

JUNIPER

3
5
1

9
6

5
1

1
4
1

1
2

1
3
1

4
6

2
2

8
1

1
1

126
127
128
OTHERS

TOTALS
%

15

13

444

145
32.7

60
13.5

311
70.0

7
1.576576577

24
5.405405405

10

12

266 155
59.9 34.9

63
14.2

83
18.7

SEVLIEVO2 PAGE 1
PCV: STEPHANIE LINDENBAUM, SURVEYS:6
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH
MONK'S RHUBARB

YES
2

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

1
2
3

1
2
3

2
1
1
1

3
1
2
1

3
2

3
2

2
2

4
3
6

4
3
6

4
3
6

3
1
2
1

1
1

1
2
3

41
42
43 /

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

SEVLIEVO2 PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

1
1
6

TO HERB COMPANY

1
1
5

OTHER

TETTERWORT

55 /

YES
2
1
6

6
5

2
4

3
1
1
1

1
1

3
3
2
1
1

2
3

1
1
1
1
1

2
5

6
3

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

85
86
87
88
89

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

BANEWORT

6
5
2
5

2
5

1
3
4
2
1
1

6
6

4
5

1
1
1

1
1

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

90
91
92

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

3
5

1
5

SEVLIEVO2 PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

5
5

5
5

GREAT BURDOCK

WILD MARJORAM

2
6
3
2

2
6
1
2

1
6

1
1

OTHER

5
5

FORKING LARKSPUR

1
4

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

3
1

1
1
3
2

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

ROSE HIP

JUNIPER

1
2
1

4
2

1
1

4
1

126
127
128
OTHERS

TOTALS
%

166

47
28.3

5
3.0

121
72.9

2
1.204819277

93
61
56.0 36.7

23
13.9

27
16.3

SILISTRA PAGE 1
PCV: DAMON WEITZ CITY, SURVEYS:20
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

# BULGARIAN

LATIN

ENGLISH

1
2 /

Rumex alpinus

MONK'S RHUBARB

Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

MEADOW-SWEET

YES

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDENPURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATIONOTHER
1

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

12

10

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

10

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

12

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

14

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHAN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

5
13

11

12

16

16

1
1

1
4

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

41
42
43 /

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

1
5

14

16

18

16

SILISTRA PAGE 2
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

ENGLISH

LATIN

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

10

16

10

12

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

TETTERWORT

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDENPURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATIONOTHER

BULGARIAN

YES

1
11

1
1

10

10

1
5

1
7

55 /

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

19

12

15

15

Anethum graveolens

DILL

18

17

17

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

Corylus avellana

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

18

17

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

18

14

15

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

85
86
87
88
89

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

12

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

19

10

14

16

18

1
19

GOOSEGRASS

HAZEL

14

BANEWORT

3
19

1
1

13

12

1
1

18
6

1
1

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

90
91
92

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

6
7

SILISTRA PAGE 3
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDENPURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATIONOTHER

BULGARIAN

LATIN

ENGLISH

Teucrium polium

POLEY

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

13

13

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

WILD MARJORAM

16

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

FORKING LARKSPUR

YES

1
1
2
1

10

12

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

15

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

DOG ROSE

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

16

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

1
4
4
1
2
9
8

JUNIPER

13

13
1

126
127
128

1
18

1
2

1
13

14

11

322

188

108

31

55.6 32.47

18.7

5.4

OTHERS
TOTALS
%

579

183

105

379

31.6

18.1

65.5

SILISTRA2 PAGE 1
PCV: HEATHER LEET, SURVEYS:9
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH

YES

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

MONK'S RHUBARB
MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

1
3
3
3
1
1

2
3

1
2
3

2
1

2
1
1

3
3
1

2
1

1
2

1
1

2
7

2
5

2
3

1
1

41
42
43 /

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

1
1
1
3

1
2

3
3
7
2

2
2
5
1

3
3
7
1

2
2

1
1

SILISTRA2 PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

1
1
1

2
4

1
3

TETTERWORT

55 /

YES
1
2
5

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

85
86
87
88
89

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

9
9
2
6

3
7
1
2

1
8

3
2

6
1

6
3

9
8

1
1

1
4

1
7

2
3
2

2
4
1
1

1
1

1
1
1

1
2
4
2
1

1
1

1
1

BANEWORT

1
8
8

1
8
1

2
3

1
6

2
1
6
1

1
1
4

2
1
4

1
1

8
1

2
1

2
1

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

90
91
92

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

3
1

2
1

SILISTRA2 PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

YES

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

WILD MARJORAM

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

HAWKWEED

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

5
2

4
2

5
2

OTHER

FORKING LARKSPUR

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

JUNIPER

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

ROSE HIP

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

1
1

1
1

1
8
2
3

1
1

1
1
1
1

3
1
1

1
6
2
3

1
4
1
2

1
2
2

1
4
1
2
1
4
2

1
3
2

1
1

1
3
1
2
1
1
2

1
7

1
6

41
19.9

53
25.7

134
65.0

3
1

126
127
128
OTHERS

TOTALS
%

1
8

206

1
6

131
69
63.6 33.5

33
16.0

23
11.2

SMOLYAN PAGE 1
PCV: JEREMY SALUCKA, SURVEYS:24
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH
MONK'S RHUBARB

YES
2

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

4
14
18
12
5
7
5
2
8
6
6
1
3

2
5
1
1
1

1
1

1
1

4
13
17

3
4
7

11
5
6
4
2
8
5
4
1
3

11
2
2
4
2
5
4
3
1
2

2
14
17

4
4
2
1

1
1
1
4

2
2
3
1

3
3
18
18
3

3
3
18
18
3

2
2
15
12
3

1
5
12

22

3
1

1
10
1

1
2

23

7
1

4
4

3
1

2
1

1
1
1
4
1

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

41
42
43 /

23
4
12
1
2
13
3
5
3
12
6
24
3
5
5
3
3

3
1

2
12
2
4
3
11
6
23
2

1
1
1

4
3
2

3
4
1

1
1

2
6
3
4
3
11
5
20
1

1
1

1
1
3

1
2

1
2

2
2

SMOLYAN PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

TETTERWORT

23
2

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

85
86
87
88
89

1
1
22
22
8
23
1
2
21
3
9

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

1
7
7
1

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

BANEWORT

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

8
9
2
2
5
2
1
23
21

TO HERB COMPANY

1
1
11
5

1
14

1
1
9
4

22
2

2
2
21

55 /

YES
1
2
21
5

1
1
7

17

5
18

3
8

11

13

1
2

8
7
2
2
5
1
1
18
21

17

1
22
21

1
2
2
3
3

1
1
1

14
2

6
1
2
19

2
4
1

1
1
1

1
2

7
8
1
2
4
2
1
5
19

1
7
6
1
2

5
1
1

5
3
11
1

4
3
11
1

1
3
10
1

1
2
7
12

1
2
1
12

4
1

2
2

3
9

1
1
3

1
1
21
3
8
20
1
2
18

19
2

1
14

OTHER

21

2
5
2

1
2

5
3
2

1
1

23
5

1
1

3
1

2
1

1
4
2

90
91
92

1
2
8
13

1
1

3
1

1
2

SMOLYAN PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

FORKING LARKSPUR

WILD MARJORAM

YES
7
6
7

3
22
8
2
4
6
2
22

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

2
1

3
1

TO HERB COMPANY

7
5
7

3
22
8
2
4
6
2
22

6
6
7

3
22
7
1
4
3
2
16

OTHER

1
1

3
3

2
2
1

2
1

1
1
7

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

JUNIPER

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

ROSE HIP

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

4
6
6
2
3
12
7
11

1
1
1

4
5
5
1
3
12
4
9

2
2

3
5
8
1
2
5
17

1
1
1

3
3

3
3
5
1
3
11
2
1

2
2

3
1

1
1

1
6
11

1
2

126
127
128
OTHERS

TOTALS
%

3
5
8
1
2
13
17

1
2

1
2

22

809

117
14.5

22

75
9.3

707
87.4

14
1.73053152

35
4.326328801

3
3
7
1
1
1
16

1
1

17

15

1
12

499 282
61.7 34.9

113
14.0

104
12.9

SVOGE PAGE 1
PCV: ELLEN WELLS, SURVEYS:16
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH
MONK'S RHUBARB

YES
1

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHAN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

1
13
14
2
9
8
4
1
1
6
3
4

1
13
14
2
9
8
4
1
1
4
2
2

1
3
2
2
6
6
3
1
1
5
2
2

1
1
11
9

1
1
9
9

1
1
9
4

1
1
2

13
14
2

2
1
1

1
1
2

1
1

3
2
1

1
16
1
3
3
1

3
1
3
1

8
2
3
7
9
16

1
1

1
15
1
2

1
1
1

7
1
2

4
2
3

5
8
16

6
9
16

1
1

1
3
1

16

1
1

1
1

2
1

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

41
42
43 /

2
2

SVOGE PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

TETTERWORT

55 /

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

YES
1
2
14
2

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

1
1
11

14
1
1
4
2

11

16
16
8
15

4
16

TO HERB COMPANY

1
2
4
2

1
4
2

OTHER

11

8
1
1
4

8
1
1
4
1

10

10
5
2
2

14
15

1
1
3

14

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

85
86
87
88
89

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

5
12
4
1

1
8
12

15
1
8

16

3
15

11

1
8

1
3

1
1

5
10
4
1

3
10
3
1

2
2
1

2
3

2
14

15
2

BANEWORT

15
15

2
5

10
12

2
1

90
91
92

8
2

4
2

8
2

1
2
6
13

1
5

1
1
6
8

1
2
2
12

4
1

SVOGE PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

YES
5
5
6

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

2
5

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

WILD MARJORAM

14

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

2
12
9

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

1
1
1

4
4
5

5
5
6

1
1
1

1
11
8

2
11
9

2
3

2
4

11

13

3
1
3

4
1
3

13
9
5

15
3
2

2
7
2
1
1

2
3
2
1
1

10

16

62
11.2

432
77.7

OTHER

2
2

FORKING LARKSPUR

1
1
1

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

JUNIPER

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

DOG ROSE

16

TOTALS
%

553

4
2
4
2
15
11
8

1
1

2
3

3
3

1
8
6

2
7
2
1
1
9
10

126
127
128
OTHERS

87
15.6

2
0.4

5
0.9

15

358 153
64.4 27.5

80
14.4

38
6.8

TRYAVNA PAGE 1
PCV: PAUL SNOW, SURVEYS:24
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH
MONK'S RHUBARB

YES
2

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHAN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

MISTLETOE

2
5
10
15
5
14
6
8
6
3
8
8
12
3
3
1

1
2
1

1
1
2
3
1

1
3

1
2
1
2
1
1

1
4
9
13
4
12
5
7
4
2
7
8
11
3
2
1

1
1

1
1
2

2
2
1
2
5
12
4
4
4
3
4
4
8
3
2
1

1
1
1
1

1
3
3

1
1

1
1
2

1
3
1

8
13
4

4
3
2

41
42
43 /

14
16
2

1
7

2
2

1
23
2
1
12
2
1
8
2
10
2
8
8
21
3

4
4
1
1

1
1
1
1
3
1

1
1

13
13
2
1
22
2
1
2
2
1
7
2
10
2
6
4
21
1

1
1

11
11
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
3
2
10
2
8
8
21
2

1
1

1
1

5
8
1

3
2

21

10
1

3
1

TRYAVNA PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

TETTERWORT

55 /

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

85
86
87
88
89

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

BANEWORT

YES
3
4
20
5
21
1

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

1
2
17
2

1
1

16

9
1

3
2

5
4

7
5

23
22
9
21

14
21
3
7

2
6
1
4

7
1

1
1
1

1
2

1
22
5
2
6
2
7
10
3
1
3
1
1
23
23

2
6
11

2
3
6
4

1
2
6
5
7
1

1
4
15

17

6
3

14
6
6
5

OTHER

2
1
2

1
1

22
17
2
20

5
6
1
4

1
20
2
8
18

5
4

1
19
5
2
6
2
7
9
3
1
3
1
1
12
21

2
5
10

16
3

TO HERB COMPANY

1
2
1
2

1
2

1
3

5
6
3
1
2
1
1
4
21

1
1

1
4
8

17
2
1
2

1
3
4

5
1
1

3
1
2

2
4
1

23
7

4
7

1
3
3

3
4
6
3

1
3
2
2

3
6
9

1
1

1
2

2
1
4
2

1
2
6
3

2
2

1
3
1
1

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

90
91
92

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

1
1

2
5
8

2
1
9

1
3

3
2

TRYAVNA PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Teucrium polium

POLEY

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

HAWKWEED

YES
3
4
6

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

1
1

GREAT BURDOCK

1
15
8
2
1
5

WILD MARJORAM

17

2
1

1
1
1

FORKING LARKSPUR

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

DOG ROSE

1
6
7
3
2
1
13
18
14

3
2

9
10

4
2
1

TO HERB COMPANY

3
4
5

1
14
6
1
1
4
14

1
4
5
2
2
1
12
15
8

3
4
6

1
1

1
1
2

1
1

14
8

11

1
3
2
1
1
2
13
1
1
1
15

1
3
1

1
4

1
1
7
2
2
1
13
5
4

OTHER

3
1
1

2
3

5
1

2
2
1

17
11

2
2
2

1
2

14
2

JUNIPER

126
127
128
OTHERS

TOTALS
%

3
7
2
1
1
15
15
1
2
1
22

766

3
1

1
14
1

7
2
1
3
3

2
13

1
1

1
6

21

223
28.5

124
15.8

590
75.4

32
4.1

42
5.4

1
15

456 225
58.2 28.7

131
16.7

139
17.8

VELINGRAD PAGE 1
PCV: TIFFANY WALKER, SURVEYS:13
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH
MONK'S RHUBARB

YES
3

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

2
2

2
10
11

TO HERB COMPANY

2
4
6

9
10

OTHER

MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHAN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

2
10
11
7
2
4
5
2
4
4
7
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
3

1
1

7
2
4
4
1
3
3
5
1
1

5
1
1
4
2
2
2
2
1
1

1
1

3
1

2
1
2
1
1
1
4

2
1
1
1

41
42
43 /

2
1
2
1
6
9
1
1
13
2
3
7
1
6
3
6

2
1
1
1
5

1
1
6
5

1
1
2
1
1
4
1

1
2

5
5
12
2

3
3
1

4
2

1
1

12
1
2
1

1
1
2
3
2

6
2
5
3
3
11
1

2
1
6
5
1

1
1
1
2
5

12

5
5
11
2

3
1

2
1

1
1
2

1
3
4
1
1

2
3

6
1
1
2

3
1
1
1

VELINGRAD PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

TETTERWORT

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

55 /

YES
1
1
8
3
12

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

1
1
2
2

1
2
1

11

1
2

1
3

2
3

OTHER

12
12
8
13

9
11
1
7

3
2

10
1
7
12

13
1
1
3
1
11
8
2
1
2
1
1
13
13

3
1

1
1

10
1

10
10
1
12

6
1

3
3
1
2

1
1

3
2

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

BANEWORT

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

85
86
87
88
89

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

90
91
92

11

13
1

1
1
9
8
2
1
2

1
3
1
5
5

7
4
2
1
2

1
1

1
1

4
2
1

1
1

1
10

4
7

1
2

2
4
1
5
1

1
1
2
2

7
11

2
1

1
1

2
6

1
1
11

13
5

2
5

3
2

1
3

3
2

9
11

2
1

1
1
1
2

2
4
1
5
1

7
1

1
1

1
1
3

4
9

10

VELINGRAD PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

YES
2
3
4

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

2
8
8
2

GREAT BURDOCK

WILD MARJORAM

12

FORKING LARKSPUR

GATHER FROM NATURE

1
1

1
1
4

1
7
8
1

TO HERB COMPANY

2
3
4

1
1

2
8
7

1
1
1
4

1
2
6
2
4
5
1
1

1
4

OTHER

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

JUNIPER

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

DOG ROSE

126
127
128
OTHERS

TOTALS
%

2
2
6
6
6
8
4
8
1
3
5
5
5
2
10
9
2
1
1
13

494

2
1
3
7

2
1

1
9
2
1

1
2
3
4
4
1
1
6

1
1
3
3
5
7
2
1

1
1

2
5
4
3
1

1
1
1

3
4

1
1
2
1

4
7

1
1
1

1
1
1

10
8

1
1

1
2
2
2
2
1
1

2
1

1
2

12

142
28.3

71
14.2

340
67.9

20
4.0

19
3.8

1
9

296 150
59.1 29.9

89
17.8

93
18.6

VRATSA PAGE 1
PCV:ALLISON BOEHM, SURVEYS:18
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH
MONK'S RHUBARB

YES
4

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

OTHER

9
13

1
1

1
1

MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBEERY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHAN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

2
11
15
3
13
4
7
8
4
5
4
6
2
2

1
3
2
1
1

1
2
2

2
1
1

2
11
15
1
9
3
5
6
2
5
4
6
2
2

1
1

2
6
7
2
7
4
6
6
4
2
2
5
2
2

3
1
1

1
1
1

1
1

1
1
4

13
10
2

1
5

16
2
4
8
3
2
8
1
5

8
12
18
3

4
5

1
1
2

1
1
2

10
8

13
9
2

4
2

16
2
3
4
3
2
6
1
4

5
2
4
2
3
2
5
1
5

16

8
1

1
1

1
1

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

41
42
43 /

5
1

1
1
1

1
1

4
4
1

2
5

7
8
17
3

1
2

8
12
17
3

3
1
1

2
2
1

VRATSA PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

TETTERWORT

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

55 /

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

YES
4
4
14
4

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

1
12
3

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

2
2
1

2
2
6
4

4
4
8
4

2
2

1
1
11

OTHER

1
1
2

10

4
6

1
2

3
5

4
5

12

12

11

18
18
11
18

11
16
3
12

4
8

14
6

17
17
1
17

1
1
8
1

6
3
5
3

4
2

5
1

1
1

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

85
86
87
88
89

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

BANEWORT

1
16
2
4
8
2
10
13
6
3
5
1
18
18
3

3
9
1

4
2
1
6
4

3
2
3
4
3

1
1
1

1
1
16
3

1
1

1
16
2
4
7
2
9
13
6
3
3
1

1
14

1
1

6
16
3

3
9
1

1
8
1

3
1

1
1
1
1

5
2

1
7

4
10

1
1

3
5
2
8
12
6
2
5
1

4
3

17
2
10
16

4
16
3

2
1
1
2
2
1
1

1
17
1

3
1

2
2

2
1
6
4

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

90
91
92

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

2
5
17

2
3

1
1

2
1
15

5
2

1
1

1
1

VRATSA PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

FORKING LARKSPUR

WILD MARJORAM

YES
3
2
6

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

15
9
1
3
5
2
11

1
1

6
1

GATHER FROM NATURE

1
1
1

2
2
5

3
2

13
8
1
3
3
2
7

1
1

TO HERB COMPANY

3
2
5

14
7
1
3
4
2
10

1
1

OTHER

1
1
1
2

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

5
14
9
7

3
6
4

5
1

4
1

5
12
9
6

5
14
2
2

1
9
5

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

JUNIPER

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

DOG ROSE

126
127
128
OTHERS

2
10
5
5
3
11
6

TOTAL
%

1
17

667

2
10
5
5
3
5
5

2
5
5
5
3
1
4

1
16

195
28.6

101
14.8

532
78.0

5
0.7

17
2.5

10

13

472 190
69.2 27.9

96
14.1

87
12.8

1
16

7
1
1

YAMBOL PAGE 1
PCV: AMY GOURDE, SURVEYS:19
DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?
# BULGARIAN
LATIN
1
Rumex alpinus
2 /
Filipendula ulmaria Maxim

ENGLISH
MONK'S RHUBARB

YES
2

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

2
2
3

3
1

2
7
8
1
5
5
2
2

1
1
1

1
1
7

2
2
3

2
8

2
7

1
5

1
1

15

14

15

1
7

1
3

OTHER

MEADOW-SWEET

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Leucojum aestivum

LODDON LILY

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

COWBERRY

Vaccinium myrtillus

BILBERRY

Tamus communis

LADY'S SEAL

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tanacetum vulgare

TANSY

Aristolochia clematitis

BIRTHWORT

Verbena officinalis

VERVAIN/HOLYWORT

Onopordon acanthium

COTTON THISTLE

Crataegus monogyna

WHITETHORN

Taraxacom offinale

DANDELION

Adonis vernalis

SPRING ADONIS

Angelica sylvestris

WILD ANGELICA

Frageria vesca

WILD STRAWBERRY

Solidago virgaurea

GOLDEN-ROD

Ononis spinosa

RESTHARROW

Heracleum sibiricum

COW PARSNIP

Bryonia alba

WHITE BRYONY

Paliurus spina-christi

CHRIST'S-THORN

Quercus species diversa

OAK

Leonurus cardiaca

MOTHERWORT

Galium vercum

YELLOW GALLIUM

Galega officinalis

GOAT'S RUE

Plantago lanceolata

RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Plantago major

GREATER PLANTAIN

Hypericum perforatum

ST. JOHAN'S WORT

Genista tinctoria

DYER'S GREENWOOD

Geum urbanum

WOOD AVENS

Asparagus officinalis

ASPARAGUS

Ruscus aculeatus

KNEEHOLLY

Symphytum officinale

COMFREY

Sambucus nigra

ELDER

Sambucus ebulus

DWARF ELDER

Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Inula helenium

ELECAMPANE

Betula pendula

SILVER BIRCH

Salix alba

WHITE WILLOW

Veronica officinalis

SPEEDWELL

Eryngium campestre

FIELD ERYNGO

Polygonum hydoropiper

WATER PEPPER

Stellaria media

CHICKWEED

4
8
10
1
7
5
3
3
2
2
9

2
2
6
3
3
3

1
8
8
1
1

1
2

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

41
42
43 /

2
10
1

2
1

4
4

3
5
18
1

1
2
1

1
1

10

2
3
11
1

2
1

4
3
5
17
1

1
1

YAMBOL PAGE 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

Geranium robertianum

RED SHANK

Geranium sanguineum

BLOODY CRANESBILL

Geranium macrorrhizum

Chelidonium majus

Arum maculatum

CUCKOO-PINT

Primula veris

COWSLIP

Herniaria hisuta

HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT

Herniaria glabra

GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

Agrimonia eupatoria

AGRIMONY

Berberis vulgaris

BARBERRY

Malus sylvestris

WILD APPLE

Astragalus glycyphyllos

MILKVETCH

TETTERWORT

9
1

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

2
2
6

3
2

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

1
2
9

1
2

3
1

2
1

4
1

2
1

3
1

3
2

10
3

15
15

16

17

55 /

YES
2
2
11
2

OTHER

2
1
2

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Asarum europaeum

ASARABACCA

Utrica dioica

STINGING NETTLE

Anethum graveolens

DILL

Helleborus odorus

BEAR'S-FOOT

Rubus sp. Diversa

DEWBERRY

Polygonum bisorta

SNAKE-ROOT

Asperula odorata

WOODRUFF-ASPERULE

Matricaria chamomilla

CHAMOMILE

Allium ursinum

RAMSONS

Galium aparine

GOOSEGRASS

Corylus avellana

HAZEL

85
86
87
88
89

Filipendula vulgaris

DROPWORT

Tilia cordata

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

Tilia platyphyllos

LARGE-LEAVED LIME

Tilia tomentosa

SILVER LIME

Verbascum thapsiflorum

WOOL MULLEIN

Atropa bella-donna

Linaria vulgaris

TOAD-FLAX

Sedum acre

WALL-PEPPER

Rubus idaeus

RASPBERRY

Thymus sp. Diversa

WILD THYME

Pulmonaria officinalis

LUNG-WORT

Colchicum autumnale

MEADOW SAFFRON

Fraxinus ornus

FLOWERING ASH

Dryopteris filix-mas

MALE FERN

Capsella bursa-pastoris

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Sorbus aucuparia

MOUNTAIN ASH

Euphrasia officnalis

EYEBRIGHT

Potentilla erecta

TORMENTILL

Bellis perennis

DAISY

Polygonum aviculare

KNOTGRASS

Artemisia absinthium

WORMWOOD

Artemisia alba

Potentilla reptans

CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

Agropyron repens

COUCH-GRASS

Satureja montana

WIN SAVORY

Tussilago farfara

COLTSFOOT

19
17
4
16

4
13
2
9

1
4
2

15
4
4
10

19

13

4
2
4

8
10
7

3
8
4

17
19

15

1
5

1
1

2
3
2

5
4
3

7
7
5

2
4
3

3
15

1
12

17
5

BANEWORT

90
91
92

4
2
7

1
1
4
7

2
1
4

3
1
3

2
1
2

1
1
2
4

1
1

2
5

2
2

4
7

1
3

YAMBOL PAGE 3

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS?

BULGARIAN
LATIN

ENGLISH

POLEY

Teucrium polium

YES
1

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM?

DO YOU SELL THEM?

WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?

GROW IN GARDEN

AT THE BAZAAR

MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION

PURCHASE

GATHER FROM NATURE

TO HERB COMPANY

Teucrium chamaedrys

COMMON GERMANDER

Equisetum arvense

HORSETAIL

Nasturtium officinale

BORAGE

Cnicus benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE

Lithospermum officinale

GROMWELL

Marrubium vulgare

WILD HOREHOUND

Achillea millefolium

MILFOIL

Achillea clypeolata

Consolida regalis

Stachys officinalis

BETONY

Arctium lappa

GREAT BURDOCK

Carlina acanthifolia

Origanum vulgare

WILD MARJORAM

18

Fumaria officinalis

Hieracium pilosella

OTHER

12
5

6
2

9
5

12
5

FORKING LARKSPUR

1
13

10

HAWKWEED

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Saponaria officinalis

SOAPWORT

Centaurea cyanus

CORN FLOWER

Gentiana cruciata

Polypodium vulgare

POLYPODY

Malva sylvestris

MALLOW

1
1
6
9
4

Cotinus coggygria

SMOKE-TREE

Viola odorata

SWEET VIOLET

Viola tricolor

WILD PANSY

Tribulus terrestris

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Cynodon dactylon

BERMUDA-GRASS

Prunus spinosa

BLACKTHORN

Juniperus communis

JUNIPER

Juniperus oxycedrus

Veratrum lobelianum

WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE

Paeonia peregrina

PEONY

Centaurium erythraea

COMMON CENTAURY

Petasites hybridus

BUTTERBUR

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

ALL-GOOD

Alchemilla vulgaris compl.

LADY'S MANTLE

Rosa sp. Diversa

DOG ROSE

1
2
7
2
1
9
6

1
1
4
8
4

1
1
5

3
5
1

1
9
4

1
1
5
1
1

1
2
4
2
1

2
5

1
1
4

16

1
14

114
19.7

136
23.5

274
47.3

1
1

3
2

126
127
128
OTHERS

TOTALS
%

1
1
18

579

1
1

236 159
40.8 27.5

63
10.9

47
8.1